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Hitchcock PF, Frank MJ. The challenge of learning adaptive mental behavior. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND CLINICAL SCIENCE 2024; 133:413-426. [PMID: 38815082 PMCID: PMC11229419 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Many psychotherapies aim to help people replace maladaptive mental behaviors (such as those leading to unproductive worry) with more adaptive ones (such as those leading to active problem solving). Yet, little is known empirically about how challenging it is to learn adaptive mental behaviors. Mental behaviors entail taking mental operations and thus may be more challenging to perform than motor actions; this challenge may enhance or impair learning. In particular, challenge when learning is often desirable because it improves retention. Yet, it is also plausible that the necessity of carrying out mental operations interferes with learning the expected values of mental actions by impeding credit assignment: the process of updating an action's value after reinforcement. Then, it may be more challenging not only to perform-but also to learn the consequences of-mental (vs. motor) behaviors. We designed a task to assess learning to take adaptive mental versus motor actions via matched probabilistic feedback. In two experiments (N = 300), most participants found it more difficult to learn to select optimal mental (vs. motor) actions, as evident in worse accuracy not only in a learning but also test (retention) phase. Computational modeling traced this impairment to an indicator of worse credit assignment (impaired construction and maintenance of expected values) when learning mental actions, accounting for worse accuracy in the learning and retention phases. The results suggest that people have particular difficulty learning adaptive mental behavior and pave the way for novel interventions to scaffold credit assignment and promote adaptive thinking. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F. Hitchcock
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta GA
| | - Michael J. Frank
- Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI
- Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI
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2
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Ong CW, Woods DW, Franklin ME, Saunders SM, Neal-Barnett AM, Compton SN, Twohig MP. The role of psychological flexibility in acceptance-enhanced behavior therapy for trichotillomania: Moderation and mediation findings. Behav Res Ther 2023; 164:104302. [PMID: 37030243 PMCID: PMC10115155 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Trichotillomania is characterized by recurrent pulling out of one's hair, leading to significant hair loss and accompanied by clinically significant distress and/or functional impairment. The current study used data from a randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of acceptance-enhanced behavior therapy (AEBT) to psychoeducation plus supportive therapy (PST; active control) for trichotillomania in an adult sample. The objectives were to examine the moderating and mediating influence of trichotillomania-specific psychological flexibility in treatment for trichotillomania. Participants with lower baseline flexibility performed better in AEBT than PST in terms of greater symptom reduction and quality of life. Lower baseline flexibility also predicted higher likelihood of disorder recovery in AEBT relative to PST. In addition, relative to PST, symptom reduction in AEBT was mediated by psychological flexibility, controlling for anxiety and depression. These findings suggest that psychological flexibility is a relevant process of change in the treatment of trichotillomania. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa W Ong
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | - Douglas W Woods
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Scott N Compton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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3
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Fields JS, Browne RK, Wieman ST, Lord KA, Orsillo SM, Liverant GI. Associations between valued living and responsiveness to daily rewards. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Chen G. The Role of Acceptance and Change in Recovery from Substance Use Disorders. J Psychoactive Drugs 2021; 54:340-347. [PMID: 34538223 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2021.1979700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Long-term recovery (LTR) from substance use disorders (SUDs) has been described as a complex process. It has been proposed that psychological mechanisms can influence the resolution of problematic substance using behaviors and may explain how and why a recovery process works. The aims of this narrative review were to (a) examine acceptance and change as an underlying mechanism in LTR from SUDs; (b) examine the practice of acceptance and change in the Narcotics Anonymous (NA) and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) programs; and (c) present a conceptual model of self-acceptance and change in LTR from SUDs. Based on dialectical behavioral philosophy and mindfulness-based intervention, I posited that self-acceptance is an underlying mechanism that addresses the cyclical nature of shame, guilt, and SUDs; improves emotion dysregulation; psychological well-being; and activates a change process of recovery from SUDs. This article contributes to the field by presenting the opposing forces of acceptance versus change and their synthesis in promoting LTR from SUDs, and by discussing the practice of acceptance and change in the AA and NA programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gila Chen
- Department of Criminology, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
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5
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Zwir I, Del-Val C, Arnedo J, Pulkki-Råback L, Konte B, Yang SS, Romero-Zaliz R, Hintsanen M, Cloninger KM, Garcia D, Svrakic DM, Lester N, Rozsa S, Mesa A, Lyytikäinen LP, Giegling I, Kähönen M, Martinez M, Seppälä I, Raitoharju E, de Erausquin GA, Mamah D, Raitakari O, Rujescu D, Postolache TT, Gu CC, Sung J, Lehtimäki T, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Cloninger CR. Three genetic-environmental networks for human personality. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3858-3875. [PMID: 31748689 PMCID: PMC8550959 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic, developmental, and brain-imaging studies suggest that human personality is the integrated expression of three major systems of learning and memory that regulate (1) associative conditioning, (2) intentionality, and (3) self-awareness. We have uncovered largely disjoint sets of genes regulating these dissociable learning processes in different clusters of people with (1) unregulated temperament profiles (i.e., associatively conditioned habits and emotional reactivity), (2) organized character profiles (i.e., intentional self-control of emotional conflicts and goals), and (3) creative character profiles (i.e., self-aware appraisal of values and theories), respectively. However, little is known about how these temperament and character components of personality are jointly organized and develop in an integrated manner. In three large independent genome-wide association studies from Finland, Germany, and Korea, we used a data-driven machine learning method to uncover joint phenotypic networks of temperament and character and also the genetic networks with which they are associated. We found three clusters of similar numbers of people with distinct combinations of temperament and character profiles. Their associated genetic and environmental networks were largely disjoint, and differentially related to distinct forms of learning and memory. Of the 972 genes that mapped to the three phenotypic networks, 72% were unique to a single network. The findings in the Finnish discovery sample were blindly and independently replicated in samples of Germans and Koreans. We conclude that temperament and character are integrated within three disjoint networks that regulate healthy longevity and dissociable systems of learning and memory by nearly disjoint sets of genetic and environmental influences.
