1
|
Zhang Y, Guo W, Zhan Z, Bai O. Carcinogenic mechanisms of virus-associated lymphoma. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1361009. [PMID: 38482011 PMCID: PMC10932979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1361009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of lymphoma is a complex multistep process that integrates numerous experimental findings and clinical data that have not yet yielded a definitive explanation. Studies of oncogenic viruses can help to deepen insight into the pathogenesis of lymphoma, and identifying associations between lymphoma and viruses that are established and unidentified should lead to cellular and pharmacologically targeted antiviral strategies for treating malignant lymphoma. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of lymphomas associated with hepatitis B and C, Epstein-Barr, and human immunodeficiency viruses as well as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus to clarify the current status of basic information and recent advances in the development of virus-associated lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ou Bai
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Indari O, Ghosh S, Bal AS, James A, Garg M, Mishra A, Karmodiya K, Jha HC. Awakening the sleeping giant: Epstein-Barr virus reactivation by biological agents. Pathog Dis 2024; 82:ftae002. [PMID: 38281067 PMCID: PMC10901609 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) may cause harm in immunocompromised conditions or on stress stimuli. Various chemical agents have been utilized to induce the lytic cycle in EBV-infected cells. However, apart from chemical agents and external stress stimuli, certain infectious agents may reactivate the EBV. In addition, the acute infection of other pathogens may provide suitable conditions for EBV to thrive more and planting the roots for EBV-associated pathologies. Various bacteria such as periodontal pathogens like Aggregatibacter, Helicobacter pylori, etc. have shown to induce EBV reactivation either by triggering host cells directly or indirectly. Viruses such as Human simplex virus-1 (HSV) induce EBV reactivation by HSV US3 kinase while other viruses such as HIV, hepatitis virus, and even novel SARS-CoV-2 have also been reported to cause EBV reactivation. The eukaryotic pathogens such as Plasmodium falciparum and Aspergillus flavus can also reactivate EBV either by surface protein interaction or as an impact of aflatoxin, respectively. To highlight the underexplored niche of EBV reactivation by biological agents, we have comprehensively presented the related information in this review. This may help to shedding the light on the research gaps as well as to unveil yet unexplored mechanisms of EBV reactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omkar Indari
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol Campus, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Subhrojyoti Ghosh
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol Campus, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Adhiraj Singh Bal
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol Campus, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Ajay James
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol Campus, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Mehek Garg
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol Campus, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur 342037, India
| | - Krishanpal Karmodiya
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol Campus, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kutle I, Dittrich A, Wirth D. Mouse Models for Human Herpesviruses. Pathogens 2023; 12:953. [PMID: 37513800 PMCID: PMC10384569 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
More than one hundred herpesviruses have been isolated from different species so far, with nine infecting humans. Infections with herpesviruses are characterized by life-long latency and represent a significant challenge for human health. To investigate the consequences of infections and identify novel treatment options, in vivo models are of particular relevance. The mouse has emerged as an economical small animal model to investigate herpesvirus infections. However, except for herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2), human herpesviruses cannot infect mice. Three natural herpesviruses have been identified in mice: mouse-derived cytomegalovirus (MCMV), mouse herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68), and mouse roseolovirus (MRV). These orthologues are broadly used to investigate herpesvirus infections within the natural host. In the last few decades, immunocompromised mouse models have been developed, allowing the functional engraftment of various human cells and tissues. These xenograft mice represent valuable model systems to investigate human-restricted viruses, making them particularly relevant for herpesvirus research. In this review, we describe the various mouse models used to study human herpesviruses, thereby highlighting their potential and limitations. Emphasis is laid on xenograft mouse models, covering the development and refinement of immune-compromised mice and their application in herpesvirus research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Kutle
- Research Group Model Systems for Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne Dittrich
- Research Group Model Systems for Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- InSCREENeX GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wirth
- Research Group Model Systems for Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Berhan A, Bayleyegn B, Getaneh Z. HIV/AIDS Associated Lymphoma: Review. Blood Lymphat Cancer 2022; 12:31-45. [PMID: 35517869 PMCID: PMC9063794 DOI: 10.2147/blctt.s361320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma is one of the hematologic malignancies that occur at a higher rate in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. It is one of the most frequent neoplastic causes of death in those individuals. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Hodgkin’s lymphomas are acquired immunodeficiency syndrome defining lymphoma and non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome defining lymphoma, respectively. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is the most common type of lymphoma in human immunodeficiency virus-positive people. The lymphoma that develops in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is heterogeneous in terms of morphology, pathogenesis pathways, and cellular derivation. A narrative review was conducted on the basis of relevant literature on the current topic to summarize the current epidemiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of lymphoma in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. The finding showed that although the incidence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma has decreased after the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy, it has remained higher in human immunodeficiency virus-infected people than in the general population. On the other hand, the incidence of Hodgkin’s lymphoma has increased after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Therefore, it is recommended that people living with human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome be screened for the development of lymphoma to increase their survival time and quality of life, and further research is required regarding the pathogenesis, treatment, and laboratory diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayenew Berhan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Ayenew Berhan, Tel +251910613151, Email
| | - Biruk Bayleyegn
- Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zegeye Getaneh
- Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Biggi AFB, Elgui de Oliveira D. The Epstein-Barr Virus Hacks Immune Checkpoints: Evidence and Consequences for Lymphoproliferative Disorders and Cancers. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030397. [PMID: 35327589 PMCID: PMC8946074 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is a gammaherpesvirus involved in the etiopathogenesis of a variety of human cancers, mostly of lymphoid and epithelial origin. The EBV infection participates in both cell transformation and tumor progression, also playing an important role in subverting immune responses against cancers. The homeostasis of the immune system is tightly regulated by inhibitory mechanisms affecting key immune effectors, such as T lymphocytes and NK cells. Collectively known as immune checkpoints, these mechanisms rely on a set of cellular receptors and ligands. These molecules may be candidate targets for immune checkpoints blockade—an emergent and promising modality of immunotherapy already proven to be valuable for a variety of human cancers. The EBV was lately suspected to interfere with the expression of immune checkpoint molecules, notably PD-1 and its ligands, found to be overexpressed in cases of Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal, and gastric adenocarcinomas associated with the viral infection. Even though there is compelling evidence showing that the EBV interferes with other immune checkpoint regulators (e.g., CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIM-3, and VISTA), the published data are still scarce. Herein, we discuss the current state of the knowledge on how the EBV interferes with the activity of immune checkpoints regulators, as well as its implications considering the immune checkpoints blockade for clinical management of the EBV-associated malignancies, notably lymphomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Deilson Elgui de Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, SP, Brazil
- ViriCan, Institute for Biotechnology (IBTEC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18607-440, SP, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-14-3880-1573
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis in one patient with newly diagnosed HIV infection and Kaposi's sarcoma: a case report and literature review. J Hematop 2021; 14:171-175. [PMID: 33777257 PMCID: PMC7979465 DOI: 10.1007/s12308-021-00447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a very rare B cell lymphoproliferative disease associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection. It is related to states of immunosuppression and affects the lung in more than 90% of cases, forcing the clinician to establish a differential diagnosis with other diseases such as infections, Wegener's granulomatosis, lymphoma, or lung metastases. There is no standard treatment for this disease. In this paper, we describe a rare case of a patient with grade 3 lymphomatoid granulomatosis with newly diagnosed HIV infection who started antiretroviral treatment with a gradual improvement of the lesions.
