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Liu H, Huang M, Xin D, Wang H, Yu H, Pu W. Natural products with anti-tumorigenesis potential targeting macrophage. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 131:155794. [PMID: 38875811 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is a risk factor for tumorigenesis. Macrophage, a subset of immune cells with high plasticity, plays a multifaceted role in this process. Natural products, which are bioactive compounds derived from traditional herbs or foods, have exhibited diverse effects on macrophages and tumorigenesis making them a valuable resource of drug discovery or optimization in tumor prevention. PURPOSE Provide a comprehensive overview of the various roles of macrophages in tumorigenesis, as well as the effects of natural products on tumorigenesis by modulating macrophage function. METHODS A thorough literature search spanning the past two decades was carried out using PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and CNKI following the PRISMA guidelines. The search terms employed included "macrophage and tumorigenesis", "natural products, macrophages and tumorigenesis", "traditional Chinese medicine and tumorigenesis", "natural products and macrophage polarization", "macrophage and tumor related microenvironment", "macrophage and tumor signal pathway", "toxicity of natural products" and combinations thereof. Furthermore, certain articles are identified through the tracking of citations from other publications or by accessing the websites of relevant journals. Studies that meet the following criteria are excluded: (1) Articles not written in English or Chinese; (2) Full texts were not available; (3) Duplicate articles and irrelevant studies. The data collected was organized and summarized based on molecular mechanisms or compound structure. RESULTS This review elucidates the multifaceted effect of macrophages on tumorigenesis, encompassing process such as inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumor cell invasion by regulating metabolism, non-coding RNA, signal transduction and intercellular crosstalk. Natural products, including vitexin, ovatodiolide, ligustilide, and emodin, as well as herbal remedies, have demonstrated efficacy in modulating macrophage function, thereby attenuating tumorigenesis. These interventions mainly focus on mitigating the initial inflammatory response or modifying the inflammatory environment within the precancerous niche. CONCLUSIONS These mechanistic insights of macrophages in tumorigenesis offer valuable ideas for researchers. The identified natural products facilitate the selection of promising candidates for future cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Manru Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Dandan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
| | - Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
| | - Weiling Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
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Oh T, Kang GS, Jo HJ, Park HJ, Lee YR, Ahn GO. DNA-dependent protein kinase regulates cytosolic double-stranded DNA secretion from irradiated macrophages to increase radiosensitivity of tumors. Radiother Oncol 2024; 193:110111. [PMID: 38286241 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2024.110111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To investigate the molecular mechanism by which irradiated macrophages secrete cytosolic double-stranded DNA (c-dsDNA) to increase radiosensitivity of tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Irradiated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) were co-incubated with irradiated EO771 or MC38 cancer cells to determine clonogenic survival. c-dsDNA were measured by agarose gel or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. BMDM or cancer cells were analyzed with immunostaining or western blot. Subcutaneously implanted MC38 cells in myeloid-specific Prkdc knockout (KO) mice or littermate control mice were irradiated with 8 Gy to determine radiosensitivity of tumors. RESULTS We observed that irradiated BMDM significantly increased radiosensitivity of cancer cells. By performing immunostaining, we found that there was a dose-dependent increase in the formation of c-dsDNA and phosphorylation in DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) in irradiated BMDM. Importantly, c-dsDNA in irradiated BMDM could be secreted to the extracellular milieu and this process required DNA-PK, which phosphorylated myosin light chain to regulate the secretion. The secreted c-dsDNA from irradiated BMDM then activated toll-like receptor-9 and subsequent nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling in the adjacent cancer cells inhibiting radiation-induced DNA double strand break repair. Lastly, we observed that irradiated tumors in vivo had a significantly increased number of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) with phosphorylated DNA-PK expression in the cytosol. Furthermore, tumors grown in myeloid-specific Prkdc KO mice, in which TAM lacked phosphorylated DNA-PK expression were significantly more radioresistant than those of the wild-type control mice. CONCLUSIONS Irradiated macrophages can increase antitumor efficacy of radiotherapy through secretion of c-dsDNA under the regulation of DNA-PK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taerim Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Gi-Sue Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hye-Ju Jo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hye-Joon Park
- College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Ye-Rim Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - G-One Ahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea.
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Da W, Yinhang W, Jing Z, Jiamin X, Xinyi G, Yongmao S, Yuefen P. Immune-Related Biomarkers Associated with Lung Metastasis from the Colorectal Cancer Microenvironment. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:220-234. [PMID: 35576491 PMCID: PMC9142768 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2021.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-associated biomarkers can predict lung metastases from colorectal cancer. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened from sample data extracted from gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. The DEGs were screened from the lung metastasis (LM) and primary cancer (PC) groups of the Moffitt Cancer Center cohort dataset. Then, the tumor immune microenvironment and abundance of immune cell infiltration analyses were performed, and the immune-related DEGs were retrieved. In addition, the transcription factor (TF)-miRNA-mRNA network was constructed and enrichment analyses of the immune-related DEGs and upregulated and downregulated DEGs were carried out. Then, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was conducted and the drug-gene interaction was predicted. A total of 268 DEGs were screened. The Immune_Score of samples in the LM group was significantly higher compared with the PC group. The infiltration ratio of M0 macrophages and M2 macrophages of samples was higher than others. A total of 54 immune-related DEGs in M0 macrophages were screened. Moreover, the TF-miRNA-mRNA network was constructed among 8 miRNA-mRNA and 50 TF-mRNA, and the secreted phosphoprotein 1 was regulated by 12 TFs, and the oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 was regulated by 3 miRNAs and 3 TFs. The TF SAM pointed domain containing ETS TF was also a downregulated DEG. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that the DEGs in the TF-miRNA-mRNA network were mainly involved in the interleukin-7 signaling pathway and cell adhesion molecules. In total, 23 protein interactions in this PPI network of M0 macrophage cells were involved in 27 mRNAs. There were 38 drug-gene interactions of immune-related DEGs of M0 macrophage cells predicted to contain 34 small molecule drugs and 8 mRNAs. Finally, the CON cohort dataset verified that the infiltration ratio of M0 and M2 macrophages of the samples was higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Da
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education (Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences); The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education (Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences); The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wu Yinhang
- Graduate School of Second Clinical Medicine Faculty, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuang Jing
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Xu Jiamin
- Department of Nursing, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Gao Xinyi
- Department of Nephrology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, China
| | - Song Yongmao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education (Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences); The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Institute, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education (Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Medical Sciences); The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pan Yuefen
- Department of Oncology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
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TAMpepK Suppresses Metastasis through the Elimination of M2-Like Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042157. [PMID: 35216272 PMCID: PMC8874760 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for approximately 10–15% of all breast cancer cases and is characterized by high invasiveness, high metastatic potential, relapse proneness, and poor prognosis. M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) contribute to tumorigenesis and are promising targets for inhibiting breast cancer metastasis. Therefore, we investigated whether melittin-conjugated pro-apoptotic peptide (TAMpepK) exerts therapeutic effects on breast cancer metastasis by targeting M2-like TAMs. TAMpepK is composed of M2-like TAM binding peptide (TAMpep) and pro-apoptotic peptide d(KLAKLAK)2 (dKLA). A metastatic mouse model was constructed by injecting 4T1-luc2 cells either orthotopically or via tail vein injection, and tumor burden was quantified using a bioluminescence in vivo imaging system. We found that TAMpepK suppressed lung and lymph node metastases of breast cancer by eliminating M2-like TAMs without affecting the viability of M1-like macrophages and resident macrophages in the orthotopic model. Furthermore, TAMpepK reduced pulmonary seeding and the colonization of tumor cells in the tail vein injection model. The number of CD8+ T cells in contact with TAMs was significantly decreased in tumor nodules treated with TAMpepK, resulting in the functional activation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that TAMpepK could be a novel therapeutic agent for the inhibition of breast cancer metastasis by targeting M2-like TAMs.
