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Zota I, Chanoumidou K, Gravanis A, Charalampopoulos I. Stimulating myelin restoration with BDNF: a promising therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1422130. [PMID: 39285941 PMCID: PMC11402763 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1422130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder constituting the most common form of dementia (60%-70% of cases). Although AD presents majorly a neurodegenerative pathology, recent clinical evidence highlights myelin impairment as a key factor in disease pathogenesis. The lack of preventive or restorative treatment is emphasizing the need to develop novel therapeutic approaches targeting to the causes of the disease. Recent studies in animals and patients have highlighted the loss of myelination of the neuronal axons as an extremely aggravating factor in AD, in addition to the formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles that are to date the main pathological hallmarks of the disease. Myelin breakdown represents an early stage event in AD. However, it is still unclear whether myelin loss is attributed only to exogenous factors like inflammatory processes of the tissue or to impaired oligodendrogenesis as well. Neurotrophic factors are well established protective molecules under many pathological conditions of the neural tissue, contributing also to proper myelination. Due to their inability to be used as drugs, many research efforts are focused on substituting neurotrophic activity with small molecules. Our research team has recently developed novel micromolecular synthetic neurotrophin mimetics (MNTs), selectively acting on neurotrophin receptors, and thus offering a unique opportunity for innovative therapies against neurodegenerative diseases. These small sized, lipophilic molecules address the underlying biological effect of these diseases (neuroprotective action), but also they exert significant neurogenic actions inducing neuronal replacement of the disease areas. One of the significant neurotrophin molecules in the Central Nervous System is Brain-Derived-Neurotrophin-Factor (BDNF). BDNF is a neurotrophin that not only supports neuroprotection and adult neurogenesis, but also mediates pro-myelinating effects in the CNS. BDNF binds with high-affinity on the TrkB neurotrophin receptor and enhances myelination by increasing the density of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and playing an important role in CNS myelination. Conclusively, in the present review, we discuss the myelin pathophysiology in Alzheimer's Diseases, as well as the role of neurotrophins, and specifically BDNF, in myelin maintenance and restoration, revealing its valuable therapeutic potential against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Zota
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Konstantina Chanoumidou
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Achille Gravanis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Charalampopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
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Palnitkar H, Reiter R, Majumdar S, Crutison J, Lin S, Royston TJ, Klatt D. 1-Norm waveform analysis for MR elastography-based quantification of inhomogeneity: Effects of the freeze-thaw cycle and Alzheimer's disease. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 157:106636. [PMID: 38908327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite its success in the mechanical characterization of biological tissues, magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) uses ill-posed wave inversions to estimate tissue stiffness. 1-Norm has been recently introduced as a mathematical measure for the scattering of mechanical waves due to inhomogeneities based on an analysis of the delineated contours of wave displacement. PURPOSE To investigate 1-Norm as an MRE-based quantitative biomarker of mechanical inhomogeneities arising from microscopic structural tissue alterations caused by the freeze-thaw cycle (FTC) or Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS In this proof-of-concept study, we prospectively investigated excised porcine kidney (n = 6), liver (n = 6), and muscle (n = 6) before vs. after the FTC at 500-2000 Hz and excised murine brain of healthy controls (n = 3) vs. 5xFAD species with AD (n = 3) at 1200-1800 Hz using 0.5 T tabletop MRE. 1-Norm analysis was compared with conventional wave inversion. RESULTS While the FTC reduced both stiffness and inhomogeneity in kidney, liver, and muscle tissue, AD led to lower brain stiffness but more pronounced mechanical inhomogeneity. CONCLUSION Our preliminary results show that 1-Norm is sensitive to tissue mechanical inhomogeneity due to FTC and AD without relying on ill-posed wave inversion techniques. 1-Norm has the potential to be used as an MRE-based diagnostic biomarker independent of stiffness to characterize abnormal conditions that involve changes in tissue mechanical inhomogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish Palnitkar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, United States; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, United States.
| | - Rolf Reiter
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité Digital Clinician Scientist Program, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany; Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
| | - Shreyan Majumdar
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
| | - Joseph Crutison
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
| | - Shujun Lin
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
| | - Thomas J Royston
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
| | - Dieter Klatt
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, 830 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, United States.
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Li J, Liu Y, Yin C, Zeng Y, Mei Y. Structural and functional remodeling of neural networks in β-amyloid driven hippocampal hyperactivity. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 101:102468. [PMID: 39218080 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is essential for improving the patients outcomes and advancing our understanding of disease, allowing for timely intervention and treatment. However, accurate biomarkers are still lacking. Recent evidence indicates that hippocampal hyperexcitability precedes the diagnosis of AD decades ago, can predict cognitive decline. Thus, could hippocampal hyperactivity be a robust biomarker for early-AD, and what drives hippocampal hyperactivity in early-AD? these critical questions remain to be answered. Increasing clinical and experimental studies suggest that early hippocampal activation is closely associated with longitudinal β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, Aβ aggregates, in turn, enhances hippocampal activity. Therefore, in this narrative review, we discuss the role of Aβ-induced altered intrinsic neuronal properties as well as structural and functional remodeling of glutamatergic, GABAergic, cholinergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic circuits in hippocampal hyperactivity. In addition, we analyze the available therapies and trials that can potentially be used clinically to attenuate hippocampal hyperexcitability in AD. Overall, the present review sheds lights on the mechanism behind Aβ-induced hippocampal hyperactivity, and highlights that hippocampal hyperactivity could be a robust biomarker and therapeutic target in prodromal AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinquan Li
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Chuhui Yin
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Yufei Mei
- Hubei Clinical Research Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
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4
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Ma YZ, Cao JX, Zhang YS, Su XM, Jing YH, Gao LP. T Cells Trafficking into the Brain in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2024; 19:47. [PMID: 39180590 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-024-10147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
The meninges, choroid plexus (CP) and blood-brain barrier (BBB) are recognized as important gateways for peripheral immune cell trafficking into the central nervous system (CNS). Accumulation of peripheral immune cells in brain parenchyma can be observed during aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanisms by which peripheral immune cells enter the CNS through these three pathways and how they interact with resident cells within the CNS to cause brain injury are not fully understood. In this paper, we review recent research on T cells recruitment in the brain during aging and AD. This review focuses on the possible pathways through which T cells infiltrate the brain, the evidence that T cells are recruited to the brain, and how infiltrating T cells interact with the resident cells in the CNS during aging and AD. Unraveling these issues will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of aging and AD from the perspective of immunity, and hopefully develop new therapeutic strategies for brain aging and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Zhang Ma
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jia-Xin Cao
- Institute of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi-Shu Zhang
- Institute of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Su
- Institute of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hong Jing
- Institute of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Li-Ping Gao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
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5
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Okechukwu NG, Klein C, Jamann H, Maitre M, Patte-Mensah C, Mensah-Nyagan AG. Monomeric Amyloid Peptide-induced Toxicity in Human Oligodendrocyte Cell Line and Mouse Brain Primary Mixed-glial Cell Cultures: Evidence for a Neuroprotective Effect of Neurosteroid 3α-O-allyl-allopregnanolone. Neurotox Res 2024; 42:37. [PMID: 39102123 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-024-00715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid-peptide (Aβ) monomeric forms (ABM) occurring in presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain are thought to be devoid of neurotoxicity while the transition/aggregation of ABM into oligomers is determinant for Aβ-induced toxicity since Aβ is predominantly monomeric up to 3 µM and aggregates over this concentration. However, recent imaging and/or histopathological investigations revealed alterations of myelin in prodromal AD brain in absence of aggregated Aβ oligomers, suggesting that ABM may induce toxicity in myelin-producing cells in early AD-stages. To check this hypothesis, here we studied ABM effects on the viability of the Human oligodendrocyte cell line (HOG), a reliable oligodendrocyte model producing myelin proteins. Furthermore, to mimic closely interactions between oligodendrocytes and other glial cells regulating myelination, we investigated also ABM effects on mouse brain primary mixed-glial cell cultures. Various methods were combined to show that ABM concentrations (600 nM-1 µM), extremely lower than 3 µM, significantly decreased HOG cell and mouse brain primary mixed-glial cell survival. Interestingly, flow-cytometry studies using specific cell-type markers demonstrated that oligodendrocytes represent the most vulnerable glial cell population affected by ABM toxicity. Our work also shows that the neurosteroid 3α-O-allyl-allopregnanolone BR351 (250 and 500 nM) efficiently prevented ABM-induced HOG and brain primary glial cell toxicity. Bicuculline (50-100 nM), the GABA-A-receptor antagonist, was unable to block/reduce BR351 effect against ABM-induced HOG and primary glial cell toxicity, suggesting that BR351-evoked neuroprotection of these cells may not depend on GABA-A-receptor allosterically modulated by neurosteroids. Altogether, our results suggest that further exploration of BR351 therapeutic potential may offer interesting perspectives to develop effective neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nwife Getrude Okechukwu
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS de la Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67 000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Klein
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS de la Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67 000, Strasbourg, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Strasbourg (CIC), Equipe CIC-Recherche Translationnelle Neuro, INSERM 1434, Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Jamann
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS de la Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67 000, Strasbourg, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Strasbourg (CIC), Equipe CIC-Recherche Translationnelle Neuro, INSERM 1434, Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Maitre
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS de la Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67 000, Strasbourg, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Strasbourg (CIC), Equipe CIC-Recherche Translationnelle Neuro, INSERM 1434, Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Patte-Mensah
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS de la Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67 000, Strasbourg, France
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Strasbourg (CIC), Equipe CIC-Recherche Translationnelle Neuro, INSERM 1434, Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ayikoé-Guy Mensah-Nyagan
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, INSERM U1119, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS de la Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67 000, Strasbourg, France.
