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Kelly MJ, Alberghina F, McCabe P, Goldberg CJ, Fogarty EE, Dowling FE, O'Toole P, Noël J, Kiely PJ, Moore DP, Kennedy JF. Functional Outcomes of Congenital Scoliosis at a Mean 35-Year Follow-up Post In Situ Fusion. Revisiting Patients From the 2002 Goldberg et al Study. J Pediatr Orthop 2024; 44:e381-e388. [PMID: 38441619 DOI: 10.1097/bpo.0000000000002649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of congenital scoliosis poses a significant challenge for treating surgeons. The aim of our study was to provide insight into the long-term clinical results of spinal fusion in congenital scoliosis. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of the scoliosis database in our institution for the period 1976 until 2002 identifying 43 patients with congenital scoliosis who underwent spinal fusion. Patient demographics, diagnosis, levels fused, and radiographs were evaluated. Patients were evaluated for unplanned return to the operating room (UPROR) via SRS 22, EQ5D-5L, and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). RESULTS Of the 43 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 22 patients agreed to participate, 3 patients were known to be deceased and 18 patients were lost to follow-up or declined to participate and were excluded. The mean age of the respondents was 40.7 years (range, 30 to 47 y) with a mean follow-up from index surgery of 35 years (range, 20 to 44 y). At most recent follow-up, 12 patients (54%) underwent UPROR. The mean age at diagnosis was 3.4 years (range, birth to 11.5 y), and the mean age for first surgery was 5.8 years (range, 1 to 13 y). As regards radiologic follow-up; the mean number of levels fused was 5.2 (range, 2 to 12). Thoracic fusion was performed in 17 patients (77%). The mean T1 to T12 height at index surgery and maturity was 166 mm (range, 130 to 240 mm) and 202 mm (range, 125 to 270 mm), respectively. The mean functional scores at follow-up were SRS 22: 4.5 (range, 2.4 to 5), cumulative EQ5D-5L score 7.2 (range, 5 to 15), and ODI: 8% (range, 2 to 30%). All respondents completed high school, 10 patients (45%) completed university, and 2 patients were awarded doctorates. Currently, 17 patients (77%) are in paid employment. CONCLUSIONS This report constitutes the largest series of patients treated by spinal arthrodesis for congenital scoliosis followed into maturity. We demonstrate the thorax continues to grow after index fusion, patient-reported outcomes were satisfactory with superior educational and employment rates and unplanned return to theatre is rare in adult life. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Kelly
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Health Ireland (CHI) at Crumlin, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
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Kelly MJ, Wagner EJ. Canonical transient receptor potential channels and hypothalamic control of homeostatic functions. J Neuroendocrinol 2024:e13392. [PMID: 38631680 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Recent molecular biological and electrophysiological studies have identified multiple transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in hypothalamic neurons as critical modulators of homeostatic functions. In particular, the canonical transient receptor potential channels (TRPCs) are expressed in hypothalamic neurons that are vital for the control of fertility and energy homeostasis. Classical neurotransmitters such as serotonin and glutamate and peptide neurotransmitters such as kisspeptin, neurokinin B and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide signal through their cognate G protein-coupled receptors to activate TPRC 4, 5 channels, which are essentially ligand-gated calcium channels. In addition to neurotransmitters, circulating hormones like insulin and leptin signal through insulin receptor (InsR) and leptin receptor (LRb), respectively, to activate TRPC 5 channels in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and kisspeptin (arcuate Kiss1 [Kiss1ARH]) neurons to have profound physiological (excitatory) effects. Besides its overt depolarizing effects, TRPC channels conduct calcium ions into the cytoplasm, which has a plethora of downstream effects. Moreover, not only the expression of Trpc5 mRNA but also the coupling of receptors to TRPC 5 channel opening are regulated in different physiological states. In particular, the mRNA expression of Trpc5 is highly regulated in kisspeptin neurons by circulating estrogens, which ultimately dictates the firing pattern of kisspeptin neurons. In obesity states, InsRs are "uncoupled" from opening TRPC 5 channels in POMC neurons, rendering them less excitable. Therefore, in this review, we will focus on the critical role of TRPC 5 channels in regulating the excitability of Kiss1ARH and POMC neurons in different physiological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Edward J Wagner
- Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Pomona, California, USA
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Qiu J, Bosch MA, Stincic TL, Hunker AC, Zweifel LS, Rønnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ. CRISPR/SaCas9 mutagenesis of stromal interaction molecule 1 in proopiomelanocortin neurons increases glutamatergic excitability and protects against diet-induced obesity. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101645. [PMID: 36442744 PMCID: PMC9727646 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons are the key anorexigenic hypothalamic neuron for integrating metabolic cues to generate the appropriate output for maintaining energy homeostasis and express the requisite channels as a perfect synaptic integrator in this role. Similar to the metabolic hormones leptin and insulin, glutamate also excites POMC neurons via group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1 and 5, mGluR1/5) that activate Transient Receptor Potential Canonical (TRPC 5) Channels to cause depolarization. A key modulator of TRPC 5 channel activity is stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), which is involved in recruitment of TRPC 5 channels from receptor-operated to store-operated calcium entry following depletion of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum. METHODS We used a single adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector containing a recombinase-dependent Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas) and a single guide RNA (sgRNA) to mutate Stim1 in POMCCre neurons in male mice, verified by qPCR of Stim1 mRNA expression in single POMC neurons. Whole-cell patch clamp experiments were conducted to validate the effects of Stim1 mutagenesis. Body weight and food intake were measured in male mice to assess disruptions in energy balance. RESULTS Reduced Stim1 expression augmented the efficacy of the mGluR1/5 agonist 3, 5-Dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) to depolarize POMC neurons via a Gαq-coupled signaling pathway, which is an essential part of excitatory glutamatergic input in regulating energy homeostasis. The TRPC 5 channel blockers HC070 and Pico145 antagonized the excitatory effects of DHPG. As proof of principle, mutagenesis of Stim1 in POMC neurons reduced food intake, attenuated weight gain, reduced body fat and fat pad mass in mice fed a high fat diet. CONCLUSIONS Using CRISPR technology we have uncovered a critical role of STIM1 in modulating glutamatergic activation of TRPC 5 channels in POMC neurons, which ultimately is important for maintaining energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA,Corresponding author.Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Martha A. Bosch
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Todd L. Stincic
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Avery C. Hunker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Larry S. Zweifel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Oline K. Rønnekleiv
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA,Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Martin J. Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA,Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA,Corresponding author.Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Quinn JF, Kelly MJ, Harris CJ, Hack W, Gray NE, Kulik V, Bostick Z, Brumbach BH, Copenhaver PF. The novel estrogen receptor modulator STX attenuates Amyloid-β neurotoxicity in the 5XFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105888. [PMID: 36209948 PMCID: PMC10108899 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on previous evidence that the non-steroidal estrogen receptor modulator STX mitigates the effects of neurotoxic Amyloid-β (Aβ) in vitro, we have evaluated its neuroprotective benefits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Cohorts of 5XFAD mice, which begin to accumulate cerebral Aβ at two months of age, were treated with orally-administered STX starting at 6 months of age for two months. After behavioral testing to evaluate cognitive function, biochemical and immunohistochemical assays were used to analyze key markers of mitochondrial function and synaptic integrity. Oral STX treatment attenuated Aβ-associated mitochondrial toxicity and synaptic toxicity in the brain, as previously documented in cultured neurons. STX also moderately improved spatial memory in 5XFAD mice. In addition, STX reduced markers for reactive astrocytosis and microgliosis surrounding amyloid plaques, and also unexpectedly reduced overall levels of cerebral Aβ in the brain. The neuroprotective effects of STX were more robust in females than in males. These results suggest that STX may have therapeutic potential in Alzheimer's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Quinn
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America.
