1
|
Voronina MV, Frolova AS, Kolesova EP, Kuldyushev NA, Parodi A, Zamyatnin AA. The Intricate Balance between Life and Death: ROS, Cathepsins, and Their Interplay in Cell Death and Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4087. [PMID: 38612897 PMCID: PMC11012956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular survival hinges on a delicate balance between accumulating damages and repair mechanisms. In this intricate equilibrium, oxidants, currently considered physiological molecules, can compromise vital cellular components, ultimately triggering cell death. On the other hand, cells possess countermeasures, such as autophagy, which degrades and recycles damaged molecules and organelles, restoring homeostasis. Lysosomes and their enzymatic arsenal, including cathepsins, play critical roles in this balance, influencing the cell's fate toward either apoptosis and other mechanisms of regulated cell death or autophagy. However, the interplay between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cathepsins in these life-or-death pathways transcends a simple cause-and-effect relationship. These elements directly and indirectly influence each other's activities, creating a complex web of interactions. This review delves into the inner workings of regulated cell death and autophagy, highlighting the pivotal role of ROS and cathepsins in these pathways and their intricate interplay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya V. Voronina
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Anastasia S. Frolova
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina P. Kolesova
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Nikita A. Kuldyushev
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; (M.V.V.); (A.S.F.); (E.P.K.); (N.A.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qu Y, Wang M, Lan J, Huang X, Huang J, Li H, Zheng Y, Xu Q. CircRNA-406918 enhances the degradation of advanced glycation end products in photoaged human dermal fibroblasts via targeting cathepsin D. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2023; 39:487-497. [PMID: 37253092 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysosomal cathepsin D (CTSD) can degrade internalized advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in dermal fibroblasts. CTSD expression is decreased in photoaged fibroblasts, which contributes to intracellular AGEs deposition and further plays a role in AGEs accumulation of photoaged skin. The mechanism under downregulated CTSD expression is unclear. OBJECTIVE To explore possible mechanism of regulating CTSD expression in photoaged fibroblasts. METHODS Dermal fibroblasts were induced into photoaging with repetitive ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation. The competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks were constructed to predict candidate circRNAs or miRNAs related with CTSD expression. AGEs-BSA degradation by fibroblasts was studied with flow cytometry, ELISA, and confocal microscopy. Effects of overexpressing circRNA-406918 via lentiviral transduction on CTSD expression, autophagy, AGE-BSA degradation were analyzed in photoaged fibroblasts. The correlation between circRNA-406918 and CTSD expression or AGEs accumulation in sun-exposed and sun-protected skin was studied. RESULTS CTSD expression, autophagy, and AGEs-BSA degradation were significantly decreased in photoaged fibroblasts. CircRNA-406918 was identified to regulate CTSD expression, autophagy, and senescence in photoaged fibroblasts. Overexpressing circRNA-406918 potently decreased senescence and increased CTSD expression, autophagic flux, and AGEs-BSA degradation in photoaged fibroblasts. Moreover, circRNA-406918 level was positively correlated with CTSD mRNA expression and negatively associated with AGEs accumulation in photodamaged skin. Further, circRNA-406918 was predicted to mediate CTSD expression through sponging eight miRNAs. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that circRNA-406918 regulates CTSD expression and AGEs degradation in UVA-induced photoaged fibroblasts and might exert a role in AGEs accumulation in photoaged skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Qu
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Lan
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianyin Huang
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingxi Huang
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongpeng Li
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingfang Xu
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu H, Peng J, Huang L, Ruan D, Li Y, Yuan F, Tu Z, Huang K, Zhu X. The role of lysosomal peptidases in glioma immune escape: underlying mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1154146. [PMID: 37398678 PMCID: PMC10311646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system, which has the characteristics of strong invasion, frequent recurrence, and rapid progression. These characteristics are inseparable from the evasion of glioma cells from immune killing, which makes immune escape a great obstacle to the treatment of glioma, and studies have confirmed that glioma patients with immune escape tend to have poor prognosis. The lysosomal peptidase lysosome family plays an important role in the immune escape process of glioma, which mainly includes aspartic acid cathepsin, serine cathepsin, asparagine endopeptidases, and cysteine cathepsins. Among them, the cysteine cathepsin family plays a prominent role in the immune escape of glioma. Numerous studies have confirmed that glioma immune escape mediated by lysosomal peptidases has something to do with autophagy, cell signaling pathways, immune cells, cytokines, and other mechanisms, especially lysosome organization. The relationship between protease and autophagy is more complicated, and the current research is neither complete nor in-depth. Therefore, this article reviews how lysosomal peptidases mediate the immune escape of glioma through the above mechanisms and explores the possibility of lysosomal peptidases as a target of glioma immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Linzhen Huang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dong Ruan
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuguang Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Fan Yuan
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zewei Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Tumors and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Health Commission (JXHC) Key Laboratory of Neurological Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Tumors and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Health Commission (JXHC) Key Laboratory of Neurological Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xingen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affifiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Neurological Tumors and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Health Commission (JXHC) Key Laboratory of Neurological Medicine, Nanchang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Modulation of autophagy, apoptosis and oxidative stress: a clue for repurposing metformin in photoaging. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:2521-2535. [PMID: 35913649 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Long-term sun exposure is the commonest cause of photoaging, where mutual interplay between autophagy, oxidative stress, and apoptosis is incriminated. In combating photoaging, pharmacological approaches targeted to modulate autophagy are currently gaining more ground. This study aimed to examine repurposing metformin use in such context with or without the antioxidant coenzyme Q10 (coQ10) in ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation-induced skin damage. The study was conducted on 70 female CD1 mice that were randomly assigned into seven groups (10/group): normal control, vehicle-treated-UVA-exposed mice, three metformin UVA-exposed groups (Topical 1 and 10%, and oral 300 mg/kg), topical coQ10 (1%)-treated mice, and combined oral metformin with topical coQ10-treated UVA-exposed mice. After UVA-exposure for 10 weeks (3 times/week), macroscopic signs of photoaging were evaluated. Mice were then euthanized, and the skin was harvested for biochemical estimation of markers for oxidative stress, inflammation, matrix breakdown, and lysosomal function. Histopathological signs of photoaging were also evaluated with immunohistochemical detection of associated changes in autophagic and apoptotic markers. Metformin, mainly by topical application, improved clinical and histologic signs of photoaging. This was associated with suppression of the elevated oxidative stress, IL-6, matrix metalloproteinase 1, and caspase, with induction of cathepsin D and subsequent change in anti-LC3 and P62 staining in skin tissue. In addition to metformin antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities, its anti-photoaging effect is mainly attributed to enhancing autophagic flux by inducing cathepsin D. Its protective effect is boosted by coQ10, which supports their potential use in photoaging.