Collapse
|
7
|
Blumenthal MJ, Cornejo Castro EM, Whitby D, Katz AA, Schäfer G. Evidence for altered host genetic factors in KSHV infection and KSHV-related disease development. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2160. [PMID: 33043529 PMCID: PMC8047912 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), the most common AIDS-related malignancy. It also causes other rare, but certainly underreported, KSHV-associated pathologies, namely primary effusion lymphoma, multicentric Castleman disease and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome. Epidemiology and pathogenicity studies point to the potential for host genetic predisposition to KSHV infection and/or the subsequent development of KSHV-associated pathologies partly explaining the peculiar geographic and population-specific incidence of KSHV and associated pathologies and discrepancies in KSHV exposure and infection and KSHV infection and disease development. This review consolidates the current knowledge of host genetic factors involved in the KSHV-driven pathogenesis. Studies reviewed here indicate a plausible connection between KSHV susceptibility and host genetic factors that affect either viral access to host cells via entry mechanisms or host innate immunity to viral infection. Subsequent to infection, KSHV-associated pathogenesis, reviewed here primarily in the context of KS, is likely influenced by an orchestrated concert of innate immune system interactions, downstream inflammatory pathways and oncogenic mechanisms. The association studies reviewed here point to interesting candidate genes that may prove important in achieving a more nuanced understanding of the pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting of KSHV and associated diseases. Recent studies on host genetic factors suggest numerous candidate genes strongly associated with KSHV infection or subsequent disease development, particularly innate immune system mediators. Taken together, these contribute toward our understanding of the geographic prevalence and population susceptibility to KSHV and KSHV-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J. Blumenthal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyCape TownSouth Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Elena Maria Cornejo Castro
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical ResearchFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickMarylandUSA
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical ResearchFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchFrederickMarylandUSA
| | - Arieh A. Katz
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Georgia Schäfer
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyCape TownSouth Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular MedicineUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu W, Zhang Y, Luo B. Long Non-coding RNAs in Gammaherpesvirus Infections: Their Roles in Tumorigenic Mechanisms. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:604536. [PMID: 33519750 PMCID: PMC7843584 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.604536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) regulate gene expression at the epigenetic, transcriptional, or posttranscriptional level by interacting with protein, DNA, and RNA. Emerging evidence suggests that various lncRNAs are abnormally expressed and play indispensable roles in virus-triggered cancers. Besides, a growing number of studies have shown that virus-encoded lncRNAs participate in tumorigenesis. However, the functions of most lncRNAs in tumors caused by oncogenic viruses and their underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize current findings regarding lncRNAs involved in cancers caused by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). Additionally, we discuss the contribution of lncRNAs to tumor occurrence, development, invasion, and metastasis; the roles of lncRNAs in key signaling pathways and their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for tumor diagnostics and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ahluwalia A, Bondili L, Salamera J, Cholankeril M. Unraveling the Mystery of Gray Zone Lymphoma in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Seropositive Patients: Two Cases. J Hematol 2020; 9:132-136. [PMID: 33224393 PMCID: PMC7665863 DOI: 10.14740/jh554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gray zone lymphoma (GZL) is an uncommon neoplasm with intermediate features of both classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). It was identified in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification as its own neoplasm in 2008. Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been rarely diagnosed with this type of lymphoma and treatment strategies for this subset of patients is not well described. Here we present two cases of patients with HIV that were diagnosed with GZL in a single community-based institution. A 68-year-old male with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) presented with 6-month history of dyspnea and weight loss. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest revealed multiple lung and mediastinal lesions, the largest measuring 9.4 × 5.5 cm lesion in the right perihilar region. Lymph node biopsy revealed abnormal lymphocytes with immunohistochemistry (IHC) positive for cluster of differentiation 30 (CD30), CD20 and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), consistent with a diagnosis of GZL. The patient received dose-adjusted etoposide, doxorubicin, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, prednisone, and rituximab (DA-EPOCH-R) and attained a complete response. He since completed maintenance rituximab therapy and remains disease-free at 33 months. A 40-year-old female with HIV/AIDS on HAART presented with high-grade fever, dyspnea, and weight loss. CT imaging revealed multiple lung lesions, hepatosplenomegaly and diffuse lymphadenopathy in the chest and abdomen. Lymph node and bone marrow biopsy revealed cells positive for CD20, CD30, and EBV within atypical lymphoid cells. With this, a diagnosis of GZL was made and she was treated with DA-EPOCH-R. She attained a complete response and was on maintenance rituximab therapy. At 9 months she relapsed, she has now received a bone marrow transplant. GZL is a rarely described neoplasm within the HIV population. Here we describe two HIV patients diagnosed with GZL that were successfully treated at our institution. DA-EPOCH-R was able to induce durable remission with limited side effects and it represents a viable strategy for treating patients in this population. Further studies need to be performed to better characterize this lymphoma, especially in HIV patients. Treatment strategies for this select group of patients also need to be better defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amith Ahluwalia
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Trinitas Regional Medical Center, Elizabeth, NJ 07202, USA
| | - Leena Bondili
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Trinitas Regional Medical Center, Elizabeth, NJ 07202, USA
| | - Julius Salamera
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Trinitas Regional Medical Center, Elizabeth, NJ 07202, USA
| | - Michelle Cholankeril
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Trinitas Regional Medical Center, Elizabeth, NJ 07202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vaughan J, Perner Y, Mayne E, Wiggill T. Plasmablastic lymphoma in Johannesburg, South Africa, in the era of widescale antiretroviral therapy use. HIV Med 2020; 22:225-230. [PMID: 33022825 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a clinically aggressive lymphoma which has a predilection for extranodal sites and is frequently HIV-associated. The incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is thought to be reduced by widescale antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage, but the literature is sparse as regards the impact of ART on the incidence of PBL and its outcomes in South Africa (SA). This study aimed to compare factors of interest in cases of PBL diagnosed before and after the widespread availability of ART in Johannesburg, SA. METHODS All cases of PBL diagnosed in the state sector hospitals of Johannesburg in 2007 and 2017 (before and after the widespread availability of ART, respectively) were extracted from the laboratory information system, and factors of interest compared. RESULTS The majority (> 95%) of cases of PBL were seen among people with HIV infection (PWH) at both time-points, and the proportion of patients on ART and with virological suppression (VS) increased significantly in 2017. However, the number of cases of PBL did not differ significantly between the two years assessed, comprising 46/397 (11.6%) and 53/582 (9.6%) of all lymphomas in 2007 and 2017, respectively (P = 0.23). Ongoing risk for PBL among PWH with virological control and immunological recovery was evident in 2017, as 18.9% of the patients had both VS and CD4 counts > 200 cells/μL at diagnosis. Inferior survival times were associated with elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) negativity, but were not influenced by the presence of AIDS, ART or VS. EBV negativity was significantly associated with VS, and appeared to flag a particularly aggressive form of the disease. CONCLUSIONS Widescale ART coverage has not reduced the incidence of PBL in Johannesburg, and an ongoing risk for this disease among PWH with adequate virological control and immunological recovery persists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Vaughan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Y Perner
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Anatomical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - E Mayne
- Department of Immunology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Immunology, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - T Wiggill
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Haematology, National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
HIV-1 Tat Interacts with a Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Reactivation-Upregulated Antiangiogenic Long Noncoding RNA, LINC00313, and Antagonizes Its Function. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01280-19. [PMID: 31723026 PMCID: PMC7000985 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01280-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KS is a prevalent tumor associated with infections with two distinct viruses, KSHV and HIV. Since KSHV and HIV infect distinct cell types, the virus-virus interaction associated with KS formation has focused on secretory factors. HIV Tat is a well-known RNA binding protein secreted by HIV. Here, we revealed LINC00313, an lncRNA upregulated during KSHV lytic reactivation, as a novel HIV Tat-interacting lncRNA that potentially mediates HIV-KSHV interactions. We found that LINC00313 can repress endothelial cell angiogenesis-related properties potentially by interacting with chromatin remodeling complex PRC2 and downregulation of cell migration-regulating genes. An interaction between HIV Tat and LINC00313 contributed to the dissociation of PRC2 from LINC00313 and the disinhibition of LINC00313-induced repression of cell motility. Given that lncRNAs are emerging as key players in tissue physiology and disease progression, including cancer, the mechanism identified in this study may help decipher the mechanisms underlying KS pathogenesis induced by HIV and KSHV coinfection. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), an AIDS-defining cancer with abnormal angiogenesis. The high incidence of KS in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected AIDS patients has been ascribed to an interaction between HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and KSHV, focusing on secretory proteins. The HIV-1 secreted protein HIV Tat has been found to synergize with KSHV lytic proteins to induce angiogenesis. However, the impact and underlying mechanisms of HIV Tat in KSHV-infected endothelial cells undergoing viral lytic reactivation remain unclear. Here, we identified LINC00313 as a novel KSHV reactivation-activated long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that interacts with HIV Tat. We found that LINC00313 overexpression inhibits cell migration, invasion, and tube formation, and this suppressive effect was relieved by HIV Tat. In addition, LINC00313 bound to polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) complex components, and this interaction was disrupted by HIV Tat, suggesting that LINC00313 may mediate transcription repression through recruitment of PRC2 and that HIV Tat alleviates repression through disruption of this association. This notion was further supported by bioinformatics analysis of transcriptome profiles in LINC00313 overexpression combined with HIV Tat treatment. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) showed that LINC00313 overexpression negatively regulates cell movement and migration pathways, and enrichment of these pathways was absent in the presence of HIV Tat. Collectively, our results illustrate that an angiogenic repressive lncRNA, LINC00313, which is upregulated during KSHV reactivation, interacts with HIV Tat to promote endothelial cell motility. These results demonstrate that an lncRNA serves as a novel connector in HIV-KSHV interactions. IMPORTANCE KS is a prevalent tumor associated with infections with two distinct viruses, KSHV and HIV. Since KSHV and HIV infect distinct cell types, the virus-virus interaction associated with KS formation has focused on secretory factors. HIV Tat is a well-known RNA binding protein secreted by HIV. Here, we revealed LINC00313, an lncRNA upregulated during KSHV lytic reactivation, as a novel HIV Tat-interacting lncRNA that potentially mediates HIV-KSHV interactions. We found that LINC00313 can repress endothelial cell angiogenesis-related properties potentially by interacting with chromatin remodeling complex PRC2 and downregulation of cell migration-regulating genes. An interaction between HIV Tat and LINC00313 contributed to the dissociation of PRC2 from LINC00313 and the disinhibition of LINC00313-induced repression of cell motility. Given that lncRNAs are emerging as key players in tissue physiology and disease progression, including cancer, the mechanism identified in this study may help decipher the mechanisms underlying KS pathogenesis induced by HIV and KSHV coinfection.
