1
|
Zhu G, Song X, Sun Y, Xu Y, Xiao L, Wang Z, Sun Y, Zhang L, Zhang X, Geng Z, Qi Q, Wang Y, Wang L, Li J, Zuo L, Hu J. Esculentoside A ameliorates BSCB destruction in SCI rat by attenuating the TLR4 pathway in vascular endothelial cells. Exp Neurol 2023; 369:114536. [PMID: 37690527 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Overexpressed MMP-9 in vascular endothelial cells is involved in blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB) dysfunction in spinal cord injury (SCI). Esculentoside A (EsA) has anti-inflammatory and cell protective effects. This study aimed to evaluate its effects on neuromotor function in SCI rats, as well as the potential mechanisms. METHODS The therapeutic effect of EsA in SCI rats was investigated using Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores, a grid walk test and histological analyses. To assess the protective role of EsA in the BSCB and in oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced hBMECs, the BSCB function, tight junctions (TJ) protein (ZO-1 and claudin-5) expression, structure of the BSCB and Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression were observed via Evans blue (EB) detection, immunofluorescence analyses and western blotting. Molecular docking simulations and additional experiments were performed to explore the potential mechanisms by which EsA maintains the function of the BSCB in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS EsA treatment improved BBB scores, reduced cavity formation and the loss of neuronal cells, demonstrating an improvement in motor function in SCI rats. In vivo experiments showed that EsA decreased the infiltration of blood cells and inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) and protected the structure of TJs in the rat spinal cord and in OGD/R-induced hBMECs. EsA inhibited the activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling, which may be related to the protective effect of EsA against MMP-9-induced BSCB damage. CONCLUSIONS EsA downregulated MMP-9 expression in vascular endothelial cells, protected BSCB function in SCI rats and attenuated TLR4 signalling and thus provide new options for the treatment of SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xue Song
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yibo Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Linyu Xiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | | | - Yijie Sun
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | | | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhijun Geng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Yueyue Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lugen Zuo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Jianguo Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Inflammation-related Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang R, Pei T, Huang R, Xiao Y, Yan J, Zhu J, Zheng C, Xiao W, Huang C. Platycodon grandiflorum Triggers Antitumor Immunity by Restricting PD-1 Expression of CD8+ T Cells in Local Tumor Microenvironment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:774440. [PMID: 35496272 PMCID: PMC9046572 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.774440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment (TME), the activation of programmed death-1 (PD-1)–programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) pathway is one of the main signals of immune escape and tumor deterioration. Clinically, the application of monoclonal antibodies slows down the progression of various malignancies and prolongs the survival of patients effectively. However, these treatments result in serious immune-related adverse events (irAEs) owning to systemic immune activation. Therefore, to achieve long-term therapeutic effects and low side effects, it is necessary to find drugs inhibiting the local PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway of the TME. Here, we discovered that Platycodon grandiflorum (PG), a medicine and food homology herb, reduced the expression of PD-1 on the surface of CD8+ T cells to exert antitumor effects in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Firstly, by combining systems pharmacology strategies and clinical data analysis, we found that PG has the potential to immunomodulate T cells and suppress tumors. Secondly, in vivo and in vitro experiments have confirmed the antitumor effect of the combination of Platycodin D and Platycodin D3, which is preferred and representative of the compounds. Mechanistically, PG increased the infiltration and killing activity of CD8+ T cells, which was related to the decrease of PD-1+ CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, we confirmed that PG regulated the expression of PD-1 on the surface of CD8+ T cells via reducing the secretion of VEGF-A regulated by the level of P-STAT3 in tumor cells. Additionally, PG also positively impacted the biological processes downstream of STAT3. Overall, we demonstrated that PG-mediated downregulation of PD-1 on the surface of CD8+ T cells represents a promising strategy to locally enhance T-cell responses and improve antitumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Yang
- Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital Affiliated to Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tianli Pei
- Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital Affiliated to Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ruifei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiangna Yan
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jinglin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chunli Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Parmaceutical, Co, Ltd., Lianyungang, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Xiao, ; Chao Huang,
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- Lab of Systems Pharmacology, Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Xiao, ; Chao Huang,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Natural Products for Cancer Therapy: A Review of Their Mechanism of Actions and Toxicity in the Past Decade. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:5794350. [PMID: 35309872 PMCID: PMC8933079 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5794350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ethnopharmacological information gathered over many centuries and the presence of diverse metabolites have made the medicinal plants as the prime source of drugs. Despite the positive attributes of natural products, there are many questions pertaining to their mechanism of actions and molecular targets that impede their development as therapeutic agents. One of the major challenges in cancer research is the toxicity exerted by investigational agents towards the host. An understanding of their molecular targets, underlying mechanisms can reveal their anticancer efficacy, help in optimal therapeutic dose selection, to mitigate their side effects and toxicity towards the host. The purpose of this review is to collate details on natural products that are recently been investigated extensively in the past decade for their anticancer potential. Besides, critical analysis of their molecular targets and underlying mechanisms on multiple cancer cell lines, an in-depth probe of their toxicological screening on rodent models is outlined as well to observe the prevalence of their toxicity towards host. This review can provide valuable insights for researchers in developing methods, strategies during preclinical and clinical evaluation of anticancer candidates.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou Y, Farooqi AA, Xu B. Comprehensive review on signaling pathways of dietary saponins in cancer cells suppression. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-26. [PMID: 34751072 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2000933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nutrigenomics utilizes high-throughput genomic technologies to reveal changes in gene and protein levels. Excitingly, ever-growing body of scientific findings has provided sufficient evidence about the interplay between diet and genes. Cutting-edge research and advancements in genomics, epigenetics and metabolomics have deepened our understanding on the role of dietary factors in the inhibition of carcinogenesis and metastasis. Dietary saponins, a type of triterpene glycosides, are generally found in Platycodon grandifloras, Dioscorea oppositifolia, asparagus, legumes, and sea cucumber. Wealth of information has started to shed light on pleiotropic mechanistic roles of dietary saponins in cancer prevention and inhibition. In this review, we have attempted to summarize the in vitro research of dietary saponins in the last two decades by searching common databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The results showed that dietary saponins exerted anti-cancer activities via regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, arrest cell cycle, anti-proliferation, anti-metastasis, and anti-angiogenesis, by regulation of several critical signaling pathways, including MAPK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NF-κB, and VEGF/VEGFR. However, there is no data about the dosage of dietary saponins for practical anti-cancer effects in human bodies. Extensive clinical studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of dietary saponins for further commercial and medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhou
- Food Science and Technology Program, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sahu RK, Aboulthana WM, Mehta DK. Phyto-Phospholipid Complexation as a Novel Drug Delivery System for Management of Cancer with Better Bioavailability: Current Perspectives and Future Prospects. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:1403-1412. [PMID: 33176666 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620999201110191741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the foremost cause of death, and it supports the need for the identification of novel anticancer drugs to improve the efficacy of current-therapy. While the synthetic anticancer drug is associated with numerous side effects. Hence the plant active or phytoconstituents are in high demand for the treatment of cancer due to minimum side effects. But the polar nature of phytoconstituents hindered the absorption of the drug and lowered the therapeutic efficacy. The plant activity incorporated into Phyto-phospholipid Complexation can enhance bioavailability and improved therapeutic efficacy. In this review article, advantages, limitation and application of Phyto-phospholipid complexes have been illustrated. The article highlights the application of Phyto-phospholipid complexes as a promising drug carrier system to treat cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram K Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar, Assam, 788011, India
| | - Wael M Aboulthana
- Biochemistry Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., P.O. 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dinesh K Mehta
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be) University, Mullana-Ambala (HR), 133207, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cha SB, Li Y, Bae JS, Song SW, Lee IC, Kim JC. Evaluation of 13-week subchronic toxicity of Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. root extract in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113621. [PMID: 33246125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Platycodi radix is widely used in traditional herbal medicine for bronchitis, asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. However, data on safety of Platycodi radix are insufficient. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was performed to evaluate the potential subchronic toxicity of Platycodi radix water extract through a 13-week repeated oral dose experiment in Sprague-Dawley rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty male and 40 female rats were randomly assigned to four experimental groups: three treatment groups receiving 300, 1000, and 3000 mg/kg/day of Platycodi radix water extract and a vehicle control group receiving sterile distilled water for 13 weeks. RESULTS Repeated oral administration of the Platycodi radix water extract to rats resulted in an increased incidence of centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy in the liver, diffuse follicular cell hypertrophy in the thyroid gland, and squamous hyperplasia of the limiting ridge in the stomach at dose levels of ≥500 mg/kg/day of both genders. However, these findings are considered be adaptive non-adverse changes because these findings were observed without organ weight change or clinical pathology alterations. No treatment-related effects on clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumption, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, and organ weights were observed at any dose tested. CONCLUSION Under the present experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level of the Platycodi radix water extract was considered to be ≥ 3000 mg/kg/day in rats, and no target organs were identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Beom Cha
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Yinghua Li
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Sook Bae
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea.