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Bella Á, Di Trani CA, Fernández-Sendin M, Arrizabalaga L, Cirella A, Teijeira Á, Medina-Echeverz J, Melero I, Berraondo P, Aranda F. Mouse Models of Peritoneal Carcinomatosis to Develop Clinical Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050963. [PMID: 33669017 PMCID: PMC7956655 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Peritoneal carcinomatosis mouse models as a platform to test, improve and/or predict the appropriate therapeutic interventions in patients are crucial to providing medical advances. Here, we overview reported mouse models to explore peritoneal carcinomatosis in translational biomedical research. Abstract Peritoneal carcinomatosis of primary tumors originating in gastrointestinal (e.g., colorectal cancer, gastric cancer) or gynecologic (e.g., ovarian cancer) malignancies is a widespread type of tumor dissemination in the peritoneal cavity for which few therapeutic options are available. Therefore, reliable preclinical models are crucial for research and development of efficacious treatments for this condition. To date, a number of animal models have attempted to reproduce as accurately as possible the complexity of the tumor microenvironment of human peritoneal carcinomatosis. These include: Syngeneic tumor cell lines, human xenografts, patient-derived xenografts, genetically induced tumors, and 3D scaffold biomimetics. Each experimental model has its own strengths and limitations, all of which can influence the subsequent translational results concerning anticancer and immunomodulatory drugs under exploration. This review highlights the current status of peritoneal carcinomatosis mouse models for preclinical development of anticancer drugs or immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Bella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Á.B.); (C.A.D.T.); (M.F.-S.); (L.A.); (A.C.); (Á.T.); (I.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Claudia Augusta Di Trani
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Á.B.); (C.A.D.T.); (M.F.-S.); (L.A.); (A.C.); (Á.T.); (I.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Myriam Fernández-Sendin
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Á.B.); (C.A.D.T.); (M.F.-S.); (L.A.); (A.C.); (Á.T.); (I.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leire Arrizabalaga
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Á.B.); (C.A.D.T.); (M.F.-S.); (L.A.); (A.C.); (Á.T.); (I.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Assunta Cirella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Á.B.); (C.A.D.T.); (M.F.-S.); (L.A.); (A.C.); (Á.T.); (I.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Álvaro Teijeira
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Á.B.); (C.A.D.T.); (M.F.-S.); (L.A.); (A.C.); (Á.T.); (I.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Á.B.); (C.A.D.T.); (M.F.-S.); (L.A.); (A.C.); (Á.T.); (I.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Á.B.); (C.A.D.T.); (M.F.-S.); (L.A.); (A.C.); (Á.T.); (I.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (Á.B.); (C.A.D.T.); (M.F.-S.); (L.A.); (A.C.); (Á.T.); (I.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IDISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.B.); (F.A.)