Collapse
|
12
|
Lopes ADO, Lima LRP, Tozetto-Mendoza TR, Martinelli KG, Morgado MG, Pilotto JH, de Paula VS. Low prevalence of human gammaherpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection among HIV-infected pregnant women in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 34:3458-3461. [PMID: 31747817 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1685967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pregnant women coinfected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human gammaherpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) are at higher risk of Kaposi's sarcoma development, increased viral load, and vertical transmission of these viruses. A total of 131 pregnant women infected with HIV were examined for antibodies against HHV-8 latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) and lytic antigens using immunofluorescence assays. The presence of HHV-8 DNA was confirmed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and nested PCR. Overall, 0.8% (1/131) of the patients contained antibodies to HHV-8 LANA and lytic antigens, and no HHV-8 DNA was detected. This study, including a small population of HIV-infected pregnant women in Brazil, indicates a low prevalence of HHV-8 seropositivity and absence of active infection in this group. However, a potential role of HHV-8 in the increased transmission and pathogenic activity of HIV in pregnant women is suggested. Attention should be given to the emergence of HHV-8 infection in this population group in order to avoid comorbidities and transmission of HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda de O Lopes
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lyana R P Lima
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tania R Tozetto-Mendoza
- Laboratório de Virologia, LIM52, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katrini G Martinelli
- Departamento de Medicina Social, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Mariza G Morgado
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José H Pilotto
- Laboratório de AIDS e Imunologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Hospital Geral de Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa S de Paula
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Roles of DDX5 in the tumorigenesis, proliferation, differentiation, metastasis and pathway regulation of human malignancies. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1871:85-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
14
|
Toll-like receptor 9 polymorphism is associated with increased Epstein-Barr virus and Cytomegalovirus acquisition in HIV-exposed infants. AIDS 2018; 32:267-270. [PMID: 29112074 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
: Polymorphisms in the Toll-like receptor 9 1635 locus have been associated with HIV-1 acquisition and progression. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) acquisition were compared between Kenyan HIV-exposed infants by 1635 genotype. Having one or more copies of the 1635A allele was associated with increased CMV acquisition in HIV-infected infants (42 vs. 11%, P = 0.03) and increased risk of EBV acquisition in HIV-exposed uninfected infants (hazard ratio = 4.2, P = 0.02) compared with 1635GG. In addition, 1635A was associated with 0.4 log10 copies/ml lower median EBV levels in HIV-infected infants (P = 0.03). These data suggest a potentially important role for this locus in primary herpesvirus infection.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hessol NA, Ma D, Scheer S, Hsu LC, Schwarcz SK. Changing temporal trends in non-AIDS cancer mortality among people diagnosed with AIDS: San Francisco, California, 1996-2013. Cancer Epidemiol 2017; 52:20-27. [PMID: 29175052 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced AIDS-defining cancer (ADC) mortality, but its effect on non-AIDS-defining cancer (NADC) mortality is unclear. To help inform cancer prevention and screening, we evaluated trends in NADC mortality among people with AIDS (PWA) in the ART era. METHODS This retrospective cohort study analyzed AIDS surveillance data, including causes of death from death certificates, for PWA in San Francisco who died in 1996-2013. Proportional mortality ratios (PMRs), and year, age, race, sex-adjusted standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for 1996-1999, 2000-2005, and 2006-2013, corresponding to advances in ART. RESULTS The study included 5822 deceased PWA of whom 90% were male and 68% were aged 35-54 at time of death. Over time, the PMRs significantly decreased for ADCs (2.6%, 1.4%, 1.2%) and increased for NADCs (4.3%, 7.0%, 12.3%). For all years combined (1996-2013) and compared to the California population, significantly elevated SMRs were observed for these cancers: all NADCs combined (2.1), anal (58.4), Hodgkin lymphoma (10.5), liver (5.2), lung/larynx (3.0), rectal (5.2), and tongue (4.7). Over time, the SMRs for liver cancer (SMR 19.8, 11.2, 5.0) significantly decreased while the SMRs remained significantly elevated over population levels for anal (SMR 123, 48.2, 45.5), liver (SMR 19.8, 11.2, 5.0), and lung/larynx cancer (SMR 5.3, 4.7, 3.6). CONCLUSION A decline in ADC PMRs and increase in NADC PMRs represent a shift in the cancer burden, likely due to ART use. Moreover, given their elevated SMRs, anal, liver, and lung/larynx cancer remain targets for improved cancer prevention, screening, and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Hessol
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacy and of Medicine, University of California, 3333 California Street, Suite 420, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0613, USA.
| | - Danning Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, 3333 California Street, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0613, USA
| | - Susan Scheer
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, 25 Van Ness Avenue, Suite 500, San Francisco, CA, 94102-6012, USA
| | - Ling C Hsu
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, 25 Van Ness Avenue, Suite 500, San Francisco, CA, 94102-6012, USA
| | - Sandra K Schwarcz
- San Francisco Department of Public Health, 25 Van Ness Avenue, Suite 500, San Francisco, CA, 94102-6012, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
A single amino acid substitution confers B-cell clonogenic activity to the HIV-1 matrix protein p17. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6555. [PMID: 28747658 PMCID: PMC5529431 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data highlight the presence, in HIV-1-seropositive patients with lymphoma, of p17 variants (vp17s) endowed with B-cell clonogenicity, suggesting a role of vp17s in lymphomagenesis. We investigated the mechanisms responsible for the functional disparity on B cells between a wild-type p17 (refp17) and a vp17 named S75X. Here, we show that a single Arginine (R) to Glycine (G) mutation at position 76 in the refp17 backbone (p17R76G), as in the S75X variant, is per se sufficient to confer a B-cell clonogenic potential to the viral protein and modulate, through activation of the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, different molecules involved in apoptosis inhibition (CASP-9, CASP-7, DFF-45, NPM, YWHAZ, Src, PAX2, MAPK8), cell cycle promotion and cancer progression (CDK1, CDK2, CDK8, CHEK1, CHEK2, GSK-3 beta, NPM, PAK1, PP2C-alpha). Moreover, the only R to G mutation at position 76 was found to strongly impact on protein folding and oligomerization by altering the hydrogen bond network. This generates a conformational shift in the p17 R76G mutant which enables a functional epitope(s), masked in refp17, to elicit B-cell growth-promoting signals after its interaction with a still unknown receptor(s). Our findings offer new opportunities to understand the molecular mechanisms accounting for the B-cell growth-promoting activity of vp17s.