| | - Si-Whan Song
- Nonclinical Research Center, ChemOn Inc., Yongin, 17162, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Chul Lee
- Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Project Team), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xiao S, Liu N, Yang X, Ji G, Li M. Polygalacin D suppresses esophageal squamous cell carcinoma growth and metastasis through regulating miR-142-5p/Nrf2 axis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 164:58-75. [PMID: 33307164 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common malignancy worldwide with poor survival. High expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an antioxidant transcript factor that protects malignant cells from death. Polygalacin D (PGD), a bioactive compound isolated from Platycodongrandiflorum (Jacq.), has recently been reported to be an anti-tumor agent. This study aimed to investigate the anti-cancer effects of PGD and its underlying molecular mechanisms in human ESCC. Here, we confirmed that Nrf2 was over-expressed in clinical ESCC tissues and cell lines. PGD treatments markedly reduced Nrf2 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner in ESCC cell lines. Importantly, we found that PGD significantly reduced proliferation, and induced G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in ESCC cells. Also, PGD dramatically triggered autophagy in ESCC cells, and autophagy inhibitor bafilomycinA1 (BafA1) greatly abrogated the inhibitory role of PGD in cell viability and apoptosis. In addition, PGD evidently provoked reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in ESCC cells, and pre-treatment of ROS scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) markedly abolished PGD-triggered cell death. PGD also dramatically repressed migration and invasion in ESCC cells. Mechanistic investigation revealed that Nrf2 gene was directly targeted by miR-142-5p. MiR-142-5p negatively regulated Nrf2 expression in ESCC cells. We notably found that PGD-inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion in ESCC were considerably rescued by miR-142-5p knockdown; however, ROS production, apoptosis and autophagy induced by PGD were almost eliminated when miR-142-5p was silenced. On the contrast, over-expressing miR-142-5p could remarkably promote the anti-ESCC effects of PGD. Experiments in vivo by the tumor xenograft model confirmed that miR-142-5p effectively improved the activity of PGD to repress tumor growth and lung metastasis. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that PGD had few side effects on normal cells and major organs. Collectively, our findings provided the first evidence that PGD could be an effective therapeutic strategy for ESCC treatment by regulating miR-142-5p/Nrf2 axis with few adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuao Xiao
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ni Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weinan Central Hospital, Middle Section of Shengli Street, 714000, Weinan, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuewen Yang
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gang Ji
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Mengbin Li
- Division of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 West Changle Road, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bioactive platycodins from Platycodonis Radix: Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicology and pharmacokinetics. Food Chem 2020; 327:127029. [PMID: 32450486 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Platycodonis Radix, the root of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC., is a well-known edible herbal medicine. It is a common vegetable used for the preparation of side dish, kimchi, dessert, and tea. Besides, it has been used to treat respiratory disease including cough, excessive phlegm, and sore throat for a long history. In the past decades, the bioactive components and the pharmacological activities of Platycodonis Radix have been widely investigated. Thereinto, platycodins, the oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins were demonstrated to be the main bioactive components in Platycodonis Radix, and more than 70 platycodins have been identified up to date. This paper mainly reviewed the phytochemistry, pharmacological activities (apophlegmatic, anti-tussive, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, cardiovascular protective, and hepatoprotective activities, etc.), toxicology and pharmacokinetics of platycodins isolated from Platycodonis Radix, aiming to promote further investigation on therapeutic potential of these platycodins.
Collapse
|
9
|
Khan T, Ali M, Khan A, Nisar P, Jan SA, Afridi S, Shinwari ZK. Anticancer Plants: A Review of the Active Phytochemicals, Applications in Animal Models, and Regulatory Aspects. Biomolecules 2019; 10:E47. [PMID: 31892257 PMCID: PMC7022400 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising burden of cancer worldwide calls for an alternative treatment solution. Herbal medicine provides a very feasible alternative to western medicine against cancer. This article reviews the selected plant species with active phytochemicals, the animal models used for these studies, and their regulatory aspects. This study is based on a meticulous literature review conducted through the search of relevant keywords in databases, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Twenty plants were selected based on defined selection criteria for their potent anticancer compounds. The detailed analysis of the research studies revealed that plants play an indispensable role in fighting different cancers such as breast, stomach, oral, colon, lung, hepatic, cervical, and blood cancer cell lines. The in vitro studies showed cancer cell inhibition through DNA damage and activation of apoptosis-inducing enzymes by the secondary metabolites in the plant extracts. Studies that reported in vivo activities of these plants showed remarkable results in the inhibition of cancer in animal models. Further studies should be performed on exploring more plants, their active compounds, and the mechanism of anticancer actions for use as standard herbal medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (P.N.); (S.A.); (Z.K.S.)
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Buner, Sowari 17290, Pakistan;
| | - Parveen Nisar
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (P.N.); (S.A.); (Z.K.S.)
| | - Sohail Ahmad Jan
- Department of Biotechnology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan;
| | - Shakeeb Afridi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (P.N.); (S.A.); (Z.K.S.)
| | - Zabta Khan Shinwari
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (P.N.); (S.A.); (Z.K.S.)