Collapse
|
5
|
Itch and autophagy-mediated NF-κB activation contributes to inhibition of cathepsin D-induced sensitizing effect on anticancer drugs. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:552. [PMID: 35715412 PMCID: PMC9205942 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of cathepsin D (Cat D) sensitizes cancer cells to anticancer drugs via RNF183-mediated downregulation of Bcl-xL expression. Although NF-κB activation is involved in the upregulation of RNF183 expression, the molecular mechanism of NF-κB activation by Cat D inhibition is unknown. We conducted this study to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying Cat D-mediated NF-κB activation. Interestingly, Cat D inhibition-induced IκB degradation in an autophagy-dependent manner. Knockdown of autophagy-related genes (ATG7 and Beclin1) and lysosome inhibitors (chloroquine and bafilomycin A1) blocked IκB degradation via Cat D inhibition. Itch induced K63-linked ubiquitination of IκB and then modulated the protein stability of IκB by Cat D inhibition. Inhibition of Cat D-mediated Itch activation was modulated by the JNK signaling pathway, and phosphorylated Itch could bind to IκB, resulting in polyubiquitination of IκB. Additionally, inhibition of Cat D increased autophagy flux via activation of the LKB1-AMPK-ULK1 pathway. Therefore, our results suggested that Cat D inhibition activated NF-κB signaling via degradation of autophagy-dependent IκB, which is associated with the upregulation of RNF183, an E3 ligase of Bcl-xL. Cat D inhibition enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis through Bcl-xL degradation via upregulation of RNF183.
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim WD, Wilson-Smillie MLDM, Thanabalasingam A, Lefrancois S, Cotman SL, Huber RJ. Autophagy in the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease). Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:812728. [PMID: 35252181 PMCID: PMC8888908 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.812728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), also referred to as Batten disease, are a family of neurodegenerative diseases that affect all age groups and ethnicities around the globe. At least a dozen NCL subtypes have been identified that are each linked to a mutation in a distinct ceroid lipofuscinosis neuronal (CLN) gene. Mutations in CLN genes cause the accumulation of autofluorescent lipoprotein aggregates, called ceroid lipofuscin, in neurons and other cell types outside the central nervous system. The mechanisms regulating the accumulation of this material are not entirely known. The CLN genes encode cytosolic, lysosomal, and integral membrane proteins that are associated with a variety of cellular processes, and accumulated evidence suggests they participate in shared or convergent biological pathways. Research across a variety of non-mammalian and mammalian model systems clearly supports an effect of CLN gene mutations on autophagy, suggesting that autophagy plays an essential role in the development and progression of the NCLs. In this review, we summarize research linking the autophagy pathway to the NCLs to guide future work that further elucidates the contribution of altered autophagy to NCL pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William D. Kim
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | | | - Aruban Thanabalasingam
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Stephane Lefrancois
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique, Laval, QC, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre D'Excellence en Recherche sur Les Maladies Orphelines–Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université Du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Susan L. Cotman
- Department of Neurology, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert J. Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Robert J. Huber,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Seo SU, Woo SM, Im SS, Jang Y, Han E, Kim SH, Lee H, Lee HS, Nam JO, Gabrielson E, Min KJ, Kwon TK. Cathepsin D as a potential therapeutic target to enhance anticancer drug-induced apoptosis via RNF183-mediated destabilization of Bcl-xL in cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:115. [PMID: 35121737 PMCID: PMC8816936 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin D (Cat D) is well known for its roles in metastasis, angiogenesis, proliferation, and carcinogenesis in cancer. Despite Cat D being a promising target in cancer cells, effects and underlying mechanism of its inhibition remain unclear. Here, we investigated the plausibility of using Cat D inhibition as an adjuvant or sensitizer for enhancing anticancer drug-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of Cat D markedly enhanced anticancer drug-induced apoptosis in human carcinoma cell lines and xenograft models. The inhibition destabilized Bcl-xL through upregulation of the expression of RNF183, an E3 ligase of Bcl-xL, via NF-κB activation. Furthermore, Cat D inhibition increased the proteasome activity, which is another important factor in the degradation of proteins. Cat D inhibition resulted in p62-dependent activation of Nrf2, which increased the expression of proteasome subunits (PSMA5 and PSMB5), and thereby, the proteasome activity. Overall, Cat D inhibition sensitized cancer cells to anticancer drugs through the destabilization of Bcl-xL. Furthermore, human renal clear carcinoma (RCC) tissues revealed a positive correlation between Cat D and Bcl-xL expression, whereas RNF183 and Bcl-xL expression indicated inverse correlation. Our results suggest that inhibition of Cat D is promising as an adjuvant or sensitizer for enhancing anticancer drug-induced apoptosis in cancer cells.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kos J, Mitrović A, Perišić Nanut M, Pišlar A. Lysosomal peptidases – Intriguing roles in cancer progression and neurodegeneration. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:708-738. [PMID: 35067006 PMCID: PMC8972049 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal peptidases are hydrolytic enzymes capable of digesting waste proteins that are targeted to lysosomes via endocytosis and autophagy. Besides intracellular protein catabolism, they play more specific roles in several other cellular processes and pathologies, either within lysosomes, upon secretion into the cell cytoplasm or extracellular space, or bound to the plasma membrane. In cancer, lysosomal peptidases are generally associated with disease progression, as they participate in crucial processes leading to changes in cell morphology, signaling, migration, and invasion, and finally metastasis. However, they can also enhance the mechanisms resulting in cancer regression, such as apoptosis of tumor cells or antitumor immune responses. Lysosomal peptidases have also been identified as hallmarks of aging and neurodegeneration, playing roles in oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal intercellular communication, dysregulated trafficking, and the deposition of protein aggregates in neuronal cells. Furthermore, deficiencies in lysosomal peptidases may result in other pathological states, such as lysosomal storage disease. The aim of this review was to highlight the role of lysosomal peptidases in particular pathological processes of cancer and neurodegeneration and to address the potential of lysosomal peptidases in diagnosing and treating patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janko Kos
- University of Ljubljana Faculty of Pharmacy Aškerčeva 7 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Milica Perišić Nanut
- Jožef Stefan Institute Department of Biotechnology Jamova 39 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Anja Pišlar
- University of Ljubljana Faculty of Pharmacy Aškerčeva 7 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Charitidis FT, Adabi E, Thalheimer FB, Clarke C, Buchholz CJ. Monitoring CAR T cell generation with a CD8-targeted lentiviral vector by single-cell transcriptomics. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 23:359-369. [PMID: 34729382 PMCID: PMC8546366 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying gene expression in individual cells can substantially improve our understanding about complex genetically engineered cell products such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Here we designed a single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) approach to monitor the delivery of a CD19-CAR gene via lentiviral vectors (LVs), i.e., the conventional vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-LV and the CD8-targeted CD8-LV. LV-exposed human donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were evaluated for a panel of 400 immune response-related genes including LV-specific probes. The resulting data revealed a trimodal expression for the CAR and CD8A, demanding a careful distribution-based identification of CAR T cells and CD8+ lymphocytes in scRNA-seq analysis. The fraction of T cells expressing high CAR levels was in concordance with flow cytometry results. More than 97% of the cells hit by CD8-LV expressed the CD8A gene. Remarkably, the majority of the potential off-target cells were in fact on-target cells, resulting in a target cell selectivity of more than 99%. Beyond that, differential gene expression analysis revealed the upregulation of restriction factors in CAR-negative cells, thus explaining their protection from CAR gene transfer. In summary, we provide a workflow and subsetting approach for scRNA-seq enabling reliable distinction between transduced and untransduced cells during CAR T cell generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filippos T Charitidis