Collapse
|
17
|
Vyshenska D, Lam KC, Shulzhenko N, Morgun A. Interplay between viruses and bacterial microbiota in cancer development. Semin Immunol 2017; 32:14-24. [PMID: 28602713 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During the last few decades we have become accustomed to the idea that viruses can cause tumors. It is much less considered and discussed, however, that most people infected with oncoviruses will never develop cancer. Therefore, the genetic and environmental factors that tip the scales from clearance of viral infection to development of cancer are currently an area of active investigation. Microbiota has recently emerged as a potentially critical factor that would affect this balance by increasing or decreasing the ability of viral infection to promote carcinogenesis. In this review, we provide a model of microbiome contribution to the development of oncogenic viral infections and viral associated cancers, give examples of this process in human tumors, and describe the challenges that prevent progress in the field as well as their potential solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dariia Vyshenska
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 1601 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Khiem C Lam
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 1601 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Natalia Shulzhenko
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 208 Dryden Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Andrey Morgun
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, 1601 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Primary lymphocyte infection models for KSHV and its putative tumorigenesis mechanisms in B cell lymphomas. J Microbiol 2017; 55:319-329. [PMID: 28455586 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-017-7075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the latest addition to the human herpesvirus family. Unlike alpha- and beta-herpesvirus subfamily members, gamma-herpesviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and KSHV, cause various tumors in humans. KSHV primarily infects endothelial and B cells in vivo, and is associated with at least three malignancies: Kaposi's sarcoma and two B cell lymphomas, respectively. Although KSHV readily infects endothelial cells in vitro and thus its pathogenic mechanisms have been extensively studied, B cells had been refractory to KSHV infection. As such, functions of KSHV genes have mostly been elucidated in endothelial cells in the context of viral infection but not in B cells. Whether KSHV oncogenes, defined in endothelial cells, play the same roles in the tumorigenesis of B cells remains an open question. Only recently, through a few ground-breaking studies, B cell infection models have been established. In this review, those models will be compared and contrasted and putative mechanisms of KSHV-induced B cell transformation will be discussed.
Collapse
|
19
|
Linke-Serinsöz E, Fend F, Quintanilla-Martinez L. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) related lymphomas, pathology view point. Semin Diagn Pathol 2017; 34:352-363. [PMID: 28506687 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) to the development of specific types of malignant lymphomas occurring in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) setting has been extensively studied since the beginning of the HIV epidemic 35 years ago. The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) in 1996 has changed dramatically the incidence of HIV-related malignancies. Nevertheless, malignant lymphomas continue to be the major group of malignances observed in HIV infected individuals, and the most common cause of cancer related-deaths. Common features of the predominant B-cell lymphomas in the HIV+ setting are the frequent plasmacytoid morphology of the neoplastic cells, advanced stage, aggressive disease and frequent extranodal involvement. In this article, we review the evolving concepts and definitions of the various EBV-associated lymphomas in HIV+ patients, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, classical Hodgkin lymphoma, plasmablastic lymphoma and primary effusion lymphoma. The current knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of these malignancies, the interplay between HIV and EBV co-infection in the development of certain HIV related lymphomas, and the emerging paradigm that suggests that HIV may play a direct role in lymphomagenesis are explored as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Linke-Serinsöz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Du Y, Yu J, Du L, Tang J, Feng WH. Cordycepin enhances Epstein–Barr virus lytic infection and Epstein–Barr virus-positive tumor treatment efficacy by doxorubicin. Cancer Lett 2016; 376:240-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
21
|
Taylor JG, Liapis K, Gribben JG. The role of the tumor microenvironment in HIV-associated lymphomas. Biomark Med 2016; 9:473-82. [PMID: 25985176 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.15.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been considerable interest in the role of the lymphoma microenvironment. Despite the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), AIDS-related diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma remains common and HIV-relatedHIV-associated classical Hodgkin's lymphoma is increasing in incidence. Less is known about the impact HIV and HAART have on the lymphoma microenvironment. AIDS-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is highly angiogenic, demonstrates increased lymphoblastic histology, proliferation, increased activated cytotoxic T cells, reduced CD4(+) and FOXP3(+) T cells, but no differences in tumor-associated macrophages. Early initiation of HAART improves immunosurveillance, but cases without viral antigens appear able to avoid immunologic reaction. Increased T cell infiltrates seen with HAART treatment in HIV-related classical Hodgkin's lymphoma may contribute to malignant cell growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Taylor
- 1Barts Cancer Institute, Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Konstantinos Liapis
- 1Barts Cancer Institute, Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John G Gribben
- 1Barts Cancer Institute, Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wu L, Zhang X, Zhao Z, Wang L, Li B, Li G, Dean M, Yu Q, Wang Y, Lin X, Rao W, Mei Z, Li Y, Jiang R, Yang H, Li F, Xie G, Xu L, Wu K, Zhang J, Chen J, Wang T, Kristiansen K, Zhang X, Li Y, Yang H, Wang J, Hou Y, Xu X. Full-length single-cell RNA-seq applied to a viral human cancer: applications to HPV expression and splicing analysis in HeLa S3 cells. Gigascience 2015; 4:51. [PMID: 26550473 PMCID: PMC4635585 DOI: 10.1186/s13742-015-0091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Viral infection causes multiple forms of human cancer, and HPV infection is the primary factor in cervical carcinomas. Recent single-cell RNA-seq studies highlight the tumor heterogeneity present in most cancers, but virally induced tumors have not been studied. HeLa is a well characterized HPV+ cervical cancer cell line. Result We developed a new high throughput platform to prepare single-cell RNA on a nanoliter scale based on a customized microwell chip. Using this method, we successfully amplified full-length transcripts of 669 single HeLa S3 cells and 40 of them were randomly selected to perform single-cell RNA sequencing. Based on these data, we obtained a comprehensive understanding of the heterogeneity of HeLa S3 cells in gene expression, alternative splicing and fusions. Furthermore, we identified a high diversity of HPV-18 expression and splicing at the single-cell level. By co-expression analysis we identified 283 E6, E7 co-regulated genes, including CDC25, PCNA, PLK4, BUB1B and IRF1 known to interact with HPV viral proteins. Conclusion Our results reveal the heterogeneity of a virus-infected cell line. It not only provides a transcriptome characterization of HeLa S3 cells at the single cell level, but is a demonstration of the power of single cell RNA-seq analysis of virally infected cells and cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13742-015-0091-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China ; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Zhikun Zhao
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China ; State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China ; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032 China
| | - Bo Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Guibo Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China ; Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1599 Denmark
| | - Michael Dean
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Building 560, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Qichao Yu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China ; BGI-Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | | | | | | | | | - Yang Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | | | - Huan Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | | | | | - Liqin Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Kui Wu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Jie Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Jianghao Chen
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032 China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032 China
| | | | - Xiuqing Zhang
- The Guangdong Enterprise Key Laboratory of Human Disease Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| | - Yingrui Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China ; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China ; James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Jian Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China ; James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Yong Hou
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China ; Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1599 Denmark
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083 China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Although in decline after successful anti-HIV therapy, B-cell lymphomas are still elevated in HIV-1-seropositive (HIV+) persons, and the mechanisms are obscure. The HIV-1 matrix protein p17 persists in germinal centers long after HIV-1 drug suppression, and some p17 variants (vp17s) activate Akt signaling and promote growth of transformed B cells. Here we show that vp17s derived from four of five non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) tissues from HIV+ subjects display potent B-cell growth-promoting activity. They are characterized by amino acid insertions at position 117-118 (Ala-Ala) or 125-126 (Gly-Asn or Gly-Gln-Ala-Asn-Gln-Asn) among some other mutations throughout the sequence. Identical dominant vp17s are found in both tumor and plasma. Three of seven plasma samples from an independent set of NHL cases manifested multiple Ala insertions at position 117-118, and one with the Ala-Ala profile also promoted B-cell growth and activated Akt signaling. Ultradeep pyrosequencing showed that vp17s with C-terminal insertions are more frequently detected in plasma of HIV+ subjects with than without NHL. Insertion of Ala-Ala at position 117-118 into reference p17 (refp17) was sufficient to confer B-cell growth-promoting activity. In contrast, refp17 bearing the Gly-Asn insertion at position 125-126 did not, suggesting that mutations not restricted to the C terminus can also account for this activity. Biophysical analysis revealed that the Ala-Ala insertion mutant is destabilized compared with refp17, whereas the Gly-Asn form is stabilized. This finding provides an avenue for further exploration of structure function relationships and new treatment strategies in combating HIV-1-related NHL.