- National Council for Tibb, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Choi JH, Kim SM, Lee GH, Jin SW, Lee HS, Chung YC, Jeong HG. Platyconic Acid A, Platycodi Radix-Derived Saponin, Suppresses TGF-1-induced Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells via Blocking SMAD and Activating the PPAR Signaling Pathway. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121544. [PMID: 31795488 PMCID: PMC6952772 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycodi radix is a widely sold health food worldwide, which contains numerous phytochemicals that are beneficial to health. Previously, we reported that saponin from the roots of Platycodi radix-derived saponin inhibited toxicant-induced liver diseases. Nevertheless, the inhibitory effect of platyconic acid A (PA), the active component of Platycodi radix-derived saponin, on the anti-fibrotic activity involving the SMAD pathway remains unclear. We investigated the inhibitory effects of PA on TGF-β1-induced activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). PA inhibited TGF-β1-enhanced cell proliferation, as well as expression of α-SMA and collagen Iα1 in HSC-T6 cells. PA suppressed TGF-β1-induced smad2/3 phosphorylation and smad binding elements 4 (SBE4) luciferase activity. Reversely, PA restored TGF-β1-reduced expression of smad7 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ. PA also repressed TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Akt and MAPKs. In summary, the results suggest that the inhibitory effect of PA on HSCs occurs through the blocking of SMAD-dependent and SMAD-independent pathways, leading to the suppression of α-SMA and collagen Iα1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Choi
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.H.C.); (S.M.K.); (G.H.L.); (S.W.J.)
| | - Seul Mi Kim
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.H.C.); (S.M.K.); (G.H.L.); (S.W.J.)
| | - Gi Ho Lee
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.H.C.); (S.M.K.); (G.H.L.); (S.W.J.)
| | - Sun Woo Jin
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.H.C.); (S.M.K.); (G.H.L.); (S.W.J.)
| | - Hyun Sun Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang 28116, Korea;
| | - Young Chul Chung
- Department of Food and Medicine, College of Public Health and Natural Science, International University of Korea, Jinju 52833, Korea;
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.H.C.); (S.M.K.); (G.H.L.); (S.W.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-821-5936
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thang NV, Thu VK, Nhiem NX, Dung DT, Quang TH, Tai BH, Anh HLT, Yen PH, Ngan NTT, Hoang NH, Kiem PV. Oleanane-type Saponins from Glochidion hirsutum and Their Cytotoxic Activities. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [PMID: 28332769 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Five new oleanane-type saponins, hirsutosides A - E, were isolated from the leaves of Glochidion hirsutum (Roxb.) Voigt. Their structures were elucidated as 21β-benzoyloxy-3β,16β,23,28-tetrahydroxyolean-12-ene 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), 21β-benzoyloxy-3β,16β,23,28-tetrahydroxyolean-12-ene 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), 21β-benzoyloxy-3β,16β,23,28-tetrahydroxyolean-12-ene 3-O-6-acetyl-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (3), 21β-benzoyloxy-3β,16β,23,28-tetrahydroxyolean-12-ene 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-〈-l-arabinopyranoside (4), and 21β-benzoyloxy-3β,16β,23-trihydroxyolean-12-ene-28-al 3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 3)-α-l-arabinopyranoside (5). All isolated compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activities on four human cancer cell lines, HepG-2, A-549, MCF-7, and SW-626 using the SRB assay. Compounds 1, 2, 4, and 5 showed significant cytotoxic activities against all human cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 3.4 to 10.2 μm. Compound 3 containing acetyl group at glc C(6″) exhibited weak cytotoxic activity with IC50 values ranging from 47.0 to 54.4 μm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Thang
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vu Kim Thu
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hanoi University of Mining and Geology, Tuliem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Xuan Nhiem
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duong Thi Dung
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tran Hong Quang
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bui Huu Tai
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Le Tuan Anh
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pham Hai Yen
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thanh Ngan
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Huy Hoang
- Institute of Genome Research, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phan Van Kiem
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Amini E, Nabiuni M, Baharara J, Parivar K, Asili J. Metastatic Inhibitory and Radical Scavenging Efficacies of Saponins Extracted from the Brittle Star (Ophiocoma erinaceus). Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:4751-8. [PMID: 26107236 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.11.4751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinodermata use saponins in chemical defense against pathogens and predators. The molecular mechanisms of antimetastatic effects of brittle star saponins are still unknown. The present study examined antioxidant capacity and invasive ability in HeLa carcinoma cells exposed to brittle star crude saponins. Discolorating methods with DPPH and ABTS and expression of SOD-2 with RT-PCR were used to estimate the antioxidant activity. The anti-invasive activity of extracted saponins was examined through adhesion of HeLa cells to extracellular matrix, wound healing and evaluation of the mRNA levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 by real time-PCR. The results showed that extracted saponins had cytotoxicity against cervical cancer cells and ABTS and DPPH scavenging properties with IC50 values of 604.5, 1012 μg/ml, respectively. Further, we found that, in wound healing assay, brittle star saponins could prevent invasion of HeLa cells in a concentration dependent manner. Furthermore, cell adhesion assay demonstrated blockage of cell attachment to extracellular matrix with an IC50 concentration of 16.1μg/ml. The significant dose dependent down regulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in treated cells demonstrated that isolated saponins can decline tumor metastasis in vitro. The brittle star saponins remarkably prevented cervical cancer invasion and migration associated with down regulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression. Therefore, saponins could be suggested as an anti-invasive candidate against cervical cancer and an antioxidant as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Amini
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IranE-mail :
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Effect of Terminalia nigrovenulosa extracts and their isolated compounds on intracellular ROS generation and MMP expression in HT1080 cells. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
14
|
Shan JJ, Zou JS, Xie T, Kang A, Zhou W, Xu JY, Shen CS, Du LN, Wang SC, Di LQ. Effects of Gancao on pharmacokinetic profiles of platycodin D and deapio-platycodin D in Jiegeng. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 170:50-56. [PMID: 25980422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Jiegeng (Radix Platycodi), the dried root of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC (Campanulaceae), has been used to treat cough, sore throat, bronchitis, and bronchial asthma for thousands of years. It is commonly prescribed with Gancao (Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae) as a herbal combination in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to produce synergistic effects. AIM OF THE STUDY To elucidate the herbaceous compatibility of Jiegeng and Gancao, we investigated the comparative pharmacokinetics, intestinal absorption, and microbial metabolism of platycodin D (PD) and deapio-platycodin D (DPD), the platycodins contained in Jiegeng. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the comparative pharmacokinetic study, the concentrations of PD and DPD in Jiegeng extract (JE) and the Jiegeng-Gancao herb pair (JGHP) were determined in rat plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In addition, the main pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using data analysis software (DAS). Furthermore, in vitro studies using Caco-2 cells and fecal lysates were performed to contradistinguish the intestinal absorption and microbial metabolism of PD and DPD in JE from those in JGHP. RESULTS The peak concentration (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC) of PD in rats orally administrated JGHP significantly increased compared to that in rats treated with JE. In addition, the time to reach peak concentration (Tmax) and half-life (t1/2) of PD and DPD in combination with JGHP were all prolonged compared with those of JE. There was no significant difference in the absorption of PD between JE and JGHP in Caco-2 cells. However, the hydrolysis of both PD and DPD in JGHP were weaker than that in JE after a 2-h incubation in fecal lysate which might be responsible for the different pharmacokinetic profiles of the platycodins in JE and JGHP. CONCLUSION In this study, we discovered that Gancao might influence the pharmacokinetic profiles of PD and DPD in Jiegeng. Furthermore, the difference in profiles may be attributable to the inequable microbial metabolism rather than intestinal absorption of the platycodins in JE and JGHP. The results of this study elucidated the pharmacokinetic compatibility and rationale for the use of JGHP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jun Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jia-Shuang Zou