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Strasbourg (CIC), Equipe CIC-Recherche Translationnelle Neuro, INSERM 1434, Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
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Pádua MS, Guil-Guerrero JL, Lopes PA. Behaviour Hallmarks in Alzheimer's Disease 5xFAD Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6766. [PMID: 38928472 PMCID: PMC11204382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The 5xFAD transgenic mouse model widely used in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research recapitulates many AD-related phenotypes with a relatively early onset and aggressive age-dependent progression. Besides developing amyloid peptide deposits alongside neuroinflammation by the age of 2 months, as well as exhibiting neuronal decline by the age of 4 months that intensifies by the age of 9 months, these mice manifest a broad spectrum of behavioural impairments. In this review, we present the extensive repertoire of behavioural dysfunctions in 5xFAD mice, organised into four categories: motor skills, sensory function, learning and memory abilities, and neuropsychiatric-like symptoms. The motor problems, associated with agility and reflex movements, as well as balance and coordination, and skeletal muscle function, typically arise by the time mice reach 9 months of age. The sensory function (such as taste, smell, hearing, and vision) starts to deteriorate when amyloid peptide buildups and neuroinflammation spread into related anatomical structures. The cognitive functions, encompassing learning and memory abilities, such as visual recognition, associative, spatial working, reference learning, and memory show signs of decline from 4 to 6 months of age. Concerning neuropsychiatric-like symptoms, comprising apathy, anxiety and depression, and the willingness for exploratory behaviour, it is believed that motivational changes emerge by approximately 6 months of age. Unfortunately, numerous studies from different laboratories are often contradictory on the conclusions drawn and the identification of onset age, making preclinical studies in rodent models not easily translatable to humans. This variability is likely due to a range of factors associated with animals themselves, housing and husbandry conditions, and experimental settings. In the forthcoming studies, greater clarity in experimental details when conducting behavioural testing in 5xFAD transgenic mice could minimise the inconsistencies and could ensure the reliability and the reproducibility of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Soares Pádua
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José L. Guil-Guerrero
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain;
| | - Paula Alexandra Lopes
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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Zota I, Chanoumidou K, Charalampopoulos I, Gravanis A. Dynamics of myelin deficits in the 5xFAD mouse model for Alzheimer's disease and the protective role of BDNF. Glia 2024; 72:809-827. [PMID: 38205694 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Recent findings highlight myelin breakdown as a decisive early event in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) acting as aggravating factor of its progression. However, it is still unclear whether myelin loss is attributed to increased oligodendrocyte vulnerability, reduced repairing capacity or toxic stimuli. In the present study, we sought to clarify the starting point of myelin disruption accompanied with Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell (OPC) elimination in the brain of the 5xFAD mouse model of AD at 6 months of age in Dentate Gyrus of the hippocampus in relation to neurotrophin system. Prominent inflammation presence was detected since the age of 6 months playing a key role in myelin disturbance and AD progression. Expression analysis of neurotrophin receptors in OPCs was performed to identify new targets that could increase myelination in health and disease. OPCs in both control and 5xFAD mice express TrkB, TrkC and p75 receptors but not TrkA. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) that binds to TrkB receptor is well-known about its pro-myelination effect, promoting oligodendrocytes proliferation and differentiation, so we focused our investigation on its effects in OPCs under neurodegenerative conditions. Our in vitro results showed that BDNF rescues OPCs from death and promotes their proliferation and differentiation in presence of the toxic Amyloid-β 1-42. Collectively, our results indicate that BDNF possess an additional neuroprotective role through its actions on oligodendrocytic component and its use could be proposed as a drug-based myelin-enhancing strategy, complementary to amyloid and tau centered therapies in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Zota
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Konstantina Chanoumidou
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Charalampopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Achille Gravanis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Creekmore BC, Kixmoeller K, Black BE, Lee EB, Chang YW. Ultrastructure of human brain tissue vitrified from autopsy revealed by cryo-ET with cryo-plasma FIB milling. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2660. [PMID: 38531877 PMCID: PMC10965902 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultrastructure of human brain tissue has traditionally been examined using electron microscopy (EM) following fixation, staining, and sectioning, which limit resolution and introduce artifacts. Alternatively, cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) allows higher resolution imaging of unfixed cellular samples while preserving architecture, but it requires samples to be vitreous and thin enough for transmission EM. Due to these requirements, cryo-ET has yet to be employed to investigate unfixed, never previously frozen human brain tissue. Here we present a method for generating lamellae in human brain tissue obtained at time of autopsy that can be imaged via cryo-ET. We vitrify the tissue via plunge-freezing and use xenon plasma focused ion beam (FIB) milling to generate lamellae directly on-grid at variable depth inside the tissue. Lamellae generated in Alzheimer's disease brain tissue reveal intact subcellular structures including components of autophagy and potential pathologic tau fibrils. Furthermore, we reveal intact compact myelin and functional cytoplasmic expansions. These images indicate that plasma FIB milling with cryo-ET may be used to elucidate nanoscale structures within the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Creekmore
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn Kixmoeller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ben E Black
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute of Structural Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward B Lee
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Yi-Wei Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute of Structural Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Oxenkrug G, Forester B. Anthranilic Acid, a GPR109A Agonist, and Schizophrenia. Int J Tryptophan Res 2024; 17:11786469241239125. [PMID: 38532858 PMCID: PMC10964450 DOI: 10.1177/11786469241239125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Limited clinical efficiency of current medications warrants search for new antipsychotic agents. Deorphanized G-protein coupled receptor (GPR)109A has not attracted much of attention of schizophrenia researchers. We analyzed literature and our data on endogenous agonists of GPR109A, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), anthranilic (AA), butyric (BA), and nicotinic (NA) acids, in individuals with schizophrenia. Data Sex specific differences: plasma AA levels were 27% higher in female than in male patients and correlated with PANSS before 6 weeks of antipsychotics treatment (r = .625, P < .019, Spearman's test). There was no sex specific differences of plasma AA levels after treatment. AA plasma levels inversely correlated (-.58, P < .005) with PANSS scores in responders to treatment (at least, 50% improvement) but not in nonresponders. Preclinical studies suggested antipsychotic effect of BHB and BA. Clinical studies observed antipsychotic effect of NA; benzoate sodium, an AA precursor; and interventions associated with BHB upregulation (eg, fasting and ketogenic diets). Discussion Upregulation of GPR109A, an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective receptor, inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), an enzyme that breakdown myelin, lipid-based insulating axonal sheath that protects and promotes nerve conduction. Brain cPLA2 is upregulated in individuals with schizophrenia and subjects at high-risk for development of psychosis. Lower myelin content is associated with cognitive decline in individuals with schizophrenia. Therefore, GPR109A might exert antipsychotic effect via suppression of cPLA2, and, consequently, preservation of myelin integrity. Future research might explore antipsychotic effects of (1) human pegylated kynureninase, an enzyme that catalyzes formation of AA from kynurenine (Kyn); (2) inhibitors of Kyn conversion into kynurenic acid, for example, KYN5356, to patients with already impaired Kyn conversion into 3-hydroxykynurenine; (3) synthetic GPR 109A agonists, for example, MK-1903 and SCH900271 and GSK256073, that underwent clinical trials as anti-dyslipidemia agents. GPR109A expression, that might be a new endophenotype of schizophrenia, especially associated with cognitive impairment, needs thorough assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Oxenkrug
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston MA, USA
| | - Brent Forester
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston MA, USA
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Zhong MZ, Peng T, Duarte ML, Wang M, Cai D. Updates on mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2024; 19:23. [PMID: 38462606 PMCID: PMC10926682 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-024-00712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the United States (US). Animal models, specifically mouse models have been developed to better elucidate disease mechanisms and test therapeutic strategies for AD. A large portion of effort in the field was focused on developing transgenic (Tg) mouse models through over-expression of genetic mutations associated with familial AD (FAD) patients. Newer generations of mouse models through knock-in (KI)/knock-out (KO) or CRISPR gene editing technologies, have been developed for both familial and sporadic AD risk genes with the hope to more accurately model proteinopathies without over-expression of human AD genes in mouse brains. In this review, we summarized the phenotypes of a few commonly used as well as newly developed mouse models in translational research laboratories including the presence or absence of key pathological features of AD such as amyloid and tau pathology, synaptic and neuronal degeneration as well as cognitive and behavior deficits. In addition, advantages and limitations of these AD mouse models have been elaborated along with discussions of any sex-specific features. More importantly, the omics data from available AD mouse models have been analyzed to categorize molecular signatures of each model reminiscent of human AD brain changes, with the hope to guide future selection of most suitable models for specific research questions to be addressed in the AD field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Z Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Thomas Peng
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Science Research Program, Scarsdale High School, New York, NY, 10583, USA
| | - Mariana Lemos Duarte
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Research & Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Dongming Cai