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen (Hessen), Germany
| | - Elham Adabi
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen (Hessen), Germany
| | - Frederic B Thalheimer
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen (Hessen), Germany
| | - Colin Clarke
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Fosters Avenue, Blackrock, A94 X099 Co. Dublin, Ireland.,School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian J Buchholz
- Molecular Biotechnology and Gene Therapy, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen (Hessen), Germany.,Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 51-59, 63225 Langen (Hessen), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Morelli AP, Tortelli TC, Pavan ICB, Silva FR, Granato DC, Peruca GF, Pauletti BA, Domingues RR, Bezerra RMN, De Moura LP, Paes Leme AF, Chammas R, Simabuco FM. Metformin impairs cisplatin resistance effects in A549 lung cancer cells through mTOR signaling and other metabolic pathways. Int J Oncol 2021; 58:28. [PMID: 33846781 PMCID: PMC8041480 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer‑associated death worldwide and exhibits intrinsic and acquired therapeutic resistance to cisplatin (CIS). The present study investigated the role of mTOR signaling and other signaling pathways after metformin (MET) treatment in control and cisplatin‑resistant A549 cells, mapping pathways and possible targets involved in CIS sensitivity. MTT, flow cytometry, clonogenic assay, western blotting, proteomic analysis using the Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC) approach and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR were performed. The results revealed that CIS treatment induced mTOR signaling pathway overactivation, and the mTOR status was restored by MET. MET and the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (RAPA) decreased the viability in control and resistant cells, and decreased the cell size increase induced by CIS. In control cells, MET and RAPA decreased colony formation after 72 h and decreased IC50 values, potentiating the effects of CIS. Proteomics analysis revealed important pathways regulated by MET, including transcription, RNA processing and IL‑12‑mediated signaling. In CIS‑resistant cells, MET regulated the apoptotic process, oxidative stress and G2/M transition. Annexin 4 (ANXA4) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), involved in apoptosis and oxidative stress, respectively, were chosen to validate the SILAC analysis and may represent potential therapeutic targets for lung cancer treatment. In conclusion, the chemosensitizing and antiproliferative effects of MET were associated with mTOR signaling and with potential novel targets, such as ANXA4 and SOD2, in human lung cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Morelli
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, SP 13484‑350, Brazil
| | - Tharcísio Citrângulo Tortelli
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04021‑001, Brazil
| | - Isadora Carolina Betim Pavan
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, SP 13484‑350, Brazil
| | - Fernando Riback Silva
- Laboratory of Signaling Mechanisms, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083‑871, Brazil
| | - Daniela Campos Granato
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP 13083‑970, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Francisco Peruca
- Exercise Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, SP 13484‑350, Brazil
| | - Bianca Alves Pauletti
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP 13083‑970, Brazil
| | - Romênia Ramos Domingues
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP 13083‑970, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Maria Neves Bezerra
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, SP 13484‑350, Brazil
| | - Leandro Pereira De Moura
- Exercise Cell Biology Laboratory, School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, SP 13484‑350, Brazil
| | - Adriana Franco Paes Leme
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, SP 13083‑970, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04021‑001, Brazil
| | - Fernando Moreira Simabuco
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Food and Health, School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, SP 13484‑350, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported an inverse correlation between cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, and increasing evidence shows that similar genes and pathways are dysregulated in both diseases but in a contrasting manner. Given the genetic convergence of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), a family of rare neurodegenerative disorders commonly known as Batten disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases, we sought to explore the relationship between cancer and the NCLs. In this review, we survey data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and available literature on the roles of NCL genes in different oncogenic processes to reveal links between all the NCL genes and cancer-related processes. We also discuss the potential contributions of NCL genes to cancer immunology. Based on our findings, we propose that further research on the relationship between cancer and the NCLs may help shed light on the roles of NCL genes in both diseases and possibly guide therapy development.
Collapse
|
12
|
The CDT of Helicobacter hepaticus induces pro-survival autophagy and nucleoplasmic reticulum formation concentrating the RNA binding proteins UNR/CSDE1 and P62/SQSTM1. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009320. [PMID: 33662035 PMCID: PMC7963068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are frequently exposed to bacterial genotoxins of the gut microbiota, such as colibactin and cytolethal distending toxin (CDT). In the present study, whole genome microarray-based identification of differentially expressed genes was performed in vitro on HT29 intestinal cells while following the ectopic expression of the active CdtB subunit of Helicobacter hepaticus CDT. Microarray data showed a CdtB-dependent upregulation of transcripts involved in positive regulation of autophagy concomitant with the downregulation of transcripts involved in negative regulation of autophagy. CdtB promotes the activation of autophagy in intestinal and hepatic cell lines. Experiments with cells lacking autophagy related genes, ATG5 and ATG7 infected with CDT- and colibactin-producing bacteria revealed that autophagy protects cells against the genotoxin-induced apoptotic cell death. Autophagy induction could also be associated with nucleoplasmic reticulum (NR) formation following DNA damage induced by these bacterial genotoxins. In addition, both genotoxins promote the accumulation of the autophagic receptor P62/SQSTM1 aggregates, which colocalized with foci concentrating the RNA binding protein UNR/CSDE1. Some of these aggregates were deeply invaginated in NR in distended nuclei together or in the vicinity of UNR-rich foci. Interestingly, micronuclei-like structures and some vesicles containing chromatin and γH2AX foci were found surrounded with P62/SQSTM1 and/or the autophagosome marker LC3. This study suggests that autophagy and P62/SQSTM1 regulate the abundance of micronuclei-like structures and are involved in cell survival following the DNA damage induced by CDT and colibactin. Similar effects were observed in response to DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agents, offering new insights into the context of resistance of cancer cells to therapies inducing DNA damage.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ratushnyy AY, Rudimova YV, Buravkova LB. Replicative Senescence and Expression of Autophagy Genes in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:1169-1177. [PMID: 33202202 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920100053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell senescence leads to a number of changes in the properties of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). In particular, the number of damaged structures is increased producing negative effect on intracellular processes. Elimination of the damaged molecules and organelles occurs via autophagy that can be important in the context of aging. Cultivation under low oxygen level can be used as an approach for enhancement of MSC therapeutic properties and "slowing down" cell senescence. The goal of this work was to study some morphological and functional characteristics and expression of autophagy-associated genes during replicative senescence of MSCs under different oxygen concentration. The study revealed changes in the regulation of autophagy at the transcriptional level. Upregulation of the expression of autophagosome membrane growth genes ATG9A and ULK1, of the autophagosome maturation genes CTSD, CLN3, GAA, and GABARAPL1, of the autophagy regulation genes TP53, TGFB1, BCL2L1, FADD, and HTT was shown. These changes were accompanied by downregulation of IGF1 and TGM2 expression. Increase of the lysosomal compartment volume was observed in the senescent MSCs that also indicated increase of their degradation activity. The number of lysosomes was decreased following prolonged cultivation under low oxygen concentration (5%). The replicative senescence of MSCs under conditions of different oxygen levels led to the similar modifications in the expression of the autophagy-associated genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Y Ratushnyy
- Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123007, Russia.