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing 210023, China; Changshu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Tong Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - An Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian-Ya Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cun-Si Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li-Na Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shou-Chuan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liu-Qing Di
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Institute of Pediatrics, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang L, Wang Y, Yang D, Zhang C, Zhang N, Li M, Liu Y. Platycodon grandiflorus - an ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 164:147-61. [PMID: 25666431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A. DC., the sole species in genus Platycodon A. DC. (Campanulaceae) has a long history of use as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatments of cough, phlegm, sore throat, lung abscess, chest pain, dysuria, and dysentery. As a legal medicine and dietary supplement, it is also frequently used as an ingredient in health foods and vegetable dishes. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date information on the botanical characterization and distribution, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicity of Platycodon grandiflorus based on literature published in recent years. It will build a foundation for further study of the mechanism of action and the development of better therapeutic agents and healthy products from Platycodon grandiflorus. MATERIAL AND METHODS All of the available information on Platycodon grandiflorus was collected via electronic search (using PubMed, SciFinder Scholar, CNKI, TPL (www.theplantlist.org), Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and Web of Science). RESULTS A comprehensive analysis of the literature obtained through the above-mentioned sources confirmed that ethno-medical uses of Platycodon grandiflorus have been recorded in China, Japan, Mongolia, and Korea for thousands of years. A phytochemical investigation revealed that this product contains steroidal saponins, flavonoids, polyacetylenes, sterols, phenolics, and other bioactive compounds. Crude extracts and pure compounds isolated from Platycodon grandiflorus exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and immunostimulatory effects. They also showed valuable bioactive effects, such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, hepatoprotective and cardiovascular system effects, among others. CONCLUSIONS In light of its long traditional use and the modern phytochemical and pharmacological studies summarized here, Platycodon grandiflorus has been demonstrated to show a strong potential for therapeutic and health-maintaining uses. Both the extracts and chemical components isolated from the plant showed a wide range of biological activities. Thus, more studies on the pharmacological mechanisms of its main active compounds (e.g., platycodin D, D2) need to be conducted. In addition, as one of the most popular traditional herbal medicines, clinical studies of the main therapeutic aspects, toxicity and adverse effects of Platycodon grandiflorus will also undoubtedly be the focus of future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Dawei Yang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Chunhong Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China
| | - Minhui Li
- Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014060, China.
| | - Yanze Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Choi JH, Jin SW, Kim HG, Choi CY, Lee HS, Ryu SY, Chung YC, Hwang YJ, Um YJ, Jeong TC, Jeong HG. Saponins, especially platyconic acid A, from Platycodon grandiflorum reduce airway inflammation in ovalbumin-induced mice and PMA-exposed A549 cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1468-1476. [PMID: 25590691 DOI: 10.1021/jf5043954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the inhibitory effects of Platycodon grandiflorum root-derived saponins (Changkil saponins: CKS) on ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in mice. CKS suppressed leukocytes number, IgE, Th1/Th2 cytokines, and MCP-1 chemokine secretion in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Also, ovalbumin-increased MUC5AC, MMP-2/9, and TIMP-1/-2 mRNA expression, NF-κB activation, leukocytes recruitment, and mucus secretion were inhibited by CKS treatment. Moreover, the active component of CKS, platyconic acid A (PA), suppressed PMA-induced MUC5AC mRNA expression (from 2.1 ± 0.2 to 1.1 ± 0.1) by inhibiting NF-κB activation (from 2.3 ± 0.2 to 1.2 ± 0.1) via Akt (from 3.7 ± 0.3 to 2.1 ± 0.2) (p < 0.01) in A549 cells. Therefore, we demonstrate that CKS or PA suppressed the development of respiratory inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling by reducing allergic responses, and they may be potential herbal drugs for allergen-induced respiratory disease prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Choi
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yamazaki S, Miyoshi N, Kawabata K, Yasuda M, Shimoi K. Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide inhibits noradrenaline-promoted invasion of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells by blocking β₂-adrenergic signaling. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 557:18-27. [PMID: 24929186 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous catecholamines such as adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) are released from the adrenal gland and sympathetic nervous system during exposure to stress. The adrenergic system plays a central role in stress signaling, and excessive stress was found to be associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overproduction of ROS induces oxidative damage in tissues and causes the development of diseases such as cancer. In this study, we investigated the effects of quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (Q3G), a circulating metabolite of quercetin, which is a type of natural flavonoid, on the catecholamine-induced β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR)-mediated response in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells expressing β2-AR. Treatment with A or NA at concentrations above 1μM generated significant levels of ROS, and NA treatment induced the gene expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and -9 (MMP9). Inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase (SB203580), cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) (H-89), activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor (SR11302), and NF-κB and AP-1 (Tanshinone IIA) decreased MMP2 and MMP9 gene expression. NA also enhanced cAMP induction, RAS activation and phosphorylation of ERK1/2. These results suggested that the cAMP-PKA, MAPK, and ROS-NF-κB pathways are involved in β2-AR signaling. Treatment with 0.1μM Q3G suppressed ROS generation, cAMP and RAS activation, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and the expression of HMOX1, MMP2, and MMP9 genes. Furthermore, Q3G (0.1μM) suppressed invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and MMP-9 induction, and inhibited the binding of [(3)H]-NA to β2-AR. These results suggest that Q3G may function to suppress invasion of breast cancer cells by controlling β2-adrenergic signaling, and may be a dietary chemopreventive factor for stress-related breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kyuichi Kawabata
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, 4-1-1 Matsuoka Kenjojima, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Michiko Yasuda
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Kayoko Shimoi