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Research & Development, James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Neurology, N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Geriatric Research Education & Clinical Center (GRECC), The Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
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11
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Pádua MS, Guil-Guerrero JL, Prates JAM, Lopes PA. Insights on the Use of Transgenic Mice Models in Alzheimer's Disease Research. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2805. [PMID: 38474051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, presents a significant global health challenge with no known cure to date. Central to our understanding of AD pathogenesis is the β-amyloid cascade hypothesis, which underlies drug research and discovery efforts. Despite extensive studies, no animal models of AD have completely validated this hypothesis. Effective AD models are essential for accurately replicating key pathological features of the disease, notably the formation of β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. These pathological markers are primarily driven by mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) genes in familial AD (FAD) and by tau protein mutations for the tangle pathology. Transgenic mice models have been instrumental in AD research, heavily relying on the overexpression of mutated APP genes to simulate disease conditions. However, these models do not entirely replicate the human condition of AD. This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the historical and ongoing research efforts in AD, particularly through the use of transgenic mice models. It is focused on the benefits gathered from these transgenic mice models in understanding β-amyloid toxicity and the broader biological underpinnings of AD. Additionally, the review critically assesses the application of these models in the preclinical testing of new therapeutic interventions, highlighting the gap between animal models and human clinical realities. This analysis underscores the need for refinement in AD research methodologies to bridge this gap and enhance the translational value of preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Soares Pádua
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José L Guil-Guerrero
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - José A M Prates
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Alexandra Lopes
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Laboratório Associado para Ciência Animal e Veterinária (AL4AnimalS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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12
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Kosel F, Hartley MR, Franklin TB. Aberrant Cortical Activity in 5xFAD Mice in Response to Social and Non-Social Olfactory Stimuli. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:659-677. [PMID: 38143360 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging studies investigating the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD)- such as apathy, anxiety, and depression- have linked some of these symptoms with altered neural activity. However, inconsistencies in operational definitions and rating scales, limited scope of assessments, and poor temporal resolution of imaging techniques have hampered human studies. Many transgenic (Tg) mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibit BPSD-like behaviors concomitant with AD-related neuropathology, allowing examination of how neural activity may relate to BPSD-like behaviors with high temporal and spatial resolution. OBJECTIVE To examine task-dependent neural activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of AD-model mice in response to social and non-social olfactory stimuli. METHODS We previously demonstrated age-related decreases in social investigation in Tg 5xFAD females, and this reduced social investigation is evident in Tg 5xFAD females and males by 6 months of age. In the present study, we examine local field potential (LFP) in the mPFC of awake, behaving 5xFAD females and males at 6 months of age during exposure to social and non-social odor stimuli in a novel olfactometer. RESULTS Our results indicate that Tg 5xFAD mice exhibit aberrant baseline and task-dependent LFP activity in the mPFC- including higher relative delta (1-4 Hz) band power and lower relative power in higher bands, and overall stronger phase-amplitude coupling- compared to wild-type controls. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with previous human and animal studies examining emotional processing, anxiety, fear behaviors, and stress responses, and suggest that Tg 5xFAD mice may exhibit altered arousal or anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kosel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Rae Hartley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tamara Brook Franklin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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13
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Lv S, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Fang W, Wang Y, Li Z, Lin A, Dai X, Ye Q, Zhang J, Chen X. ApoE4 exacerbates the senescence of hippocampal neurons and spatial cognitive impairment by downregulating acetyl-CoA level. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13932. [PMID: 37594184 PMCID: PMC10497817 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Although aging and apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele have been documented as two major risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), their interaction and potential underlying mechanisms remain unelucidated. Using humanized ApoE4- and ApoE3- target replacement mice, we found the accumulation of senescent neurons and the activation of mTOR and endosome-lysosome-autophagy (ELA) system in the hippocampus of aged ApoE4 mice. Further analyses revealed that ApoE4 aggravated the profile change of hippocampal transcription and metabolism in an age-dependent manner, accompanying with an disruption of metabolism, which is presented with the downregulating activity of citrate synthase, the level of ATP and, most importantly, the level of acetyl coenzyme A (Ac-CoA); GTA supplement, an Ac-CoA substrate, reversed the senescent characteristics, decreased the activation of mTOR and ELA system, and enhanced the synaptic structure and increasing level of pre-/post-synaptic plasticity-related protein, leading to cognitive improvement in aged ApoE4 mice. These data suggest that ApoE4 exacerbates neuronal senescence due to a deficiency of acetyl-CoA, which can be ameliorated by GTA supplement. The findings provide novel insights into the potential therapeutic value of GTA supplement for the cognitive improvement in aged APOE4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuixin Lv
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
- School of Basic Medical SciencesFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
- Department of Pathologythe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yusi Zhang
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yingbin Lin
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Wenting Fang
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zihang Li
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Anlan Lin
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
- School of Basic Medical SciencesFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xiaoman Dai
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Qinyong Ye
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xiaochun Chen
- Department of NeurologyFujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology and Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
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14
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Smith S, Hopp SC. The 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease displays age-dependent deficits in habituation to a novel environment. AGING BRAIN 2023; 3:100078. [PMID: 37333676 PMCID: PMC10275951 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Habituation is a form of learning characterized by a decrement in responsiveness to a stimulus that is repeated or prolonged. In rodents, habituation to a novel environment is characterized by a decrease in locomotion over time spent in a novel environment. Habituation to a novel environment is dependent on hippocampal function, suggesting that habituation behavior may be a relevant readout for hippocampal-dependent memory deficits that are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Current assays that measure hippocampal-dependent memory in preclinical animal models of AD have not accurately predicted the cognitive protection of novel interventions in human trials. Here, we tested whether a behavioral habituation paradigm could detect age-associated changes in a common preclinical mouse model of AD-like amyloid pathology, the 5XFAD mouse. We exposed 5XFAD mice and age-matched wild-type (WT) littermates at 3, 6, and 9 months of age to a novel environment over two sessions separated by 24 h and measured their locomotion. WT mice habituated to the novel environment over time, while 5XFAD mice displayed age-dependent deficits in behavioral habituation. We replicated our results using publicly available open field data from 5XFAD and late-onset AD mouse models with TREM2*R47H and APOE4 mutations. Overall, we present behavioral habituation as a potentially sensitive task to assess age-associated behavioral deficits in 5XFAD mice and other mouse models of AD that could be used to test the preclinical efficacy of novel AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Smith
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sarah C. Hopp
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, USA
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15
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Maitre M, Jeltsch-David H, Okechukwu NG, Klein C, Patte-Mensah C, Mensah-Nyagan AG. Myelin in Alzheimer's disease: culprit or bystander? Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:56. [PMID: 37004127 PMCID: PMC10067200 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01554-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with neuronal and synaptic losses due to the accumulation of toxic amyloid β (Αβ) peptide oligomers, plaques, and tangles containing tau (tubulin-associated unit) protein. While familial AD is caused by specific mutations, the sporadic disease is more common and appears to result from a complex chronic brain neuroinflammation with mitochondriopathies, inducing free radicals' accumulation. In aged brain, mutations in DNA and several unfolded proteins participate in a chronic amyloidosis response with a toxic effect on myelin sheath and axons, leading to cognitive deficits and dementia. Αβ peptides are the most frequent form of toxic amyloid oligomers. Accumulations of misfolded proteins during several years alters different metabolic mechanisms, induce chronic inflammatory and immune responses with toxic consequences on neuronal cells. Myelin composition and architecture may appear to be an early target for the toxic activity of Aβ peptides and others hydrophobic misfolded proteins. In this work, we describe the possible role of early myelin alterations in the genesis of neuronal alterations and the onset of symptomatology. We propose that some pathophysiological and clinical forms of the disease may arise from structural and metabolic disorders in the processes of myelination/demyelination of brain regions where the accumulation of non-functional toxic proteins is important. In these forms, the primacy of the deleterious role of amyloid peptides would be a matter of questioning and the initiating role of neuropathology would be primarily the fact of dysmyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Maitre
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), INSERM U1119, Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS de la Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg, 67000, France.