| | - Martin J Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, OHSU, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Christopher J Harris
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Wyatt Hack
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Nora E Gray
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Veronika Kulik
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Zoe Bostick
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, OHSU, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Barbara H Brumbach
- Biostatistics and Design Program, OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Philip F Copenhaver
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, OHSU, Portland, OR, United States of America
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Kelly MJ, Quinlan JF, Frampton C, Matheson JA. Medium-term outcomes in single anaesthetic bilateral total knee replacement surgery: a single surgeon series. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2022; 142:2857-2863. [PMID: 34495363 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-021-04151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lifetime risk of developing symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA) is estimated to be 45%, with up to two thirds of patients presenting with bilateral knee symptoms. Patients presenting with end stage bilateral knee OA may benefit from single anaesthetic bilateral total knee replacement (SABTKR). Our study aim was to compare the outcomes of SABTKR with unilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in a single surgeon series over a 20 year period. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of a single surgeon's data from the New Zealand Joint Registry (NZJR) over a 20-year period from January 1999 to December 2018. This review reports on patient demographics, functional outcomes, revision rates and mortality rates. RESULTS 1225 total knee replacements were performed by the senior author (995 TKAs and 115 patients underwent SABTKRs) over the 20 year period reviewed. The mean ages of the TKA and SABTKR groups were 67.7 and 66.7 years, respectively. There was 16.9% mortality rate for the TKA group versus 7.8% in SABTKR group. There were no revisions in the SABTKR group versus 17 revisions in the TKA group representing a revision rate of 0.23/100 component years which can be viewed against a 20 year revision rate of 0.48/100 component years (p < 0.05) for all comers in the NZJR. CONCLUSION This NZJR study demonstrates excellent medium term survival outcomes for selected patients having simultaneous bilateral total knee replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kelly
- Tallaght University Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland.
| | - J F Quinlan
- Tallaght University Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
- Dunedin Public and Mercy Hospitals, Suite 3, Marinoto Clinic, Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - C Frampton
- New Zealand National Joint Registry, Christchurch Public Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J A Matheson
- Dunedin Public and Mercy Hospitals, Suite 3, Marinoto Clinic, Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Stincic TL, Kelly MJ. Estrogenic regulation of reproduction and energy homeostasis by a triumvirate of hypothalamic arcuate neurons. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13145. [PMID: 35581942 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is energetically demanding and therefore, by necessity, reproduction and energy balance are inextricably linked. With insufficient or excessive energy stores a female is liable to suffer complications during pregnancy or produce unhealthy offspring. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons are responsible for initiating both the pulsatile and subsequent surge release of luteinizing hormone to control ovulation. Meticulous work has identified two hypothalamic populations of kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons that are critical for this pattern of release. The involvement of the hypothalamus is unsurprising because its quintessential function is to couple the endocrine and nervous systems, coordinating energy balance and reproduction. Estrogens, more specifically 17β-estradiol (E2 ), orchestrate the activity of a triumvirate of hypothalamic neurons within the arcuate nucleus (ARH) that govern the physiological underpinnings of these behavioral dynamics. Arising from a common progenitor pool, these cells differentiate into ARH kisspeptin, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and agouti related peptide/neuropeptide Y (AgRP) neurons. Although the excitability of all these subpopulations is subject to genomic and rapid estrogenic regulation, Kiss1 neurons are the most sensitive, reflecting their integral function in female fertility. Based on the premise that E2 coordinates autonomic functions around reproduction, we review recent findings on how Kiss1 neurons interact with gonadotropin-releasing hormone, AgRP and POMC neurons, as well as how the rapid membrane-initiated and intracellular signaling cascades activated by E2 in these neurons are critical for control of homeostatic functions supporting reproduction. In particular, we highlight how Kiss1 and POMC neurons conspire to inhibit AgRP neurons and diminish food motivation in service of reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L Stincic
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Martin J Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
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Abstract
Hypothalamic kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons provide indispensable excitatory transmission to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons for the coordinated release of gonadotropins, estrous cyclicity, and ovulation. But maintaining reproductive functions is metabolically demanding so there must be a coordination with multiple homeostatic functions, and it is apparent that Kiss1 neurons play that role. There are 2 distinct populations of hypothalamic Kiss1 neurons, namely arcuate nucleus (Kiss1ARH) neurons and anteroventral periventricular and periventricular nucleus (Kiss1AVPV/PeN) neurons in rodents, both of which excite GnRH neurons via kisspeptin release but are differentially regulated by ovarian steroids. Estradiol (E2) increases the expression of kisspeptin in Kiss1AVPV/PeN neurons but decreases its expression in Kiss1ARH neurons. Also, Kiss1ARH neurons coexpress glutamate and Kiss1AVPV/PeN neurons coexpress gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), both of which are upregulated by E2 in females. Also, Kiss1ARH neurons express critical metabolic hormone receptors, and these neurons are excited by insulin and leptin during the fed state. Moreover, Kiss1ARH neurons project to and excite the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin neurons but inhibit the orexigenic neuropeptide Y/Agouti-related peptide neurons, highlighting their role in regulating feeding behavior. Kiss1ARH and Kiss1AVPV/PeN neurons also project to the preautonomic paraventricular nucleus (satiety) neurons and the dorsomedial nucleus (energy expenditure) neurons to differentially regulate their function via glutamate and GABA release, respectively. Therefore, this review will address not only how Kiss1 neurons govern GnRH release, but how they control other homeostatic functions through their peptidergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic connections, providing further evidence that Kiss1 neurons are the key neurons coordinating energy states with reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oline K Rønnekleiv
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Martin J Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
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Stincic TL, Bosch MA, Hunker AC, Juarez B, Connors AM, Zweifel LS, Rønnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ. CRISPR knockdown of Kcnq3 attenuates the M-current and increases excitability of NPY/AgRP neurons to alter energy balance. Mol Metab 2021; 49:101218. [PMID: 33766732 PMCID: PMC8093934 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Arcuate nucleus neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP) neurons drive ingestive behavior. The M-current, a subthreshold non-inactivating potassium current, plays a critical role in regulating NPY/AgRP neuronal excitability. Fasting decreases while 17β-estradiol increases the M-current by regulating the mRNA expression of Kcnq2, 3, and 5 (Kv7.2, 3, and 5) channel subunits. Incorporating KCNQ3 into heteromeric channels has been considered essential to generate a robust M-current. Therefore, we investigated the behavioral and physiological effects of selective Kcnq3 deletion from NPY/AgRP neurons. METHODS We used a single adeno-associated viral vector containing a recombinase-dependent Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 with a single-guide RNA to selectively delete Kcnq3 in NPY/AgRP neurons. Single-cell quantitative measurements of mRNA expression and whole-cell patch clamp experiments were conducted to validate the selective knockdown. Body weight, food intake, and locomotor activity were measured in male mice to assess disruptions in energy balance. RESULTS The virus reduced the expression of Kcnq3 mRNA without affecting Kcnq2 or Kcnq5. The M-current was attenuated, causing NPY/AgRP neurons to be more depolarized, exhibit a higher input resistance, and require less depolarizing current to fire action potentials, indicative of increased excitability. Although the resulting decrease in the M-current did not overtly alter ingestive behavior, it significantly reduced the locomotor activity as measured by open-field testing. Control mice on a high-fat diet exhibited an enhanced M-current and increased Kcnq2 and Kcnq3 expression, but the M-current remained significantly attenuated in KCNQ3 knockdown animals. CONCLUSIONS The M-current plays a critical role in modulating the intrinsic excitability of NPY/AgRP neurons that is essential for maintaining energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L Stincic
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Martha A Bosch
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Avery C Hunker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Barbara Juarez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ashley M Connors
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Larry S Zweifel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Oline K Rønnekleiv
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Martin J Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
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Stincic TL, Rønnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ. Membrane and nuclear initiated estrogenic regulation of homeostasis. Steroids 2021; 168:108428. [PMID: 31229508 PMCID: PMC6923613 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction and energy balance are inextricably linked in order to optimize the evolutionary fitness of an organism. With insufficient or excessive energy stores a female is liable to suffer complications during pregnancy and produce unhealthy or obesity-prone offspring. The quintessential function of the hypothalamus is to act as a bridge between the endocrine and nervous systems, coordinating fertility and autonomic functions. Across the female reproductive cycle various motivations wax and wane, following levels of ovarian hormones. Estrogens, more specifically 17β-estradiol (E2), coordinate a triumvirate of hypothalamic neurons within the arcuate nucleus (ARH) that govern the physiological underpinnings of these behavioral dynamics. Arising from a common progenitor pool of cells, this triumvirate is composed of the kisspeptin (Kiss1ARH), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons. Although the excitability of these neuronal subpopulations is subject to genomic and rapid estrogenic regulation, kisspeptin neurons are the most sensitive, reflecting their integral function in female fertility. Based on the premise that E2 coordinates autonomic functions around reproduction, we will review the recent findings on the synaptic interactions between Kiss1, AgRP and POMC neurons and how the rapid membrane-initiated and intracellular signaling cascades activated by E2 in these neurons are critical for control of homeostatic functions supporting reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L Stincic
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Oline K Rønnekleiv
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, United States
| | - Martin J Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, United States.