| | - Y V Rudimova
- Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123007, Russia
| | - L B Buravkova
- Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123007, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Biray Avci C, Sezgin B, Goker Bagca B, Karci HB, Gode S. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and autophagy regulator genes in paranasal squamous cell carcinoma metastasis. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:3641-3651. [PMID: 32319010 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although there are many studies on the role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and autophagy genes in the mechanism of head and neck cancer formation and prognostic significance, there is no study investigating the role of the genes in paranasal sinus carcinomas. The aim of the study was to assess the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and autophagy related gene expression changes in squamous cell carcinoma of paranasal sinuses with and without neck metastasis. Eight paranasal squamous cell carcinoma patients (five without and three with neck metastasis) were included. Tissues were obtained during the surgery. Total RNA was isolated from the tissues and cDNA synthesis was performed. Expression levels of the genes were determined using qRT-PCR method. The results were evaluated using the 2-∆∆Ct method, and fold changes of the gene expression levels in primary tumor and neck metastasis tissues were calculated according to the normal tissue. Expression levels of both PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and positive regulators of autophagy were significantly increased in metastasis-related two groups, especially in neck metastasis tissues. The increase in PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and autophagy related gene expression levels may support the metastatic character in paranasal squamous cell carcinomas. This is the first study to assess autophagy related genes in paranasal sinus cancer at transcriptome-level. Support of the transcriptome-level findings by the further protein analyses will contribute to the illumination of the rare paranasal sinus cancer molecular biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cigir Biray Avci
- Medical Biology Department, Ege University School of Medicine, Bornova, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Baha Sezgin
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bakiye Goker Bagca
- Medical Biology Department, Ege University School of Medicine, Bornova, 35100, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Halil Bulent Karci
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sercan Gode
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zheng W, Chen Q, Wang C, Yao D, Zhu L, Pan Y, Zhang J, Bai Y, Shao C. Inhibition of Cathepsin D (CTSD) enhances radiosensitivity of glioblastoma cells by attenuating autophagy. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:651-660. [PMID: 32253787 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy is a commonly used treatment for glioblastoma (GBM) but radiotherapy often fails to achieve the expected results mainly due to tumor radioresistance. In this study, we established a radioresistant subline from human glioma cell line U251 and found that Cathepsin D (CTSD), a gene closely related to the clinical malignancy and prognosis in glioma, had higher expression level in radioresistant clones than that in parental cells, and knocking down CTSD by small interfering RNA (siRNA) or its inhibitor Pepstatin-A increased the radiosensitivity. The level of autophagy was enhanced in the radioresistant GBM cells compared with its parent cells, and silencing autophagy by light chain 3 (LC3) siRNA significantly sensitized GBM cells to ionizing radiation (IR). Moreover, the protein expression level of CTSD was positively correlated with the autophagy marker LC3 II/I and negatively correlated with P62 after IR in radioresistant cells. As expected, through the combination of Western blot and immunofluorescence assays, inhibition of CTSD increased the formation of autophagosomes, while decreased the formation of autolysosomes, which indicating an attenuated autophagy level, leading to radiosensitization ultimately. Our results revealed for the first time that CTSD regulated the radiosensitivity of glioblastoma by affecting the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. In significance, CTSD might be a potential molecular biomarker and a new therapeutic target in glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zheng
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianping Chen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Yao
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianghong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlin Shao
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cathepsin K inhibition-induced mitochondrial ROS enhances sensitivity of cancer cells to anti-cancer drugs through USP27x-mediated Bim protein stabilization. Redox Biol 2019; 30:101422. [PMID: 31901727 PMCID: PMC6948260 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin K (Cat K) is expressed in cancer cells, but the effect of Cat K on apoptosis is still elusive. Here, we showed that inhibition of Cat K sensitized the human carcinoma cells to anti-cancer drug through up-regulation of Bim. Inhibition of Cat K increased USP27x expression, and knock down of USP27x markedly blocked Cat K-induced up-regulation of Bim expression. Furthermore, inhibition of Cat K induced proteasome-dependent degradation of regulatory associated protein of mammalian target of rapamycin (Raptor). Down-regulation of Raptor expression increased mitochondrial ROS production, and mitochondria specific superoxide scavengers prevented USP27x-mediated stabilization of Bim by inhibition of Cat K. Moreover, combined treatment with Cat K inhibitor (odanacatib) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) reduced tumor growth and induced cell death in a xenograft model. Our results demonstrate that Cat K inhibition enhances anti-cancer drug sensitivity through USP27x-mediated the up-regulation of Bim via the down-regulation of Raptor. Inhibition of Cat K sensitizes cancer cells to anti-cancer drugs. Reduction of Raptor by inhibition of Cat K induces mitochondria dysfunction. Mitochondrial ROS induction by inhibition of Cat K induces USP27X expression. Up-regulation of USP27X by inhibition of Cat K stabilizes Bim protein.