| | - Hélène Jeltsch-David
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), INSERM U1119, Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS de la Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg, 67000, France
- Biotechnologie et signalisation cellulaire, UMR 7242 CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant CS 10413, Illkirch cedex, 67412, France
| | - Nwife Getrude Okechukwu
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), INSERM U1119, Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS de la Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Christian Klein
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), INSERM U1119, Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS de la Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Christine Patte-Mensah
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), INSERM U1119, Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS de la Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Ayikoe-Guy Mensah-Nyagan
- Biopathologie de la Myéline, Neuroprotection et Stratégies Thérapeutiques, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), INSERM U1119, Université de Strasbourg, Bâtiment CRBS de la Faculté de Médecine, 1 rue Eugène Boeckel, Strasbourg, 67000, France
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16
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Sharp FR, DeCarli CS, Jin LW, Zhan X. White matter injury, cholesterol dysmetabolism, and APP/Abeta dysmetabolism interact to produce Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology: A hypothesis and review. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1096206. [PMID: 36845656 PMCID: PMC9950279 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1096206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We postulate that myelin injury contributes to cholesterol release from myelin and cholesterol dysmetabolism which contributes to Abeta dysmetabolism, and combined with genetic and AD risk factors, leads to increased Abeta and amyloid plaques. Increased Abeta damages myelin to form a vicious injury cycle. Thus, white matter injury, cholesterol dysmetabolism and Abeta dysmetabolism interact to produce or worsen AD neuropathology. The amyloid cascade is the leading hypothesis for the cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The failure of clinical trials based on this hypothesis has raised other possibilities. Even with a possible new success (Lecanemab), it is not clear whether this is a cause or a result of the disease. With the discovery in 1993 that the apolipoprotein E type 4 allele (APOE4) was the major risk factor for sporadic, late-onset AD (LOAD), there has been increasing interest in cholesterol in AD since APOE is a major cholesterol transporter. Recent studies show that cholesterol metabolism is intricately involved with Abeta (Aβ)/amyloid transport and metabolism, with cholesterol down-regulating the Aβ LRP1 transporter and upregulating the Aβ RAGE receptor, both of which would increase brain Aβ. Moreover, manipulating cholesterol transport and metabolism in rodent AD models can ameliorate pathology and cognitive deficits, or worsen them depending upon the manipulation. Though white matter (WM) injury has been noted in AD brain since Alzheimer's initial observations, recent studies have shown abnormal white matter in every AD brain. Moreover, there is age-related WM injury in normal individuals that occurs earlier and is worse with the APOE4 genotype. Moreover, WM injury precedes formation of plaques and tangles in human Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) and precedes plaque formation in rodent AD models. Restoring WM in rodent AD models improves cognition without affecting AD pathology. Thus, we postulate that the amyloid cascade, cholesterol dysmetabolism and white matter injury interact to produce and/or worsen AD pathology. We further postulate that the primary initiating event could be related to any of the three, with age a major factor for WM injury, diet and APOE4 and other genes a factor for cholesterol dysmetabolism, and FAD and other genes for Abeta dysmetabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank R. Sharp
- Department of Neurology, The MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
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17
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Han S, Gim Y, Jang EH, Hur EM. Functions and dysfunctions of oligodendrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1083159. [PMID: 36605616 PMCID: PMC9807813 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1083159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are characterized by the progressive loss of selectively vulnerable populations of neurons, which is responsible for the clinical symptoms. Although degeneration of neurons is a prominent feature that undoubtedly contributes to and defines NDD pathology, it is now clear that neuronal cell death is by no means mediated solely by cell-autonomous mechanisms. Oligodendrocytes (OLs), the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS), enable rapid transmission of electrical signals and provide metabolic and trophic support to neurons. Recent evidence suggests that OLs and their progenitor population play a role in the onset and progression of NDDs. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence suggesting a role of OL lineage cells in the pathogenesis of age-related NDDs. We start with multiple system atrophy, an NDD with a well-known oligodendroglial pathology, and then discuss Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), NDDs which have been thought of as neuronal origins. Understanding the functions and dysfunctions of OLs might lead to the advent of disease-modifying strategies against NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwan Han
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yunho Gim
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hae Jang
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Comparative Medicine Disease Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Hur
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Comparative Medicine Disease Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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18
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Weller AE, Ferraro TN, Doyle GA, Reiner BC, Crist RC, Berrettini WH. Single Nucleus Transcriptome Data from Alzheimer’s Disease Mouse Models Yield New Insight into Pathophysiology. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:1233-1247. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: 5XFAD humanized mutant mice and Trem2 knockout (T2KO) mice are two mouse models relevant to the study of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related pathology. Objective: To determine hippocampal transcriptomic and polyadenylation site usage alterations caused by genetic mutations engineered in 5XFAD and T2KO mice. Methods: Employing a publicly available single-nucleus RNA sequencing dataset, we used Seurat and Sierra analytic programs to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differential transcript usage (DTU), respectively, in hippocampal cell types from each of the two mouse models. We analyzed cell type-specific DEGs further using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Results: We identified several DEGs in both neuronal and glial cell subtypes in comparisons of wild type (WT) versus 5XFAD and WT versus T2KO mice, including Ttr, Fth1, Pcsk1n, Malat1, Rpl37, Rtn1, Sepw1, Uba52, Mbp, Arl6ip5, Gm26917, Vwa1, and Pgrmc1. We also observed DTU in common between the two comparisons in neuronal and glial subtypes, specifically in the genes Prnp, Rbm4b, Pnisr, Opcml, Cpne7, Adgrb1, Gabarapl2, Ubb, Ndfip1, Car11, and Stmn4. IPA identified three statistically significant canonical pathways that appeared in multiple cell types and that overlapped between 5XFAD and T2KO comparisons to WT, including ‘FXR/RXR Activation’, ‘LXR/RXR Activation’, and ‘Acute Phase Response Signaling’. Conclusion: DEG, DTU, and IPA findings, derived from two different mouse models of AD, highlight the importance of energy imbalance and inflammatory processes in specific hippocampal cell types, including subtypes of neurons and glial cells, in the development of AD-related pathology. Additional studies are needed to further characterize these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E. Weller
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas N. Ferraro
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Glenn A. Doyle
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Reiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard C. Crist
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wade H. Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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19
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Quinn JF, Kelly MJ, Harris CJ, Hack W, Gray NE, Kulik V, Bostick Z, Brumbach BH, Copenhaver PF. The novel estrogen receptor modulator STX attenuates Amyloid-β neurotoxicity in the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105888. [PMID: 36209948 PMCID: PMC10108899 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on previous evidence that the non-steroidal estrogen receptor modulator STX mitigates the effects of neurotoxic Amyloid-β (Aβ) in vitro, we have evaluated its neuroprotective benefits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Cohorts of 5XFAD mice, which begin to accumulate cerebral Aβ at two months of age, were treated with orally-administered STX starting at 6 months of age for two months. After behavioral testing to evaluate cognitive function, biochemical and immunohistochemical assays were used to analyze key markers of mitochondrial function and synaptic integrity. Oral STX treatment attenuated Aβ-associated mitochondrial toxicity and synaptic toxicity in the brain, as previously documented in cultured neurons. STX also moderately improved spatial memory in 5XFAD mice. In addition, STX reduced markers for reactive astrocytosis and microgliosis surrounding amyloid plaques, and also unexpectedly reduced overall levels of cerebral Aβ in the brain. The neuroprotective effects of STX were more robust in females than in males. These results suggest that STX may have therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America.
| | - Martin J Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, OHSU, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Christopher J Harris
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Wyatt Hack
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Nora E Gray
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Veronika Kulik
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Zoe Bostick
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, OHSU, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Barbara H Brumbach
- Biostatistics and Design Program, OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Philip F Copenhaver
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, OHSU, Portland, OR, United States of America
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20
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Sanchez-Varo R, Mejias-Ortega M, Fernandez-Valenzuela JJ, Nuñez-Diaz C, Caceres-Palomo L, Vegas-Gomez L, Sanchez-Mejias E, Trujillo-Estrada L, Garcia-Leon JA, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Vizuete M, Vitorica J, Baglietto-Vargas D, Gutierrez A. Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease: An Integrative Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5404. [PMID: 35628216 PMCID: PMC9142061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) constitutes the most prominent form of dementia among elderly individuals worldwide. Disease modeling using murine transgenic mice was first initiated thanks to the discovery of heritable mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilins (PS) genes. However, due to the repeated failure of translational applications from animal models to human patients, along with the recent advances in genetic susceptibility and our current understanding on disease biology, these models have evolved over time in an attempt to better reproduce the complexity of this devastating disease and improve their applicability. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview about the major pathological elements of human AD (plaques, tauopathy, synaptic damage, neuronal death, neuroinflammation and glial dysfunction), discussing the knowledge that available mouse models have provided about the mechanisms underlying human disease. Moreover, we highlight the pros and cons of current models, and the revolution offered by the concomitant use of transgenic mice and omics technologies that may lead to a more rapid improvement of the present modeling battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sanchez-Varo
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
- Departamento Fisiologia Humana, Histologia Humana, Anatomia Patologica y Educacion Fisica y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Marina Mejias-Ortega
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Juan Jose Fernandez-Valenzuela
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Cristina Nuñez-Diaz
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Laura Caceres-Palomo
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Laura Vegas-Gomez
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Elisabeth Sanchez-Mejias
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Juan Antonio Garcia-Leon
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marisa Vizuete
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
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21
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Fertan E, Brown RE. Age-Related Deficits in Working Memory in 5xFAD Mice in the Hebb-Williams Maze. Behav Brain Res 2022; 424:113806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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22
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Stoddart P, Satchell SC, Ramnath R. Cerebral microvascular endothelial glycocalyx damage, its implications on the blood-brain barrier and a possible contributor to cognitive impairment. Brain Res 2022; 1780:147804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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23
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Gupta M, Weaver DF. Microsecond molecular dynamics studies of cholesterol-mediated myelin sheath degeneration in early Alzheimer's disease. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:222-239. [PMID: 34878462 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03844c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol-mediated perturbations of membrane structural integrity are key early events in the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD, protein misfolding (proteopathy) and pro-inflammatory conditions (immunopathy) culminate in neuronal death, a process enabled by altered membrane biophysical properties which render neurons more susceptible to proteopathic and immunopathic cytotoxicities. Since cholesterol is a principal neuronal membrane lipid, normal cholesterol homeostasis is central to membrane health; also, since increased cholesterol composition is especially present in neuronal myelin sheath (i.e. brain "white matter"), recent studies have not surprisingly revealed that white matter atrophy precedes the conventional biomarkers of AD (amyloid plaques, tau tangles). Employing extensive microsecond all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated biophysical and mechanical properties of myelin sheath membrane as a function of cholesterol mole fraction (χCHL). Impaired χCHL modulates multiple bilayer properties, including surface area per lipid (APL), chain order, number and mass density profiles, area compressibility and bending moduli, bilayer thickness, lipid tilt angles, H-bonding interactions and tail interdigitation. The increased orientational ordering of both palmitoyl and oleoyl chains in model healthy myelin sheath (HMS) membranes illustrates the condensing effect of cholesterol. With an increase in χCHL, number density profiles of water tend to attain bulk water number density more quickly, indicating shrinkage in the interfacial region with increasing χCHL. The average tilt value is 11.5° for the C10-C13 angle in cholesterol and 64.2° for the P-N angle in POPC lipids in HMS. These calculations provide a molecular-level understanding of myelin sheath susceptibility to pathology as an early event in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Gupta
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, M5T 0S8, Canada.
| | - Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, M5T 0S8, Canada. .,Departments of Chemistry, Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M55 3H6, Canada
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24
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Gupta R, Ambasta RK, Pravir Kumar. Autophagy and apoptosis cascade: which is more prominent in neuronal death? Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:8001-8047. [PMID: 34741624 PMCID: PMC11072037 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are two crucial self-destructive processes that maintain cellular homeostasis, which are characterized by their morphology and regulated through signal transduction mechanisms. These pathways determine the fate of cellular organelle and protein involved in human health and disease such as neurodegeneration, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Cell death pathways share common molecular mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, calcium ion concentration, reactive oxygen species, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Some key signaling molecules such as p53 and VEGF mediated angiogenic pathway exhibit cellular and molecular responses resulting in the triggering of apoptotic and autophagic pathways. Herein, based on previous studies, we describe the intricate relation between cell death pathways through their common genes and the role of various stress-causing agents. Further, extensive research on autophagy and apoptotic machinery excavates the implementation of selective biomarkers, for instance, mTOR, Bcl-2, BH3 family members, caspases, AMPK, PI3K/Akt/GSK3β, and p38/JNK/MAPK, in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. This molecular phenomenon will lead to the discovery of possible therapeutic biomolecules as a pharmacological intervention that are involved in the modulation of apoptosis and autophagy pathways. Moreover, we describe the potential role of micro-RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and biomolecules as therapeutic agents that regulate cell death machinery to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Mounting evidence demonstrated that under stress conditions, such as calcium efflux, endoplasmic reticulum stress, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and oxidative stress intermediate molecules, namely p53 and VEGF, activate and cause cell death. Further, activation of p53 and VEGF cause alteration in gene expression and dysregulated signaling pathways through the involvement of signaling molecules, namely mTOR, Bcl-2, BH3, AMPK, MAPK, JNK, and PI3K/Akt, and caspases. Alteration in gene expression and signaling cascades cause neurotoxicity and misfolded protein aggregates, which are characteristics features of neurodegenerative diseases. Excessive neurotoxicity and misfolded protein aggregates lead to neuronal cell death by activating death pathways like autophagy and apoptosis. However, autophagy has a dual role in the apoptosis pathways, i.e., activation and inhibition of the apoptosis signaling. Further, micro-RNAs and LncRNAs act as pharmacological regulators of autophagy and apoptosis cascade, whereas, natural compounds and chemical compounds act as pharmacological inhibitors that rescue neuronal cell death through inhibition of apoptosis and autophagic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Gupta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Mechanical Engineering Building, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Room# FW4TF3, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Rashmi K Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Mechanical Engineering Building, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Room# FW4TF3, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Mechanical Engineering Building, Delhi Technological University (Formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Room# FW4TF3, Shahbad Daulatpur, Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India.
- , Delhi, India.
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25
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Forner S, Kawauchi S, Balderrama-Gutierrez G, Kramár EA, Matheos DP, Phan J, Javonillo DI, Tran KM, Hingco E, da Cunha C, Rezaie N, Alcantara JA, Baglietto-Vargas D, Jansen C, Neumann J, Wood MA, MacGregor GR, Mortazavi A, Tenner AJ, LaFerla FM, Green KN. Systematic phenotyping and characterization of the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Data 2021; 8:270. [PMID: 34654824 PMCID: PMC8519958 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-021-01054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models of human diseases are invaluable tools for studying pathogenic mechanisms and testing interventions and therapeutics. For disorders such as Alzheimer's disease in which numerous models are being generated, a challenging first step is to identify the most appropriate model and age to effectively evaluate new therapeutic approaches. Here we conducted a detailed phenotypic characterization of the 5xFAD model on a congenic C57BL/6 J strain background, across its lifespan - including a seldomly analyzed 18-month old time point to provide temporally correlated phenotyping of this model and a template for characterization of new models of LOAD as they are generated. This comprehensive analysis included quantification of plaque burden, Aβ biochemical levels, and neuropathology, neurophysiological measurements and behavioral and cognitive assessments, and evaluation of microglia, astrocytes, and neurons. Analysis of transcriptional changes was conducted using bulk-tissue generated RNA-seq data from microdissected cortices and hippocampi as a function of aging, which can be explored at the MODEL-AD Explorer and AD Knowledge Portal. This deep-phenotyping pipeline identified novel aspects of age-related pathology in the 5xFAD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Forner
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Shimako Kawauchi
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, University Laboratory Animal Resources, Office of Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Gabriela Balderrama-Gutierrez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Enikö A Kramár
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Dina P Matheos
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jimmy Phan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Dominic I Javonillo
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Kristine M Tran
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Edna Hingco
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Celia da Cunha
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Narges Rezaie
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Joshua A Alcantara
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, University Laboratory Animal Resources, Office of Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Camden Jansen
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jonathan Neumann
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, University Laboratory Animal Resources, Office of Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Marcelo A Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Grant R MacGregor
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, University Laboratory Animal Resources, Office of Research, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Ali Mortazavi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Andrea J Tenner
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Frank M LaFerla
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Kim N Green
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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26
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Zhu J, Freitas HR, Maezawa I, Jin LW, Srinivasan VJ. 1700 nm optical coherence microscopy enables minimally invasive, label-free, in vivo optical biopsy deep in the mouse brain. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:145. [PMID: 34262015 PMCID: PMC8280201 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In vivo, minimally invasive microscopy in deep cortical and sub-cortical regions of the mouse brain has been challenging. To address this challenge, we present an in vivo high numerical aperture optical coherence microscopy (OCM) approach that fully utilizes the water absorption window around 1700 nm, where ballistic attenuation in the brain is minimized. Key issues, including detector noise, excess light source noise, chromatic dispersion, and the resolution-speckle tradeoff, are analyzed and optimized. Imaging through a thinned-skull preparation that preserves intracranial space, we present volumetric imaging of cytoarchitecture and myeloarchitecture across the entire depth of the mouse neocortex, and some sub-cortical regions. In an Alzheimer's disease model, we report that findings in superficial and deep cortical layers diverge, highlighting the importance of deep optical biopsy. Compared to other microscopic techniques, our 1700 nm OCM approach achieves a unique combination of intrinsic contrast, minimal invasiveness, and high resolution for deep brain imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Hercules Rezende Freitas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Izumi Maezawa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Vivek J Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10017, USA.
- Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Tech4Health Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
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27
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Cone AS, Yuan X, Sun L, Duke LC, Vreones MP, Carrier AN, Kenyon SM, Carver SR, Benthem SD, Stimmell AC, Moseley SC, Hike D, Grant SC, Wilber AA, Olcese JM, Meckes DG. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles ameliorate Alzheimer's disease-like phenotypes in a preclinical mouse model. Theranostics 2021; 11:8129-8142. [PMID: 34373732 PMCID: PMC8344012 DOI: 10.7150/thno.62069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disorder that affects more than 44 million people worldwide. Despite the high disease burden, there is no effective treatment for people suffering from AD. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that have been widely studied due to their therapeutic potential. However, administration of cells has been found to have a multitude of limitations. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from MSCs have been studied as a therapeutic candidate, as they exhibit similar immunoprotective and immunomodulatory abilities as the host human MSCs. Methods: To test the potential therapeutic effects of MSC EVs, human bone-marrow derived MSCs were grown in three-dimensional (3D) cell culture, and small EVs were harvested using differential ultracentrifugation. These small EVs were given to non-transgenic (NT) or 5XFAD (5 familial Alzheimer's disease mutations) mice intranasally (IN) every 4 days for 4 months. The mice were then required to perform a variety of behavioral assays to measure changes in learning and memory. Afterwards, immunohistochemistry was performed on brain slices to measure amyloid beta (Aβ) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels. Results: The data revealed that 5XFAD mice that received hMSC-EV treatment behaved significantly better in cognitive tests than saline treated 5XFAD mice, with no significant change between EV-treated 5XFAD mice and NT mice. Additionally, we found lower Aβ plaque load in the hippocampus of the EV-treated mice. Finally, less colocalization between GFAP and Aβ plaques was found in the brain of EV-treated mice compared to saline. Conclusions: Taken together, these data suggest that IN administration of MSC-derived EVs can slow down AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allaura S. Cone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Xuegang Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University and Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Leanne C. Duke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Michael P. Vreones
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Allison N. Carrier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Kenyon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Spencer R. Carver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Sarah D. Benthem
- Department of Neuroscience, Florida State University College of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Alina C. Stimmell
- Department of Neuroscience, Florida State University College of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Shawn C. Moseley
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - David Hike
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University and Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Samuel C. Grant
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University and Florida State University College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, USA
| | - Aaron A. Wilber
- Department of Neuroscience, Florida State University College of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - James M. Olcese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - David G. Meckes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Ji Z, Liu C, Zhao W, Soto C, Zhou X. Multi-scale modeling for systematically understanding the key roles of microglia in AD development. Comput Biol Med 2021; 133:104374. [PMID: 33864975 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of age-related dementia, affecting over 5 million people in the United States. Unfortunately, current therapies are largely palliative and several potential drug candidates have failed in late-stage clinical trials. Studies suggest that microglia-mediated neuroinflammation might be responsible for the failures of various therapies. Microglia contribute to Aβ clearance in the early stage of neurodegeneration and may contribute to AD development at the late stage by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, the activation profile and phenotypic changes of microglia during the development of AD are poorly understood. To systematically understand the key role of microglia in AD progression and predict the optimal therapeutic strategy in silico, we developed a 3D multi-scale model of AD (MSMAD) by integrating multi-level experimental data, to manipulate the neurodegeneration in a simulated system. Based on our analysis, we revealed that how TREM2-related signal transduction leads to an imbalance in the activation of different microglia phenotypes, thereby promoting AD development. Our MSMAD model also provides an optimal therapeutic strategy for improving the outcome of AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Ji
- College of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China; School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Changan Liu
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Weiling Zhao
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease & Brain Disorder, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Ringland C, Schweig JE, Eisenbaum M, Paris D, Ait-Ghezala G, Mullan M, Crawford F, Abdullah L, Bachmeier C. MMP9 modulation improves specific neurobehavioral deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:39. [PMID: 34034683 PMCID: PMC8152085 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) has been implicated in a variety of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), where MMP9 levels are elevated in the brain and cerebrovasculature. Previously our group demonstrated apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) was less efficient in regulating MMP9 activity in the brain than other apoE isoforms, and that MMP9 inhibition facilitated beta-amyloid (Aβ) elimination across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) METHODS: In the current studies, we evaluated the impact of MMP9 modulation on Aβ disposition and neurobehavior in AD using two approaches, (1) pharmacological inhibition of MMP9 with SB-3CT in apoE4 x AD (E4FAD) mice, and (2) gene deletion of MMP9 in AD mice (MMP9KO/5xFAD) RESULTS: Treatment with the MMP9 inhibitor SB-3CT in E4FAD mice led to reduced anxiety compared to placebo using the elevated plus maze. Deletion of the MMP9 gene in 5xFAD mice also reduced anxiety using the open field test, in addition to improving sociability and social recognition memory, particularly in male mice, as assessed through the three-chamber task, indicating certain behavioral alterations in AD may be mediated by MMP9. However, neither pharmacological inhibition of MMP9 or gene deletion of MMP9 affected spatial learning or memory in the AD animals, as determined through the radial arm water maze. Moreover, the effect of MMP9 modulation on AD neurobehavior was not due to changes in Aβ disposition, as both brain and plasma Aβ levels were unchanged in the SB-3CT-treated E4FAD animals and MMP9KO/AD mice compared to their respective controls. CONCLUSIONS In total, while MMP9 inhibition did improve specific neurobehavioral deficits associated with AD, such as anxiety and social recognition memory, modulation of MMP9 did not alter spatial learning and memory or Aβ tissue levels in AD animals. While targeting MMP9 may represent a therapeutic strategy to mitigate aspects of neurobehavioral decline in AD, further work is necessary to understand the nature of the relationship between MMP9 activity and neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis Ringland
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - Maxwell Eisenbaum
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Daniel Paris
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
| | - Ghania Ait-Ghezala
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Michael Mullan
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
- James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Laila Abdullah
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
- James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Corbin Bachmeier
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, FL, 34243, USA.
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.
- Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, USA.
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30
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Majumdar S, Klatt D. Longitudinal study of sub-regional cerebral viscoelastic properties of 5XFAD Alzheimer's disease mice using multifrequency MR elastography. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:405-414. [PMID: 33604900 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study sub-regional, longitudinal changes occurring inside brains of 5XFAD mice, an Alzheimer's disease (AD) model, based on viscoelastic parameters derived using MR elastography and their spatial variation. METHODS Female 5XFAD and non-transgenic B6SJLF1/J mice as controls (n = 9 for both groups) were used for the study. Scans were performed inside a 9.4T preclinical MRI scanner using SampLe Interval Modulation-magnetic resonance elastography (SLIM-MRE). Experiments were performed at ages 2, 4, and 6 mo, and by using three actuation frequencies: 900, 1000, and 1100 Hz. Multifrequency dual elasto-visco (MDEV) reconstruction was used to combine 3D multifrequency MRE data and calculate magnitude G ∗ , and phase angle φ, of the complex shear modulus G ∗ . Mean values were measured for the overall brain and sub-regions associated with the early onset of AD, to check for the effect of aging and mouse model. Spatial coefficient of variation (CV) of both parameters across different age-groups were analyzed. RESULTS G ∗ and φ values reduced with age for overall brain in 5XFAD mice with significant difference in mean G ∗ between 5XFAD and control mice at 6 mo (P = .029). Analyzing values from the hippocampal region highlighted drop in mean G ∗ and φ values. The CV of G ∗ inside hippocampus enabled differentiation at 4 mo with it being significantly lower in 5XFAD mice (P = .0007). CONCLUSION Multifrequency 3D MRE revealed longitudinal viscoelastic changes in 5XFAD mice and the CV of G ∗ in brain sub-regions may qualify as biomarker for early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyan Majumdar
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dieter Klatt
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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31
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Crivelli SM, Luo Q, Stevens JA, Giovagnoni C, van Kruining D, Bode G, den Hoedt S, Hobo B, Scheithauer AL, Walter J, Mulder MT, Exley C, Mold M, Mielke MM, De Vries HE, Wouters K, van den Hove DLA, Berkes D, Ledesma MD, Verhaagen J, Losen M, Bieberich E, Martinez-Martinez P. CERT L reduces C16 ceramide, amyloid-β levels, and inflammation in a model of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2021; 13:45. [PMID: 33597019 PMCID: PMC7890977 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00780-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of ceramide and sphingomyelin levels have been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Ceramide transfer proteins (CERTs) are ceramide carriers which are crucial for ceramide and sphingomyelin balance in cells. Extracellular forms of CERTs co-localize with amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in AD brains. To date, the significance of these observations for the pathophysiology of AD remains uncertain. METHODS A plasmid expressing CERTL, the long isoform of CERTs, was used to study the interaction of CERTL with amyloid precursor protein (APP) by co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence in HEK cells. The recombinant CERTL protein was employed to study interaction of CERTL with amyloid-β (Aβ), Aβ aggregation process in presence of CERTL, and the resulting changes in Aβ toxicity in neuroblastoma cells. CERTL was overexpressed in neurons by adeno-associated virus (AAV) in a mouse model of familial AD (5xFAD). Ten weeks after transduction, animals were challenged with behavior tests for memory, anxiety, and locomotion. At week 12, brains were investigated for sphingolipid levels by mass spectrometry, plaques, and neuroinflammation by immunohistochemistry, gene expression, and/or immunoassay. RESULTS Here, we report that CERTL binds to APP, modifies Aβ aggregation, and reduces Aβ neurotoxicity in vitro. Furthermore, we show that intracortical injection of AAV, mediating the expression of CERTL, decreases levels of ceramide d18:1/16:0 and increases sphingomyelin levels in the brain of male 5xFAD mice. CERTL in vivo over-expression has a mild effect on animal locomotion, decreases Aβ formation, and modulates microglia by decreasing their pro-inflammatory phenotype. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate a crucial role of CERTL in regulating ceramide levels in the brain, in amyloid plaque formation and neuroinflammation, thereby opening research avenues for therapeutic targets of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone M. Crivelli
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502 USA
| | - Qian Luo
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jo A.A. Stevens
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Caterina Giovagnoni
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Daan van Kruining
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Bode
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra den Hoedt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara Hobo
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna-Lena Scheithauer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Monique T. Mulder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory Vascular Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher Exley
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Matthew Mold
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Michelle M. Mielke
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Science Research, and Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Helga E. De Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan Wouters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel L. A. van den Hove