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Abstract
Hypothalamic control of fertility is the quintessential homeostatic function. However, fertility is metabolically demanding; so, there must be coordination between energy states and reproductive functions. Because gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons are devoid of many of the critical metabolic hormone receptors for sensing nutrient levels, it has long been recognized that the sensing of energy stores had to be done by neurons presynaptic to GnRH neurons. Some of the obvious players have been the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons, both of which are in close apposition to the median eminence, a circumventricular organ. Indeed, POMC and NPY/AgRP neurons are inversely regulated by glucose and metabolic hormones including insulin and leptin. However, their synaptic connections with GnRH neurons are sparse and/or GnRH neurons are lacking the postsynaptic receptors to mediate the appropriate physiological response. Kisspeptin neurons were discovered in the early part of this century and subsequently shown to project to and control GnRH neuronal excitability. In fact, more recently the arcuate kisspeptin neurons have been identified as the command neurons driving pulsatile release of GnRH. Subsequently, it was shown that arcuate kisspeptin neurons express not only steroid hormone receptors but also metabolic hormone receptors such that similar to POMC neurons, they are excited by insulin and leptin. Therefore, based on the premise that arcuate kisspeptin neurons are the key neurons coordinating energy states with reproduction, we will review not only how these vital neurons control pulsatile GnRH release but how they control energy homeostasis through their synaptic connections with POMC and NPY/AgRP neurons and ultimately how E2 can regulate their excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oline K Rønnekleiv
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Division of Neuroscience, National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Jian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Martin J Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Division of Neuroscience, National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
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Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is acting as a full agonist of cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2. Direct manipulation of 2-AG levels is a challenging task. The amphiphilic properties and the instability of 2-AG in aqueous media complicate its use as a drug-like molecule. Additionally, inhibition of the protein machinery that regulates 2-AG levels may also affect other monoacylglycerols. Therefore, we developed a novel method to elevate 2-AG levels with a flash of light. The resulting tool is a photoactivatable "caged" 2-arachidonoylglycerol (cg2-AG) allowing for the rapid photorelease of the signaling lipid in live cells. We characterized the mechanism of uncaging and the effect of 2-AG on the regulation of the β-cell signaling network. After uncaging of 2-AG, we monitored calcium levels, CB1-GIRK channel coupling, and CB1-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Laguerre
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Sebastian Hauke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Martin J. Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, United States,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany,Corresponding Author
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Qiu J, Bosch MA, Zhang C, Rønnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ. Estradiol Protects Neuropeptide Y/Agouti-Related Peptide Neurons against Insulin Resistance in Females. Neuroendocrinology 2019; 110:105-118. [PMID: 31212279 PMCID: PMC6920578 DOI: 10.1159/000501560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
When it comes to obesity, men exhibit a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome than women in early adult life, but this sex advantage wanes in postmenopausal women. A key diagnostic of the metabolic syndrome is insulin resistance in both peripheral tissues and brain, especially in the hypothalamus. Since the anorexigenic hormone 17β-estradiol (E2) regulates food intake in part by inhibiting the excitability of the hypothalamic neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP) neurons, we hypothesized that E2 would protect against insulin resistance in NPY/AgRP neurons with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Therefore, we did whole-cell recordings and single cell quantitative polymerase chain reaction in arcuate NPYGFP neurons from both female and male mice to test the efficacy of insulin with DIO. The resting membrane potential and input resistance of NPY/AgRP neurons were significantly increased in DIO versus control-diet fed males. Most notably, the efficacy of insulin to activate KATP channels in NPY/AgRP neurons was significantly attenuated, although the KATP channel opener diazoxide was fully effective in NPY/AgRP neurons from DIO males, indicating that the KATP channels were expressed and functional. In contrast, insulin was fully efficacious to activate KATP channels in DIO females, and the response was reversed by the KATP channel blocker tolbutamide. However, the ability of insulin to activate KATP channels was abrogated with ovariectomy but fully restored with E2 replacement. Insulin resistance in obese males was likely mediated by an increase in suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3), protein tyrosine phosphatase B (PTP1B) and T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP) activity, since the expression of all 3 mRNAs were upregulated in the obese males but not in females. As proof of principle, pre-incubation of hypothalamic slices from DIO males with the PTP1B/TCPTP inhibitor CX08005 completely rescued the effects of insulin. Therefore, E2 protects NPY/AgRP neurons in females against insulin resistance through, at least in part, attenuating phosphatase activity. The neuroprotective effects of E2 may explain sex differences in the expression of metabolic syndrome that disappears with the loss of E2 in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qiu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Martha A. Bosch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Chunguang Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Oline K. Rønnekleiv
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, National Primate Research Center,
Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Martin J. Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health
& Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Division of Neuroscience, National Primate Research Center,
Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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13
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Kelly MJ, Finan PJ, Gudgeon AM, Horgan PG, Keighley M. Hot Tubbing with the Coroner, 2018. Med Leg J 2019; 87:100-101. [PMID: 31008681 DOI: 10.1177/0025817219830257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Kelly
- 1 Emeritus colorectal surgeon, University Hospitals of Leicester, UK
| | - P J Finan
- 2 Hon. Professor of Colorectal Surgery, University of Leeds, UK
| | - A M Gudgeon
- 3 Consultant Colorectal Surgeon, Frimley Park Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - P G Horgan
- 4 Professor of Surgery, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Mrb Keighley
- 5 Emeritus Professor of Colorectal Surgery, Birmingham University, UK
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14
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Abstract
All of the canonical transient receptor potential channels (TRPC) with the exception of TRPC 2 are expressed in hypothalamic neurons and are involved in multiple homeostatic functions. Although the metabotropic glutamate receptors have been shown to be coupled to TRPC channel activation in cortical and sub-cortical brain regions, in the hypothalamus multiple amine and peptidergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and growth factor/cytokine receptors are linked to activation of TRPC channels that are vital for reproduction, temperature regulation, arousal and energy homeostasis. In addition to the neurotransmitters, circulating hormones like insulin and leptin through their cognate receptors activate TRPC channels in POMC neurons. Many of the post-synaptic effects of the neurotransmitters and hormones are regulated in different physiological states by expression of TRPC channels in the post-synaptic neurons. Therefore, TRPC channels are key targets not only for neurotransmitters but circulating hormones in their vital role to control multiple hypothalamic functions, which is the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA.
| | - Jian Qiu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Oline K Rønnekleiv
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
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15
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Qiu J, Rivera HM, Bosch MA, Padilla SL, Stincic TL, Palmiter RD, Kelly MJ, Rønnekleiv OK. Estrogenic-dependent glutamatergic neurotransmission from kisspeptin neurons governs feeding circuits in females. eLife 2018; 7:e35656. [PMID: 30079889 PMCID: PMC6103748 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptides tachykinin2 (Tac2) and kisspeptin (Kiss1) in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus Kiss1 (Kiss1ARH) neurons are essential for pulsatile release of GnRH and reproduction. Since 17β-estradiol (E2) decreases Kiss1 and Tac2 mRNA expression in Kiss1ARH neurons, the role of Kiss1ARH neurons during E2-driven anorexigenic states and their coordination of POMC and NPY/AgRP feeding circuits have been largely ignored. Presently, we show that E2 augmented the excitability of Kiss1ARH neurons by amplifying Cacna1g, Hcn1 and Hcn2 mRNA expression and T-type calcium and h-currents. E2 increased Slc17a6 mRNA expression and glutamatergic synaptic input to arcuate neurons, which excited POMC and inhibited NPY/AgRP neurons via metabotropic receptors. Deleting Slc17a6 in Kiss1 neurons eliminated glutamate release and led to conditioned place preference for sucrose in E2-treated KO female mice. Therefore, the E2-driven increase in Kiss1 neuronal excitability and glutamate neurotransmission may play a key role in governing the motivational drive for palatable food in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qiu
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Heidi M Rivera
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Martha A Bosch
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Stephanie L Padilla
- Department of BiochemistryHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Todd L Stincic
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Department of BiochemistryHoward Hughes Medical Institute, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Martin J Kelly
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
- Division of NeuroscienceOregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science UniversityBeavertonUnited States
| | - Oline K Rønnekleiv
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
- Division of NeuroscienceOregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science UniversityBeavertonUnited States
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16
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Stincic TL, Rønnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ. Diverse actions of estradiol on anorexigenic and orexigenic hypothalamic arcuate neurons. Horm Behav 2018; 104:146-155. [PMID: 29626486 PMCID: PMC6196116 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Contribution to Special Issue on Fast effects of steroids. There is now compelling evidence for membrane-associated estrogen receptors in hypothalamic neurons that are critical for the hypothalamic control of homeostatic functions. It has been known for some time that estradiol (E2) can rapidly alter hypothalamic neuronal activity within seconds, indicating that some cellular effects can occur via membrane initiated events. However, our understanding of how E2 signals via membrane-associated receptors and how these signals impact physiological functions is only just emerging. Thus, E2 can affect second messenger systems including calcium mobilization and a plethora of kinases to alter cell excitability and even gene transcription in hypothalamic neurons. One population of hypothalamic neurons, the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, has long been considered to be a target of E2's actions based on gene (Pomc) expression studies. However, we now know that E2 can rapidly alter POMC neuronal activity within seconds and activate several intracellular signaling cascades that ultimately affect gene expression, actions which are critical for maintaining sensitivity to insulin in metabolically stressed states. E2 also affects the orexigenic Neuropeptide Y/Agouti-related Peptide (NPY/AgRP) neurons in similarly rapid but antagonistic manner. Therefore, this review will summarize our current state of knowledge of how E2 signals via rapid membrane-initiated and intracellular signaling cascades in POMC and NPY/AgRP neurons to regulate energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L Stincic