Collapse
|
17
|
Huber RJ, Hughes SM, Liu W, Morgan A, Tuxworth RI, Russell C. The contribution of multicellular model organisms to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis research. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165614. [PMID: 31783156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The NCLs (neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis) are forms of neurodegenerative disease that affect people of all ages and ethnicities but are most prevalent in children. Commonly known as Batten disease, this debilitating neurological disorder is comprised of 13 different subtypes that are categorized based on the particular gene that is mutated (CLN1-8, CLN10-14). The pathological mechanisms underlying the NCLs are not well understood due to our poor understanding of the functions of NCL proteins. Only one specific treatment (enzyme replacement therapy) is approved, which is for the treating the brain in CLN2 disease. Hence there remains a desperate need for further research into disease-modifying treatments. In this review, we present and evaluate the genes, proteins and studies performed in the social amoeba, nematode, fruit fly, zebrafish, mouse and large animals pertinent to NCL. In particular, we highlight the use of multicellular model organisms to study NCL protein function, pathology and pathomechanisms. Their use in testing novel therapeutic approaches is also presented. With this information, we highlight how future research in these systems may be able to provide new insight into NCL protein functions in human cells and aid in the development of new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Stephanie M Hughes
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre and Genetics Otago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wenfei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Alan Morgan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown St., Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Richard I Tuxworth
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Claire Russell
- Dept. Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Cathepsins (CTS) are mainly lysosomal acid hydrolases extensively involved in the prognosis of different diseases, and having a distinct role in tumor progression by regulating cell proliferation, autophagy, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. As all these processes conjunctively lead to cancer progression, their site-specific regulation might be beneficial for cancer treatment. CTS regulate activation of the proteolytic cascade and protein turnover, while extracellular CTS is involved in promoting extracellular matrix degradation and angiogenesis, thereby stimulating invasion and metastasis. Despite cancer regulation, the involvement of CTS in cellular adaptation toward chemotherapy and radiotherapy augments their therapeutic potential. However, lysosomal permeabilization mediated cytosolic translocation of CTS induces programmed cell death. This complex behavior of CTS generates the need to discuss the different aspects of CTS associated with cancer regulation. In this review, we mainly focused on the significance of each cathepsin in cancer signaling and their targeting which would provide noteworthy information in the context of cancer biology and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tejinder Pal Khaket
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38453, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang Z, Liu G, Jiang J. Profiling of apoptosis- and autophagy-associated molecules in human lung cancer A549 cells in response to cisplatin treatment using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1071-1085. [PMID: 30664195 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cis‑diammine‑dichloro‑platinum II‑based adjuvant chemotherapy provides an alternative therapy to improve the survival of patients with lung tumors, especially those with non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, drug resistance is a large clinical problem and its underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, NSCLC A549 cells were treated with a low concentration of cisplatin in order to observe and determine the development of chemoresistance, via growth curves, colony forming assays and apoptosis assays. Then the induction of autophagy was examined in the cisplatin‑treated A549 cells with a fluorescence reporter. Profiled proteins in the cisplatin‑treated A549 cells were also assessed using the stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) method, and then the differentially expressed molecules were verified. The results demonstrated that A549 cells became less sensitive to cisplatin [resistant A549 cells (A549R)] following 20 passages in the medium containing a low concentration of cisplatin, with less apoptotic cells post‑cisplatin treatment. A549R cells grew more efficiently in the cisplatin medium, with more colony formation and more cells migrating across the baseline. In addition, NSCLC results demonstrated that more autophagy‑related proteins (ATGs) were expressed in the A549R cells. Furthermore, the western blotting results confirmed this upregulation of ATGs in A549R cells. In addition, two repeated SILAC screening experiments recognized 15 proteins [glucose‑regulated protein, 78 kDa (GRP78), heat shock protein 71, pre‑mRNA processing factor 19, polypyrimidine tract binding protein 1, translationally controlled tumor protein, Cathepsin D, Cytochrome c, thioredoxin domain containing 5, MutS homolog (MSH) 6, Annexin A2 (ANXA2), BRCA2 and Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A interacting protein, MSH2, protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit Bα, Rho glyceraldehyde‑3‑phosphate‑dissociation inhibitor 1 and ANXA4] that were upregulated by >1.5‑fold in heavy (H)‑ and light (L)‑labeled A549R cells. In addition, 16 and 14 proteins were downregulated by >1.5‑fold in the H‑ and L‑labeled A549R cells, respectively. The majority of the downregulated proteins were associated with apoptosis. In conclusion, the present study isolated a cisplatin‑resistant human lung cancer A549 cell clone, with reduced apoptosis and high levels of autophagy, in response to cisplatin treatment. In cisplatin‑resistant A549R cells, SILAC proteomics recognized the high expression of GRP78 and other proteins that are associated with anti‑apoptosis and/or autophagy promotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongqiang Wang
- Department of Medical Services, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Guifeng Liu
- Department of Radiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Jinlan Jiang
- Science Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Novel Methylselenoesters Induce Programed Cell Death via Entosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102849. [PMID: 30241340 PMCID: PMC6213452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox active selenium (Se) compounds have gained substantial attention in the last decade as potential cancer therapeutic agents. Several Se compounds have shown high selectivity and sensitivity against malignant cells. The cytotoxic effects are exerted by their biologically active metabolites, with methylselenol (CH3SeH) being one of the key executors. In search of novel CH3SeH precursors, we previously synthesized a series of methylselenoesters that were active (GI50 < 10 µM at 72 h) against a panel of cancer cell lines. Herein, we refined the mechanism of action of the two lead compounds with the additional synthesis of new analogs (ethyl, pentyl, and benzyl derivatives). A novel mechanism for the programmed cell death mechanism for Se-compounds was identified. Both methylseleninic acid and the novel CH3SeH precursors induced entosis by cell detachment through downregulation of cell division control protein 42 homolog (CDC42) and its downstream effector β1-integrin (CD29). To our knowledge, this is the first time that Se compounds have been reported to induce this type of cell death and is of importance in the characterization of the anticancerogenic properties of these compounds.
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang X, Wang J, Li X, Wang D. Lysosomes contribute to radioresistance in cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 439:39-46. [PMID: 30217567 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the most widely used methods to treat human tumors. Efficacy is due mainly to the DNA damage it induces. However, tumor cells often develop responsive adaptiveness to radiation treatment to survive, which leads to radioresistance. Many cellular processes, such as DNA damage repair, cell cycle arrest and autophagy, are involved in the development of radioresistance. Few interventions to combat radioresistance exist to date. In recent years, the lysosome has been reported to contribute to chemo- and radioresistance. Although for many years, the lysosome was known as an organelle that degrades waste materials, we now know it is also involved in important signaling pathways regulating cellular homeostasis. Although an increasing number of preclinical studies show that lysosome-related factors promote radioresistance, the role of the lysosome in radioresistance has not been systematically demonstrated. Here, we combine an updated understanding of lysosomes with a review of current studies regarding the role of lysosomes in mediating radioresistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China
| | - Donghai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Targeting of cathepsin C induces autophagic dysregulation that directs ER stress mediated cellular cytotoxicity in colorectal cancer cells. Cell Signal 2018; 46:92-102. [PMID: 29501728 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As Autophagy is a pivotal mechanism of cancer cell survival and the development of chemotherapeutic resistance; therefore, new approaches are warranted for its targeting which may be fulfilled by cathepsins regulation. Amongst cathepsins, cathepsin C (CTSC) is highly expressed in various cancers and possesses significant therapeutic potential in autoimmune disorders; however, its role in colorectal cancer has not been explored. Herein, we aimed to investigate the role of CTSC in autophagy regulation mediated colorectal carcinoma cell proliferation. Cathepsin C targeting through inhibitors/siRNA leads to the accumulation of light chain 3 II and p62 without affecting the lysosomal integrity, revealed dysfunctional autolysosomal degradation which is also substantiated by proteolytic studies. Cathepsin C inhibition showed comparable autophagy blockade with E64d and augmented the autophagy blockade mediated by bafilomycin. Loss of CTSC function also induced ER stress-mediated JNK phosphorylation accompanied by the translocation of mitochondrial cyt c followed by apoptotic cell death in colorectal carcinoma cells. Taken together, the study reveals that CTSC targeting plays a key role in the regulation of autophagy mediated colorectal cancer cell proliferation. Further investigations are required to determine the functional role of CTSC in other tumors also which may have implications for the therapeutic prevention of cancer in the future.