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Grants
- Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology TIN2012-38805 and DPI2015-69585-R
- The Young Finns Study has been financially supported by the Academy of Finland: grants 286284, 134309 (Eye), 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378 (Salve), 117787 (Gendi), 41071 (Skidi), and 308676; the Social Insurance Institution of Finland; Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospitals (grant X51001); Juho Vainio Foundation; Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research ; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation; Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation; Diabetes Research Foundation of Finnish Diabetes Association: and EU Horizon 2020 (grant 755320 for TAXINOMISIS).
- American Federation for Suicide Prevention
- Healthy Twin Family Register of Korea
- Anthropedia Foundation
- The Young Finns Study has been financially supported by the Academy of Finland: grants 286284, 322098, 134309 (Eye), 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378 (Salve), 117787 (Gendi), 41071 (Skidi), and 308676; the Social Insurance Institution of Finland; Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospitals (grant X51001); Juho Vainio Foundation; Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research ; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation; Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation; Diabetes Research Foundation of Finnish Diabetes Association: and EU Horizon 2020 (grant 755320 for TAXINOMISIS); and Tampere University Hospital Supporting Foundation.
- American Society for Suicide Prevention
- American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Zwir
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Coral Del-Val
- Department of Computer Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Arnedo
- Department of Computer Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Pulkki-Råback
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sarah S Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, and Institute of Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Mirka Hintsanen
- Unit of Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Danilo Garcia
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Blekinge Centre of Competence, Blekinge County Council, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Dragan M Svrakic
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nigel Lester
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sandor Rozsa
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alberto Mesa
- Department of Computer Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- University Clinic, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology Tampere University Hospital, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maribel Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emma Raitoharju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Gabriel A de Erausquin
- The Glenn Biggs Institute of Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Heath San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Mamah
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Teodor T Postolache
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Rocky Mountain Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center for Veteran Suicide Prevention, Denver, CO, USA
| | - C Charles Gu
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joohon Sung
- Department of Epidemiology, and Institute of Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - C Robert Cloninger
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, and School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, School of Arts and Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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6
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Krafft J, Ong CW, Davis CH, Petersen JM, Levin ME, Twohig MP. An Open Trial of Group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy With an Adjunctive Mobile App for Generalized Anxiety Disorder. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Reducing Body Image Disorders in Adolescent Girls. ADDICTIVE DISORDERS & THEIR TREATMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/adt.0000000000000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Meagher R, Chessor D, Fogliati VJ. Treatment of Pathological Worry in Children With Acceptance‐Based Behavioural Therapy and a Multisensory Learning Aide: A Pilot Study. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ap.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Meagher
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology,
| | - Danuta Chessor
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, University of Western Sydney,
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9
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Edwards ER, Wupperman P. Research on emotional schemas: A review of findings and challenges. CLIN PSYCHOL-UK 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/cp.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Edwards
- Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, New York, USA,
- Department of Psychology, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, New York, USA,
| | - Peggilee Wupperman
- Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, New York, USA,
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10
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Sauer-Zavala S, Southward MW, Semcho SA. Integrating and differentiating personality and psychopathology in cognitive behavioral therapy. J Pers 2020; 90:89-102. [PMID: 33070346 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A large body of literature supports the strong association between personality features and psychopathology. This research has, however, had little influence on day-to-day therapeutic practice, particularly in cognitive behavioral approaches that have traditionally focused on addressing the symptoms of categorically defined diagnoses. Indeed, there are few CBT protocols aimed at altering the personality features. Recently, however, the CBT literature has displayed an increased focus on identifying alternative higher-order, dimensional mechanisms that may underscore the development and maintenance of broad classes of psychopathology (e.g., aversive reactivity to emotions, reward sensitivity, and performance expectancies). There is ample evidence linking these processes to DSM disorder severity; however, they may also represent a functional link between the personality domains and the disorder symptoms organized beneath them. The functional mechanisms through which an individual's personality confers risk for psychopathology may be naturally amenable to cognitive behavioral elements, and targeting these processes in treatment has the potential to address both disorder symptoms and underlying personality vulnerabilities. Thus, the identification of intermediate functional mechanisms may help bridge the gap between personality science and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen A Semcho
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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11