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Oline K Rønnekleiv
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Martin J Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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17
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Lehman MN, Coolen LM, Steiner RA, Neal-Perry G, Wang L, Moenter SM, Moore AM, Goodman RL, Hwa-Yeo S, Padilla SL, Kauffman AS, Garcia J, Kelly MJ, Clarkson J, Radovick S, Babwah AV, Leon S, Tena-Sempere M, Comninos A, Seminara S, Dhillo WS, Levine J, Terasawa E, Negron A, Herbison AE. The 3 rd World Conference on Kisspeptin, "Kisspeptin 2017: Brain and Beyond":Unresolved questions, challenges and future directions for the field. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12600. [PMID: 29656508 PMCID: PMC6461527 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The 3rd World Conference on Kisspeptin, "Kisspeptin 2017: Brain and Beyond" was held March 30-31 at the Rosen Centre Hotel in Orlando, Florida, providing an international forum for multidisciplinary scientists to meet and share cutting-edge research on kisspeptin biology and its relevance to human health and disease. The meeting built upon previous world conferences focused on the role of kisspeptin and associated peptides in the control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion and reproduction. Based on recent discoveries, the scope of this meeting was expanded to include functions of kisspeptin and related peptides in other physiological systems including energy homeostasis, pregnancy, ovarian and uterine function, and thermoregulation. In addition, discussions addressed the translation of basic knowledge of kisspeptin biology to the treatment of disease, with the goal of seeking consensus about the best approaches to improve human health. The two-day meeting featured a non-traditional structure, with each day starting with poster sessions followed by lunch discussions and facilitated large-group sessions with short presentations to maximize the exchange of new, unpublished data. Topics were identified by a survey prior to the meeting, and focused on major unresolved questions, important controversies, and future directions in the field. Finally, career development activities provided mentoring for trainees and junior investigators, and networking opportunities for those individuals with established researchers in the field. Overall, the meeting was rated as a success by attendees and covered a wide range of lively and provocative discussion topics on the changing nature of the field of "kisspeptinology" and its future. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Lehman
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
| | - Robert A Steiner
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Box 357290 Seattle, WA 98195-7290, USA
| | - Genevieve Neal-Perry
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Box 357290 Seattle, WA 98195-7290, USA
| | - Luhong Wang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Suzanne M Moenter
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Aleisha M Moore
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216-4505, USA
| | - Robert L Goodman
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506, USA
| | - Shel Hwa-Yeo
- Reproductive Physiology Group, Department of Physiology, Development, Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephanie L Padilla
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alexander S Kauffman
- University of California, San Diego, Department of Obstetrics& Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James Garcia
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Martin J Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239 and Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Jenny Clarkson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Science, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Sally Radovick
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Andy V Babwah
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Silvia Leon
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba; and Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alex Comninos
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Seminara
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center and Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jon Levine
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Ei Terasawa
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Ariel Negron
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Allan E Herbison
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago School of Biomedical Science, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
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Abstract
The urological resectoscope was used over three years for 27 transanal operations in 12 patients. The procedure was quick, safe and effective. Haemorrhage was not a problem, and histology was obtained in every case. It seemed to be the treatment of choice for low anastomotic strictures in the rectum (two cases) and for palliation of inoperable low carcinomas (three cases). Its use for villous adenomas (six cases) both alone and as an adjunct to open surgery is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Leicester General Hospital
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19
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Abstract
A ‘revision quiz’ using some 20 projected photographic slides and a structured open-ended answer sheet was administered to, and marked for, 75 Final MB candidates and 7 Final FRCS candidates at Bristol. Despite only a modest exposure to specialist urological teaching, the undergraduates were judged to have achieved an acceptable level of performance in most areas except for the treatment of urinary infections. The performance of the senior house officers was not better than that of the undergraduates. Nearly all candidates in both groups undermarked their own scripts compared to the marks given by their teachers, thus fuelling, perhaps needlessly, their anxieties about examinations.
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20
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Kelly MJ, Baird RN. Emboli from Thigh to Great Toe Treated by Local Femoral Angioplasty. J R Soc Med 2018; 76:965-7. [PMID: 6631878 PMCID: PMC1439644 DOI: 10.1177/014107688307601116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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21
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Qiu J, Bosch MA, Meza C, Navarro UV, Nestor CC, Wagner EJ, Rønnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ. Estradiol Protects Proopiomelanocortin Neurons Against Insulin Resistance. Endocrinology 2018; 159:647-664. [PMID: 29165691 PMCID: PMC5774249 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is at the core of the metabolic syndrome, and men exhibit a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome than women in early adult life, but this sex advantage diminishes sharply when women reach the postmenopausal state. Because 17β-estradiol (E2) augments the excitability of the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of E2 against insulin resistance in POMC neurons from diet-induced obese (DIO) female and male mice. The efficacy of insulin to activate canonical transient receptor potential 5 (TRPC5) channels and depolarize POMC neurons was significantly reduced in DIO male mice but not in DIO female mice. However, the insulin response in POMC neurons was abrogated in ovariectomized DIO females but restored with E2 replacement. E2 increased T-type calcium channel Cav3.1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and whole-cell currents but downregulated stromal-interaction molecule 1 mRNA, which rendered POMC neurons more excitable and responsive to insulin-mediated TRPC5 channel activation. Moreover, E2 prevented the increase in suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 mRNA expression with DIO as seen in DIO males. As proof of principle, insulin [intracerebroventricular injection into the third ventricle (ICV)] decreased food intake and increased metabolism in female but not male guinea pigs fed a high-fat diet. The uncoupling of the insulin receptor from its downstream effector system was corroborated by the reduced expression of phosphorylated protein kinase B in the arcuate nucleus of male but not female guinea pigs following insulin. Therefore, E2 protects female POMC neurons from insulin resistance by enhancing POMC neuronal excitability and the coupling of insulin receptor to TRPC5 channel activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qiu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Martha A. Bosch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Cecilia Meza
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91766
| | - Uyen-Vy Navarro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Casey C Nestor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Edward J. Wagner
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California 91766
| | - Oline K. Rønnekleiv
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
| | - Martin J. Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
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22
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Soares ACC, Guimarães SEF, Kelly MJ, Fortes MRS, E Silva FF, Verardo LL, Mota R, Moore S. Multiple-trait genomewide mapping and gene network analysis for scrotal circumference growth curves in Brahman cattle. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:3331-3345. [PMID: 28805926 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertility traits are economically important in cattle breeding programs. Scrotal circumference (SC) measures are repeatable, easily obtained, highly heritable, and positively correlated with female fertility traits and sperm quality traits in males. A useful approach to summarize SC measures over time is using nonlinear models, which summarize specific measures of SC in a few parameters with biological interpretation. This approach facilitates the selection of bulls with larger SC and maturity index (K), that is, early maturing animals. Because SC is a sex-limited trait, identifying the underlying genomics of growth curve parameters will allow selection across both males and females. We reported the first multitrait genomewide association study (GWAS) of estimated growth curve parameters for SC data in Brahman cattle. Five widely used nonlinear models were tested to fit a total of 3,612 SC records, measured at 6, 12, 18, and 24 mo of age. The von Bertalanffy model, individually fitted for each animal, best fit this SC data. Parameter estimates SC at maturity (A) and K as well as SC at all ages were jointly analyzed in a GWAS to identify 1-Mb regions most strongly associated with each trait. Heritabilities were 0.25 for K and 0.32 for A and ranged from 0.51 to 0.72 for SC at 6 (SC6), 12 (SC12), 18 (SC18), and 24 mo of age (SC24). An overlapping window on chromosome 14 explaining around 0.8% of genetic variance for K, SC12, SC18, and SC24 was observed. The major positional candidate genes within 1 Mb upstream and downstream of this overlapping window were , , , and . Windows of 1 Mb explaining more than 0.4% of each trait on chromosomes 1, 3, 6, 7, 14, 17, 18, 24, 25, and 26 were identified. Pathways and net-work analyses were indicated through transcription factors playing a role on fertility traits: , , , , , , and . Further validation studies on larger populations or other breeds are required to validate these findings and to improve our understanding of the biology and complex genetic architecture of traits associated with scrotal growth and male fertility in cattle.