Collapse
|
24
|
Yao S, Hu M, Hao T, Li W, Xue X, Xue M, Zhu X, Zhou F, Qin D, Yan Q, Zhu J, Gao SJ, Lu C. MiRNA-891a-5p mediates HIV-1 Tat and KSHV Orf-K1 synergistic induction of angiogenesis by activating NF-κB signaling. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:9362-78. [PMID: 26446987 PMCID: PMC4627096 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-infection with HIV-1 and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the cause of aggressive AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS) characterized by abnormal angiogenesis. The impact of HIV-1 and KSHV interaction on the pathogenesis and extensive angiogenesis of AIDS-KS remains unclear. Here, we explored the synergistic effect of HIV-1 Tat and KSHV oncogene Orf-K1 on angiogenesis. Our results showed that soluble Tat or ectopic expression of Tat enhanced K1-induced cell proliferation, microtubule formation and angiogenesis in chorioallantoic membrane and nude mice models. Mechanistic studies revealed that Tat promoted K1-induced angiogenesis by enhancing NF-κB signaling. Mechanistically, we showed that Tat synergized with K1 to induce the expression of miR-891a-5p, which directly targeted IκBα 3′ untranslated region, leading to NF-κB activation. Consequently, inhibition of miR-891a-5p increased IκBα level, prevented nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and ultimately suppressed the synergistic effect of Tat- and K1-induced angiogenesis. Our results illustrate that, by targeting IκBα to activate the NF-κB pathway, miR-891a-5p mediates Tat and K1 synergistic induction of angiogenesis. Therefore, the miR-891a-5p/NF-κB pathway is important in the pathogenesis of AIDS-KS, which could be an attractive therapeutic target for AIDS-KS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuihong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China Medical School, Quzhou College of Technology, Quzhou 324000, P.R. China
| | - Minmin Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Hao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221000, P.R. China
| | - Wan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xue Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Min Xue
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Di Qin
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Chun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
De Paoli P, Carbone A. Microenvironmental abnormalities induced by viral cooperation: Impact on lymphomagenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 34:70-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
26
|
Ertl R, Korb M, Langbein-Detsch I, Klein D. Prevalence and risk factors of gammaherpesvirus infection in domestic cats in Central Europe. Virol J 2015; 12:146. [PMID: 26377918 PMCID: PMC4574186 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) are a large group of dsDNA viruses that can infect humans and several animal species. The two human GHVs, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus are known for their oncogenic properties in individuals with immunodeficiency. Recently, the first feline GHV, Felis catus gammaherpesvirus 1 (FcaGHV1) was discovered and frequently found in domestic cats in Australia, Singapore and the USA. FcaGHV1 is more likely to be detected in cats co-infected with the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). FINDINGS The prevalence of FcaGHV1 in pet cats from Germany and Austria was 16.2 % (95 % CI = 12.38-20.02). The odds for GHV infection were greater for FIV positive (OR = 4.5), male (OR = 13.32) and older (OR = 2.36) cats. Furthermore, FcaGHV1 viral loads were significantly higher in FIV-infected cats compared to matched controls. CONCLUSIONS GHV infections are common in domestic cats in Central Europe. The worldwide distribution of FcaGHV1 can be assumed. A potential role as a co-factor in FIV-induced pathogeneses is supported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Ertl
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Melanie Korb
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Dieter Klein
- VetCore Facility for Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ferraz da Silva AP, Giron LB, Ramos da Silva S, Naime Barbosa A, Almeida RAMDB, Elgui de Oliveira D. Human gammaherpesviruses viraemia in HIV infected patients. J Clin Pathol 2015; 68:726-32. [PMID: 25979989 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are consistently associated with lymphoproliferative diseases and cancers in humans, notably in patients with HIV. AIMS Our aim was to evaluate whether EBV and/or KSHV viral loads regularly assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) correlate with clinical or laboratorial parameters retrieved for patients living with HIV. METHODS This was a longitudinal study with a cohort of 157 HIV positive patients attending an academic HIV outpatient clinic in São Paulo State, Brazil. For each patient, up to four blood samples were collected over a 1 year clinical follow-up: on enrolment into the study, and after 4, 8 and 12 months. Total DNA was extracted from PBMC, and EBV and KSHV viral loads were assessed by real time quantitative PCR. RESULTS Higher viral loads for EBV were significantly associated with high HIV viraemia, a greater number of circulating T CD8+ cells and lack of virological response to the antiretroviral treatment. KSHV viral load was undetectable in virtually all samples. CONCLUSIONS EBV viral load in PBMC correlated with the number of circulating T CD8+ lymphocytes and the response to the antiretroviral therapy in HIV infected patients. In contrast, KSHV was undetectable in PBMC, presumably an effect of the antiretroviral treatment. Therefore, either KSHV infection in the population studied was absent or viral load in PBMC was beyond the analytical limit of the assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Ferraz da Silva
- Pathology Department at Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Leila Bertoni Giron
- Pathology Department at Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Suzane Ramos da Silva
- Pathology Department at Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Naime Barbosa
- Tropical Diseases and Diagnostic Imaging Department at Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Deilson Elgui de Oliveira
- Pathology Department at Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil Biotechnology Institute (IBTEC), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Cordiali-Fei P, Trento E, Giovanetti M, Lo Presti A, Latini A, Giuliani M, D'Agosto G, Bordignon V, Cella E, Farchi F, Ferraro C, Lesnoni La Parola I, Cota C, Sperduti I, Vento A, Cristaudo A, Ciccozzi M, Ensoli F. Analysis of the ORFK1 hypervariable regions reveal distinct HHV-8 clustering in Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Kaposi's cases. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2015; 34:1. [PMID: 25592960 PMCID: PMC4311464 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0119-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Classical Kaposi’s Sarcoma (cKS) is a rare vascular tumor, which develops in subjects infected with Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8). Beside the host predisposing factors, viral genetic variants might possibly be related to disease development. The aim of this study was to identify HHV-8 variants in patients with cKS or in HHV-8 infected subjects either asymptomatic or with cKS-unrelated cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders. Methods The VR1 and VR2 regions of the ORF K1 sequence were analyzed in samples (peripheral blood and/or lesional tissue) collected between 2000 and 2010 from 27 subjects with HHV-8 infection, established by the presence of anti-HHV-8 antibodies. On the basis of viral genotyping, a phylogenetic analysis and a time-scaled evaluation were performed. Results Two main clades of HHV-8, corresponding to A and C subtypes, were identified. Moreover, for each subtype, two main clusters were found distinctively associated to cKS or non-cKS subjects. Selective pressure analysis showed twelve sites of the K1 coding gene (VR1 and VR2 regions) under positive selective pressure and one site under negative pressure. Conclusion Thus, present data suggest that HHV-8 genetic variants may influence the susceptibility to cKS in individuals with HHV-8 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cordiali-Fei
- Clinical Pathology and Microbiology, San Gallicano Dermatology Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Type I interferon signaling enhances CD8+ T cell effector function and differentiation during murine gammaherpesvirus 68 infection. J Virol 2014; 88:14040-9. [PMID: 25253356 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02360-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED CD8(+) T cell responses are critical to the control of replication and reactivation associated with gammaherpesvirus infection. Type I interferons (IFNs) have been shown to have direct and indirect roles in supporting CD8(+) T cell development and function during viral infection; however, the role of type I interferons during latent viral infection has not been examined. Mice deficient in type I IFN signaling (IFNAR1(-/-) mice) have high levels of reactivation during infection with murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a murine gammaherpesvirus model for Epstein-Barr virus. We hypothesized that type I IFNs function to enhance the anti-gammaherpesvirus CD8(+) T cell response. To test this, IFNAR1(-/-) mice were infected with MHV68 and the CD8(+) T cell response was analyzed. In the absence of type I IFN signaling, there was a marked increase in short-lived effector CD8(+) T cells, and MHV68-specific CD8(+) T cells had upregulated expression of PD-1 and reduced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), gamma IFN (IFN-γ), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. Suppressing MHV68 replication early in infection using the antiviral cidofovir rescued CD8(+) T cell cytokine production and reduced PD-1 expression. However, suppressing high levels of reactivation in IFNAR1(-/-) mice failed to improve CD8(+) T cell cytokine production during latency. T cell-specific abrogation of type I IFN signaling showed that the effects of type I IFNs on the CD8(+) T cell response during MHV68 infection are independent of direct type I IFN signaling on T cells. Our findings support a model in which type I IFNs likely suppress MHV68 replication, thus limiting viral antigen and facilitating an effective gammaherpesvirus-directed CD8(+) T cell response. IMPORTANCE The murine gammaherpesvirus MHV68 has both genetic and biologic homology to the human gammaherpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which infects over 90% of humans. Latent EBV infection and reactivation are associated with various life-threatening diseases and malignancies. Host suppression of gammaherpesvirus latency and reactivation requires both CD8(+) T cells as well as type I interferon signaling. Type I IFNs have been shown to critically support the antiviral CD8(+) T cell response in other virus models. Here, we identify an indirect role for type I IFN signaling in enhancing gammaherpesvirus-specific CD8(+) T cell cytokine production. Further, this function of type I IFN signaling can be partially rescued by suppressing viral replication during early MHV68 infection. Our data suggest that type I IFN signaling on non-T cells can enhance CD8(+) T cell function during gammaherpesvirus infection, potentially through suppression of MHV68 replication.