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Exposure and Reactivity to Repetitive Thought in the Neuroticism–Distress Relationship. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2020; 44:659-667. [DOI: 10.1007/s10608-020-10078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Sander AM, Clark AN, Arciniegas DB, Tran K, Leon-Novelo L, Ngan E, Bogaards J, Sherer M, Walser R. A randomized controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy for psychological distress among persons with traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2020; 31:1105-1129. [PMID: 32408846 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2020.1762670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Psychological distress is common in persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI) but treatments remain underdeveloped. This randomized controlled trial of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) was designed to address this gap. Ninety-three persons with medically-documented complicated mild to severe TBI, normal-to-mildly impaired memory, and clinically significant psychological distress in the chronic phase of recovery were randomized to receive eight weeks of ACT (manualized with adaptations to address TBI-related cognitive impairments) or a single session of needs assessment, brief counseling/education, and referral. The ACT group showed significantly greater reduction of psychological distress (Brief Symptom Inventory 18) and demonstrated improvements in psychological flexibility and commitment to action (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II) scores). The number of treatment responders (post-treatment BSI 18 GSI T scores <63) was larger in the ACT group than in the control group. Entry of AAQ-II scores into the model of between-group differences in BSI 18 GSI T scores indicated that core ACT processes explained the variance in treatment group outcomes. Provision of ACT reduces psychological distress in persons with TBI in the chronic phase of recovery when adaptations are made to accommodate TBI-related cognitive impairments. Additional clinical trials with a structurally equivalent control group are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelle M Sander
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Brain Injury Research Center, TIRR Memorial Hermann, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harris Health System, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Allison N Clark
- H. Ben Taub Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Brain Injury Research Center, TIRR Memorial Hermann, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harris Health System, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David B Arciniegas
- Brain Injury Research Center, TIRR Memorial Hermann, Houston, TX, USA.,Marcus Institute for Brain Health, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Kim Tran
- Brain Injury Research Center, TIRR Memorial Hermann, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luis Leon-Novelo
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health , University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Esther Ngan
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health , University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jay Bogaards
- Brain Injury Research Center, TIRR Memorial Hermann, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark Sherer
- Brain Injury Research Center, TIRR Memorial Hermann, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robyn Walser
- National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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13
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Khoramnia S, Bavafa A, Jaberghaderi N, Parvizifard A, Foroughi A, Ahmadi M, Amiri S. The effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy for social anxiety disorder: a randomized clinical trial. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2020; 42:30-38. [PMID: 32321083 DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acceptance and commitment therapy has been used to treat anxiety disorders recently. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy for psychological symptoms in students with social anxiety disorder, including difficulty in emotion regulation, psychological flexibility based on experiential avoidance, self-compassion, and external shame. METHODS This study was a semi-experimental clinical trial. Twenty four students with social anxiety disorder were randomly divided into two groups after initial evaluations: an experimental group (12 subjects) and a control group (12 subjects). The experimental group received 12 treatment sessions based on a protocol of acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety disorders, and the control group was put on a waiting list. Self-Compassion (SCS), Difficulty in Emotion Regulation (DERS), External Shame (ESS), Social Anxiety (SPIN), and Acceptance and Action (AAQ-II) questionnaires were used to assess participants. Data were analyzed using SPSS. RESULTS Acceptance and commitment therapy was shown to be effective at the post-test and follow up stages for reducing external shame, social anxiety, and difficulty in emotion regulation and its components, and for increasing psychological flexibility and self-compassion (p < 0.05). The largest effect size of treatment was for increase of psychological flexibility and the lowest efficacy was for the components "difficulty in impulse control" and "limited access to emotional strategies" at the post-test and follow-up stages, respectively. CONCLUSION Acceptance and commitment therapy may be an appropriate psychological intervention for reducing the symptoms of students with social anxiety disorder and helping them to improve psychological flexibility. Emotion and related problems can be identified as one of the main targets of this treatment. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, IRCT20180421039369N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Khoramnia
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amir Bavafa
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nasrin Jaberghaderi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Parvizifard
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Foroughi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Ahmadi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shahram Amiri
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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14
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Miller AN, Orsillo SM. Values, acceptance, and belongingess in graduate school: Perspectives from underrepresented minority students. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Cloninger CR, Cloninger KM, Zwir I, Keltikangas-Järvinen L. The complex genetics and biology of human temperament: a review of traditional concepts in relation to new molecular findings. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:290. [PMID: 31712636 PMCID: PMC6848211 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that temperament is strongly influenced by more than 700 genes that modulate associative conditioning by molecular processes for synaptic plasticity and long-term learning and memory. The results were replicated in three independent samples despite variable cultures and environments. The identified genes were enriched in pathways activated by behavioral conditioning in animals, including the two major molecular pathways for response to extracellular stimuli, the Ras-MEK-ERK and the PI3K-AKT-mTOR cascades. These pathways are activated by a wide variety of physiological and psychosocial stimuli that vary in positive and negative valence and in consequences for health and survival. Changes in these pathways are orchestrated to maintain cellular homeostasis despite changing conditions by modulating temperament and its circadian and seasonal rhythms. In this review we first consider traditional concepts of temperament in relation to the new genetic findings by examining the partial overlap of alternative measures of temperament. Then we propose a definition of temperament as the disposition of a person to learn how to behave, react emotionally, and form attachments automatically by associative conditioning. This definition provides necessary and sufficient criteria to distinguish temperament from other aspects of personality that become integrated with it across the life span. We describe the effects of specific stimuli on the molecular processes underlying temperament from functional, developmental, and evolutionary perspectives. Our new knowledge can improve communication among investigators, increase the power and efficacy of clinical trials, and improve the effectiveness of treatment of personality and its disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Robert Cloninger