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Bögels M, Braster R, Nijland PG, Gül N, van de Luijtgaarden W, Fijneman RJA, Meijer GA, Jimenez CR, Beelen RHJ, van Egmond M. Carcinoma origin dictates differential skewing of monocyte function. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:798-809. [PMID: 23162747 PMCID: PMC3489735 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are versatile cells, which phenotype is profoundly influenced by their environment. Pro-inflammatory classically activated or M1 macrophages, and anti-inflammatory alternatively-activated or M2 macrophages represent two extremes of a continuum of functional states. Consequently, macrophages that are present in tumors can exert tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing activity, depending on the tumor milieu. In this study we investigated how human monocytes-the precursors of macrophages-are influenced by carcinoma cells of different origin. We demonstrate that monocytes, stimulated with breast cancer supernatant, showed increased expression of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-8 and chemokines CCL17 and CCL22, which are associated with an alternatively-activated phenotype. By contrast, monocytes that were cultured in supernatants of colon cancer cells produced more pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-12 and TNFα) and reactive oxygen species. Secretome analysis revealed differential secretion of proteins by colon and breast cancer cell lines, of which the proteoglycan versican was exclusively secreted by colon carcinoma cell lines. Reducing active versican by blocking with monoclonal antibodies or shRNA diminished pro-inflammatory cytokine production by monocytes. Thus, colon carcinoma cells polarize monocytes toward a more classically-activated anti-tumorigenic phenotype, whereas breast carcinomas predispose monocytes toward an alternatively activated phenotype. Interestingly, presence of macrophages in breast or colon carcinomas correlates with poor or good prognosis in patients, respectively. The observed discrepancy in macrophage activation by either colon or breast carcinoma cells may therefore explain the dichotomy between patient prognosis and macrophage presence in these different tumors. Designing new therapies, directing development of monocytes toward M1 activated tumor macrophages in cancer patients, may have great clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn Bögels
- Department of Surgery; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Larionova I, Tuguzbaeva G, Ponomaryova A, Stakheyeva M, Cherdyntseva N, Pavlov V, Choinzonov E, Kzhyshkowska J. Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Human Breast, Colorectal, Lung, Ovarian and Prostate Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:566511. [PMID: 33194645 PMCID: PMC7642726 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.566511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are major innate immune cells that constitute up to 50% of the cell mass of human tumors. TAMs are highly heterogeneous cells that originate from resident tissue-specific macrophages and from newly recruited monocytes. TAMs' variability strongly depends on cancer type, stage, and intratumor heterogeneity. Majority of TAMs are programmed by tumor microenvironment to support primary tumor growth and metastatic spread. However, TAMs can also restrict tumor growth and metastasis. In this review, we summarized the knowledge about the role of TAMs in tumor growth, metastasis and in the response to cancer therapy in patients with five aggressive types of cancer: breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancers that are frequently metastasize into distant organs resulting in high mortality of the patients. Two major TAM parameters are applied for the evaluation of TAM correlation with the cancer progression: total amount of TAMs and specific phenotype of TAMs identified by functional biomarkers. We summarized the data generated in the wide range of international patient cohorts on the correlation of TAMs with clinical and pathological parameters of tumor progression including lymphatic and hematogenous metastasis, recurrence, survival, therapy efficiency. We described currently available biomarkers for TAMs that can be measured in patients' samples (tumor tissue and blood). CD68 is the major biomarker for the quantification of total TAM amounts, while transmembrane receptors (stabilin-1, CD163, CD206, CD204, MARCO) and secreted chitinase-like proteins (YKL-39, YKL-40) are used as biomarkers for the functional TAM polarization. We also considered that specific role of TAMs in tumor progression can depend on the localization in the intratumoral compartments. We have made the conclusion for the role of TAMs in primary tumor growth, metastasis, and therapy sensitivity for breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancers. In contrast to other cancer types, majority of clinical studies indicate that TAMs in colorectal cancer have protective role for the patient and interfere with primary tumor growth and metastasis. The accumulated data are essential for using TAMs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets to develop cancer-specific immunotherapy and to design efficient combinations of traditional therapy and new immunomodulatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Larionova
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Gulnara Tuguzbaeva
- Department of Pathophysiology, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Anastasia Ponomaryova
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marina Stakheyeva
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Cherdyntseva
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Valentin Pavlov
- Department of Urology, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Choinzonov
- Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg—Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
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Fu LQ, Du WL, Cai MH, Yao JY, Zhao YY, Mou XZ. The roles of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Cell Immunol 2020; 353:104119. [PMID: 32446032 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are the most frequent immune cells within tumor microenvironment (TME). There is growing evidence that TAMs are involved in tumor progression via multiple mechanisms. TAMs create an immunosuppressive TME by producing growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines which modulate recruitment of immune cells and inhibit anti-tumor responses. They also serve as angiogenesis promoting cells by production of pro-angiogenic factors and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and vascular constructing which guarantee supplying oxygen and nutrients to solid tumor cells. Furthermore, TAMs play important functions in tumor metastasis through contributing to invasion, extravasation, survival, intravasation, and colonization of tumor cells. In this review, we summarized macrophage classification, TAMs polarization, and mechanisms underlying TAM-promoting angiogenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo-Qin Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou 311700, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wen-Lin Du
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China; Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Mao-Hua Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou 311700, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia-Yu Yao
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), No. 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Xiao-Zhou Mou
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China.
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TIE2-expressing monocytes and M2-polarized macrophages impact survival and correlate with angiogenesis in adenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Oncotarget 2018; 9:29715-29726. [PMID: 30038715 PMCID: PMC6049857 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and TIE2-expressing monocytes (TEMs) are associated with angiogenesis and have been identified as a potential prognostic marker in several solid tumors, including hepatobiliary malignancies. However, little is known regarding their influence on tumor progression and patient survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Results Patients with tumors characterized by the presence of CD163+ TAMs or TEMs in TCA or TIF, respectively, showed a significantly decreased 1-, 3- and 5-year overall and recurrence-free survival compared to patients without CD163+ TAMs or TEMs (all ρ < 0.05). Patients with TEMs in TCA showed a higher incidence of tumor recurrence (ρ < 0.05). Furthermore, the presence of CD163+ TAMs was associated with a higher tumor MVD (ρ < 0.05). Conclusions Presence of M2-polarized TAMs and TEMs is associated with a decreased overall and recurrence-free survival of patients with PDAC. Materials and methods The localization and density of CD163+ M2-polarized TAMs and TEMs were quantified in the tumor central area (TCA) and tumor-infiltrating front (TIF) in human PDAC tissue (n = 106) and correlated to clinicopathological characteristics, tumor recurrence rates and patient survival. In parallel, tumor microvascular density (MVD) and the density of angiopoietin-positive tumor cells were quantified. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software.