- Graduate School of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan; Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Choi JH, Hwang YP, Kim HG, Khanal T, Do MT, Jin SW, Han HJ, Lee HS, Lee YC, Chung YC, Jeong TC, Jeong HG. Saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum suppresses TGFβ1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition via repression of PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2 and Smad2/3 pathway in human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Nutr Cancer 2013; 66:140-51. [PMID: 24341702 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.853087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a multifunctional cytokine that induces growth arrest, tissue fibrosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through activation of Smad and non-Smad signaling pathways. EMT is the differentiation switch by which polarized epithelial cells differentiate into contractile and motile mesenchymal cells. Our previous studies have shown that saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (CKS) have antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antimetastatic, and hepatoprotective effects. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of CKS on TGFβ1-induced alterations characteristic of EMT in human lung carcinoma A549 cells. We found that CKS-treated cells displayed inhibited TGFβ1-mediated E-cadherin downregulation and Vimentin upregulation and also retained epithelial morphology. Furthermore, TGFβ1-increased Snail expression, a repressor of E-cadherin and an inducer of the EMT, was reduced by CKS. CKS inhibited TGFβ1-induced phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2, and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). Inhibition of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 also blocked TGFβ1-induced GSK-3β phosphorylation and Snail activation. Furthermore, TGFβ1-increased Snail expression was reduced by selective inhibitors of Akt and ERK1/2. Moreover, CKS treatment attenuated TGFβ1-induced Smad2/3 phosphorylation and upregulated Smad7 expression. These results indicate that pretreatment with the CKS inhibits the TGFβ1-induced EMT through PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2, GSK-3β and Smad2/3 in human lung carcinoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Choi
- a Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , Chungnam National University , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kim A, Im M, Yim NH, Jung YP, Ma JY. Aqueous extract of Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam inhibits PMA-induced tumor cell invasion and pulmonary metastasis: suppression of NF-κB activation through ROS signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78061. [PMID: 24205091 PMCID: PMC3810142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bamboo shavings (Bambusae Caulis in Taeniam, BCT) are widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine to control hypertension and cardiovascular disease, and to alleviate fever, vomiting, and diarrhea. It has been demonstrated that BCT reduces ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation by regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, and decreases tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice. However, the effects of BCT on the metastatic potential of malignant cancer cells and the detailed mechanism of its anti-metastatic activity have not been examined previously. In this study, we investigated whether an aqueous extract of BCT (AE-BCT) reduces the metastatic potential of HT1080 cells, and elucidated the underlying anti-metastatic mechanism. In addition, we examined whether AE-BCT administration inhibits pulmonary metastasis of intravenously injected B16F10 cells in C57BL/6J mice. AE-BCT (50–250 µg/ml) dose-dependently suppressed colony-forming activity under anchorage-dependent and -independent growth conditions. Pretreatment with AE-BCT efficiently inhibited cell migration, invasion, and adhesion. AE-BCT also dramatically suppressed PMA-induced MMP-9 activity and expression by blocking NF-κB activation and ERK phosphorylation. Production of intracellular ROS, a key regulator of NF-κB-induced MMP-9 activity, was almost completely blocked by pretreatment with AE-BCT. Furthermore, daily oral administration of AE-BCT at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg efficiently inhibited lung metastasis of B16F10 cells injected into the tail veins of C57BL/6J mice with no systemic toxicity. These results demonstrate that AE-BCT significantly reduced the metastatic activity of highly malignant cancer cells by suppressing MMP-9 activity via inhibition of ROS-mediated NF-κB activation. These results indicate that AE-BCT may be a safe natural product for treatment of metastatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aeyung Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Im
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hui Yim
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Pil Jung
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Based Herbal Drug Development Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nguyen VT, Qian ZJ, Ryu B, Kim KN, Kim D, Kim YM, Jeon YJ, Park WS, Choi IW, Kim GH, Je JY, Jung WK. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) inhibitory effects of an octameric oligopeptide isolated from abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Food Chem 2013; 141:503-9. [PMID: 23768386 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) is a marine gastropod, and an important fishery and food industrial resource that is massively maricultured in Asia, Africa, Australia and America. However, its health benefits have rarely been studied for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical application. In this study, the purified abalone oligopeptide (AOP) with anti-matrix metalloproteinases (anti-MMPs) effects was isolated from the digests of abalone intestine using recycle HPLC with a JAI W253 column and an OHpak SB-803 HQ column. The AOP was identified as Ala-Glu-Leu-Pro-Ser-Leu-Pro-Gly (MW=782.4 Da) with a de novo peptide sequencing technique using a tandem mass spectrometer. The AOP exhibited a specific inhibitory effect against MMP-2/-9 activity and attenuated protein expression of p50 and p65 in the human fibrosarcoma (HT1080) cells, dose-dependently. The results presented illustrate that the AOP could inhibit MMP-2/-9 expression in HT1080 cells via the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB)-mediated pathway. This data suggest that the AOP from H. discus hannai intestine may possess therapeutic and preventive potential for the treatment of MMPs-related disorders such as angiogenesis and cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Van-Tinh Nguyen
- Department of Marine Life Science and Marine Life Research & Education Center, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dong L, Luo Y, Cheng B, Zhang Y, Zhang N, Hou Y, Jiang M, Luo G, Bai G. Bioactivity-integrated ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the identification of nuclear factor-κB inhibitors and β2 adrenergic receptor agonists in Chinese medicinal preparation Chuanbeipipa dropping pills. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:960-7. [PMID: 23483566 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A simple and dual-target method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with dual-bioactive [nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and β2 -adrenergic receptor] luciferase reporter assay systems was developed to rapidly characterize the chemical structure of various bioactive compounds of TCM preparations. Chuanbeipipa dropping pills, a traditional Chinese medicine preparation used for the clinical therapy of chronic obstructive lung disease and cough caused by bronchial catarrh, was analyzed with this method. Potential anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic constituents were screened using NF-κB and β2 -adrenergic receptor activity luciferase reporter assay systems and simultaneously identified according to the time-of-flight mass spectrometry data. One β2-adrenergic receptor agonist (ephedrine) and two structural types of NF-κB inhibitors (platycosides derivatives and ursolic acid derivatives) were characterized. Platycodin D3 and E were considered new NF-κB inhibitors. Further cytokine and chemokine detection confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects of the potential NF-κB inhibitors. Compared with conventional fingerprints, activity-integrated fingerprints that contain both chemical and bioactive details offer a more comprehensive understanding of the chemical makeup of plant materials. This strategy clearly demonstrated that multiple bioactivity-integrated fingerprinting is a powerful tool for the improved screening and identification of potential multi-target lead compounds in complex herbal medicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hwang YP, Choi JH, Kim HG, Lee HS, Chung YC, Jeong HG. Saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum inhibit hepatic lipogenesis through induction of SIRT1 and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in high-glucose-induced HepG2 cells. Food Chem 2013; 140:115-23. [PMID: 23578622 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (Changkil saponins, CKS) have antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. This study investigated the effects of CKS on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and hepatic lipogenesis in HepG2 cells. CKS suppressed high-glucose-induced lipid accumulation and inhibited high-glucose-induced fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) expression in HepG2 cells. Moreover, the use of a pharmacological AMPK inhibitor revealed that AMPK is essential for the suppression of SREBP-1c expression in CKS-treated cells. Finally, the activation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ) and SIRT1 was necessary for CKS-enhanced activation of AMPK. These results indicate that CKS prevents lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells by blocking the expression of SREBP-1c and FAS through SIRT1 and CaMKKβ/AMPK activation. Using CKS to target AMPK activation may provide a promising approach for the prevention lipogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pil Hwang