Collapse
|
23
|
Xu X, Zheng Y, Huang Y, Chen J, Gong Z, Li Y, Lu C, Lai W, Xu Q. Cathepsin D contributes to the accumulation of advanced glycation end products during photoaging. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 90:263-275. [PMID: 29501392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The deposition of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is accelerated in photoaged skin, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Intracellular degradation has been recently considered to play an important role in AGEs removal. Although lysosomal cathepsin D (CatD), B (CatB), L(CatL) and proteasomes are found to degrade internalized AGEs, it remains unknown which protease degrades internalized AGEs in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), and whether a decrease in intracellular degradation contributes to enhanced AGEs deposition in photoaged skin. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the specific proteases that contribute to intracellular AGEs degradation in HDFs and regulate AGEs accumulation in photoaged skin. METHODS Repetitive UVA irradiation was used to induce primary HDF photoaging in vitro. Uptake and degradation of AGE-BSA were verified and compared between photoaged and non-photoaged fibroblasts with flow cytometry, ELISA and confocal microscopy. Proteasomal and lysosomal activity, expression of CatD, CatB and CatL were also investigated between photoaged and non-photoaged fibroblasts. Further, the effect of protease inhibitors and CatD overexpression via lentiviral transduction on AGE-BSA degradation was analyzed. Finally, the correlation between CatD expression and AGEs accumulation in sun-exposed and sun-protected skin of people from different age was studied with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Fibroblasts underwent photoaging in vitro after repetitive UVA irradiation. AGE-BSA was taken up by both photoaged and non-photoaged fibroblasts, but its degradation was significantly decreased in photoaged cells than that of non-photoaged cells. Although the activity of proteasome, CatB, Cat L and Cat D was significantly reduced in photoaged fibroblasts compared to that of non-photoaged cells, and the expression of CatB, CatL and CatD was profoundly attenuated in photoaged fibroblasts, inhibiting proteasome, CatB and CatL did not affect AGE-BSA degradation in HDFs. In contrast, inhibiting CatD activity dose-dependently decreased AGE-BSA degradation; whereas CatD overexpression significantly increased AGE-BSA degradation. Importantly, AGEs accumulation in photo-damaged skin in vivo was inversely correlated with CatD expression. CONCLUSION CatD plays a major role in intracellular AGEs degradation. Decreased CatD expression and activity impairs intracellular AGEs degradation in photoaged fibroblasts, which may contribute to accelerated AGEs deposition in photoaged skin. The present study provides a potentially novel molecular basis for antiphotoaging therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinya Xu
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Yunfen Huang
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Zijian Gong
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Yuying Li
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Chun Lu
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Wei Lai
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China.
| | - Qingfang Xu
- Department of Dermato-Venereology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
High Endogenous Accumulation of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Protect against Ischemia-Reperfusion Renal Injury through AMPK-Mediated Autophagy in Fat-1 Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102081. [PMID: 28974016 PMCID: PMC5666763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated autophagy is involved in the repair of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Fat-1 transgenic mice produce ω3-Polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3-PUFAs) from ω6-Polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω6-PUFAs) without a dietary ω3-PUFAs supplement, leading to a high accumulation of omega-3 in various tissues. ω3-PUFAs show protective effects against various renal injuries and it has recently been reported that ω3-PUFAs regulate autophagy. We assessed whether ω3-PUFAs attenuated IR-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) and evaluated its associated mechanisms. C57Bl/6 background fat-1 mice and wild-type mice (wt) were divided into four groups: wt sham (n = 10), fat-1 sham (n = 10), wt IRI (reperfusion 35 min after clamping both the renal artery and vein; n = 15), and fat-1 IRI (n = 15). Kidneys and blood were harvested 24 h after IRI and renal histological and molecular data were collected. The kidneys of fat-1 mice showed better renal cell survival, renal function, and pathological damage than those of wt mice after IRI. In addition, fat-1 mice showed less oxidative stress and autophagy impairment; greater amounts of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-II, Beclin-1, and Atg7; lower amounts of p62; and, higher levels of renal cathepsin D and ATP6E than wt kidneys. They also showed more adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, which resulted in the inhibition of phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Collectively, ω3-PUFAs in fat-1 mice contributed to AMPK mediated autophagy activation, leading to a renoprotective response.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kitazawa S, Nishizawa S, Nakagawa H, Funata M, Nishimura K, Soga T, Hara T. Cancer with low cathepsin D levels is susceptible to vacuolar (H + )-ATPase inhibition. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1185-1193. [PMID: 28317223 PMCID: PMC5480082 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar (H+)‐ATPases (V‐ATPases) have important roles in the supply of nutrients to tumors by mediating autophagy and the endocytic uptake of extracellular fluids. Accordingly, V‐ATPases are attractive therapeutic targets for cancer. However, the clinical use of V‐ATPase inhibitors as anticancer drugs has not been realized, possibly owing to their high toxicity in humans. Inhibition of V‐ATPase may be an appropriate strategy in highly susceptible cancers. In this study, we explored markers of V‐ATPase inhibitor sensitivity. V‐ATPase inhibitors led to pH impairment in acidic intracellular compartments, suppression of macropinocytosis, and decreased intracellular amino acid levels. The sensitivity of cells to V‐ATPase inhibitors was correlated with low cathepsin D expression, and cancer cells showed increased sensitivity to V‐ATPase inhibitors after pretreatment with a cathepsin D inhibitor and siRNA targeting the cathepsin D gene (CTSD). In addition, V‐ATPase inhibitor treatment led to the induction of the amino acid starvation response, upregulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, and suppression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in cells expressing low levels of cathepsin D. Some colorectal cancer patients showed the downregulation of cathepsin D in tumor tissues compared with matched normal tissues. These findings indicate that V‐ATPase inhibitors are promising therapeutic options for cancers with downregulated cathepsin D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kitazawa
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Satoru Nishizawa
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Nakagawa
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Masaaki Funata
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kazuho Nishimura
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Takahito Hara
- Oncology Drug Discovery Unit, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang Y, Dong W, Wang J, Cai J, Wang Z. Human omental adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium alters the proteomic profile of epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines in vitro. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:1655-1663. [PMID: 28360526 PMCID: PMC5364023 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s129502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported to participate in the formation of supportive tumor stroma. The abilities of proliferation and invasion of human epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells were significantly enhanced when indirectly cocultured with human omental adipose-derived MSCs (O-ADSCs) in vitro. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, EOC cells were cultured with conditioned medium (CM) from O-ADSCs (O-ADSC), and the effect of O-ADSC CM on the proteomic profile of EOC cells was assessed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), followed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The 2-DE assays revealed a global increase in protein expression in the EOC cells treated with CM. Nine proteins were identified from 11 selected protein spots with differential expression after treatment with CM from O-ADSCs. All the nine proteins have been linked to carcinoma and apoptosis, and the migration ability of tumor cells can be regulated by these proteins. Moreover, the upregulation of prohibitin and serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 in EOC cells treated with CM was further confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. These results suggest that O-ADSCs affect the proteomic profile of EOC cells via paracrine mechanism in favor of EOC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Weihong Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Renhe Hospital, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| | - Zehua Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Advanced Glycation End Products Inhibit the Proliferation of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells by Inhibiting Cathepsin D. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020436. [PMID: 28218663 PMCID: PMC5343970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effect of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on the proliferation and migration ability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Cell proliferation was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, real-time cell analyzer and 5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) staining. Cell migration was detected by wound-healing and transwell assay. AGEs significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of HUVECs in a time-and dose-dependent way. Western blotting revealed that AGEs dramatically increased the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) II/I and p62. Immunofluorescence of p62 and acridine orange staining revealed that AGEs significantly increased the expression of p62 and the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles, respectively. Chloroquine (CQ) could further promote the expression of LC3 II/I and p62, increase the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and promote cell injury induced by AGEs. In addition, AGEs reduced cathepsin D (CTSD) expression in a time-dependent way. Overexpression of wild-type CTSD significantly decreased the ratio of LC 3 II/I as well as p62 accumulation induced by AGEs, but overexpression of catalytically inactive mutant CTSD had no such effects. Only overexpression of wild-type CTSD could restore the proliferation of HUVECs inhibited by AGEs. However, overexpression of both wild-type CTSD and catalytically inactive mutant CTSD could promote the migration of HUVECs inhibited by AGEs. Collectively, our study found that AGEs inhibited the proliferation and migration in HUVECs and promoted autophagic flux, which in turn played a protective role against AGEs-induced cell injury. CTSD, in need of its catalytic activity, may promote proliferation in AGEs-treated HUVECs independent of the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Meanwhile, CTSD could improve the migration of AGEs-treated HUVECs regardless of its enzymatic activity.