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Nader JS, Abadie J, Deshayes S, Boissard A, Blandin S, Blanquart C, Boisgerault N, Coqueret O, Guette C, Grégoire M, Pouliquen DL. Characterization of increasing stages of invasiveness identifies stromal/cancer cell crosstalk in rat models of mesothelioma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16311-16329. [PMID: 29662647 PMCID: PMC5893242 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcomatoid mesothelioma (SM) is a devastating cancer associated with one of the poorest outcome. Therefore, representative preclinical models reproducing different tumor microenvironments (TME) observed in patients would open up new prospects for the identification of markers and evaluation of innovative therapies. Histological analyses of four original models of rat SM revealed their increasing infiltrative and metastatic potential were associated with differences in Ki67 index, blood-vessel density, and T-lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration. In comparison with the noninvasive tumor M5-T2, proteomic analysis demonstrated the three invasive tumors F4-T2, F5-T1 and M5-T1 shared in common a very significant increase in the abundance of the multifunctional proteins galectin-3, prohibitin and annexin A5, and a decrease in proteins involved in cell adhesion, tumor suppression, or epithelial differentiation. The increased metastatic potential of the F5-T1 tumor, relative to F4-T2, was associated with an increased macrophage vs T-cell infiltrate, changes in the levels of expression of a panel of cytokine genes, an increased content of proteins involved in chromatin organization, ribosome structure, splicing, or presenting anti-adhesive properties, and a decreased content of proteins involved in protection against oxidative stress, normoxia and intracellular trafficking. The most invasive tumor, M5-T1, was characterized by a pattern of specific phenotypic and molecular features affecting the presentation of MHC class I-mediated antigens and immune cell infiltration, or involved in the reorganization of the cytoskeleton and composition of the extracellular matrix. These four preclinical models and data represent a new resource available to the cancer research community to catalyze further investigations on invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle S. Nader
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d’Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jérôme Abadie
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d’Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Deshayes
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d’Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Alice Boissard
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- ICO, Angers, France
| | - Stéphanie Blandin
- Plate-Forme MicroPICell, SFR François Bonamy, Université de Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Olivier Coqueret
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- ICO, Angers, France
| | - Catherine Guette
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- ICO, Angers, France
| | - Marc Grégoire
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d’Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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11
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van Baal JOAM, van Noorden CJF, Nieuwland R, Van de Vijver KK, Sturk A, van Driel WJ, Kenter GG, Lok CAR. Development of Peritoneal Carcinomatosis in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Review. J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 66:67-83. [PMID: 29164988 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417742897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) metastasizes intra-abdominally with often numerous, superficial, small-sized lesions. This so-called peritoneal carcinomatosis is difficult to treat, and peritoneal recurrences are frequently observed, leading to a poor prognosis. Underlying mechanisms of interactions between EOC and peritoneal cells are incompletely understood. This review summarizes and discusses the development of peritoneal carcinomatosis from a cell-biological perspective, focusing on characteristics of EOC and peritoneal cells. We aim to provide insight into how peritoneum facilitates tumor adhesion but limits size of lesions and depth of invasion. The development of peritoneal carcinomatosis is a multistep process that requires adaptations of EOC and peritoneal cells. Mechanisms that enable tumor adhesion and growth involve cadherin restructuring on EOC cells, integrin-mediated adhesion, and mesothelial evasion by mechanical forces driven by integrin-ligand interactions. Clinical trials targeting these mechanisms, however, showed only limited effects. Other factors that inhibit tumor growth and deep invasion are virtually unknown. Future studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanisms that underlie the development and limited growth of peritoneal carcinomatosis. This review on development of peritoneal carcinomatosis of EOC summarizes the current knowledge and its limitations. Clarification of the stepwise process may inspire future research to investigate new treatment approaches of peritoneal carcinomatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette O A M van Baal
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J F van Noorden
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koen K Van de Vijver
- Division of Diagnostic Oncology & Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Auguste Sturk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willemien J van Driel
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gemma G Kenter
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christianne A R Lok
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute/Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Atanasov G, Dietel C, Feldbrügge L, Benzing C, Krenzien F, Brandl A, Mann E, Englisch JP, Schierle K, Robson SC, Splith K, Morgul MH, Reutzel-Selke A, Jonas S, Pascher A, Bahra M, Pratschke J, Schmelzle M. Tumor necrosis and infiltrating macrophages predict survival after curative resection for cholangiocarcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1331806. [PMID: 28919993 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1331806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Tumor necrosis as well as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor invasive front (TIF) have been suggested to have a prognostic value in selected solid tumors, inclusive hilar cholangiocarcinoma. However, little is known regarding their influence on tumor progression and prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCC). Methods. We analyzed surgically resected tumor specimens of human iCC (n = 88) for distribution and localization of TAMs, as defined by expression of CD68, formation of necrosis and extent of peritumoral fibrosis. Abundance of TAMs, tumor necrosis and grade of fibrosis were assessed immunohistochemically and histologically and correlated with clinicopathological characteristics, tumor recurrence and patients' survival. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results. Patients with tumors characterized by low levels of TAMs in TIF or necrosis showed a significantly decreased 1-, 3- and 5-y recurrence-free survival and a significantly decreased overall survival, when compared with patients with tumors showing high levels of TAMs in TIF or no necrosis. Patients with high density of TAMs in TIF showed significantly lower incidence of tumor recurrence, as well (p < 0.05). Absence of tumor necrosis and TAMs in TIF were confirmed as independent prognostic variables in the multivariate survival analysis (all p < 0.05). Conclusions. High levels of TAMs in TIF or absence of histologic tumor necrosis are associated with a significantly improved recurrence-free and overall survival of patients with iCC. These results suggest TAMs and necrosis as valuable prognostic markers in routine histopathologic evaluation, and might indicate more individualized therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Atanasov
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinna Dietel
- Department of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Linda Feldbrügge
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Benzing
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Krenzien
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Brandl
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elli Mann
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julianna Paulina Englisch
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Schierle
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simon C Robson
- The Transplant Institute and Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrin Splith
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mehmet Haluk Morgul
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Reutzel-Selke
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Jonas
- Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Surgery, 310Klinik Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Pascher
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Bahra
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Schmelzle