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lee JH, Oh EK, Cho HD, Kim JY, Lee MK, Seo KI. Crude saponins from Platycodon grandiflorum induce apoptotic cell death in RC-58T/h/SA#4 prostate cancer cells through the activation of caspase cascades and apoptosis-inducing factor. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1421-8. [PMID: 23443329 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponins are a major active component of Platycodon grandiflorum (P. grandiflorum) and are known to induce apoptosis in metastatic prostate cancer cell lines. However, thus far, no research has been conducted on the anticancer activity of saponins in RC-58T/h/SA#4 primary prostate cancer cells. In this study, we show that the treatment of prostate cancer cells with saponins extracted from P. grandiflorum (SPG) inhibits cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. SPG significantly induced apoptotic cell death, resulting in an increase in the sub-G1 apoptotic cell population, apoptotic DNA fragmentation and morphological changes. Pre-treatment with a caspase inhibitor modestly attenuated the SPG-induced increase in the sub-G1 cell population, suggesting that caspases play a role in SPG-induced apoptosis. Moreover, SPG-induced apoptosis was associated with changes in caspase activity, the upregulation of the apoptotic protein, Bax and the downregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2. Furthermore, the caspase-independent mitochondrial apoptosis factor, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was upregulated following SPG treatment. These findings indicate that SPG exerts its anticancer effects on RC-58T/h/SA#4 primary prostate cancer cells through mitochondrial caspase-dependent and -independent apoptotic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hye Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-742, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sun H, Chen L, Wang J, Wang K, Zhou J. Structure–function relationship of the saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum for hemolytic and adjuvant activity. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:2047-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
25
|
Hwang YP, Kim HG, Choi JH, Han EH, Kwon KI, Lee YC, Choi JM, Chung YC, Jeong TC, Jeong HG. Saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum suppress ultraviolet A-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression via MAPKs and NF-κB/AP-1-dependent signaling in HaCaT cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3374-82. [PMID: 22005258 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum (CKS) have been shown to exhibit many pharmacological activities, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities and antioxidant effects. However, anti-skin photoaging effects of CKS have not yet been reported. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of CKS against UVA damage on immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT). We then explored the inhibitory effects of CKS on UVA-induced MMP-1 and investigated the molecular mechanism underlying those effects. CKS increased the cell viability and inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HaCaT cells exposed to UVA irradiation. Pre-treatment of HaCaT cells with CKS inhibited UVA-induced production of MMP-1 and MMP-9. In addition, CKS decreased UVA-induced expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. Western blot analysis further revealed that CKS markedly suppressed the enhancement of collagen degradation in UVA-exposed HaCaT cells. CKS also suppressed UVA-induced activation of NF-κB or c-Jun and c-Fos, and the phosphorylation of MAPKs, which are upstream modulators of NF-κB and AP-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pil Hwang
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhao Q, Liu ZD, Xue Y, Wang JF, Li H, Tang QJ, Wang YM, Dong P, Xue CH. Ds-echinoside A, a new triterpene glycoside derived from sea cucumber, exhibits antimetastatic activity via the inhibition of NF-κB-dependent MMP-9 and VEGF expressions. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2011; 12:534-44. [PMID: 21726060 PMCID: PMC3134607 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ds-echinoside A (DSEA), a non-sulfated triterpene glycoside, was isolated from the sea cucumber Pearsonothuria graeffei. In vitro and in vivo investigations were conducted on the effects of DSEA on tumor cell adhesion, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. In this study, we found that DSEA inhibited the proliferation of human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cells Hep G2, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 2.65 μmol/L, and suppressed Hep G2 cell adhesion, migration, and invasion in a dose-dependent manner. DSEA also reduced tube formation of human endothelial cells ECV-304 on matrigel in vitro and attenuated neovascularization in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay in vivo. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that DSEA significantly decreased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which plays an important role in the degradation of basement membrane in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. DSEA also increased the protein expression level of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), an important regulator of MMP-9 activation. From the results of Western blotting, the expressions of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were found to be remarkably reduced by DSEA. These findings suggest that DSEA exhibits a significant anti-metastatic activity through the specific inhibition of NF-κB-dependent MMP-9 and VEGF expressions.
Collapse
|
27
|
Ouyang K, Chen L, Sun H, Du J, Shi M. Screening and appraisal for immunological adjuvant-active fractions fromPlatycodon grandiflorumtotal saponins. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2011; 34:126-34. [DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2011.586704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
28
|
Choi JH, Hwang YP, Han EH, Kim HG, Park BH, Lee HS, Park BK, Lee YC, Chung YC, Jeong HG. Inhibition of acrolein-stimulated MUC5AC expression by Platycodon grandiflorum root-derived saponin in A549 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2157-66. [PMID: 21664222 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mucin overproduction is a hallmark of chronic airway diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this study, we investigated the inhibition of acrolein-induced expression of mucin 5, subtypes A and C (MUC5AC) by Changkil saponin (CKS) in A549 cells. Acrolein, a known toxin in tobacco smoke and an endogenous mediator of oxidative stress, increases the expression of airway MUC5AC, a major component of airway mucus. CKS, a Platycodon grandiflorum root-derived saponin, inhibited acrolein-induced MUC5AC expression and activity, through the suppression of NF-κB activation. CKS also repressed acrolein-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and p38MAPK, which are upstream signaling molecules that control MUC5AC expression. In addition, the MAPK inhibitors PD98059 (ERK1/2), SP600125 (JNK1/2), and SB203580 (p38 MAPK), and a PKC delta inhibitor (rottlerin; PKCδ) inhibited acrolein-induced MUC5AC expression and activity. CKS repressed acrolein-induced phosphorylation of PKCδ. Moreover, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor, N-acetylcysteine, inhibited acrolein-induced MUC5AC expression and activity through the suppression of PKCδ and MAPK activation, and CKS repressed acrolein-induced ROS production. These results suggest that CKS suppresses acrolein-induced MUC5AC expression by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB via ROS-PKCδ-MAPK signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Choi
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-dong, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Platycoside O, a new triterpenoid saponin from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. Molecules 2011; 16:4371-8. [PMID: 21617591 PMCID: PMC6264764 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16064371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new unusual minor triterpenoid saponin, platycoside O (1), was isolated from the 75% EtOH extract obtained from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum, together with four known saponins: platycoside M-3 (2), platycoside J (3), platycoside F (4) and platycoside B (5). The structure of 1 was determined as 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2β,3β,16α,23-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-24-methoxyl, 24-oxo-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside on the basis of spectral analysis and chemical evidence.