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, and School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Anthropedia Foundation, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | | | - Igor Zwir
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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16
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Ritzert TR, Berghoff CR, Tifft ED, Forsyth JP. Evaluating ACT Processes in Relation to Outcome in Self-Help Treatment for Anxiety-Related Problems. Behav Modif 2019; 44:865-890. [PMID: 31220920 DOI: 10.1177/0145445519855616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating how, for whom, and under what conditions psychosocial treatments work is an important component of anxiety disorder treatment development. Yet, research regarding mediators and moderators of self-help interventions is sparse. The current project is a secondary analysis of mediators, moderators, and correlates of outcome of a randomized wait-list-controlled trial assessing acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) self-help bibliotherapy for anxiety and related problems. Participants (n = 503) were randomized to an immediate workbook (n = 256) or wait-list condition (n = 247). Nonparametric bootstrapped mediation analyses showed that pre-post positive changes in ACT treatment processes accounted for the relation between treatment and pre-post improvement on the primary outcomes of anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and quality of life. Results indicated no baseline variables were significant moderators. Finally, hierarchical regression analyses indicated that the degree of improvement for each primary outcome was positively correlated with the degree to which participants reported applying the workbook material to their day-to-day life, over and above how much of the book they reported reading. This study provided support for the ACT model of change in a self-help context and highlighted the importance of actively applying self-help material, addressing theoretical and practical questions about how and why ACT self-help works.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric D Tifft
- University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, USA
| | - John P Forsyth
- University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, USA
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Hoyer J, Čolić J, Grübler G, Gloster AT. Valued Living Before and After CBT. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOTHERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10879-019-09430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Stefan S, Cristea IA, Szentagotai Tatar A, David D. Cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) for generalized anxiety disorder: Contrasting various CBT approaches in a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Psychol 2019; 75:1188-1202. [DOI: 10.1002/jclp.22779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Stefan
- Department of Clinical Psychology and PsychotherapyBabeş‐Bolyai University Cluj‐Napoca Romania
| | - Ioana A. Cristea
- Department of Clinical Psychology and PsychotherapyBabeş‐Bolyai University Cluj‐Napoca Romania
| | | | - Daniel David
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy/International Institute for the Advanced Study of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental HealthBabeş‐Bolyai University, No 37 Republicii Street Cluj‐Napoca Romania
- Department of Oncological SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew York New York
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Bullis JR, Boettcher H, Sauer‐Zavala S, Farchione TJ, Barlow DH. What is an emotional disorder? A transdiagnostic mechanistic definition with implications for assessment, treatment, and prevention. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline R. Bullis
- Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders Boston University Boston Massachusetts
- Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders Harvard Medical School McLean Hospital Belmont Massachusetts
| | - Hannah Boettcher
- Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders Boston University Boston Massachusetts
| | | | - Todd J. Farchione
- Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders Boston University Boston Massachusetts
| | - David H. Barlow
- Center for Anxiety and Related Disorders Boston University Boston Massachusetts
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Impact of Borderline Personality Pathology on Treatment Outcomes in Adolescents in Residential Treatment: The Role of Emotion Regulation. J Psychiatr Pract 2018; 24:388-398. [PMID: 30395546 DOI: 10.1097/pra.0000000000000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite growing research on the impact of borderline personality pathology (BPP) on treatment outcomes for emotional disorders among adults, no studies have examined this question in adolescents. Moreover, no studies have examined mediators of the relation between BPP and changes in mood and anxiety symptoms during treatment. This study examined the impact of BPP on treatment outcomes in 141 adolescents in psychiatric residential treatment, as well as the mediating role of change in emotion regulation (ie, adaptive responses to emotions) in the relation between baseline BPP and improvements in psychiatric symptoms during treatment. Participants completed questionnaires assessing emotion regulation and depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms at baseline and posttreatment. Although BPP was not directly associated with the magnitude of change in psychiatric symptoms from baseline to posttreatment, it was positively associated with greater improvement in emotion regulation during treatment. Furthermore, results revealed significant indirect effects of BPP on improvements in all psychiatric symptoms through improvement in emotion regulation.
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Hayes SC, Hofmann SG, Stanton CE, Carpenter JK, Sanford BT, Curtiss JE, Ciarrochi J. The role of the individual in the coming era of process-based therapy. Behav Res Ther 2018; 117:40-53. [PMID: 30348451 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
For decades the development of evidence-based therapy has been based on experimental tests of protocols designed to impact psychiatric syndromes. As this paradigm weakens, a more process-based therapy approach is rising in its place, focused on how to best target and change core biopsychosocial processes in specific situations for given goals with given clients. This is an inherently more idiographic question than has normally been at issue in evidence-based therapy over the last few decades. In this article we explore methods of assessment and analysis that can integrate idiographic and nomothetic approaches in a process-based era.
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Abstract
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a modern form of cognitive behavioral therapy based on a distinct philosophy and basic science of cognition. This article reviews the core features of ACT's theoretic model of psychopathology and treatment and its therapeutic approach. It provides a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating ACT for depression and anxiety disorders. Summarizing 36 RCTs, ACT appears to be more efficacious than waitlist conditions and treatment-as-usual, with largely equivalent effects relative to traditional cognitive behavioral therapy. Evidence indicates that ACT treatment outcomes are mediated through increases in psychological flexibility, its theorized process of change.