- Department of Surgery, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Braster R, Grewal S, Visser R, Einarsdottir HK, van Egmond M, Vidarsson G, Bögels M. Human IgG3 with extended half-life does not improve Fc-gamma receptor-mediated cancer antibody therapies in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177736. [PMID: 28542406 PMCID: PMC5438146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current anti-cancer therapeutic antibodies that are used in the clinic are predominantly humanized or fully human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1). These antibodies bind with high affinity to the target antigen and are efficient in activating the immune system via IgG Fc receptors and/or complement. In addition to IgG1, three more isotypes are present in humans, of which IgG3 has been found to be superior compared to human IgG1 in inducing antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC), phagocytosis or activation of complement in some models. Nonetheless, no therapeutic human IgG3 mAbs have been developed due to the short in vivo half-life of most known IgG3 allotypes. In this manuscript, we compared the efficacy of V-gene matched IgG1 and IgG3 anti-tumour mAb (TA99) in mice, using natural variants of human IgG3 with short- or long half-life, differing only at position 435 with an arginine or histidine, respectively. Results In vitro human IgG1 and IgG3 did not show any differences in opsonisation ability of B16F10-gp75 mouse melanoma cells. IgG1, however, was superior in inducing phagocytosis of tumour cells by mouse macrophages. Similarly, in a mouse peritoneal metastasis model we did not detect an improved effect of IgG3 in preventing tumour outgrowth. Moreover, replacing the arginine at position 435 for a histidine in IgG3 to enhance half-life did not result in better suppression of tumour outgrowth compared to wild type IgG3 when injected prior to tumour cell injection. Conclusion In conclusion, human IgG3 does not have improved therapeutic efficacy compared to human IgG1 in a mouse tumour model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rens Braster
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simran Grewal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Visser
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helga K. Einarsdottir
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Egmond
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Marijn Bögels
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Luput L, Licarete E, Sesarman A, Patras L, Alupei MC, Banciu M. Tumor-associated macrophages favor C26 murine colon carcinoma cell proliferation in an oxidative stress-dependent manner. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2472-2480. [PMID: 28260079 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the development of colon carcinoma is still controversial. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the TAM‑driven processes that may affect colon cancer cell proliferation. To achieve this purpose, murine macrophages were co-cultured with C26 murine colon carcinoma cells at a cell density ratio that approximates physiological conditions for colon carcinoma development in vivo. In this respect, the effects of TAM-mediated angiogenesis, inflammation and oxidative stress on the proliferative capacity of C26 murine colon carcinoma cells were studied. To gain insight into the TAM-driven oxidative stress, NADPH oxidase, the main pro-oxidant enzyme in macrophages, was inhibited. Our data revealed that the stimulatory effects of TAMs on C26 cell proliferation may be related mainly to their pro-oxidant actions exerted by NADPH oxidase activity, which maintains the redox status and the angiogenic capacity of the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic effects of TAMs on tumor cells were found to create a favorable microenvironment for C26 colon carcinoma development and progression. In conclusion, our data confirmed the protumor role of TAMs in the development of colon carcinoma in an oxidative stress-dependent manner that potentiates the angiogenic capacity of the tumor microenvironment. These data may offer valuable information for future tumor-targeted therapies based on TAM 're-education' strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Luput
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emilia Licarete
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Sesarman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laura Patras
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marius Costel Alupei
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Manuela Banciu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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15
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Gremonprez F, Willaert W, Ceelen W. Animal models of colorectal peritoneal metastasis. Pleura Peritoneum 2016; 1:23-43. [PMID: 30911606 DOI: 10.1515/pp-2016-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer remains an important cause of mortality worldwide. The presence of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) causes significant symptoms and is notoriously difficult to treat. Therefore, informative preclinical research into the mechanisms and possible novel treatment options of colorectal PC is essential in order to improve the prognostic outlook in these patients. Several syngeneic and xenograft animal models of colorectal PC were established, studying a wide range of experimental procedures and substances. Regrettably, more sophisticated models such as those giving rise to spontaneous PC or involving genetically engineered mice are lacking. Here, we provide an overview of all reported colorectal PC animal models and briefly discuss their use, strengths, and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Gremonprez
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wouter Willaert
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Ceelen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, 2K12 IC UZ Gent De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Germano PDM, Marcus VICOB, Md TI, Lidiane DSAUJ, D eacute bora CASVG, Rodrigo MDC, Dione C, M aacute rcia FCJP, Paulo MPF, Ana ECMC, Jaqueline NP, Alexandre F, Ivana G. Toxicogenetic profile of rats treated with aqueous extract from Morinda citrifolia fruits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/jmpr2015.6017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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17
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Braster R, Bögels M, Beelen RHJ, van Egmond M. The delicate balance of macrophages in colorectal cancer; their role in tumour development and therapeutic potential. Immunobiology 2015; 222:21-30. [PMID: 26358365 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most tumours are heavily infiltrated by immune cells. This has been correlated with either a good or a bad patient prognosis, depending on the (sub) type of immune cells. Macrophages represent one of the most prominent leukocyte populations in the majority of tumours. Functions of macrophages range from cytotoxicity, to stimulation of tumour growth by secretion of cytokines, growth and angiogenic factors, or suppressing immune responses. In most tumours macrophages are described as cells with immune suppressing, and wound healing properties, which aids tumour development. Yet, increasing evidence shows that macrophages are potent inhibitors of tumour growth in colorectal cancer. Macrophages in this respect show high plasticity. The presence of high macrophage numbers in the tumour may therefore become advantageous, if cells can be reprogrammed from tumour promoting macrophages into potent effector cells. Enhancing cytotoxic properties of macrophages by microbial products, pro-inflammatory cytokines or monoclonal antibody therapy are promising possibilities, and are currently tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Braster
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Bögels
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R H J Beelen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M van Egmond
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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18
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Khan MA, Assiri AM, Broering DC. Complement and macrophage crosstalk during process of angiogenesis in tumor progression. J Biomed Sci 2015. [PMID: 26198107 PMCID: PMC4511526 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system, which contains some of the most potent pro-inflammatory mediators in the tissue including the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a are the vital parts of innate immunity. Complement activation seems to play a more critical role in tumor development, but little attention has been given to the angiogenic balance of the activated complement mediators and macrophage polarization during tumor progression. The tumor growth mainly supported by the infiltration of M2- tumor-associated macrophages, and high levels of C3a and C5a, whereas M1-macrophages contribute to immune-mediated tumor suppression. Macrophages express a cognate receptors for both C3a and C5a on their cell surface, and specific binding of C3a and C5a affects the functional modulation and angiogenic properties. Activation of complement mediators induce angiogenesis, favors an immunosuppressive microenvironment, and activate cancer-associated signaling pathways to assist chronic inflammation. In this review manuscript, we highlighted the specific roles of complement activation and macrophage polarization during uncontrolled angiogenesis in tumor progression, and therefore blocking of complement mediators would be an alternative therapeutic option for treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Afzal Khan