Collapse
|
31
|
Berges BK, Tanner A. Modelling of human herpesvirus infections in humanized mice. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2106-2117. [PMID: 25053560 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.067793-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human herpesviruses (HHVs) are remarkably successful human pathogens, with some members of the family successfully establishing infection in the vast majority of humans worldwide. Although many HHV infections result in asymptomatic infection or mild disease, there are rare cases of severe disease and death found with nearly every HHV. Many of the pathogenic mechanisms of these viruses are poorly understood, and in many cases, effective antiviral drugs are lacking. Only a single vaccine exists for the HHVs and researchers have been unable to develop treatments to cure the persistent infections associated with HHVs. A major hindrance to HHV research has been the lack of suitable animal models, with the notable exception of the herpes simplex viruses. One promising area for HHV research is the use of humanized mouse models, in which human cells or tissues are transplanted into immunodeficient mice. Current humanized mouse models mostly transplant human haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), resulting in the production of a variety of human immune cells. Although all HHVs are thought to infect human immune cells, the beta- and gammaherpesviruses extensively infect and establish latency in these cells. Thus, mice humanized with HSCs hold great promise to study these herpesviruses. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on the use of both older and newer humanized mouse models to study HHV infections. The focus is on current developments in using humanized mice to study mechanisms of HHV-induced pathogenesis, human immune responses to HHVs and effectiveness of antiviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradford K Berges
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Anne Tanner
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Carbone A, De Paoli P, Gloghini A, Vaccher E. KSHV-associated multicentric Castleman disease: A tangle of different entities requiring multitarget treatment strategies. Int J Cancer 2014; 137:251-61. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Carbone
- Department of Pathology; IRCCS; Istituto Nazionale Tumori; Aviano Italy
| | - Paolo De Paoli
- Molecular Virology Unit and Scientific Directorate; IRCCS; Istituto Nazionale Tumori; Aviano Italy
| | - Annunziata Gloghini
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Milano; Milano Italy
| | - Emanuela Vaccher
- Department of Medical Oncology Centro di Riferimento Oncologico; IRCCS; Istituto Nazionale Tumori; Aviano Italy
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection and cancer in the Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment (HAART) era. Cancer Lett 2014; 347:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
34
|
Cuninghame S, Jackson R, Zehbe I. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and its role in viral carcinogenesis. Virology 2014; 456-457:370-83. [PMID: 24698149 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The advent of modern molecular biology has allowed for the discovery of several mechanisms by which oncoviruses promote carcinogenesis. Remarkably, nearly all human oncogenic viruses increase levels of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1). In this review, we highlight HIF-1׳s significance in viral oncogenesis, while providing an in-depth analysis of its activation mechanisms by the following oncoviruses: human papillomaviruses (HPVs), hepatitis B/C viruses (HBV/HCVs), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi׳s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), and human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1). We discuss virus-induced HIF-1׳s role in transcriptional upregulation of metabolic, angiogenic, and microenvironmental factors that are integral for oncogenesis. Admittedly, conclusive evidence is lacking as to whether activation of HIF-1 target genes is necessary for malignant transformation or merely a result thereof. In addition, a complete understanding of host-virus interactions, the effect of viral genomic variation, and the clinical (and potential therapeutic) relevance of HIF-1 in viral oncogenesis warrant further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Cuninghame
- Probe Development & Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, 980 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, Ont., Canada P7B 6V4; Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ont., Canada
| | - Robert Jackson
- Probe Development & Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, 980 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, Ont., Canada P7B 6V4; Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ont., Canada
| | - Ingeborg Zehbe
- Probe Development & Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, 980 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, Ont., Canada P7B 6V4; Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ont., Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Identification of alternative transcripts encoding the essential murine gammaherpesvirus lytic transactivator RTA. J Virol 2014; 88:5474-90. [PMID: 24574412 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03110-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The essential immediate early transcriptional activator RTA, encoded by gene 50, is conserved among all characterized gammaherpesviruses. Analyses of a recombinant murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) lacking both of the known gene 50 promoters (G50DblKo) revealed that this mutant retained the ability to replicate in the simian kidney epithelial cell line Vero but not in permissive murine fibroblasts following low-multiplicity infection. However, G50DblKo replication in permissive fibroblasts was partially rescued by high-multiplicity infection. In addition, replication of the G50DblKo virus was rescued by growth on mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) isolated from IFN-α/βR-/- mice, while growth on Vero cells was suppressed by the addition of alpha interferon (IFN-α). 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) analyses of RNAs prepared from G50DblKo and wild-type MHV68-infected murine macrophages identified three novel gene 50 transcripts initiating from 2 transcription initiation sites located upstream of the currently defined proximal and distal gene 50 promoters. In transient promoter assays, neither of the newly identified gene 50 promoters exhibited sensitivity to IFN-α treatment. Furthermore, in a single-step growth analysis RTA levels were higher at early times postinfection with the G50DblKo mutant than with wild-type virus but ultimately fell below the levels of RTA expressed by wild-type virus at later times in infection. Infection of mice with the MHV68 G50DblKo virus demonstrated that this mutant virus was able to establish latency in the spleen and peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) of C57BL/6 mice with about 1/10 the efficiency of wild-type virus or marker rescue virus. However, despite the ability to establish latency, the G50DblKo virus mutant was severely impaired in its ability to reactivate from either latently infected splenocytes or PECs. Consistent with the ability to rescue replication of the G50DblKo mutant by growth on type I interferon receptor null MEFs, infection of IFN-α/βR-/- mice with the G50DblKo mutant virus demonstrated partial rescue of (i) acute virus replication in the lungs, (ii) establishment of latency, and (iii) reactivation from latency. The identification of additional gene 50/RTA transcripts highlights the complex mechanisms involved in controlling expression of RTA, likely reflecting time-dependent and/or cell-specific roles of different gene 50 promoters in controlling virus replication. Furthermore, the newly identified gene 50 transcripts may also act as negative regulators that modulate RTA expression. IMPORTANCE The viral transcription factor RTA, encoded by open reading frame 50 (Orf50), is well conserved among all known gammaherpesviruses and is essential for both virus replication and reactivation from latently infected cells. Previous studies have shown that regulation of gene 50 transcription is complex. The studies reported here describe the presence of additional alternatively initiated, spliced transcripts that encode RTA. Understanding how expression of this essential viral gene product is regulated may identify new strategies for interfering with infection in the setting of gammaherpesvirus-induced diseases.