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Culturally Sensitive Adaptations to Evidence-Based Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Social Anxiety Disorder: A Case Paper. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Romero-Moreno R, Gallego-Alberto L, Márquez-González M, Losada A. Psychometric properties of the Valued Living Questionnaire Adapted to Dementia Caregiving. Aging Ment Health 2017; 21:983-990. [PMID: 27253426 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2016.1191055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Caring for a relative with dementia is associated with physical and emotional health problems in caregivers. There are no studies analysing the role of personal values in the caregiver stress process. This study aims to analyse the psychometric properties of the Valued Living Questionnaire Adapted to Caregiving (VLQAC), and to explore the relationship between personal values and stressors, coping strategies and caregiver distress. METHOD A total of 253 individual interviews with caregivers of relatives with dementia were conducted, and the following variables were assessed: personal values, stressors, cognitive fusion, emotional acceptance, depression, anxiety, and satisfaction with life. An exploratory factor analysis and hierarchical regression analyses were carried out. RESULTS Two factors were obtained, Commitment to Own Values and Commitment to Family Values which explain 43.42% of variance, with reliability coefficients (Cronbach's alpha) of .76 and .61, respectively. Personal values had a significant effect on emotional distress (depression and anxiety) and satisfaction with life, even when controlling for socio-demographic variables, stressors and coping strategies. CONCLUSION Results suggest that the personal values construct of dementia caregivers is two-dimensional. The personal values of the caregivers play an important role in accounting for distress and satisfaction with life in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Romero-Moreno
- a Psychology Department , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - L Gallego-Alberto
- a Psychology Department , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - M Márquez-González
- b Biological and Health Psychology Department , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - A Losada
- a Psychology Department , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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Waters CS, Frude N, Flaxman PE, Boyd J. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for clinically distressed health care workers: Waitlist-controlled evaluation of an ACT workshop in a routine practice setting. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 57:82-98. [PMID: 28857254 DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of a 1-day acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) workshop on the mental health of clinically distressed health care employees, and to explore ACT's processes of change in a routine practice setting. DESIGN A quasi-controlled design, with participants block allocated to an ACT intervention or waiting list control group based on self-referral date. METHODS Participants were 35 health care workers who had self-referred for the ACT workshop via a clinical support service for staff. Measures were completed by ACT and control group participants at pre-intervention and 3 months post-intervention. Participants allocated to the waitlist condition went on to receive the ACT intervention and were also assessed 3 months later. RESULTS At 3 months post-intervention, participants in the ACT group reported a significantly lower level of psychological distress compared to the control group (d = 1.41). Across the 3-month evaluation period, clinically significant change was exhibited by 50% of ACT participants, compared to 0% in the control group. When the control group received the same ACT intervention, 69% went on to exhibit clinically significant change. The ACT intervention also resulted in significant improvements in psychological flexibility, defusion, and mindfulness skills, but did not significantly reduce the frequency of negative cognitions. Bootstrapped mediation analyses indicated that the reduction in distress in the ACT condition was primarily associated with an increase in mindfulness skills, especially observing and non-reactivity. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide preliminary support for providing brief ACT interventions as part of routine clinical support services for distressed workers. PRACTITIONER POINTS A 1-day ACT workshop delivered in the context of a routine staff support service was effective for reducing psychological distress among health care workers. The brief nature of this group intervention means it may be particularly suitable for staff support and primary care mental health service settings. The findings indicate that the beneficial effects of an ACT workshop on distressed employees' mental health were linked to improvements in specific mindfulness skills. Study limitations include non-random allocation of participants to the ACT and control groups, and measurement of mediators and outcome at the same time point (3 months post-intervention).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cerith S Waters
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK.,Psychology and Counselling, Whitchurch Hospital, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Neil Frude
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Wales, UK.,Psychology and Counselling, Whitchurch Hospital, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | | | - Jane Boyd
- Psychology and Counselling, Whitchurch Hospital, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
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Crouch TA, Lewis JA, Erickson TM, Newman MG. Prospective Investigation of the Contrast Avoidance Model of Generalized Anxiety and Worry. Behav Ther 2017; 48:544-556. [PMID: 28577589 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The factors that maintain generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) symptoms and worry over time are not entirely clear. The Contrast Avoidance Model (CAM) postulates that individuals at risk for pathological worry and GAD symptoms uniquely fear emotional shifts from neutral or positive emotions into negative emotional states, and consequently use worry to maintain negative emotion in order to avoid shifts or blunt the effect of negative contrasts. This model has received support in laboratory experiments, but has not been investigated prospectively in the naturalistic context of daily life. The present study tested the CAM in a longitudinal experience sampling study with a subclinical sample. Participants selected to represent a broad range of symptoms (N = 92) completed baseline measures of GAD and depression symptoms, and eight weekly assessments of worry, experiences of negative emotional contrasts during their worst event of the week, and situation-specific negative emotion. Consistent with the CAM, GAD symptoms prospectively predicted higher endorsement of negative contrast experiences as worst events, independent of depression symptoms. Unsurprisingly, higher negative contrasts predicted higher negative emotion. However, both higher baseline GAD symptoms and weekly worry uniquely moderated (reduced) this relationship, providing consistent support for the idea that worry may blunt the emotional effects of contrasts. Depression symptoms did not have the same moderating effect. These findings support the CAM in an ecologically valid context.
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Cobb AR, Lancaster CL, Meyer EC, Lee HJ, Telch MJ. Pre-deployment trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity and experiential avoidance predict war-zone stress-evoked psychopathology. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Interpersonal Problems and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Among University Students. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/ijpbs.8005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Pais (Hons.) C, Ponsford JL, Gould (Clin. Neuro) KR, Wong D. Role of valued living and associations with functional outcome following traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2017; 29:625-637. [PMID: 28421872 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2017.1313745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Celia Pais (Hons.)
- Monash Institute for Cognitive & Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jennie L. Ponsford
- Monash Institute for Cognitive & Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kate R. Gould (Clin. Neuro)
- Monash Institute for Cognitive & Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dana Wong
- Monash Institute for Cognitive & Clinical Neurosciences and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Donahue JJ, Khan's H, Huggins J, Marrow T. Posttraumatic stress symptom severity and functional impairment in a trauma-exposed sample: A preliminary examination into the moderating role of valued living. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Danitz SB, Suvak MK, Orsillo SM. The Mindful Way Through the Semester: Evaluating the Impact of Integrating an Acceptance-Based Behavioral Program Into a First-Year Experience Course for Undergraduates. Behav Ther 2016; 47:487-99. [PMID: 27423165 DOI: 10.1016/j.beth.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Preventing and reducing depression in first-year college students are crucial areas in need of attention and resources. Programs that are cost-effective and time-efficient, that have replicable benefits across samples, are sorely needed. This study aims to examine whether a previously studied acceptance-based behavioral (ABBT) program, the Mindful Way Through the Semester (MWTS), is effective in comparison to a control condition at decreasing levels of depression and enhancing acceptance and academic values when integrated into a first-year undergraduate experience course. The current study also sought to examine the association between change in acceptance, mindfulness practice, and values practice on outcomes. Two hundred thirteen students were assigned to either the MWTS workshop condition or the control condition (in which the first-year experience curriculum as usual was received). Results revealed that the workshop condition produced larger decreases in depression over the course of the semester relative to the control condition, but only for participants endorsing higher levels of depression at baseline. Further, for participants in the workshop condition, changes in depression were negatively associated with changes in acceptance (i.e., larger increases in acceptance associated with larger decreases in depression), an association that was not statistically significant in the control group. Lastly, for participants in the workshop condition who endorsed higher levels of depression at baseline, mindfulness and values practice was associated with greater reductions in depression. Implications of these findings for future interventions are discussed.