- Department Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, MBC 03, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - A M Assiri
- Department Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, MBC 03, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - D C Broering
- Organ Transplant Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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19
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Kee JY, Ito A, Hojo S, Hashimoto I, Igarashi Y, Tsuneyama K, Tsukada K, Irimura T, Shibahara N, Takasaki I, Inujima A, Nakayama T, Yoshie O, Sakurai H, Saiki I, Koizumi K. CXCL16 suppresses liver metastasis of colorectal cancer by promoting TNF-α-induced apoptosis by tumor-associated macrophages. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:949. [PMID: 25495942 PMCID: PMC4300614 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inhibition of metastasis through upregulation of immune surveillance is a major purpose of chemokine gene therapy. In this study, we focused on a membrane-bound chemokine CXCL16, which has shown a correlation with a good prognosis for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Methods We generated a CXCL16-expressing metastatic CRC cell line and identified changes in TNF and apoptosis-related factors. To investigate the effect of CXCL16 on colorectal liver metastasis, we injected SL4-Cont and SL4-CXCL16 cells into intraportal vein in C57BL/6 mice and evaluated the metastasis. Moreover, we analyzed metastatic liver tissues using flow cytometry whether CXCL16 expression regulates the infiltration of M1 macrophages. Results CXCL16 expression enhanced TNF-α-induced apoptosis through activation of PARP and the caspase-3-mediated apoptotic pathway and through inactivation of the NF-κB-mediated survival pathway. Several genes were changed by CXCL16 expression, but we focused on IRF8, which is a regulator of apoptosis and the metastatic phenotype. We confirmed CXCL16 expression in SL4-CXCL16 cells and the correlation between CXCL16 and IRF8. Silencing of IRF8 significantly decreased TNF-α-induced apoptosis. Liver metastasis of SL4-CXCL16 cells was also inhibited by TNF-α-induced apoptosis through the induction of M1 macrophages, which released TNF-α. Our findings suggest that the accumulation of M1 macrophages and the enhancement of apoptosis by CXCL16 might be an effective dual approach against CRC liver metastasis. Conclusions Collectively, this study revealed that CXCL16 regulates immune surveillance and cell signaling. Therefore, we provide the first evidence of CXCL16 serving as an intracellular signaling molecule. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-949) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Keiichi Koizumi
- Division of Kampo Diagnostics, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
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20
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Perk AA, Shatynska-Mytsyk I, Gerçek YC, Boztaş K, Yazgan M, Fayyaz S, Farooqi AA. Rutin mediated targeting of signaling machinery in cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:124. [PMID: 25493075 PMCID: PMC4260193 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in our understanding of molecular oncology has started to shed light on dysregulation of spatio-temporally controlled signaling pathways, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, tumour and normal stem cell quiescence, overexpression of oncogenes, extracellular and stromal microenvironments, epigenetics and autophagy. Sequentially and characteristically it has been shown that cancer cells acquire the ability to escape from apoptotic cell death, proliferate uncontrollably, sustain angiogenesis and tactfully reconstitute intracellular pathways to avoid immune surveillance. We have attempted to provide a recent snapshot of most recent progress with emphasis on how rutin modulates wide ranging intracellular signaling cascades as evidenced by in-vitro and in-vivo research. It is worth describing that 'single-cell proteomics' analysis has further improved our understanding regarding intracellular signaling pathways frequently activated in cancer cells resistant to therapeutics and can provide biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Data obtained from preclinical studies will prove to be helpful for scientists to bridge basic and translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliye Aras Perk
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34460 Turkey
| | - Iryna Shatynska-Mytsyk
- Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Therapy Department, Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Yusuf Can Gerçek
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34460 Turkey
| | - Kadir Boztaş
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34460 Turkey
| | - Mevzule Yazgan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Division of Botany, Istanbul University, Istanbul, 34460 Turkey
| | - Sundas Fayyaz
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, 35 Km Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology and Personalized Medicine, Rashid Latif Medical College, 35 Km Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
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21
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Macrophage density and macrophage colony-stimulating factor expression predict the postoperative prognosis in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Surg Today 2014; 45:715-22. [PMID: 25052379 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-014-0989-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES Macrophages are included in the stromal compartments in various neoplasms, and their behavior against tumors is diverse. The aim of this study was to examine the role of tumor-infiltrating macrophages and their main regulator, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). METHODS Macrophage density and M-CSF expression in 39 resected ICC specimens were immunohistochemically evaluated in the central and peripheral areas of tumors, which were defined as fields more than and within 500 μm from the invasive front, respectively. The number of CD68-positive macrophages was counted using an image-analyzing software program. The relationship between these results and other clinicopathological factors and the postoperative prognosis were evaluated. RESULTS Sporadic M-CSF expression in cancer cells around the peripheral area was observed in fourteen patients. M-CSF-positive ICCs showed a higher macrophage density in the tumor-peripheral area than did M-CSF-negative ICCs. M-CSF expression and higher macrophage density in the tumor-peripheral area were related to a better postoperative prognosis, whereas a higher macrophage density in the central area was one of the significant risk factors for a poor prognosis in a univariate analysis. CONCLUSION Tumor-peripheral macrophage infiltration, presumably dependent on M-CSF, and M-CSF-independent tumor-central macrophage infiltration are predictive factors for better and worse postoperative prognosis in ICC patients, respectively. The tumor microenvironment, such as the presence of hypoxia, may affect the behavior of infiltrating macrophages in ICC.
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Chang CC, Lin BR, Wu TS, Jeng YM, Kuo ML. Input of microenvironmental regulation on colorectal cancer: Role of the CCN family. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:6826-6831. [PMID: 24944473 PMCID: PMC4051922 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i22.6826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health problem causing significant morbidity and mortality. Previous results from various studies indicate that CRC tumorigenicity encompasses tumor microenvironment, emphasizing the complex interacting network between cancer cells and nearby host cells, which triggers diverse signaling pathways to promote the growth and spread of cancer cells. The CCN family proteins share a uniform modular structure, mediating a variety of physiological functions, including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, adhesion, differentiation, and survival. Furthermore, CCN proteins are also involved in CRC initiation and development. Many studies have shown that CCN members, such as CCN1, CCN2, CCN3, Wnt-induced secreted protein (WISP)-1, WISP-2, and WISP-3, are dysregulated in CRC, which implies potential diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets clinically. In this review, we summarize the research findings on the role of CCN family proteins in CRC initiation, development, and progression, highlighting their potential for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic application.