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23
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Kelly MJ, Feeley IH, O'Byrne JM. A Qualitative and Quantitative Comparative Analysis of Commercial and Independent Online Information for Hip Surgery: A Bias in Online Information Targeting Patients? J Arthroplasty 2016; 31:2124-9. [PMID: 27071521 DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct to consumer (DTC) advertising, targeting the public over the physician, is an increasingly pervasive presence in medical clinics. It is trending toward a format of online interaction rather than that of traditional print and television advertising. METHODS We analyze patient-focused Web pages from the top 5 companies supplying prostheses for total hip arthroplasties, comparing them to the top 10 independent medical websites. Quantitative comparison is performed using the Journal of American Medical Association benchmark and DISCERN criteria, and for comparative readability, we use the Flesch-Kincaid grade level, the Flesch reading ease, and the Gunning fog index. Content is analyzed for information on type of surgery and surgical approach. RESULTS There is a statistically significant difference between the independent and DTC websites in both the mean DISCERN score (independent 74.6, standard deviation [SD] = 4.77; DTC 32.2, SD = 10.28; P = .0022) and the mean Journal of American Medical Association score (Independent 3.45, SD = 0.49; DTC 1.9, SD = 0.74; P = .004). The difference between the readability scores is not statistically significantly. The commercial content is found to be heavily biased in favor of the direct anterior approach and minimally invasive surgical techniques. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that the quality of information on commercial websites is inferior to that of the independent sites. The advocacy of surgical approaches by industry to the patient group is a concern. This study underlines the importance of future regulation of commercial patient education Web pages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Kelly
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cappagh National Orthopaedic Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Iain H Feeley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cappagh National Orthopaedic Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John M O'Byrne
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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24
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Qiu J, Nestor CC, Zhang C, Padilla SL, Palmiter RD, Kelly MJ, Rønnekleiv OK. High-frequency stimulation-induced peptide release synchronizes arcuate kisspeptin neurons and excites GnRH neurons. eLife 2016; 5:e16246. [PMID: 27549338 PMCID: PMC4995096 DOI: 10.7554/elife.16246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin (Kiss1) and neurokinin B (NKB) neurocircuits are essential for pubertal development and fertility. Kisspeptin neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Kiss1(ARH)) co-express Kiss1, NKB, dynorphin and glutamate and are postulated to provide an episodic, excitatory drive to gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GnRH) neurons, the synaptic mechanisms of which are unknown. We characterized the cellular basis for synchronized Kiss1(ARH) neuronal activity using optogenetics, whole-cell electrophysiology, molecular pharmacology and single cell RT-PCR in mice. High-frequency photostimulation of Kiss1(ARH) neurons evoked local release of excitatory (NKB) and inhibitory (dynorphin) neuropeptides, which were found to synchronize the Kiss1(ARH) neuronal firing. The light-evoked synchronous activity caused robust excitation of GnRH neurons by a synaptic mechanism that also involved glutamatergic input to preoptic Kiss1 neurons from Kiss1(ARH) neurons. We propose that Kiss1(ARH) neurons play a dual role of driving episodic secretion of GnRH through the differential release of peptide and amino acid neurotransmitters to coordinate reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qiu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Casey C Nestor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Chunguang Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Stephanie L Padilla
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Martin J Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, United States
| | - Oline K Rønnekleiv
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, United States
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Abstract
A man presented with frank haematuria and a grossly prolonged prothrombin time. He was later found to have taken an overdose of difenacoum — a 'superwarfarin' rodenticide. The diagnosis was confirmed by a serum concentration of difenacoum of 0.6 μg ml-1. Overdosage with superwarfarins is discussed and the need for prolonged treatment with vitamin K1 highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Butcher
- Ealing General Hospital, Southall, Middlesex, UK
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Nestor CC, Qiu J, Padilla SL, Zhang C, Bosch MA, Fan W, Aicher SA, Palmiter RD, Rønnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ. Optogenetic Stimulation of Arcuate Nucleus Kiss1 Neurons Reveals a Steroid-Dependent Glutamatergic Input to POMC and AgRP Neurons in Male Mice. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:630-44. [PMID: 27093227 DOI: 10.1210/me.2016-1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons are essential for reproduction, but their role in the control of energy balance and other homeostatic functions remains unclear. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons, located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus, integrate numerous excitatory and inhibitory inputs to ultimately regulate energy homeostasis. Given that POMC and AgRP neurons are contacted by Kiss1 neurons in the ARC (Kiss1(ARC)) and they express androgen receptors, Kiss1(ARC) neurons may mediate the orexigenic action of testosterone via POMC and/or AgRP neurons. Quantitative PCR analysis of pooled Kiss1(ARC) neurons revealed that mRNA levels for Kiss1 and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 were higher in castrated male mice compared with gonad-intact males. Single-cell RT-PCR analysis of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) ARC neurons harvested from males injected with AAV1-EF1α-DIO-ChR2:YFP revealed that 100% and 88% expressed mRNAs for Kiss1 and vesicular glutamate transporter 2, respectively. Whole-cell, voltage-clamp recordings from nonfluorescent postsynaptic ARC neurons showed that low frequency photo-stimulation (0.5 Hz) of Kiss1-ChR2:YFP neurons elicited a fast glutamatergic inward current in POMC and AgRP neurons. Paired-pulse, photo-stimulation revealed paired-pulse depression, which is indicative of greater glutamate release, in the castrated male mice compared with gonad-intact male mice. Group I and group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists depolarized and hyperpolarized POMC and AgRP neurons, respectively, which was mimicked by high frequency photo-stimulation (20 Hz) of Kiss1(ARC) neurons. Therefore, POMC and AgRP neurons receive direct steroid- and frequency-dependent glutamatergic synaptic input from Kiss1(ARC) neurons in male mice, which may be a critical pathway for Kiss1 neurons to help coordinate energy homeostasis and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey C Nestor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Jian Qiu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Stephanie L Padilla
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Chunguang Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Martha A Bosch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Sue A Aicher
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Oline K Rønnekleiv
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Martin J Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Abstract
For a science to become a technology, a certain level of control has to have been established over the way items are fabricated for manufacture and use. Here we first consider the challenge of making and using a LEGO(®) brick scaled down by a factor of 10(n) for n = 0-6 in each spatial dimension, i.e. from millimetres to nanometres. We consider both the manufacture and the subsequent properties of the nanobricks that pertain to their use in constructing and dismantling structures. As n increases, the ability to use fails first, to manufacture fails second and to fabricate fails last. Applied to the vast literature in nanoscience, this process emphasises the unmanufacturability of most nanoscale artefacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kelly
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK 6. Centre for Advanced Photonics and Electronics, Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, 9 J J Thomson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK. The MacDiarmid Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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Kelly MJ, Terry TR. Partial prostatectomy for anterior low rectal cancer: how to do it. A response to Frasson et al. Colorectal Dis 2016; 18:312. [PMID: 26748906 DOI: 10.1111/codi.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Kelly
- Emeritus colorectal surgeon, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK.