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Dusan Berkes
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 81237 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - María Dolores Ledesma
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mario Losen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40502 USA
| | - Pilar Martinez-Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Zhang X, Wang R, Hu D, Sun X, Fujioka H, Lundberg K, Chan ER, Wang Q, Xu R, Flanagan ME, Pieper AA, Qi X. Oligodendroglial glycolytic stress triggers inflammasome activation and neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/49/eabb8680. [PMID: 33277246 PMCID: PMC7717916 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb8680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Myelin degeneration and white matter loss resulting from oligodendrocyte (OL) death are early events in Alzheimer's disease (AD) that lead to cognitive deficits; however, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we find that mature OLs in both AD patients and an AD mouse model undergo NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)-dependent Gasdermin D-associated inflammatory injury, concomitant with demyelination and axonal degeneration. The mature OL-specific knockdown of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1; a mitochondrial fission guanosine triphosphatase) abolishes NLRP3 inflammasome activation, corrects myelin loss, and improves cognitive ability in AD mice. Drp1 hyperactivation in mature OLs induces a glycolytic defect in AD models by inhibiting hexokinase 1 (HK1; a mitochondrial enzyme that initiates glycolysis), which triggers NLRP3-associated inflammation. These findings suggest that OL glycolytic deficiency plays a causal role in AD development. The Drp1-HK1-NLRP3 signaling axis may be a key mechanism and therapeutic target for white matter degeneration in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rihua Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Di Hu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hisashi Fujioka
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kathleen Lundberg
- Center for Proteomics and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ernest R Chan
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Quanqiu Wang
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rong Xu
- Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Margaret E Flanagan
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Andrew A Pieper
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Psychiatry Case Western Reserve University, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Andersson E, Janelidze S, Lampinen B, Nilsson M, Leuzy A, Stomrud E, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Hansson O. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light differentially detect neurodegeneration in early Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 95:143-153. [PMID: 32810755 PMCID: PMC7649343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurofilament light (NfL) concentration has reproducibly been shown to reflect neurodegeneration in brain disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). NfL concentration in blood correlates with the corresponding CSF levels, but few studies have directly compared the reliability of these 2 markers in sporadic AD. Herein, we measured plasma and CSF concentrations of NfL in 478 cognitively unimpaired (CU) subjects, 227 patients with mild cognitive impairment, and 113 patients with AD dementia. We found that the concentration of NfL in CSF, but not in plasma, was increased in response to Aβ pathology in CU subjects. Both CSF and plasma NfL concentrations were increased in patients with mild cognitive impairment and AD dementia. Furthermore, only NfL in CSF was associated with reduced white matter microstructure in CU subjects. Finally, in a transgenic mouse model of AD, CSF NfL increased before serum NfL in response to the development of Aβ pathology. In conclusion, NfL in CSF may be a more reliable biomarker of neurodegeneration than NfL in blood in preclinical sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Andersson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Shorena Janelidze
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Lampinen
- Clinical Sciences Lund, Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Markus Nilsson
- Clinical Sciences Lund, Department of Radiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Antoine Leuzy
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Stomrud
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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Ferrer I, Andrés-Benito P. White matter alterations in Alzheimer's disease without concomitant pathologies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 46:654-672. [PMID: 32255227 PMCID: PMC7754505 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aims Most individuals with AD neuropathological changes have co‐morbidities which have an impact on the integrity of the WM. This study analyses oligodendrocyte and myelin markers in the frontal WM in a series of AD cases without clinical or pathological co‐morbidities. Methods From a consecutive autopsy series, 206 cases had neuropathological changes of AD; among them, only 33 were AD without co‐morbidities. WM alterations were first evaluated in coronal sections of the frontal lobe in every case. Then, RT‐qPCR and immunohistochemistry were carried out in the frontal WM of AD cases without co‐morbidities to analyse the expression of selected oligodendrocyte and myelin markers. Results WM demyelination was more marked in AD with co‐morbidities when compared with AD cases without co‐morbidities. Regarding the later, mRNA expression levels of MBP, PLP1, CNP, MAG, MAL, MOG and MOBP were preserved at stages I–II/0–A when compared with middle‐aged (MA) individuals, but significantly decreased at stages III–IV/0–C. This was accompanied by reduced expression of NG2 and PDGFRA mRNA, reduced numbers of NG2‐, Olig2‐ and HDAC2‐immunoreactive cells and reduced glucose transporter immunoreactivity. Partial recovery of some of these markers occurred at stages V–VI/B–C. Conclusions The present observations demonstrate that co‐morbidities have an impact on WM integrity in the elderly and in AD, and that early alterations in oligodendrocytes and transcription of genes linked to myelin proteins in WM occur in AD cases without co‐morbidities. These are followed by partial recovery attempts at advanced stages. These observations suggest that oligodendrocytopathy is part of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, CIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Andrés-Benito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, CIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
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Bobola MS, Chen L, Ezeokeke CK, Olmstead TA, Nguyen C, Sahota A, Williams RG, Mourad PD. Transcranial focused ultrasound, pulsed at 40 Hz, activates microglia acutely and reduces Aβ load chronically, as demonstrated in vivo. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:1014-1023. [PMID: 32388044 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Iaccarino et al. (2016) [1] exposed 1 h of light flickering at 40 Hz to awake 5XFAD Alzheimer's Disease (AD) mouse models, generating action potentials at 40 Hz, activating ∼54% of microglia to colocalize with Aβ plaque, acutely, and clearing ∼ 50% of Aβ plaque after seven days, but only in the visual cortex. HYPOTHESIS Transcranially delivered, focused ultrasound (tFUS) can replicate the results of Iaccarino et al. (2016) [1] but throughout its area of application. METHODS We exposed sedated 5XFAD mice to tFUS (2.0 MHz carrier frequency, 40 Hz pulse repetition frequency, 400 μs-long pulses, spatial peak pulse average value of 190 W/cm2). Acute studies targeted tFUS into one hemisphere of brain centered on its hippocampus for 1 h. Chronic studies targeted comparable brain in each hemisphere for 1 h/day for five days. RESULTS Acute application of tFUS activated more microglia that colocalized with Aβ plaque relative to sham ultrasound (36.0 ± 4.6% versus 14.2 ± 2.6% [mean ± standard error], z = 2.45, p < 0.014) and relative to the contralateral hemisphere of treated brain (36.0 ± 4.6% versus 14.3 ± 4.0%, z = 2.61, p < 0.009). Chronic application over five days reduced their Aβ plaque burden by nearly half relative to paired sham animals (47.4 ± 5.8%, z = - 2.79, p < 0.005). CONCLUSION Our results compare to those of Iaccarino et al. (2016) [1] but throughout the area of ultrasound-exposed brain. Our results also compare to those achieved by medications that target Aβ, but over a substantially shorter period of time. The proximity of our ultrasound protocol to those shown safe for non-human primates and humans may motivate its rapid translation to human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Bobola
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - L Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C K Ezeokeke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T A Olmstead
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C Nguyen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A Sahota
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R G Williams
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - P D Mourad
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Engineering and Mathematics, University of Washington, Bothell, WA, USA.
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36
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Kosel F, Hamilton JS, Harrison SL, Godin V, Franklin TB. Reduced social investigation and increased injurious behavior in transgenic 5xFAD mice. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:209-222. [PMID: 31912571 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Social withdrawal and agitation/aggression are common behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia presented by Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, with males exhibiting more aggressive behaviors than females. Some transgenic mouse models of AD also exhibit social withdrawal and aggression, but many of these models only recapitulate the early stages of the disease. By comparison, the 5xFAD mouse model of AD exhibits rapid, progressive neurodegeneration, and is suitable for modeling cognitive and behavioral deficits at early, mid-, and late-stage disease progression. Anecdotal reports suggest that transgenic 5xFAD males exhibit high levels of aggression compared to wild-type controls, but to date, indirect genetic effects in this strain have not been studied. We measured home-cage behaviors in 5xFAD males housed in three different group-housing conditions (transgenic-only, wild-type only, and mixed-genotype) and social approach behaviors when exposed to a novel free-roaming or restrained, wild-type or transgenic conspecific. Transgenic-only home cages required earlier separation due to injuries arising from aggression compared to wild-type-only or mixed-genotype cages, despite no obvious increase in the frequency of aggressive behaviors. Transgenic 5xFAD males and females also spent less time investigating free-roaming conspecifics compared to wild-type controls, but they showed normal investigation of restrained conspecifics; the genotype of the conspecific did not affect approach behavior, and there was no aggression observed in transgenic males. These findings provide evidence in an animal model that amyloid pathology ultimately leads to avoidance of novel social stimuli, and that frequent interactions between individuals exhibiting an AD phenotype further exacerbates aggressive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kosel
- The Social Lab, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jacob S Hamilton
- The Social Lab, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Sarah L Harrison
- The Social Lab, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Victoria Godin
- The Social Lab, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tamara B Franklin
- The Social Lab, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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37
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Matthews DG, Caruso M, Murchison CF, Zhu JY, Wright KM, Harris CJ, Gray NE, Quinn JF, Soumyanath A. Centella Asiatica Improves Memory and Promotes Antioxidative Signaling in 5XFAD Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120630. [PMID: 31817977 PMCID: PMC6943631 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Centella asiatica (CA) herb is a traditional medicine, long reputed to provide cognitive benefits. We have reported that CA water extract (CAW) treatment improves cognitive function of aged Alzheimer’s disease (AD) model Tg2576 and wild-type (WT) mice, and induces an NRF2-regulated antioxidant response in aged WT mice. Here, CAW was administered to AD model 5XFAD female and male mice and WT littermates (age: 7.6 +/− 0.6 months), and object recall and contextual fear memory were tested after three weeks treatment. CAW’s impact on amyloid-β plaque burden, and markers of neuronal oxidative stress and synaptic density, was assessed after five weeks treatment. CAW antioxidant activity was evaluated via nuclear transcription factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) and NRF2-regulated antioxidant response element gene expression. Memory improvement in both genders and genotypes was associated with dose-dependent CAW treatment without affecting plaque burden, and marginally increased synaptic density markers in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. CAW treatment increased Nrf2 in hippocampus and other NRF2 targets (heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1, glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit). Reduced plaque-associated SOD1, an indicator of oxidative stress, was observed in the hippocampi and cortices of CAW-treated 5XFAD mice. We postulate that CAW treatment leads to reduced oxidative stress, contributing to improved neuronal health and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Matthews
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (D.G.M.); (M.C.); (C.F.M.); (J.Y.Z.); (K.M.W.); (C.J.H.); (N.E.G.); (J.F.Q.)
| | - Maya Caruso
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (D.G.M.); (M.C.); (C.F.M.); (J.Y.Z.); (K.M.W.); (C.J.H.); (N.E.G.); (J.F.Q.)
| | - Charles F Murchison
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (D.G.M.); (M.C.); (C.F.M.); (J.Y.Z.); (K.M.W.); (C.J.H.); (N.E.G.); (J.F.Q.)