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Elliott TR, Hsiao YY, Kimbrel NA, Meyer EC, DeBeer BB, Gulliver SB, Kwok OM, Morissette SB. Resilience, traumatic brain injury, depression, and posttraumatic stress among Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans. Rehabil Psychol 2015. [PMID: 26214528 DOI: 10.1037/rep0000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the prospective influence of the resilient, undercontrolled, and overcontrolled personality prototypes on depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among Iraq/Afghanistan war veterans. After accounting for the possible influence of combat exposure, we expected that the resilient prototype would predict lower depression and PTSD over time and would be associated with adaptive coping strategies, higher social support, lower psychological inflexibility, and higher self-reported resilience relative to overcontrolled and undercontrolled prototypes, independent of traumatic brain injury (TBI) status. METHOD One hundred twenty-seven veterans (107 men, 20 women; average age = 37) participated in the study. Personality was assessed at baseline, and PTSD and depression symptoms were assessed 8 months later. Path analysis was used to test the direct and indirect effects of personality on distress. RESULTS No direct effects were observed from personality to distress. The resilient prototype did have significant indirect effects on PTSD and depression through its beneficial effects on social support, coping and psychological inflexibility. TBI also had direct effects on PTSD. CONCLUSIONS A resilient personality prototype appears to influence veteran adjustment through its positive associations with greater social support and psychological flexibility, and lower use of avoidant coping. Low social support, avoidant coping, and psychological inflexibility are related to overcontrolled and undercontrolled personality prototypes, and these behaviors seem to characterize veterans who experience problems with depression and PTSD over time. A positive TBI status is directly and prospectively associated with PTSD symptomology independent of personality prototype. Implications for clinical interventions and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eric C Meyer
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Central Texas Veterans HealthCare System
| | - Bryann B DeBeer
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Central Texas Veterans HealthCare System
| | | | | | - Sandra B Morissette
- VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Central Texas Veterans HealthCare System
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Azadeh SM, Kazemi-Zahrani H, Besharat MA. Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Interpersonal Problems and Psychological Flexibility in Female High School Students With Social Anxiety Disorder. Glob J Health Sci 2015; 8:131-8. [PMID: 26493425 PMCID: PMC4803935 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v8n3p131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Social anxiety is a psychological disorder which has devastative and pernicious effects on interpersonal relationships and one's psychological flexibility. The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on interpersonal problems and psychological flexibility in female high school students with social anxiety disorder. With a semi-experimental design, the subjects were assessed using the Social Anxiety Scale and clinical interview. The statistical population of the research was high school female students studying in 5 areas of Isfahan. 30 individuals were purposively selected as the sample. The subjects of the research were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy was given in 10 sessions of 90 minutes in the experimental group and the control group did not receive any treatment. Pre-test and post-test scores of Inventory of Interpersonal Problems, and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance & the results showed that after the intervention, there was a significant difference between the scores of the subjects in the experimental and control groups. This means that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy can influence interpersonal problems and their six dimensions and psychological flexibility as well.
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Twohig MP, Vilardaga JCP, Levin ME, Hayes SC. Changes in psychological flexibility during acceptance and commitment therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mechanisms of change: Exploratory outcomes from a randomised controlled trial of acceptance and commitment therapy for anxious adolescents. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gratz KL, Bardeen JR, Levy R, Dixon-Gordon KL, Tull MT. Mechanisms of change in an emotion regulation group therapy for deliberate self-harm among women with borderline personality disorder. Behav Res Ther 2014; 65:29-35. [PMID: 25557395 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite growing evidence for the efficacy of Gratz and colleagues' emotion regulation group therapy (ERGT) for deliberate self-harm (DSH) among women with borderline personality disorder (BPD), the proposed mechanism of change in this treatment (i.e., emotion regulation) remains largely unexamined. This study examined change in emotion dysregulation as a mediator of the effects of this ERGT on DSH and BPD symptoms, as well as the extent to which change in emotion dysregulation during treatment predicts further improvements in DSH during a 9-month follow-up. Participants included 61 female outpatients with BPD and recent DSH who were randomly assigned to receive this ERGT in addition to their ongoing outpatient therapy immediately (n = 31) or after 14 weeks (n = 30). Measures of emotion dysregulation, DSH, and BPD symptoms were administered pre- and post-treatment or -waitlist, and at 9-months post-treatment (for participants in both conditions who received ERGT). Results from a series of mediation analyses provide further support for emotion regulation as a mechanism of change in this treatment. Specifically, results revealed that improvements in emotion dysregulation over the course of treatment mediated the observed reductions in BPD cognitive and affective symptoms during treatment and predicted further improvements in DSH during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Gratz
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | | | - Roy Levy
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Katherine L Dixon-Gordon
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Matthew T Tull
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
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Bluett EJ, Homan KJ, Morrison KL, Levin ME, Twohig MP. Acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety and OCD spectrum disorders: an empirical review. J Anxiety Disord 2014; 28:612-24. [PMID: 25041735 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A fair amount of research exists on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) as a model and a treatment for anxiety disorders and OCD spectrum disorders; this paper offers a quantitative account of this research. A meta-analysis is presented examining the relationship between psychological flexibility, measured by versions of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ and AAQ-II) and measures of anxiety. Meta-analytic results showed positive and significant relationships between the AAQ and general measures of anxiety as well as disorder specific measures. Additionally, all outcome data to date on ACT for anxiety and OCD spectrum disorders are reviewed, as are data on mediation and moderation within ACT. Preliminary meta-analytic results show that ACT is equally effective as manualized treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy. Future directions and limitations of the research are discussed.