Collapse
|
30
|
Jang JR, Hwang SY, Lim SY. Inhibitory Effect of Extracts of Platycodon grandiflorum (the Ballon Flower) on Oxidation and Nitric Oxide Production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.11002/kjfp.2011.18.1.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
31
|
Hwang YP, Yun HJ, Choi JH, Han EH, Kim HG, Song GY, Kwon KI, Jeong TC, Jeong HG. Suppression of EGF-induced tumor cell migration and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression by capsaicin via the inhibition of EGFR-mediated FAK/Akt, PKC/Raf/ERK, p38 MAPK, and AP-1 signaling. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:594-605. [PMID: 21462327 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Capsaicin is a cancer-suppressing agent. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of capsaicin on tumor invasion and migration; the possible mechanisms involved in this inhibition were investigated in human fibrosarcoma cells. METHODS AND RESULTS We employed invasion, migration and gelatin zymography assays to characterize the effect of capsaicin on HT-1080 cells. Transient transfection assays and immunoblot analysis were performed to study its molecular mechanisms of action. Capsaicin inhibited the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-2, and further inhibited cell invasion and migration. Capsaicin decreased the EGF-induced expression of MMP-9, MMP-2, and MT1-MMP, but did not alter TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 levels. Capsaicin suppressed EGF-induced c-Jun and c-Fos nuclear translocation, and also abrogated the EGF-induced phosphorylation of EGF receptor (EGFR), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), protein kinase C (PKC), phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)/Akt, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, and JNK1/2, an upstream modulator of AP-1. Furthermore, the EGFR inhibitor inhibited EGF-induced MMP-9 expression, as well as AP-1 activity and cell migration. CONCLUSION Capsaicin inhibited the EGF-induced invasion and migration of human fibrosarcoma cells via EGFR-dependent FAK/Akt, PKC/Raf/ERK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and AP-1 signaling, leading to the down-regulation of MMP-9 expression. These results indicate the role of capsaicin as a potent anti-metastatic agent, which can markedly inhibit the metastatic and invasive capacity of fibrosarcoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Pil Hwang
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Choi YH, Yoo DS, Cha MR, Choi CW, Kim YS, Choi SU, Lee KR, Ryu SY. Antiproliferative effects of saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum on cultured human tumor cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2010; 73:1863-1867. [PMID: 20939516 DOI: 10.1021/np100496p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Three new triterpenoid saponins, platyconic acid B lactone (1), deapio-platyconic acid B lactone (2), and deapio-platycodin D(2) (3), together with 17 known triterpenoid saponins, were isolated from a root extract of Platycodon grandiflorum. The structures of 1-3 were determined on the basis of spectroscopic data interpretation and chemical transformation. Saponins with a platycodigenin or polygalacic acid unit as a sapogenin demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on the proliferation of a small panel of cultured human tumor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hee Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Taejeon 305-343, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Targeting inflammatory pathways by triterpenoids for prevention and treatment of cancer. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2428-66. [PMID: 22069560 PMCID: PMC3153165 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2102428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicine and diet has served mankind through the ages for prevention and treatment of most chronic diseases. Mounting evidence suggests that chronic inflammation mediates most chronic diseases, including cancer. More than other transcription factors, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and STAT3 have emerged as major regulators of inflammation, cellular transformation, and tumor cell survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Thus, agents that can inhibit NF-κB and STAT3 activation pathways have the potential to both prevent and treat cancer. In this review, we examine the potential of one group of compounds called triterpenes, derived from traditional medicine and diet for their ability to suppress inflammatory pathways linked to tumorigenesis. These triterpenes include avicins, betulinic acid, boswellic acid, celastrol, diosgenin, madecassic acid, maslinic acid, momordin, saikosaponins, platycodon, pristimerin, ursolic acid, and withanolide. This review thus supports the famous adage of Hippocrates, “Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food”.
Collapse
|
34
|
Luanpitpong S, Talbott SJ, Rojanasakul Y, Nimmannit U, Pongrakhananon V, Wang L, Chanvorachote P. Regulation of lung cancer cell migration and invasion by reactive oxygen species and caveolin-1. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:38832-40. [PMID: 20923773 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.124958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquired capability of tumor cells to migrate and invade neighboring tissues is associated with high metastatic potential and advanced stage of cancers. Recently, signaling molecules such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caveolin-1 (Cav-1) have been implicated in the aggressive behavior of cancer cells. However, the roles of specific ROS in cancer cell migration and Cav-1 regulation are unclear. We demonstrate here that Cav-1 plays an important role in the migration and invasion of human lung carcinoma H460 cells and that these effects are differentially regulated by cellular ROS. Using various known inhibitors and donors of ROS, we found that different ROS have different effects on Cav-1 expression and cell migration and invasion. Superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide down-regulated Cav-1 expression and inhibited cell migration and invasion, whereas hydroxyl radical up-regulated the Cav-1 expression and promoted cell migration and invasion. The down-regulating effect of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide on Cav-1 is mediated through a transcription-independent mechanism that involves protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. These results indicate the essential role of different ROS in cancer cell motility and through Cav-1 expression, which may provide a key mechanism controlling tumor progression and metastasis. The up-regulation of Cav-1 and cell motility by hydroxyl free radical suggests an important role of this ROS as a positive regulator of tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudjit Luanpitpong
- Pharmaceutical Technology (International) Program, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jang JR, Hwang SY, Lim SY. Effects of Extracts from Dried Yam on Antioxidant and Growth of Human Cancer Cell Lines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.5352/jls.2010.20.9.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
36
|
Jeong HM, Han EH, Jin YH, Hwang YP, Kim HG, Park BH, Kim JY, Chung YC, Lee KY, Jeong HG. Saponins from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum stimulate osteoblast differentiation via p38 MAPK- and ERK-dependent RUNX2 activation. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:3362-8. [PMID: 20828597 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Changkil (CK), the aqueous extract of the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum, has been used as a traditional oriental medicine for the treatment of chronic adult diseases. Although a saponin fraction derived from CK (CKS) has been suggested to have a variety of functional effects, its effect on bone is unknown. In the present study, the effects of CKS on osteoblast differentiation and function were determined by analyzing the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an osteoblast marker, and the regulation of RUNX2, a master gene of osteoblast differentiation, in a mesenchymal stem cell line. CKS upregulated ALP activity and the expression of osteogenic marker genes in C2C12 cells. In addition, CKS increased the expression and transcriptional activity of RUNX2. To determine which signaling pathways are involved in the osteogenic effects of CKS, we tested the effect of inhibitors of kinases known to regulate RUNX2. CKS-induced enhancement of RUNX2 and ALP was inhibited by treatment with a p38 inhibitor (SB203580) and an ERK inhibitor (U0126). These findings suggest that CKS stimulates osteoblast differentiation by activation of RUNX2 via mechanisms related to the p38 MAPK and ERK signaling pathways. The regulation of RUNX2 activation by CKS may be an important therapeutic target for osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Min Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yoon JH, Kim SA, Kim JI, Park JH, Ahn SG, Yoon JH. Inhibition of invasion and migration of salivary gland adenocarcinoma cells by 5'-nitro-indirubinoxime (5'-NIO). Head Neck 2010; 32:619-25. [PMID: 19827125 DOI: 10.1002/hed.21230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 5'-Nitro-indirubinoxime (5'-NIO) is a derivative of the bis-indole indirubin that exhibits anticancer activities. The present study investigated the anti-invasive action of 5'-NIO in salivary gland ductal adenocarcinoma, SGT cells. METHODS The wound-scratch, migration, and invasion assays were applied to determine the effect of 5'-NIO on the migration capacity and invasiveness of SGT cells. Reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot were performed to evaluate the impacts of 5'-NIO on the expression of beta1 integrin and matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 (gelatinase-A) and MMP-9 (gelatinase-B). RESULTS The viability of SGT cells was decreased by 5'-NIO in a dose-dependent manner, but not significant at the concentrations of 0.5 and 1 microM. Under the concentrations showing little cytotoxic effect, 5'-NIO exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the invasion and migration of SGT cells. Furthermore, 5'-NIO suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of beta1 integrin and MMP-2 and MMP-9. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that 5'-NIO, even at low concentrations, may effectively inhibit the invasion and migration of SGT cells by suppressing beta1 integrin-mediated signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Yoon