Collapse
|
36
|
Bush LM, Urrutia JG, Rodriguez EA, Perez MT. AIDS-Associated Cardiac Lymphoma-A Review: Apropos a Case Report. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2014; 14:482-90. [PMID: 24482102 DOI: 10.1177/2325957414520981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite treatment with potent and effective combination antiretroviral medications, the incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in the population living with HIV/AIDS remains significantly higher than that in noninfected individuals. The majority of the HIV-infected patients with NHL present with advanced stage extranodal disease of the B-cell phenotype. Lymphomas are the second most common tumors involving the heart in HIV-infected patients. Although the heart may serve as the primary focus of the lymphoma, in most HIV-related cases, cardiac lymphomatous involvement is part of a metastatic process that originated elsewhere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larry M Bush
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, JFK Medical Center, Palm Beach County, FL, USA
| | - Jose G Urrutia
- Internal Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, JFK Medical Center, Palm Beach County, FL, USA
| | - Eduardo A Rodriguez
- Internal Medicine, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, JFK Medical Center, Palm Beach County, FL, USA
| | - Maria T Perez
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Integrated Regional Laboratory Pathology Services, JFK Medical Center, Palm Beach County, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fu Q, He C, Mao ZR. Epstein-Barr virus interactions with the Bcl-2 protein family and apoptosis in human tumor cells. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2013; 14:8-24. [PMID: 23303627 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1200189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human gammaherpesvirus carried by more than 90% of the world's population, is associated with malignant tumors such as Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), Hodgkin lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoma, extra-nodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinomas in immune-compromised patients. In the process of infection, EBV faces challenges: the host cell environment is harsh, and the survival and apoptosis of host cells are precisely regulated. Only when host cells receive sufficient survival signals may they immortalize. To establish efficiently a lytic or long-term latent infection, EBV must escape the host cell immunologic mechanism and resist host cell apoptosis by interfering with multiple signaling pathways. This review details the apoptotic pathway disrupted by EBV in EBV-infected cells and describes the interactions of EBV gene products with host cellular factors as well as the function of these factors, which decide the fate of the host cell. The relationships between other EBV-encoded genes and proteins of the B-cell leukemia/lymphoma (Bcl) family are unknown. Still, EBV seems to contribute to establishing its own latency and the formation of tumors by modifying events that impact cell survival and proliferation as well as the immune response of the infected host. We discuss potential therapeutic drugs to provide a foundation for further studies of tumor pathogenesis aimed at exploiting novel therapeutic strategies for EBV-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Fu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Klase Z, Jeang KT. Reciprocal functional pseudotyping of HIV-1 and HTLV-1 viral genomes by the heterologous counterpart envelope proteins. Virology 2013; 443:106-12. [PMID: 23747197 PMCID: PMC3728900 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 and HTLV-1 can infect CD4+ T cells and can co-infect the same individual. In principle, it is possible that both viruses can infect the same CD4+ T cells in dually infected persons. Currently, how efficiently HTLV-1 and HIV-1 co-infects the same cell and the full extent of their biological interactions are not well-understood. Here, we report evidence confirming that both viruses can infect the same cells and that HTLV-1 envelope (Env) can pseudotype HIV-1 viral particles and HIV-1 envelope (Env) can pseudotype HTLV-1 virions to mediate subsequent infections of substrate cells. We also show that the construction of a chimeric HTLV-1 molecular clone carrying the HIV-1 Env in place of its HTLV-1 counterpart results in a replication competent moiety. These findings raise new implications of viral complementation and assortment between HIV-1 and HTLV-1 in dually infected persons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Klase
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liu W, Qin Y, Bai L, Lan K, Wang JH. Kaposi's-sarcoma-associated-herpesvirus-activated dendritic cells promote HIV-1 trans-infection and suppress CD4+ T cell proliferation. Virology 2013; 440:150-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
40
|
Abstract
Sarcomas are cancers arising from the mesenchymal layer that affect children, adolescents, young adults, and adults. Although most sarcomas are localized, many display a remarkable predilection for metastasis to the lungs, liver, bones, subcutaneous tissue, and lymph nodes. Additionally, many sarcoma patients presenting initially with localized disease may relapse at metastatic sites. While localized sarcomas can often be cured through surgery and often radiation, controversies exist over optimal management of patients with metastatic sarcoma. Combinations of chemotherapy are the most effective in many settings, and many promising new agents are under active investigation or are being explored in preclinical models. Metastatic sarcomas are excellent candidates for novel approaches with additional agents as they have demonstrated chemosensitivity and affect a portion of the population that is motivated toward curative therapy. In this paper, we provide an overview on the common sarcomas of childhood (rhabdomyosarcoma), adolescence, and young adults (osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor) and older adults (leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, and undifferentiated high grade sarcoma) in terms of the epidemiology, current therapy, promising therapeutic directions and outcome with a focus on metastatic disease. Potential advances in terms of promising therapy and biologic insights may lead to more effective and safer therapies; however, more clinical trials and research are needed for patients with metastatic sarcoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest K Amankwah
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Anthony P Conley
- Sarcoma Department, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Damon R Reed
- Sarcoma Department, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lopes LF, Ruiz Miyazawa KW, de Almeida ERD, Serafim KGG, de Almeida Gualtieri K, Costa IC, Felipe I, Pavanelli WR, Watanabe MAE. Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) MicroRNAs: Involvement in Cancer Pathogenesis and Immunopathology. Int Rev Immunol 2013; 32:271-81. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.748053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
42
|
Morscio J, Dierickx D, Tousseyn T. Molecular pathogenesis of B-cell posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder: what do we know so far? Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:150835. [PMID: 23690819 PMCID: PMC3649442 DOI: 10.1155/2013/150835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a potentially fatal disease that arises in 2%-10% of solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplants and is most frequently of B-cell origin. This very heterogeneous disorder ranges from benign lymphoproliferations to malignant lymphomas, and despite the clear association with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection, its etiology is still obscure. Although a number of risk factors have been identified (EBV serostatus, graft type, and immunosuppressive regimen), it is currently not possible to predict which transplant patient will eventually develop PTLD. Genetic studies have linked translocations (involving C-MYC, IGH, BCL-2), various copy number variations, DNA mutations (PIM1, PAX5, C-MYC, RhoH/TTF), and polymorphisms in both the host (IFN-gamma, IL-10, TGF-beta, HLA) and the EBV genome to B-cell PTLD development. Furthermore, the tumor microenvironment seems to play an important role in the course of disease representing a local niche that can allow antitumor immune responses even in an immunocompromised host. Taken together, B-cell PTLD pathogenesis is very complex due to the interplay of many different (patient-dependent) factors and requires thorough molecular analysis for the development of novel tailored therapies. This review aims at giving a global overview of the currently known parameters that contribute to the development of B-cell PTLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Morscio
- KU Leuven, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D. Dierickx
- UZ Leuven, Department of Hematology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - T. Tousseyn
- KU Leuven, Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Leuven, Belgium