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Comparing paths to quality of life: Contributions of ACT and cognitive therapy intervention targets in two highly anxious samples. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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39
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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy in the treatment of anxiety: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2013; 33:965-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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40
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Lotan G, Tanay G, Bernstein A. Mindfulness and Distress Tolerance: Relations in a Mindfulness Preventive Intervention. Int J Cogn Ther 2013. [DOI: 10.1521/ijct.2013.6.4.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Roemer L, Williston SK, Eustis EH, Orsillo SM. Mindfulness and acceptance-based behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2013; 15:410. [PMID: 24078067 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-013-0410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a brief conceptual overview of acceptance-based behavioral therapies (ABBTs) for anxiety disorders, followed by a review and summary of the recent efficacy studies of ABBTs for anxiety and comorbid disorders. We discuss clinical implications, including the importance of targeting reactivity and experiential avoidance in interventions for anxiety disorders through the use of mindfulness and other acceptance-based strategies, as well the encouragement of engagement in meaningful activities or valued action. We also address future directions for research, such as expanding research to include more randomized control trials comparing ABBTs for specific anxiety disorders to other active treatments, examining mechanisms of change, exploring adaptations in different care-delivery contexts, as well as determining the applicability of these approaches to clients from marginalized or non-dominant statuses.
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Hayes-Skelton SA, Roemer L, Orsillo SM. A randomized clinical trial comparing an acceptance-based behavior therapy to applied relaxation for generalized anxiety disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 2013; 81:761-73. [PMID: 23647281 PMCID: PMC3783580 DOI: 10.1037/a0032871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether an empirically and theoretically derived treatment combining mindfulness- and acceptance-based strategies with behavioral approaches would improve outcomes in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) over an empirically supported treatment. METHOD This trial randomized 81 individuals (65.4% female, 80.2% identified as White, average age 32.92) diagnosed with GAD to receive 16 sessions of either an acceptance-based behavior therapy (ABBT) or applied relaxation (AR). Assessments at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 6-month follow-up included the following primary outcome measures: GAD clinician severity rating, Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Secondary outcomes included the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Quality of Life Inventory, and number of comorbid diagnoses. RESULTS Mixed effect regression models showed significant, large effects for time for all primary outcome measures (ds = 1.27 to 1.61) but nonsignificant, small effects for condition and Condition × Time (ds = 0.002 to 0.20), indicating that clients in the 2 treatments improved comparably over treatment. For secondary outcomes, time was significant (ds = 0.74 to 1.38), but condition and Condition × Time effects were not (ds = 0.004 to 0.31). No significant differences emerged over follow-up (ds = 0.03 to 0.39), indicating maintenance of gains. Between 63.3 and 80.0% of clients in ABBT and 60.6 and 78.8% of clients in AR experienced clinically significant change across 5 calculations of change at posttreatment and follow-up. CONCLUSION ABBT is a viable alternative for treating GAD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).
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Courage, self-compassion, and values in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hayes-Skelton SA, Orsillo SM, Roemer L. An Acceptance-Based Behavioral Therapy for Individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2013; 20:264-281. [PMID: 31588170 PMCID: PMC6777746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In response to clinical observations and research findings that individuals with Generalized Anxiety Disorder are reactive to their internal experiences, avoid and suppress painful emotions, thoughts, and sensations, and limit their involvement in meaningful activities, an Acceptance Based Behavioral Therapy (ABBT) was developed to specifically target these responses. ABBT incorporates acceptance and mindfulness strategies with more traditional behavior therapy techniques. Specifically, ABBT uses mindfulness and acceptance approaches as an alternate response to the rigid, avoidant responses characteristic of GAD. Likewise, therapy focuses on identifying and enacting behaviors that are congruent with what is personally meaningful to the client rather than engaging in actions that are motivated by avoidance of anxiety. This article provides a case conceptualization from an ABBT perspective for "William," the composite client presented in Robichaud (this issue). The article goes on to demonstrate how an ABBT approach to treatment may unfold session-by-session for "William."