| | - T R Terry
- Urological and gender reassignment surgeon, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK
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Conde K, Meza C, Kelly MJ, Sinchak K, Wagner EJ. Estradiol Rapidly Attenuates ORL-1 Receptor-Mediated Inhibition of Proopiomelanocortin Neurons via Gq-Coupled, Membrane-Initiated Signaling. Neuroendocrinology 2016; 103:787-805. [PMID: 26765570 PMCID: PMC4947458 DOI: 10.1159/000443765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol rapidly regulates the activity of arcuate nucleus (ARH) proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons that project to the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) to regulate lordosis. Orphanin FQ/nociceptin (OFQ/N) acts via opioid receptor-like (ORL)-1 receptors to inhibit these POMC neurons. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that estradiol excites POMC neurons by rapidly attenuating inhibitory ORL-1 signaling in these cells. Hypothalamic slices through the ARH were prepared from ovariectomized rats injected with Fluorogold into the MPN. Electrophysiological recordings were generated in ARH neurons held at or near -60 mV, and neuronal phenotype was determined post hoc by immunohistofluorescence. OFQ/N application induced robust outward currents and hyperpolarizations via G protein-gated, inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels that were attenuated by pretreatment with either 17-β estradiol (E2) or E2 conjugated to bovine serum albumin. This was blocked by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182,780 and mimicked by the Gq-coupled membrane ER (Gq-mER) ligand STX and the ERα agonist PPT. Inhibiting phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) blocked the estrogenic attenuation of ORL-1/GIRK currents. Antagonizing either phospholipase C (PLC), protein kinase C (PKC), protein kinase A (PKA) or neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) also abrogated E2 inhibition of ORL-1/GIRK currents, whereas activation of PKC, PKA, protein kinase B (Akt) and nNOS substrate L-arginine all attenuated the OFQ/N response. This was observed in 92 MPN-projecting, POMC-positive ARH neurons. Thus, ORL-1 receptor-mediated inhibition of POMC neurons is rapidly and negatively modulated by E2, an effect which is stereoselective and membrane initiated via Gq-mER and ERα activation that signals through PLC, PKC, PKA, PI3K and nNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie Conde
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766
| | - Cecilia Meza
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766
| | - Martin J. Kelly
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Kevin Sinchak
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840
| | - Edward J. Wagner
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766
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Farah MM, Swan AA, Fortes MRS, Fonseca R, Moore SS, Kelly MJ. Accuracy of genomic selection for age at puberty in a multi-breed population of tropically adapted beef cattle. Anim Genet 2015; 47:3-11. [PMID: 26490440 DOI: 10.1111/age.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genomic selection is becoming a standard tool in livestock breeding programs, particularly for traits that are hard to measure. Accuracy of genomic selection can be improved by increasing the quantity and quality of data and potentially by improving analytical methods. Adding genotypes and phenotypes from additional breeds or crosses often improves the accuracy of genomic predictions but requires specific methodology. A model was developed to incorporate breed composition estimated from genotypes into genomic selection models. This method was applied to age at puberty data in female beef cattle (as estimated from age at first observation of a corpus luteum) from a mix of Brahman and Tropical Composite beef cattle. In this dataset, the new model incorporating breed composition did not increase the accuracy of genomic selection. However, the breeding values exhibited slightly less bias (as assessed by deviation of regression of phenotype on genomic breeding values from the expected value of 1). Adding additional Brahman animals to the Tropical Composite analysis increased the accuracy of genomic predictions and did not affect the accuracy of the Brahman predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Farah
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - A A Swan
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - M R S Fortes
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - R Fonseca
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - S S Moore
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
| | - M J Kelly
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Animal Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia
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32
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Nestor CC, Kelly MJ, Rønnekleiv OK. Cross-talk between reproduction and energy homeostasis: central impact of estrogens, leptin and kisspeptin signaling. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 17:109-28. [PMID: 25372735 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2013-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system receives hormonal cues (e.g., estrogens and leptin, among others) that influence reproduction and energy homeostasis. 17β-estradiol (E2) is known to regulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion via classical steroid signaling and rapid non-classical membrane-initiated signaling. Because GnRH neurons are void of leptin receptors, the actions of leptin on these neurons must be indirect. Although it is clear that the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus is the primary site of overlap between these two systems, it is still unclear which neural network(s) participate in the cross-talk of E2 and leptin, two hormones essential for reproductive function and metabolism. Herein we review the progress made in understanding the interactions between reproduction and energy homeostasis by focusing on the advances made to understand the cellular signaling of E2 and leptin on three neural networks: kisspeptin, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Although critical in mediating the actions of E2 and leptin, considerable work still remains to uncover how these neural networks interact in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Kelly
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology (M.J.K., O.K.R.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (O.K.R.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; and Division of Neuroscience (M.J.K., O.K.R.), Oregon National Primate Research Center; Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
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Kelly MJ. Comment on 'in praise of… John Nicholls'. Colorectal Dis 2015; 17:362. [PMID: 25656616 DOI: 10.1111/codi.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Kelly
- University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, LE5 4PW, UK.
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Zhang C, Bosch MA, Qiu J, Rønnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ. 17β-Estradiol increases persistent Na(+) current and excitability of AVPV/PeN Kiss1 neurons in female mice. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:518-27. [PMID: 25734516 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro slice studies have revealed that there are significant differences in the spontaneous firing activity between anteroventral periventricular/periventricular preoptic nucleus (AVPV/PeN) and arcuate nucleus (ARC) kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons in females. Although both populations express similar endogenous conductances, we have discovered that AVPV/PeN Kiss1 neurons express a subthreshold, persistent sodium current (INaP) that dramatically alters their firing activity. Based on whole-cell recording of Kiss1-Cre-green fluorescent protein (GFP) neurons, INaP was 4-fold greater in AVPV/PeN vs ARC Kiss1 neurons. An LH surge-producing dose of 17β-estradiol (E2) that increased Kiss1 mRNA expression in the AVPV/PeN, also augmented INaP in AVPV/PeN neurons by 2-fold. Because the activation threshold for INaP was close to the resting membrane potential (RMP) of AVPV/PeN Kiss1 neurons (-54 mV), it rendered them much more excitable and spontaneously active vs ARC Kiss1 neurons (RMP = -66 mV). Single-cell RT-PCR revealed that AVPV/PeN Kiss1 neurons expressed the requisite sodium channel α-subunit transcripts, NaV1.1, NaV1.2, and NaV1.6 and β subunits, β2 and β4. Importantly, NaV1.1α and -β2 transcripts in AVPV/PeN, but not ARC, were up-regulated 2- to 3-fold by a surge-producing dose of E2, similar to the transient calcium current channel subunit Cav3.1. The transient calcium current collaborates with INaP to generate burst firing, and selective blockade of INaP by riluzole significantly attenuated rebound burst firing and spontaneous activity. Therefore, INaP appears to play a prominent role in AVPV/PeN Kiss1 neurons to generate spontaneous, repetitive burst firing, which is required for the high-frequency-stimulated release of kisspeptin for exciting GnRH neurons and potentially generating the GnRH surge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.Z., M.A.B., J.Q., O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; and Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
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Rønnekleiv OK, Zhang C, Bosch MA, Kelly MJ. Kisspeptin and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuronal Excitability: Molecular Mechanisms Driven by 17β-Estradiol. Neuroendocrinology 2015; 102:184-93. [PMID: 25612870 PMCID: PMC4459938 DOI: 10.1159/000370311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin is a neuropeptide that signals via a Gαq-coupled receptor, GPR54, in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons and is essential for pubertal maturation and fertility. Kisspeptin depolarizes and excites GnRH neurons primarily through the activation of canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels and the inhibition of K+ channels. The gonadal steroid 17β-estradiol (E2) upregulates not only kisspeptin (Kiss1) mRNA but also increases the excitability of the rostral forebrain Kiss1 neurons. In addition, a primary postsynaptic action of E2 on GnRH neurons is to upregulate the expression of channel transcripts that orchestrate the downstream signaling of kisspeptin in GnRH neurons. These include not only TRPC4 channels but also low-voltage-activated T-type calcium channels and high-voltage-activated L-, N- and R-type calcium channel transcripts. Moreover, E2 has direct membrane-initiated actions to alter the excitability of GnRH neurons by enhancing ATP-sensitive potassium channel activity, which is critical for maintaining GnRH neurons in a hyperpolarized state for the recruitment of T-type calcium channels that are important for burst firing. Therefore, E2 modulates the excitability of GnRH neurons as well as of Kiss1 neurons by altering the expression and/or function of ion channels; moreover, kisspeptin provides critical excitatory input to GnRH neurons to facilitate burst firing activity and peptide release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oline K. Rønnekleiv
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Chunguang Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Martha A. Bosch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Martin J. Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