Collapse
|
28
|
Huber RJ. Using the social amoeba Dictyostelium to study the functions of proteins linked to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:83. [PMID: 27881166 PMCID: PMC5122030 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), also known as Batten disease, is a debilitating neurological disorder that affects both children and adults. Thirteen genetically distinct genes have been identified that when mutated, result in abnormal lysosomal function and an excessive accumulation of ceroid lipofuscin in neurons, as well as other cell types outside of the central nervous system. The NCL family of proteins is comprised of lysosomal enzymes (PPT1/CLN1, TPP1/CLN2, CTSD/CLN10, CTSF/CLN13), proteins that peripherally associate with membranes (DNAJC5/CLN4, KCTD7/CLN14), a soluble lysosomal protein (CLN5), a protein present in the secretory pathway (PGRN/CLN11), and several proteins that display different subcellular localizations (CLN3, CLN6, MFSD8/CLN7, CLN8, ATP13A2/CLN12). Unfortunately, the precise functions of many of the NCL proteins are still unclear, which has made targeted therapy development challenging. The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum has emerged as an excellent model system for studying the normal functions of proteins linked to human neurological disorders. Intriguingly, the genome of this eukaryotic soil microbe encodes homologs of 11 of the 13 known genes linked to NCL. The genetic tractability of the organism, combined with its unique life cycle, makes Dictyostelium an attractive model system for studying the functions of NCL proteins. Moreover, the ability of human NCL proteins to rescue gene-deficiency phenotypes in Dictyostelium suggests that the biological pathways regulating NCL protein function are likely conserved from Dictyostelium to human. In this review, I will discuss each of the NCL homologs in Dictyostelium in turn and describe how future studies can exploit the advantages of the system by testing new hypotheses that may ultimately lead to effective therapy options for this devastating and currently untreatable neurological disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Autophagy and the invisible line between life and death. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:598-610. [PMID: 28340912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For a considerable time cell death has been considered to represent mutually exclusive states with cell death modalities that are governed by their inherent and unique mode of action involving specific molecular entities and have therefore been studied primarily in isolation. It is now, however, becoming increasingly clear that these modalities are regulated by similar pathways and share a number of initiator and effector molecules that control both cell death as well as cell survival mechanisms, demanding a newly aligned and integrative approach of cell death assessment. Frequently cell death is triggered through a dual action that incorporates signaling events associated with more than one death modality. Apoptosis and necrosis regularly co-operate in a tightly balanced interplay that involves autophagy to serve context dependently either as a pro-survival or a pro-death mechanism. In this review we will assess current cell death modalities and their molecular overlap with the goal of clarifying the controversial role of autophagy in the cell death response. By dissecting the key molecular pathways and their positioning within a network of regulatory signalling hubs and checkpoints we discuss a distinct approach that integrates autophagy with a resultant cell death manifestation. In doing so, former classifications of cell death modalities fade and reveal the intricate molecular proportions and complexities of the cell death response that may contribute towards an enhanced means of cell death control.
Collapse
|
30
|
Leone R, Giussani P, De Palma S, Fania C, Capitanio D, Vasso M, Brioschi L, Riboni L, Viani P, Gelfi C. Proteomic analysis of human glioblastoma cell lines differently resistant to a nitric oxide releasing agent. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:1612-21. [PMID: 25797839 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00725e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive astrocytoma characterized by the development of resistant cells to various cytotoxic stimuli. Nitric oxide (NO) is able to overcome tumor resistance in PTEN mutated rat C6 glioma cells due to its ability to inhibit cell growth by influencing the intracellular distribution of ceramide. The aim of this study is to monitor the effects of NO donor PAPANONOate on ceramide trafficking in human glioma cell lines, CCF-STTG1 (PTEN-mutated, p53-wt) and T98G (PTEN-harboring, p53-mutated), together with the assessment of their differential molecular signature by 2D-DIGE and MALDI mass spectrometry. In the CCF-STTG1 cell line, the results indicate that treatment with PAPANONOate decreased cell proliferation (<50%) and intracellular trafficking of ceramide, assessed by BODIPY-C5Cer, while these events were not observed in the T98G cell line. Proteomic results suggest that CCF-STTG1 cells are characterized by an increased expression of proteins involved in NO-associated ER stress (i.e. protein disulfide-isomerase A3, calreticulin, 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein), which could compromise ceramide delivery from ER to Golgi, leading to ceramide accumulation in ER and partial growth arrest. Conversely, T98G cell lines, resistant to NO exposure, are characterized by increased levels of cytosolic antioxidant proteins (i.e. glutathione-S-transferase P, peroxiredoxin 1), which might buffer intracellular NO. By providing differential ceramide distribution after NO exposure and differential protein expression of two high grade glioma cell lines, this study highlights specific proteins as possible markers for tumor aggressiveness. This study demonstrates that, in two different high grade glioma cell lines, NO exposure results in a different ceramide distribution and protein expression. Furthermore, this study highlights specific proteins as possible markers for tumor aggressiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Leone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, MI, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Enzymatically active cathepsin D sensitizes breast carcinoma cells to TRAIL. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10685-96. [PMID: 26867770 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D (CD), a ubiquitously expressed lysosomal aspartic protease, is upregulated in human breast carcinoma and many other tumor types. CD has been repeatedly reported to act as key mediator of apoptosis induced by various chemotherapeutics. However, there is still controversy over the role of enzymatic/proteolytic versus protein-protein interaction activities of CD in apoptotic signaling. The elucidation of molecular mechanism responsible for the effect of CD in the chemotherapy-induced cell death is crucial for development of an appropriate strategy to target this protease in cancer treatment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism behind the CD-mediated regulation of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced cell death. For this purpose, MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells with an increased level of wt CD (CD) or mutant enzymatically inactive CD (ΔCD) were subjected to TRAIL and the frequency of apoptosis was determined. Our results show that CD facilitates the TRAIL-induced apoptosis of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in enzymatic activity-dependent manner. Moreover, the importance of endosomal/lysosomal acidification in this process was documented. Analysis of the potential substrates specifically cleaved by CD during the TRAIL-induced apoptosis confirmed caspase-8 and Bid proteins as the CD targets. Moreover, in search for protein regulators of apoptosis that can be cleaved by CD at physiologically relevant pH, we identified the Bcl-2 protein as a suitable candidate. The modulatory role of CD in cell response to TRAIL was also confirmed in another breast cancer cell line SKBR3. These experiments identified the CD enzymatic activity as a new factor affecting sensitivity of breast cancer cells to TRAIL.