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Swain J, Hancock K, Dixon A, Koo S, Bowman J. Acceptance and commitment therapy for anxious children and adolescents: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013; 14:140. [PMID: 23672442 PMCID: PMC3662565 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-14-140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety disorders affect approximately 10% to 20% of young people, can be enduring if left untreated, and have been associated with psychopathology in later life. Despite this, there is a paucity of empirical research to assist clinicians in determining appropriate treatment options. We describe a protocol for a randomized controlled trial in which we will examine the effectiveness of a group-based acceptance and commitment therapy program for children and adolescents with a primary diagnosis of anxiety disorder. For the adolescent participants we will also evaluate the elements of the intervention that act as mechanisms for change. METHODS/DESIGN We will recruit 150 young people (90 children and 60 adolescents) diagnosed with an anxiety disorder and their parent or caregiver. After completion of baseline assessment, participants will be randomized to one of three conditions (acceptance and commitment therapy, cognitive behavior therapy or waitlist control). Those in the acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive behavior therapy groups will receive 10 × 1.5 hour weekly group-therapy sessions using a manualized treatment program, in accordance with the relevant therapy, to be delivered by psychologists. Controls will receive the cognitive behavior therapy program after 10 weeks waitlisted. Repeated measures will be taken immediately post-therapy and at three months after therapy cessation. DISCUSSION To the best of our knowledge, this study will be the largest trial of acceptance and commitment therapy in the treatment of children and young people to date. It will provide comprehensive data on the use of acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety disorders and will offer evidence for mechanisms involved in the process of change. Furthermore, additional data will be obtained for the use of cognitive behavior therapy in this population and this research will illustrate the comparative effectiveness of these two interventions, which are currently implemented widely in contemporary clinical practice. Anticipated difficulties for the trial are the recruitment and retention of participants, particularly adolescents. To avert these concerns and maximize recruitment, several strategies will be adopted to optimize referral rates as well as reduce participant drop-outs. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial is registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, registration number: ACTRN12611001280998.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Swain
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.
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McHugh RK, Reynolds EK, Leyro TM, Otto MW. An Examination of the Association of Distress Intolerance and Emotion Regulation with Avoidance. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2013; 37:363-367. [PMID: 32773909 PMCID: PMC7410348 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-012-9463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Distress intolerance is an important motivator of maladaptive avoidance-based coping strategies. The selection of such avoidance behaviors is also influenced by one's access to alternative emotion regulatory strategies. However, little research has examined the relative contributions of these vulnerability factors to avoidance. This study examined whether distress intolerance and access to emotion regulation strategies were uniquely (additively or interactively) associated with self-reported avoidance. Two samples-an unselected sample (n = 300) and a clinical sample (n = 100)-comprised of patients seeking treatment for unipolar mood and/or anxiety disorders were administered measures of distress intolerance, emotion regulation, and avoidance. Results of linear regression analyses indicated that distress intolerance and access to emotion regulation strategies were uniquely and additively associated with avoidance. Implications for the prevention and treatment of psychological disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kathryn McHugh
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, McLean Hospital, Proctor House 3 MS 222, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Reynolds
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Teresa M Leyro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael W Otto
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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Fledderus M, Bohlmeijer ET, Fox JP, Schreurs KM, Spinhoven P. The role of psychological flexibility in a self-help acceptance and commitment therapy intervention for psychological distress in a randomized controlled trial. Behav Res Ther 2013; 51:142-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Comparing the effectiveness of acceptance-based behavior therapy and applied relaxation on acceptance of internal experiences, engagement in valued actions and quality of life in generalized anxiety disorder. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 18:118-22. [PMID: 23914213 PMCID: PMC3724371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acceptance-based behavior therapy (ABBT) was developed based on the theory that generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is maintained through a reactive and fused relationship with internal experiences and a tendency toward experiential avoidance and behavioral restriction. ABBT specifically targets these elements. Here, we aimed to compare ABBT to the applied relaxation (AR), which is the most utilized psychological therapy for GAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was a randomized clinical trial study. The sample included 18 GAD patients who were referred by an expert psychiatrist to Psychosomatic Research Center of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Patients were assigned into two groups (ABBT and AR group). Both groups received routine drug therapies by psychiatrists. The ABBT and AR were applied in 12 weekly sessions. The instruments used in the study included Valued Living Questionnaire, Action, and Acceptance Questionnaire, and Short-Form Health Survey-12 revised Version (SF-12V2). The data were analyzed using the multivariate analysis of variance. RESULTS No significant differences were found between ABBT and AR groups in their acceptance of internal experiences, engagement in meaningful activities and quality of life (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The current study compared ABBT to the most utilized psychological therapy for GAD; i.e., AR. ABBT and AR have similar efficacy on acceptance of internal experiences, valued actions and quality of life.
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Cloninger CR, Cloninger KM. People Create Health: Effective Health Promotion is a Creative Process. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PERSON CENTERED MEDICINE 2013; 3:114-122. [PMID: 26294956 PMCID: PMC4540224 DOI: 10.5750/ijpcm.v3i2.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Effective health promotion involves the creative cultivation of physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being. Efforts at health promotion produce weak and inconsistent benefits when it does not engage people to express their own goals and values. Likewise, health promotion has been ineffective when it relies only on instruction about facts regarding a healthy lifestyle, or focuses on reduction of disease rather than the cultivation of well-being. Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies and experimental interventions shows that improvements in subjective well-being lead to short-term and long-term reductions in medical morbidity and mortality, as well as to healthier functioning and longevity. However, these effects are inconsistent and weak (correlations of about 0.15). The most consistent and strong predictor of both subjective well-being and objective health status in longitudinal studies is a creative personality profile characterized by being highly self-directed, cooperative, and self-transcendent. There is a synergy among these personality traits that enhances all aspects of the health and happiness of people. Experimental interventions to cultivate this natural creative potential of people are now just beginning, but available exploratory research has shown that creativity can be enhanced and the changes are associated with widespread and profound benefits, including greater physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being. In addition to benefits mediated by choice of diet, physical activity, and health care utilization, the effect of a creative personality on health may be partly mediated by effects on the regulation of heart rate variability. Creativity promotes autonomic balance with parasympathetic dominance leading to a calm alert state that promotes an awakening of plasticities and intelligences that stress inhibits. We suggest that health, happiness, and meaning can be cultivated by a complex adaptive process that enhances healthy functioning, plasticity and self-transcendent values. Health promotion is likely to have only weak and consistent benefits unless it is person-centered and thereby helps people to learn to live more creatively.
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Modelling the direct and indirect effects of thought suppression on personal choice. JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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