- Department of Pathology, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chemical study and medical application of saponins as anti-cancer agents. Fitoterapia 2010; 81:703-14. [PMID: 20550961 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are a group of naturally occurring plant glycosides, characterized by their strong foam-forming properties in aqueous solution. The presence of saponins has been reported in more than 100 families of plants out of which at least 150 kinds of natural saponins have been found to possess significant anti-cancer properties. There are more than 11 distinguished classes of saponins including dammaranes, tirucallanes, lupanes, hopanes, oleananes, taraxasteranes, ursanes, cycloartanes, lanostanes, cucurbitanes and steroids. Due to the great variability of their structures, saponins always display anti-tumorigenic effects through varieties of antitumor pathways. In addition, there are a large amount of saponins that still either remain to be trapped or studied in details by the medicinal chemists. This article reviews many such structures and their related chemistry along with the recent advances in understanding mechanism of action and structure-function relationships of saponins at the molecular and cellular levels. These aglycones have been described and their classification and distribution have been listed in the review. Some special saponins with strong antitumor effects have also been exhibited. Ginsenosides, belonging to dammaranes, have been found beneficial targeted on inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by suppressing its inducer in the endothelial cells of blood vessels, and then on prevention of adhering, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells. Dioscin, one of the steroidal saponins, and its aglycone diosgenin also have been extensively studied on its antitumor effect by cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Other important molecules discussed include oleanane saponins such as avicins, platycodons, saikosaponins, and soysaponins along with tubeimosides.
Collapse
|
39
|
Janani P, Sivakumari K, Geetha A, Yuvaraj S, Parthasarathy C. Bacoside A downregulates matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 28:164-9. [PMID: 20084675 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is a complex multi-step process, responsible for a majority of cancer-related deaths by affecting the critical organs and causing complications in therapies. Hepatocellular carcinoma is a multi-factorial disease and is the third most common cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that MMP-2 and MMP-9 are involved in tumor invasion and metastases and their elevated expression has been associated with poor prognosis. Our recent studies showed a strong anti-oxidant and hepatoprotective effects of bacoside A (BA) against carcinogen. Nevertheless the effect of BA on the activities and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 during hepatocellular carcinoma is not yet recognized. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the same. Results of gelatin zymography study showed that BA co-treatment significantly decreased the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9, which is increased during hepatocellular carcinoma. Further immunoblot analysis showed decreased expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in rats co-treated with BA compared to DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Our results reveal that BA exerts its anti-metastatic effect against DEN-induced hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting the activities and expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9.
Collapse
|
40
|
Monge M, Doll A, Colas E, Gil-Moreno A, Castellvi J, Garcia A, Colome N, Perez-Benavente A, Pedrola N, Lopez-Lopez R, Dolcet X, Ramon y Cajal S, Xercavins J, Matias-Guiu X, Canals F, Reventos J, Abal M. Subtractive proteomic approach to the endometrial carcinoma invasion front. J Proteome Res 2010; 8:4676-84. [PMID: 19691290 DOI: 10.1021/pr900390t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Tumor invasion defines the transition between tissue-restricted carcinomas, related to good outcome as optimal surgery becomes possible, and metastatic tumors associated with poor prognosis and a dramatic decrease in survival. In endometrial cancer, myometrial infiltration represents a determinant parameter highly valuable in prognosis. To date, the identification of proteins involved in endometrial carcinoma invasion has been essentially conducted by immunohistochemical methods, without a global perception on the invasive front. Laser microdissection presents nowadays limitations to the profound spatiotemporal regulation from both the tumor and the surrounding stroma occurring at the invasive front. In this work, we attempted an alternative proteomic approach to characterize specific components of the tumor invasive front or its reactive stroma, by comparing the invasive area of an endometrial carcinoma with the noninvasive superficial tumor area and normal tissue from the same patients. This strategy led us to identify proteins involved in cellular morphology, assembly and movement, differentially expressed at the invasive front, as well as pathways like cell-to-cell signaling and interaction and a modulated response to oxidative stress as events related to endometrial carcinoma invasion. In conclusion, we could identify new players of myometrial infiltration by applying a subtractive proteomic approach to the endometrial carcinoma invasion front.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Monge
- Biomedical Research Unit, Research Institute Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Holtan SG, Creedon DJ, Haluska P, Markovic SN. Cancer and Pregnancy: Parallels in Growth, Invasion, and Immune Modulation and Implications for Cancer Therapeutic Agents. Mayo Clin Proc 2009. [DOI: 10.4065/84.11.985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
42
|
Holtan SG, Creedon DJ, Haluska P, Markovic SN. Cancer and pregnancy: parallels in growth, invasion, and immune modulation and implications for cancer therapeutic agents. Mayo Clin Proc 2009; 84:985-1000. [PMID: 19880689 PMCID: PMC2770910 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-6196(11)60669-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many proliferative, invasive, and immune tolerance mechanisms that support normal human pregnancy are also exploited by malignancies to establish a nutrient supply and evade or edit the host immune response. In addition to the shared capacity for invading through normal tissues, both cancer cells and cells of the developing placenta create a microenvironment supportive of both immunologic privilege and angiogenesis. Systemic alterations in immunity are also detectable, particularly with respect to a helper T cell type 2 polarization evident in advanced cancers and midtrimester pregnancy. This review summarizes the similarities between growth and immune privilege in cancer and pregnancy and identifies areas for further investigation. Our PubMed search strategy included combinations of terms such as immune tolerance, pregnancy, cancer, cytokines, angiogenesis, and invasion. We did not place any restrictions on publication dates. The knowledge gained from analyzing similarities and differences between the physiologic state of pregnancy and the pathologic state of cancer could lead to identification of new potential targets for cancer therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Svetomir N. Markovic
- From the Division of Hematology (S.G.H., S.N.M.), Department of Oncology (S.G.H., P.H., S.N.M.), and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (D.J.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Han EH, Park JH, Kim JY, Chung YC, Jeong HG. Inhibitory mechanism of saponins derived from roots of Platycodon grandiflorum on anaphylactic reaction and IgE-mediated allergic response in mast cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1069-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|