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Rønnekleiv OK, Fang Y, Zhang C, Nestor CC, Mao P, Kelly MJ. Research resource: Gene profiling of G protein-coupled receptors in the arcuate nucleus of the female. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:1362-80. [PMID: 24933249 PMCID: PMC4116592 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus controls many critical homeostatic functions including energy homeostasis, reproduction, and motivated behavior. Although G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in the regulation of these functions, relatively few of the GPCRs have been identified specifically within the arcuate nucleus. Here, using TaqMan low-density arrays we quantified the mRNA expression of nonolfactory GPCRs in mouse arcuate nucleus. An unprecedented number of GPCRs (total of 292) were found to be expressed, of which 183 were known and 109 were orphan GPCRs. The known GPCR genes expressed were classified into several functional clusters including hormone/neurotransmitter, growth factor, angiogenesis and vasoactivity, inflammation and immune system, and lipid messenger receptors. The plethora of orphan genes expressed in the arcuate nucleus were classified into 5 structure-related classes including class A (rhodopsin-like), class B (adhesion), class C (other GPCRs), nonsignaling 7-transmembrane chemokine-binding proteins, and other 7-transmembrane proteins. Therefore, for the first time, we provide a quantitative estimate of the numerous GPCRs expressed in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Finally, as proof of principle, we documented the expression and function of one of these receptor genes, the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (Glp1r), which was highly expressed in the arcuate nucleus. Single-cell RT-PCR revealed that Glp1r mRNA was localized in proopiomelanocortin neurons, and using whole-cell recording we found that the glucagon-like peptide 1-selective agonist exendin-4 robustly excited proopiomelanocortin neurons. Thus, the quantitative GPCR data emphasize the complexity of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and furthermore provide a valuable resource for future neuroendocrine/endocrine-related experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oline K Rønnekleiv
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (O.K.R., Y.F., C.Z., C.CN., P.M., M.J.K.), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; and Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., P.M., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006
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Azevedo CF, Silva FF, de Resende MDV, Lopes MS, Duijvesteijn N, Guimarães SEF, Lopes PS, Kelly MJ, Viana JMS, Knol EF. Supervised independent component analysis as an alternative method for genomic selection in pigs. J Anim Breed Genet 2014; 131:452-61. [PMID: 25039677 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the supervised independent component regression (SICR) method for the estimation of genomic values and the SNP marker effects for boar taint and carcass traits in pigs. The methods were evaluated via the agreement between the predicted genetic values and the corrected phenotypes observed by cross-validation. These values were also compared with other methods generally used for the same purposes, such as RR-BLUP, SPCR, SPLS, ICR, PCR and PLS. The SICR method was found to have the most accurate prediction values.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Azevedo
- Departamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Qiu J, Zhang C, Borgquist A, Nestor CC, Smith AW, Bosch MA, Ku S, Wagner EJ, Rønnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ. Insulin excites anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin neurons via activation of canonical transient receptor potential channels. Cell Metab 2014; 19:682-93. [PMID: 24703699 PMCID: PMC4183666 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons within the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus are vital anorexigenic neurons. Although both the leptin and insulin receptors are coupled to the activation of phosphatidylinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) in POMC neurons, they are thought to have disparate actions on POMC excitability. Using whole-cell recording and selective pharmacological tools, we have found that, similar to leptin, purified insulin depolarized POMC and adjacent kisspeptin neurons via activation of TRPC5 channels, which are highly expressed in these neurons. In contrast, insulin hyperpolarized and inhibited NPY/AgRP neurons via activation of KATP channels. Moreover, Zn(2+), which is found in insulin formulations at nanomolar concentrations, inhibited POMC neurons via activation of KATP channels. Finally, as predicted, insulin given intracerebroventrically robustly inhibited food intake and activated c-fos expression in arcuate POMC neurons. Our results show that purified insulin excites POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus, which we propose is a major mechanism by which insulin regulates energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qiu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Chunguang Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Amanda Borgquist
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Casey C Nestor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Arik W Smith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Martha A Bosch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Stephen Ku
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Edward J Wagner
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Oline K Rønnekleiv
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Martin J Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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Abstract
Two populations of cells within the hypothalamus exert opposite actions on food intake: proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons decrease it, while neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons increase it. 17β-Estradiol (E2) is a potent anorexigenic hormone that exerts both genomic and non-genomic, rapid actions on these metabolic neurons. This review focuses on the rapid membrane effects of E2 in both POMC and NPY/AgRP neurons and how these combined effects mediate the anorexigenic effects of this steroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Smith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - O K Rønnekleiv
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - M J Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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Zhang C, Tonsfeldt KJ, Qiu J, Bosch MA, Kobayashi K, Steiner RA, Kelly MJ, Rønnekleiv OK. Molecular mechanisms that drive estradiol-dependent burst firing of Kiss1 neurons in the rostral periventricular preoptic area. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E1384-97. [PMID: 24105416 PMCID: PMC3882370 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00406.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons in the rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle (RP3V) provide excitatory drive to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons to control fertility. Using whole cell patch clamp recording and single-cell (sc)RT-PCR techniques targeting Kiss1-CreGFP or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-EGFP neurons, we characterized the biophysical properties of these neurons and identified the critical intrinsic properties required for burst firing in 17β-estradiol (E2)-treated, ovariectomized female mice. One-fourth of the RP3V Kiss1 neurons exhibited spontaneous burst firing. RP3V Kiss1 neurons expressed a hyperpolarization-activated h-current (Ih) and a T-type calcium current (IT), which supported hyperpolarization-induced rebound burst firing. Under voltage clamp conditions, all Kiss1 neurons expressed a kinetically fast Ih that was augmented 3.4-fold by high (LH surge-producing)-E2 treatment. scPCR analysis of Kiss1 neurons revealed abundant expression of the HCN1 channel transcripts. Kiss1 neurons also expressed a Ni(2+)- and TTA-P2-sensitive IT that was augmented sixfold with high-E2 treatment. CaV3.1 mRNA was also highly expressed in these cells. Current clamp analysis revealed that rebound burst firing was induced in RP3V Kiss1 neurons in high-E2-treated animals, and the majority of Kiss1 neurons had a hyperpolarization threshold of -84.7 mV, which corresponded to the V½ for IT de-inactivation. Finally, Kiss1 neurons in the RP3V were hyperpolarized by μ- and κ-opioid and GABAB receptor agonists, suggesting that these pathways also contribute to rebound burst firing. Therefore, Kiss1 neurons in the RP3V express the critical channels and receptors that permit E2-dependent rebound burst firing and provide the biophysical substrate that drives the preovulatory surge of GnRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland Oregon
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Smith AW, Bosch MA, Wagner EJ, Rønnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ. The membrane estrogen receptor ligand STX rapidly enhances GABAergic signaling in NPY/AgRP neurons: role in mediating the anorexigenic effects of 17β-estradiol. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E632-40. [PMID: 23820624 PMCID: PMC3761166 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00281.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Besides its quintessential role in reproduction, 17β-estradiol (E2) is a potent anorexigenic hormone. E2 and the selective Gq-coupled membrane estrogen receptor (Gq-mER) ligand STX rapidly increase membrane excitability in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons by desensitizing the coupling of GABAB receptors to G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K(+) channels (GIRKs), which upon activation elicit a hyperpolarizing outward current. However, it is unknown whether E2 and STX can modulate GABAB signaling in neuropeptide Y (NPY)/agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons. We used single-cell RT-PCR and whole cell patch clamping with selective pharmacological reagents to show that NPY/AgRP cells of mice express the GABAB-R1 and -R2 receptors and are hyperpolarized by the GABAB agonist baclofen in an E2-dependent manner. In males, E2 rapidly attenuated the coupling of GABAB receptors to GIRKs, which was blocked by the general PI3K inhibitors wortmannin and LY-294002 or the selective p110β subunit inhibitor TGX-221. The ERα-selective agonist propyl pyrazole triol mimicked the effects of E2. STX, in contrast, enhanced the GABAB response in males, which was abrogated by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182,780. In gonadectomized mice of both sexes, E2 enhanced or attenuated the GABAB response in different NPY/AgRP cells. Coperfusing wortmannin with E2 or simply applying STX always enhanced the GABAB response. Thus, in NPY/AgRP neurons, activation of the Gq-mER by E2 or STX enhances the GABAergic postsynaptic response, whereas activation of ERα by E2 attenuates it. These findings demonstrate a clear functional dichotomy of rapid E2 membrane-initiated signaling via ERα vs. Gq-mER in a CNS neuron vital for regulating energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Smith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Kelly MJ, Kinnersley P, Phillips K, Savage K, Farrell E, Morgan B, Whistance R, Lewis V, Mann M, Stephens BL, Blazeby J, Elwyn GJ, Edwards AGK. PP34 Interventions to Promote Informed Consent for Invasive Healthcare Procedures: A Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Br J Soc Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-203126.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Kisspeptin signaling via its Gαq-coupled receptor GPR54 plays a crucial role in modulating GnRH neuronal excitability, which controls pituitary gonadotropins secretion and ultimately reproduction. Kisspeptin potently depolarizes GnRH neurons primarily through the activation of canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels, but the intracellular signaling cascade has not been elucidated. Presently, we have established that kisspeptin activation of TRPC channels requires multiple membrane and intracellular signaling molecules. First, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) hydrolysis by phospholipase Cβ is required because whole-cell dialysis of Dioctanoylglycerol-PIP(2) (DiC8-PIP(2)) inhibited the kisspeptin activation of TRPC channels, and the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase inhibitor wortmannin, which attenuates PIP(2) synthesis, prolonged TRPC channel activation. Using single cell RT-PCR, we identified that the mRNA for the PIP(2)-interacting TRPC channel subunit, TRPC4α, is expressed in GnRH neurons. Depletion of intracellular Ca(2+) stores by thapsigargin and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate had no effect, indicating that the TRPC channels are not store-operated. Neither removing extracellular Ca(2+) nor buffering intracellular Ca(2+) with EGTA or BAPTA had any effect on the kisspeptin activation of the TRPC channels. However, the Ca(2+) channel blocker Ni(2+) inhibited the kisspeptin-induced inward current. Moreover, inhibition of protein kinase C by bisindolylmaleimide-I or calphostin C had no effect, but activation of protein kinase C by phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate occluded the kisspeptin-activated current. Finally, inhibition of the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase cSrc by genistein or the pyrazolo-pyrimidine PP2 blocked the activation of TRPC channels by kisspeptin. Therefore, TRPC channels in GnRH neurons are receptor-operated, and kisspeptin activates TRPC channels through PIP(2) depletion and cSrc tyrosine kinase activation, which is a novel signaling pathway for peptidergic excitation of GnRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Zhang