- UZ Leuven, Department of Pathology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Marais LC, Ferreira N. Osteosarcoma in Adult Patients Living with HIV/AIDS. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:219369. [PMID: 23762607 PMCID: PMC3612482 DOI: 10.1155/2013/219369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. HIV infection has reached epidemic proportions in South Africa, with an estimated prevalence of 21.5% in adults living in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Several malignancies have been identified as part of the spectrum of immunosuppression-related manifestations of HIV infection. Very few reports, however, exist regarding the occurrence of non-AIDS-defining sarcomas in the extremities or limb girdles. Methods. A retrospective review was performed on all adult patients, between the ages of 30 and 60 years, with histologically confirmed osteosarcomas of the appendicular skeleton referred to a tertiary-level orthopaedic oncology unit. Results. Five out of the nine patients (62.5%) included in the study were found to be HIV positive. The average CD4 count of these patients was 278 (237-301) cells/mm(3), indicating advanced immunological compromise. Three of the malignancies in HIV-positive patients occurred in preexisting benign or low-grade tumours. Conclusion. A heightened index of suspicion is required in HIV patients presenting with unexplained bone and joint pain or swelling. Judicious use of appropriate radiological investigation, including magnetic resonance imaging of suspicious lesions and timely referral to an appropriate specialized orthopaedic oncology unit, is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard C. Marais
- Tumour, Sepsis and Reconstruction Unit, Grey's Hospital, Townbush Road, Pietermaritzburg 3201, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Nando Ferreira
- Tumour, Sepsis and Reconstruction Unit, Grey's Hospital, Townbush Road, Pietermaritzburg 3201, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wu H, Li T, Zeng M, Peng T. Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection activates the Epstein-Barr virus replicative cycle via a CREB-dependent mechanism. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:546-59. [PMID: 22188237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reactivation of latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to lytic replication is important in pathogenesis and requires virus-host cellular interactions. However, the mechanism underlying the reactivation of EBV is not yet fully understood. In the present study, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was shown to induce the reactivation of latent EBV by triggering BZLF1 expression. The BZLF1 promoter (Zp) was not activated by HSV-1 essential glycoprotein-induced membrane fusion. Nevertheless, Zp was activated within 6 h post HSV-1 infection in virus entry-dependent and replication-independent manners. Using a panel of Zp deletion mutants, HSV-1 was shown to promote Zp through a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element (CRE) located in ZII. The phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding (phos-CREB) protein, the cellular transactivator that binds to CRE, also increased after HSV-1 infection. By transient transfection, cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and HSV-1 US3 protein were found to be capable of activating Zp in CREB- and CRE-dependent manners. The relationship between EBV activation and HSV-1 infection revealed a possible common mechanism that stimulated latent EBV into lytic cycles in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Rodriguez-Cortez VC, Hernando H, de la Rica L, Vento R, Ballestar E. Epigenomic deregulation in the immune system. Epigenomics 2011; 3:697-713. [PMID: 22126290 DOI: 10.2217/epi.11.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper immune function is the result of multiple cell commitment and differentiation steps, and adequate control of activation mechanisms. Deregulation of transcriptional programs in immune cells leads to the development of hematological malignancies, autoimmune diseases or immunodeficiencies. In this sense, epigenetic control of gene expression plays an essential role in the correct function of the immune system and the integrity of identity of relevant cell types. Epigenetic deregulation can result as a consequence of genetic changes in transcription factors, elements of signaling pathways or epigenetic enzymes, or as an effect of a variety of environmental factors. On top of genetic predisposition, viral infection and other external factors influence the development of immune-related diseases. In recent years, major strides have been made towards understanding the contribution of genetics in these immune disorders. Less progress has been made in dissecting the contribution of epigenetic factors in their etiology. Herein, it is presented what is currently known about epigenetic alterations in immune system associated disorders. It is also discussed how epigenomic analysis can help to understand the molecular basis of these diseases and how this information can be used in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia C Rodriguez-Cortez
- Cancer Epigenetics & Biology Programme (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Freeman ML, Burkum CE, Lanzer KG, Jensen MK, Ahmed M, Yager EJ, Flaño E, Winslow GM, Woodland DL, Blackman MA. Cutting edge: activation of virus-specific CD4 T cells throughout γ-herpesvirus latency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:6180-4. [PMID: 22079983 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T cells are essential for immune control of γ-herpesvirus latency. We previously identified a murine MHC class II-restricted epitope in γ-herpesvirus-68 gp150 (gp150(67-83)I-A(b)) that elicits CD4 T cells that are maintained throughout long-term infection. However, it is unknown whether naive cells can be recruited into the antiviral CD4 T cell pool during latency. In this study, we generate a mouse transgenic for a gp150-specific TCR and show epitope-specific activation of transgenic CD4 T cells during acute and latent infections. Furthermore, although only dendritic cells can stimulate virus-specific CD8 T cells during latency, we show that both dendritic cells and B cells stimulate transgenic CD4 T cells. These studies demonstrate that naive CD4 T cells specific for a viral glycoprotein can be stimulated throughout infection, even during quiescent latency, suggesting that CD4 T cell memory is maintained in part by the continual recruitment of naive cells.
Collapse
|
48
|
The management of primary central nervous system lymphoma related to AIDS in the HAART era. Curr Opin Oncol 2011; 23:648-53. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e32834b6adc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
49
|
Amornthatree K, Sriplung H, Mitarnun W, Nittayananta W. Effects of long-term use of antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral Epstein-Barr virus. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 41:249-54. [PMID: 21981060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the prevalence of oral Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in HIV-infected subjects compared to non-HIV controls and (ii) the effects of long-term use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the prevalence of oral EBV. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed in HIV-infected subjects with and without ART, and non-HIV individuals. DNA in saliva samples was extracted and used as a template to detect EBV BamH1W and EBNA1 by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Student t-test and ANOVA test were performed to determine the prevalence rates among groups. RESULTS Forty-nine HIV-infected subjects: 37 on ART (age range 23-54 year, mean 37 year), 12 not on ART (age range 20-40 year, mean 31 year), and 20 non-HIV controls (age range 19-53 year, mean 31 year) were enrolled. The numbers of EBV BamH1W in saliva were found to be significantly higher in HIV-infected subjects than non-HIV controls (80% vs. 20%, mean = 12118 vs. 134 copies/10(5) cells, P < 0.001). HIV-infected subjects who were on ART had significantly lower numbers of EBV BamH1W than those who were not (mean = 4102 vs. 138613 copies/10(5) cells, P = 0.011). The numbers were significantly lower in those who received long-term ART compared with short-term (mean = 1401 vs. 11124 copies/10(5) cells, P = 0.034). No significant difference was observed between the groups when using EBNA1 primers. CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of oral EBV was significantly higher in HIV-infected subjects than non-HIV-controls. The numbers of the virus were significantly decreased by ART. Long-term use of ART did not increase oral EBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Korntip Amornthatree
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation during oncogenic viral infections. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1816:147-57. [PMID: 21664948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most eukaryotic proteins destined for imminent destruction are first tagged with a chain of ubiquitin molecules and are subsequently dismantled by the proteasome. Ubiquitin-independent degradation of substrates by the proteasome, however, also occurs. The number of documented proteasome-dependent, ubiquitin-independent degradation events remains relatively small but continues to grow. Proteins involved in oncogenesis and tumor suppression make up the majority of the known cases for this type of protein destruction. Provocatively, viruses with confirmed or suspected oncogenic properties are also prominent participants in the pantheon of ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation events. In this review, we identify and describe examples of proteasome-dependent, ubiquitin-independent protein degradation that occur during tumor virus infections, speculate why this type of protein destruction may be preferred during oncogenesis, and argue that this uncommon type of protein turnover represents a prime target for antiviral and anticancer therapeutics.
Collapse
|