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Wani N, Nasser MW, Ahirwar DK, Zhao H, Miao Z, Shilo K, Ganju RK. C-X-C motif chemokine 12/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 signaling regulates breast cancer growth and metastasis by modulating the tumor microenvironment. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 16:R54. [PMID: 24886617 PMCID: PMC4076630 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCL12) has been shown to bind to C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR7), the exact molecular mechanism regulations by CXCL12/CXCR7 axis in breast tumor growth and metastasis are not well understood. CXCR7 expression has been shown to be upregulated during pathological processes such as inflammation and cancer. Methods Breast cancer cell lines were genetically silenced or pharmacologically inhibited for CXCR7 and/or its downstream target signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). 4T1 or 4T1 downregulated for CXCR7 and 4T1.2 breast cancer cell lines were injected in mammary gland of BALB/c mice to form tumors, and the molecular pathways regulating tumor growth and metastasis were assessed. Results In this study, we observed that CXCL12 enhances CXCR7-mediated breast cancer migration. Furthermore, genetic silencing or pharmacologic inhibition of CXCR7 reduced breast tumor growth and metastasis. Further elucidation of mechanisms revealed that CXCR7 mediates tumor growth and metastasis by activating proinflammatory STAT3 signaling and angiogenic markers. Furthermore, enhanced breast tumorigenicity and invasiveness were associated with macrophage infiltration. CXCR7 recruits tumor-promoting macrophages (M2) to the tumor site through regulation of the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)/macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (MCSF-R) signaling pathway. In addition, CXCR7 regulated breast cancer metastasis by enhancing expression of metalloproteinases (MMP-9, MMP-2) and vascular cell-adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). We also observed that CXCR7 is highly expressed in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and metastatic breast tissue in human patient samples. In addition, high CXCR7 expression in tumors correlates with worse prognosis for both overall survival and lung metastasis-free survival in IDC patients. Conclusion These observations reveal that CXCR7 enhances breast cancer growth and metastasis via a novel pathway by modulating the tumor microenvironment. These findings identify CXCR7-mediated STAT3 activation and modulation of the tumor microenvironment as novel regulation of breast cancer growth and metastasis. These studies indicate that new strategies using CXCR7 inhibitors could be developed for antimetastatic therapy.
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Gene expression profiles in canine mammary carcinomas of various grades of malignancy. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:78. [PMID: 23587192 PMCID: PMC3691656 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The frequency of mammary malignancies in canine patients is even three times over than in human. In various types of cancer different intracellular signalling pathways are perturbed, thus the patients with pathologically the same type of cancer often have dissimilar genetic defects in their tumours and respond in a heterogeneous manner to anticancer treatment. That is why the objective of the hereby study was to assess the gene expression profiles in canine mammary carcinomas (in unsupervised manner) classified by pathologists as grade 1 (well differentiated), grade 2 (moderately differentiated) and grade 3 (poorly differentiated) and compare their molecular and pathological classifications. Results Our unsupervised analysis classified the examined tissues into three groups. The first one significantly differed from the others and consisted of four carcinomas of grade 3 and one carcinoma of grade 2. The second group consisted of four grade 1 carcinomas. The very heterogeneous (based on their pathological parameters) group was the last one which consisted of two grade 1 carcinomas, two grade 3 carcinomas and five grade 2 carcinomas. Hierarchical dendrogram showed that the most malignant tumour group had significantly distinct gene expression. Conclusions Molecular classification of canine mammary tumours is not identical with pathological classification. In our opinion molecular and pathological characterization of canine mammary malignancy can complement one another. However, furthers studies in this field are required.
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Markosyan N, Chen EP, Ndong VN, Yao Y, Sterner CJ, Chodosh LA, Lawson JA, Fitzgerald GA, Smyth EM. Deletion of cyclooxygenase 2 in mouse mammary epithelial cells delays breast cancer onset through augmentation of type 1 immune responses in tumors. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1441-9. [PMID: 21771729 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) 2, which is associated with >40% of breast cancers, decreases the risk of tumorigenesis and breast cancer recurrence. To study the role of COX-2 in breast cancer, we engineered mice that lack selectively mammary epithelial cell (MEC) COX-2 (COX-2 KO(MEC)). Compared with wild type (WT), MEC from COX-2 KO(MEC) mice expressed >90% less COX-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein and produced 90% less of the dominant pro-oncogenic COX-2 product, prostaglandin (PG) E(2). We confirmed COX-2 as the principle source of PGE(2) in MEC treated with selective COX-2 and COX-1 inhibitors. Tumors were induced in mice using medroxyprogesterone acetate and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Breast cancer onset was significantly delayed in COX-2 KO(MEC) compared with WT (P = 0.03), equivalent to the delay following systemic COX-2 inhibition with rofecoxib. Compared with WT, COX-2 KO(MEC) tumors showed increased mRNA for Caspase-3, Ki-67 and common markers for leukocytes (CD45) and macrophages (F4/80). Analysis of multiple markers/cytokines, namely CD86, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and Tim-3 indicated a shift toward antitumorigenic type 1 immune responses in COX-2 KO(MEC) tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed elevated expression of CD45, F4/80 and CD86 in COX-2 KO(MEC) tumors. Concordant with a role for COX-2 in restraining M1 macrophage polarization, CD86 and TNFα expression were offset by exogenous PGE(2) in bone marrow-derived macrophages polarized in vitro to the M1 phenotype. Our data reveal the importance of epithelial COX-2 in tumor promotion and indicate that deletion of epithelial COX-2 may skew tumor immunity toward type 1 responses, coincident with delayed tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nune Markosyan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Melancon MP, Lu W, Huang Q, Thapa P, Zhou D, Ng C, Li C. Targeted imaging of tumor-associated M2 macrophages using a macromolecular contrast agent PG-Gd-NIR813. Biomaterials 2010; 31:6567-73. [PMID: 20537382 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are diverse population containing multiple subtypes. M2 macrophages promote tumor growth and metastasis, in part by secreting a wide range of proangiogenic factors and growth factors. Selective depletion of M2 macrophages has been evaluated as a novel approach to anti-cancer therapy. In this study, a dual magneto-optical imaging probe, PG-Gd-NIR813 was synthesized and evaluated for non-invasive assessment of TAMs after intravenous injection. PG-Gd-NIR813 injected in nude rats bearing C6 tumors showed high uptake of the polymeric contrast agent in the tumor at 1 and 48 h after injection both in vivo and ex vivo optical imaging. T(1)-weighted MR imaging results showed accumulation of PG-Gd-NIR813 into the tumor necrotic area, which was confirmed by TUNEL staining of resected tumors. The uptake of PG-Gd-NIR813 within tumor necrosis decreased after animals were treated by the macrophage-depleting agent. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that PG-Gd-NIR813 colocalized with CD68 (marker for macrophages) and CD169 (marker for activated macrophages), but not with CD163 (residential macrophages). Using combined near-infrared fluorescence imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we demonstrated that the accumulation of PG-Gd-NIR813 in tumors was mediated through M2 TAMs. Therefore, poly(L-glutamic acid) based reagents could be potentially used to image response to antitumor therapies targeted at M2 TAMs. Furthermore, poly(L-glutamic acid) is a promising carrier for candidate immunotherapeutics targeting M2 TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marites P Melancon
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Zhou Q, Peng RQ, Wu XJ, Xia Q, Hou JH, Ding Y, Zhou QM, Zhang X, Pang ZZ, Wan DS, Zeng YX, Zhang XS. The density of macrophages in the invasive front is inversely correlated to liver metastasis in colon cancer. J Transl Med 2010; 8:13. [PMID: 20141634 PMCID: PMC2841127 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although an abundance of evidence has indicated that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are associated with a favorable prognosis in patients with colon cancer, it is still unknown how TAMs exert a protective effect. This study examined whether TAMs are involved in hepatic metastasis of colon cancer. Materials and methods One hundred and sixty cases of pathologically-confirmed specimens were obtained from colon carcinoma patients with TNM stage IIIB and IV between January 1997 and July 2004 at the Cancer Center of Sun Yat-Sen University. The density of macrophages in the invasive front (CD68TFHotspot) was scored with an immunohistochemical assay. The relationship between the CD68TFHotspot and the clinicopathologic parameters, the potential of hepatic metastasis, and the 5-year survival rate were analyzed. Results TAMs were associated with the incidence of hepatic metastasis and the 5-year survival rate in patients with colon cancers. Both univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that the CD68TFHotspot was independently prognostic of survival. A higher 5-year survival rate among patients with stage IIIB after radical resection occurred in patients with a higher macrophage infiltration in the invasive front (81.0%) than in those with a lower macrophage infiltration (48.6%). Most importantly, the CD68TFHotspot was associated with both the potential of hepatic metastasis and the interval between colon resection and the occurrence of hepatic metastasis. Conclusion This study showed evidence that TAMs infiltrated in the invasive front are associated with improvement in both hepatic metastasis and overall survival in colon cancer, implying that TAMs have protective potential in colon cancers and might serve as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 651 Dongfeng R E, 510060, Guangzhou, China
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Seelinger G, Merfort I, Wölfle U, Schempp CM. Anti-carcinogenic effects of the flavonoid luteolin. Molecules 2008; 13:2628-2651. [PMID: 18946424 PMCID: PMC6245397 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13102628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Luteolin is a flavonoid which is part of our daily nutrition in relatively low amounts (less than 1 mg/day). Nevertheless, some epidemiological studies suggest an inverse correlation between luteolin intake and the risk of some cancer types. Luteolin displays specific anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic effects, which can only partly be explained by its anti-oxidant and free radical scavenging capacities. Luteolin can delay or block the development of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by protection from carcinogenic stimuli, by inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, by induction of cell cycle arrest and by induction of apoptosis via intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways. When compared to other flavonoids, luteolin was usually among the most effective ones, inhibiting tumor cell proliferation with IC(50) values between 3 and 50 microM in vitro and in vivo by 5 to 10 mg/kg i.p., intragastric application of 0.1-0.3 mg/kg/d, or as food additive in concentrations of 50 to 200 ppm. Luteolin has been shown to penetrate into human skin, making it also a candidate for the prevention and treatment of skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, University of Freiburg, Germany; E-mail:
| | - Ute Wölfle
- Competence center skintegral, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany; E-mail:
| | - Christoph M. Schempp
- Competence center skintegral, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany; E-mail:
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Pollard JW. Macrophages define the invasive microenvironment in breast cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:623-30. [PMID: 18467655 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1107762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In many human cancers, the abundance of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment is correlated with poor prognosis. Experimental evidence for the causal relationship between macrophages and poor prognosis came from mouse models of breast cancer in which genetic ablation of macrophages resulted in attenuation of tumor progression and metastasis, and premature recruitment to hyperplastic lesions accelerated these processes. Malignancy is defined by the invasion of tumor cells into the stroma, a process that allows escape of these cells into the circulation and dissemination to distant sites. In this review, I argue that macrophages are recruited to the invasive front by expression of tumor-derived chemotactic factors and in response to the disruption of the basement membrane. At this invasive site, macrophages enhance tumor cell migration and invasion through their secretion of chemotactic and chemokinetic factors including epidermal growth factor (EGF). They promote angiogenesis by the synthesis of angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and they remodel the extracellular matrix and in particular, regulate collagen fibrillogenesis. A combination of these factors provides a triple-whammy, as the more mobile and invasive tumor cells track along collagen fibers that are also anchored to blood vessels, which are fabricated at sites of invasion and through which macrophages potentiate tumor cell intravasation. All of these activities suggest that macrophage functions are significant targets for the generation of novel therapeutics that should improve the current cytotoxic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Pollard
- Dept. Developmental and Molecular Biology, Center of Reproductive Biology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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