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (D.G.M.); (M.C.); (C.F.M.); (J.Y.Z.); (K.M.W.); (C.J.H.); (N.E.G.); (J.F.Q.)
| | - Kirsten M Wright
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (D.G.M.); (M.C.); (C.F.M.); (J.Y.Z.); (K.M.W.); (C.J.H.); (N.E.G.); (J.F.Q.)
| | - Christopher J Harris
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (D.G.M.); (M.C.); (C.F.M.); (J.Y.Z.); (K.M.W.); (C.J.H.); (N.E.G.); (J.F.Q.)
- Parkinson’s Disease Research Education and Clinical Care Center, Veterans’ Administration Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Nora E Gray
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (D.G.M.); (M.C.); (C.F.M.); (J.Y.Z.); (K.M.W.); (C.J.H.); (N.E.G.); (J.F.Q.)
| | - Joseph F Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (D.G.M.); (M.C.); (C.F.M.); (J.Y.Z.); (K.M.W.); (C.J.H.); (N.E.G.); (J.F.Q.)
- Parkinson’s Disease Research Education and Clinical Care Center, Veterans’ Administration Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Amala Soumyanath
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (D.G.M.); (M.C.); (C.F.M.); (J.Y.Z.); (K.M.W.); (C.J.H.); (N.E.G.); (J.F.Q.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-503-494-6878
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38
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Andrew RJ, De Rossi P, Nguyen P, Kowalski HR, Recupero AJ, Guerbette T, Krause SV, Rice RC, Laury-Kleintop L, Wagner SL, Thinakaran G. Reduction of the expression of the late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk-factor BIN1 does not affect amyloid pathology in an AD mouse model. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4477-4487. [PMID: 30692199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is pathologically characterized by the deposition of the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide in senile plaques in the brain, leading to neuronal dysfunction and eventual decline in cognitive function. Genome-wide association studies have identified the bridging integrator 1 (BIN1) gene within the second most significant susceptibility locus for late-onset AD. BIN1 is a member of the amphiphysin family of proteins and has reported roles in the generation of membrane curvature and endocytosis. Endocytic dysfunction is a pathological feature of AD, and endocytosis of the amyloid precursor protein is an important step in its subsequent cleavage by β-secretase (BACE1). In vitro evidence implicates BIN1 in endosomal sorting of BACE1 and Aβ generation in neurons, but a role for BIN1 in this process in vivo is yet to be described. Here, using biochemical and immunohistochemistry analyses we report that a 50% global reduction of BIN1 protein levels resulting from a single Bin1 allele deletion in mice does not change BACE1 levels or localization in vivo, nor does this reduction alter the production of endogenous murine Aβ in nontransgenic mice. Furthermore, we found that reduction of BIN1 levels in the 5XFAD mouse model of amyloidosis does not alter Aβ deposition nor behavioral deficits associated with cerebral amyloid burden. Finally, a conditional BIN1 knockout in excitatory neurons did not alter BACE1, APP, C-terminal fragments derived from BACE1 cleavage of APP, or endogenous Aβ levels. These results indicate that BIN1 function does not regulate Aβ generation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Andrew
- From the Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Pierre De Rossi
- From the Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - Haley R Kowalski
- From the Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Aleksandra J Recupero
- From the Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Thomas Guerbette
- From the Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Sofia V Krause
- From the Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Richard C Rice
- From the Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | | | - Steven L Wagner
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, 92161
| | - Gopal Thinakaran
- From the Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, .,Department of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, and.,Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
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39
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Kosel F, Torres Munoz P, Yang JR, Wong AA, Franklin TB. Age-related changes in social behaviours in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2019; 362:160-172. [PMID: 30659846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In addition to memory impairments, patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibit a number of behavioural and psychological symptoms that can affect social interactions over the course of the disease. While altered social interactions have been demonstrated in a number of mouse models of AD, many models only recapitulate the initial stages of the disease, and these behavioural changes have yet to be examined over the course of disease progression. By performing a longitudinal study using the 5xFAD mouse model, we have demonstrated that transgenic females exhibit progressive alterations in social investigation compared to wild-type controls. Transgenic females exhibited an age-related reduction in interest for social odours, as well as reduced investigative behaviours towards novel conspecifics in a novel environment. However, transgenic mice exhibited no obvious olfactory deficits, nor any changes in scent-marking behaviour compared to wild-type controls, indicating that changes in investigative behaviour were due to motivation to engage with a social stimulus. This evidence suggests that transgenic 5xFAD females exhibit increased social anxiety in novel environments compared to wild-type controls. Overall, transgenic 5xFAD female mice mimic some features of social withdrawal observed in human AD patients suggesting this strain may be suitable for modelling aspects of the social dysfunction observed in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kosel
- The Social Lab, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Paula Torres Munoz
- The Social Lab, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - J Renee Yang
- The Social Lab, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Aimee A Wong
- The Social Lab, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Tamara B Franklin
- The Social Lab, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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40
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Butt AM, De La Rocha IC, Rivera A. Oligodendroglial Cells in Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1175:325-333. [PMID: 31583593 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes form the myelin that ensheaths CNS axons, which is essential for rapid neuronal signalling and underpins the massive computing power of the human brain. Oligodendrocytes and myelin also provide metabolic and trophic support for axons and their disruption results in axonal demise and neurodegeneration, which are key features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Notably, the brain has a remarkable capacity for regenerating oligodendrocytes, which is the function of adult oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) or NG2-glia. White matter loss is often among the earliest brain changes in AD, preceding the tangles and plaques that characterize neuronal deficits. The underlying causes of myelin loss include oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity, associated with accumulation of Aβ and tau hyperphosphorylation, pathological hallmarks of AD. Moreover, there is evidence that NG2-glia are disrupted in AD, which may be associated with disruption of synaptic signalling. This has led to the hypothesis that a vicious cycle of myelin loss and failure of regeneration from NG2-glia plays a key role in AD. Therapies that target NG2-glia are likely to have positive effects on myelination and neuroprotection in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur M Butt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, St. Michael's Building, White Sawn Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK.
| | - Irene Chacon De La Rocha
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, St. Michael's Building, White Sawn Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Andrea Rivera
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Portsmouth, St. Michael's Building, White Sawn Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
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41
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Dickstein DL, Talty R, Bresnahan E, Varghese M, Perry B, Janssen WGM, Sowa A, Giedzinski E, Apodaca L, Baulch J, Acharya M, Parihar V, Limoli CL. Alterations in synaptic density and myelination in response to exposure to high-energy charged particles. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2845-2855. [PMID: 30198564 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High-energy charged particles are considered particularly hazardous components of the space radiation environment. Such particles include fully ionized energetic nuclei of helium, silicon, and oxygen, among others. Exposure to charged particles causes reactive oxygen species production, which has been shown to result in neuronal dysfunction and myelin degeneration. Here we demonstrate that mice exposed to high-energy charged particles exhibited alterations in dendritic spine density in the hippocampus, with a significant decrease of thin spines in mice exposed to helium, oxygen, and silicon, compared to sham-irradiated controls. Electron microscopy confirmed these findings and revealed a significant decrease in overall synapse density and in nonperforated synapse density, with helium and silicon exhibiting more detrimental effects than oxygen. Degeneration of myelin was also evident in exposed mice with significant changes in the percentage of myelinated axons and g-ratios. Our data demonstrate that exposure to all types of high-energy charged particles have a detrimental effect, with helium and silicon having more synaptotoxic effects than oxygen. These results have important implications for the integrity of the central nervous system and the cognitive health of astronauts after prolonged periods of space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara L Dickstein
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ronan Talty
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Erin Bresnahan
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Merina Varghese
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Bayley Perry
- Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William G M Janssen
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Allison Sowa
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Erich Giedzinski
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Lauren Apodaca
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Janet Baulch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Munjal Acharya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Vipan Parihar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Charles L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
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42
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Liu Z, Wang F, Tang M, Zhao Y, Wang X. Amyloid β and tau are involved in sleep disorder in Alzheimer's disease by orexin A and adenosine A(1) receptor. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:435-442. [PMID: 30365112 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disorder is confirmed as a core component of Alzheimer's disease (AD), while the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) in brain tissue is an important pathological feature of AD. However, how Aβ affects AD‑associated sleep disorder is not yet well understood. In the present study, experiments on animal and cell models were performed to detect the association between sleep disorder and Aβ. It was observed that Aβ25‑35 administration significantly decreased non‑rapid eye movement sleep, while it increased wakefulness in mice. In addition, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis revealed that the expression levels of tau, p‑tau, orexin A and orexin neurons express adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) were markedly upregulated in the brain tissue of AD mice compared with that in samples obtained from control mice. Furthermore, the in vitro study revealed that the expression levels of tau, p‑tau, orexin A and adenosine A1R were also significantly increased in human neuroblastoma SH‑SY5Y cells treated with Aβ25‑35 as compared with the control cells. In addition, the tau inhibitor TRx 0237 significantly reversed the promoting effects of Aβ25‑35 on tau, p‑tau, orexin A and adenosine A1R expression levels, and adenosine A1R or orexin A knockdown also inhibited tau and p‑tau expression levels mediated by Aβ25‑35 in AD. These results indicate that Aβ and tau may be considered as novel biomarkers of sleep disorder in AD pathology, and that they function by regulating the expression levels of orexin A and adenosine A1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Sleep Medicine Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Fumin Wang
- Department of Sleep Medicine Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Minglu Tang
- Department of Sleep Medicine Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yongjun Zhao
- Department of Sleep Medicine Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Department of Sleep Medicine Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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