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Abstract
Kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons are vital for reproduction. Gonatotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons express the kisspeptin receptor (GPR54), and kisspeptins potently stimulate the release of GnRH by depolarizing and inducing sustained action potential firing in GnRH neurons. As such, Kiss1 neurons may be the presynaptic pacemaker neurons in the hypothalamic circuitry that controls reproduction. There are at least two different populations of Kiss1 neurons; one in the rostral periventricular area (RP3V) that is stimulated by oestrogens and the other in the arcuate nucleus that is inhibited by oestrogens. How each of these Kiss1 neuronal populations participates in the regulation of the reproductive cycle is currently under intense investigation. Based on electrophysiological studies in the guinea-pig and mouse, Kiss1 neurons in general are capable of generating burst-firing behaviour. Essentially, all Kiss1 neurons, which have been studied thus far in the arcuate nucleus, express the ion channels necessary for burst firing, which include hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated cation (HCN) channels and the T-type calcium (Cav3.1) channels. In voltage-clamp conditions, these channels produce distinct currents that can generate burst-firing behaviour in current-clamp conditions. The future challenge is to identify other key channels and synaptic inputs involved in the regulation of the firing properties of Kiss1 neurons and the physiological regulation of the expression of these channels and receptors by oestrogens and other hormones. The ultimate goal is to understand how Kiss1 neurons control the different phases of GnRH neurosecretion, hence reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Kelly
- M. J. Kelly: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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Kaufman KR, Kelly MJ, Roselli CE. Rapid effects of 17β-estradiol on male copulatory behaviors are not elicited by the novel membrane active estrogenic compound STX. Behav Neurosci 2013; 127:598-605. [PMID: 23731070 DOI: 10.1037/a0032950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens have been shown to rapidly promote male copulatory behaviors with a time-course that suggests rapid signaling events are involved. The present study tested the hypothesis that estrogen acts through a novel Gq protein-coupled membrane estrogen receptor (ER). Thus, either estradiol (E2), STX (a diphenylacrylamide compound that selectively activates a membrane ER pathway), or vehicle were administered acutely to castrated male rats that bore subcutaneous (sc) dihydrotestosterone implants to maintain genital sensitivity. Appetitive (level changes, genital investigation) and consummatory (mounts, intromissions, ejaculations) components of male sexual behavior were measured in a bilevel testing apparatus. Testing showed that E2 treatment promoted olfactory and mounting behaviors, but had no effect on motivation as measured by anticipatory level changes. STX treatment showed no effect on either component of male sexual behavior. These results support previous results that showed that E2 can rapidly affect male sexual behaviors but fail to support a role for the specific membrane-initiated pathway activated by STX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Kaufman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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Zhang C, Rønnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ. Kisspeptin inhibits a slow afterhyperpolarization current via protein kinase C and reduces spike frequency adaptation in GnRH neurons. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 304:E1237-44. [PMID: 23548613 PMCID: PMC3680681 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00058.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin signaling via its cognate receptor G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons plays a critical role in regulating pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone and thus reproductive function. GPR54 is G(q)-coupled to activation of phospholipase C and multiple second messenger signaling pathways. Previous studies have shown that kisspeptin potently depolarizes GnRH neurons through the activation of canonical transient receptor potential channels and inhibition of inwardly rectifying K(+) channels to generate sustained firing. Since the initial studies showing that kisspeptin has prolonged effects, the question has been why is there very little spike frequency adaption during sustained firing? Presently, we have discovered that kisspeptin reduces spike frequency adaptation and prolongs firing via the inhibition of a calcium-activated slow afterhyperpolarization current (I(sAHP)). GnRH neurons expressed two distinct I(sAHP), a kisspeptin-sensitive and an apamin-sensitive I(sAHP). Essentially, kisspeptin inhibited 50% of the I(sAHP) and apamin inhibited the other 50% of the current. Furthermore, the kisspeptin-mediated inhibition of I(sAHP) was abrogated by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor calphostin C, and the PKC activator phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate mimicked and occluded any further effects of kisspeptin on I(sAHP). The protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors H-89 and the Rp diastereomer of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate had no effect on the kisspeptin-mediated inhibition but were able to abrogate the inhibitory effects of forskolin on the I(sAHP), suggesting that PKA is not involved. Therefore, in addition to increasing the firing rate through an overt depolarization, kisspeptin can also facilitate sustained firing through inhibiting an apamin-insensitive I(sAHP) in GnRH neurons via a PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Kelly MJ, Thomas WEG. Does tuition for journal referees work? A quantitative evaluation of a half-day tuition course. Colorectal Dis 2013; 15:755-7. [PMID: 23451866 DOI: 10.1111/codi.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Most consultants participating as referees in the peer review process of papers submitted to scholarly journals have had no training or tuition. This study attempted to evaluate the effect on reviewing of a half-day course held at the Royal Society of Medicine. METHOD Registered consultant delegates were sent two 'doctored' papers, a case report and an original paper, well before the meeting to review at home using the standard computerized score sheet issued with referee requests by Colorectal Disease. At the start of the meeting the scores were entered into a computer as 'Before'. After each paper had been presented and then discussed, it was re-marked to give the 'After' score. The Before and After scores were compared with the post-meeting feedback forms. RESULTS The Before and After scores provided by the participants for the two papers each reviewed were not significantly different for the questions relating to the publication/rejection decision. The Before score was higher than the After score for questions relating to the Abstract, Introduction and Method sections. Feedback forms regarding the tuition were universally positive and appreciative. CONCLUSION Consultants already have the expertise to decide whether a paper should be rejected. The study day appears to give an additional insight that may change an initial opinion. In general a paper scored before the meeting was scored lower after it was presented and discussed at the meeting (the tuition).
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Kelly
- Coloproctology Section, Royal Society of Medicine, UK.
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Kelly MJ, Rønnekleiv OK. A selective membrane estrogen receptor agonist maintains autonomic functions in hypoestrogenic states. Brain Res 2013; 1514:75-82. [PMID: 23535448 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that many of the actions of estrogens in the central nervous system are mediated via intracellular receptor/transcription factors that interact with steroid response elements on target genes. But there is also a compelling evidence for the involvement of membrane estrogen receptors in hypothalamic and other CNS functions. However, it is not well understood how estrogens signal via membrane receptors, and how these signals impact not only membrane excitability but also gene transcription in neurons. Indeed, it has been known for sometime that estrogens can rapidly alter neuronal activity within seconds, indicating that some cellular effects can occur via membrane delimited events. In addition, estrogens can affect second messenger systems including calcium mobilization and a plethora of kinases within neurons to alter cellular functions. Therefore, this brief review will summarize our current understanding of rapid membrane-initiated and intracellular signaling by estrogens in the hypothalamus, the nature of receptors involved and how these receptors contribute to maintenance of homeostatic functions, many of which go awry in menopausal states. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Hormone Therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, L334, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA.
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Abstract
Kisspeptin binding to its cognate G protein-coupled receptor (GPR54, aka Kiss1R) in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons stimulates peptide release and activation of the reproductive axis in mammals. Kisspeptin has pronounced pre- and postsynaptic effects, with the latter dominating the excitability of GnRH neurons. Presynaptically, kisspeptin increases the excitatory drive (both GABA-A and glutamate) to GnRH neurons and postsynaptically, kisspeptin inhibits an A-type and inwardly rectifying K(+) (Kir 6.2 and GIRK) currents and activates nonselective cation (TRPC) currents to cause long-lasting depolarization and increased action potential firing. The signaling cascades and the multiple intracellular targets of kisspeptin actions in native GnRH neurons are continuing to be elucidated. This review summarizes our current state of knowledge about kisspeptin signaling in GnRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oline K Rønnekleiv
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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