Collapse
|
32
|
Nagano K. Alteration of cathepsin-D expression in atrophied muscles and apoptotic myofibers by hindlimb unloading in a low-temperature environment. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:3585-91. [PMID: 26696743 PMCID: PMC4681950 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to elucidate the cathepsin-D involvement in
signaling pathways for the survival and apoptosis of myofibers in rats with
hindlimb-unloading in a low-temperature environment. [Subjects and Methods] Wistar rats
were divided into two groups: a control group and a group that underwent hindlimb
unloading in a low-temperature environment to induce muscle apoptosis. Cathepsin-D
localization in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles, along with the
expression of cathepsin-D in apoptotic myofibers, was examined. Expression of the active
and inactive forms of cathepsin-D was also analyzed. [Results] Cathepsin-D was mainly
expressed in type I myofibers and was observed to have punctate patterns in the control
group. In the hindlimb unloading in a low-temperature environment group, the type I
myofiber composition ratio decreased, and caspase-3 activation and TUNEL-positive
apoptotic myofibers were observed. In caspase-3-activated myofibers, cathepsin-D
overexpression and leakage of it into the cytoplasm were observed. In the hindlimb
unloading in a low-temperature environment group, the amount of inactive cathepsin-D
decreased, whereas that of the active form increased. [Conclusion] Cathepsin-D was deduced
to be indicative of a myofiber-type classification and a factor related to myofiber type
maintenance. In addition, cathepsin-D leakage into the cytoplasm was appeared to be
involved in caspase-3 activation in the hindlimb unloading in a low-temperature
environment group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Nagano
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Fukui College of Health Sciences, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Su S, Zhu X, Lin L, Chen X, Wang Y, Zi J, Dong Y, Xie Y, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Zhu J, Xu D, Xu N, Lou X, Liu S. Lowering Endogenous Cathepsin D Abundance Results in Reactive Oxygen Species Accumulation and Cell Senescence. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 16:1217-1232. [PMID: 26657266 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.050179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin D is reportedly to be closely associated with tumor development, migration, and invasion, but its pathological mechanism is not fully elucidated. We aimed to evaluate phenotypic changes and molecular events in response to cathepsin D knockdown. Lowering endogenous cathepsin D abundance (CR) induced senescence in HeLa cells, leading to reduced rate of cell proliferation and impaired tumorigenesis in a mouse model. Quantitative proteomics revealed that compared with control cells (EV), the abundances of several typical lysosomal proteases were decreased in the lysosomal fraction in CR cells. We further showed that cathepsin D knockdown caused increased permeability of lysosomal membrane and reactive oxygen species accumulation in CR cells, and the scavenging of reactive oxygen species by antioxidant was able to rescue cell senescence. Despite the increased reactive oxygen species, the proteomic data suggested a global reduction of redox-related proteins in CR cells. Subsequent analysis indicated that the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates the expression of groups of antioxidant enzymes, was down-regulated by cathepsin D knockdown. Importantly, Nrf2 overexpression significantly reduced cell senescence. Although transient oxidative stress promoted the accumulation of Nrf2 in the nucleus, we showed that the Nrf2 protein exited nucleus if oxidative stress persisted. In addition, when cathepsin D was transiently knocked down, the cathepsin-related events followed a sequential order, including lysosomal leakage during the early stage, followed by oxidative stress augmentation, and ultimately Nrf2 down-regulation and senescence. Our results suggest the roles of cathepsin D in cancer cells in maintaining lysosomal integrity, redox balance, and Nrf2 activity, thus promoting tumorigenesis. The MS Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002844.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Su
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101.,§University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100049
| | - Xu Zhu
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101
| | - Liang Lin
- ¶Proteomics Division, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518083
| | - Xianwei Chen
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101.,§University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100049
| | - Yang Wang
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101.,§University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100049
| | - Jin Zi
- ¶Proteomics Division, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518083
| | - Yusheng Dong
- ‖Beijing Protein Innovation, Beijing, China, 101318
| | - Yingying Xie
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101.,§University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100049
| | - Yinghui Zhu
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101.,§University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100049
| | - Ju Zhang
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101
| | - Dan Xu
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- **Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China, 100021
| | - Xiaomin Lou
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101;
| | - Siqi Liu
- From the ‡CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100101; .,§University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 100049
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Vezenkov LL, Sanchez CA, Bellet V, Martin V, Maynadier M, Bettache N, Lisowski V, Martinez J, Garcia M, Amblard M, Hernandez JF. Structure-Activity Relationships of JMV4463, a Vectorized Cathepsin D Inhibitor with Antiproliferative Properties: The Unique Role of the AMPA-Based Vector. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:302-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lubomir L. Vezenkov
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Clément A. Sanchez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Virginie Bellet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Vincent Martin
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Marie Maynadier
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Nadir Bettache
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Vincent Lisowski
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Marcel Garcia
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Muriel Amblard
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Jean-François Hernandez
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247 CNRS; Université de Montpellier; ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 avenue Charles Flahault 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ma L, Xu Y, Su J, Yu H, Kang J, Li H, Li X, Xie Q, Yu C, Sun L, Li Y. Autophagic flux promotes cisplatin resistance in human ovarian carcinoma cells through ATP-mediated lysosomal function. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:1890-900. [PMID: 26397057 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are involved in promoting resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. However, the mechanisms underlying lysosomal influence of cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer remain incompletely understood. We report that, compared with cisplatin-sensitive SKOV3 cells, autophagy increases in cisplatin-resistant SKOV3/DDP cells treated with cisplatin. Inhibition of early-stage autophagy enhanced cisplatin-mediated cytotoxicity in SKOV3/DDP cells, but autophagy inhibition at a later stage by disturbing autophagosome-lysosome fusion is more effective. Notably, SKOV3/DDP cells contained more lysosomes than cisplatin-sensitive SKOV3 cells. Abundant lysosomes and lysosomal cathepsin D activity were required for continued autolysosomal degradation and maintenance of autophagic flux in SKOV3/DDP cells. Furthermore, SKOV3/DDP cells contain abundant lysosomal ATP required for lysosomal function, and inhibition of lysosomal ATP accumulation impaired lysosomal function and blocked autophagic flux. Therefore, our findings suggest that lysosomes at least partially contribute to cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells through their role in cisplatin-induced autophagic processes, and provide insight into the mechanism of cisplatin resistance in tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Ma
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Ye Xu
- Medical Research Lab, Jilin Medical University, Changchun, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Huimei Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jinsong Kang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoning Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Qi Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Yu
- Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College, BeiHua University, Changchun, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Liankun Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kim H, Kim JH, Kim SY, Jo D, Park HJ, Kim J, Jung S, Kim HS, Lee K. Meta-Analysis of Large-Scale Toxicogenomic Data Finds Neuronal Regeneration Related Protein and Cathepsin D to Be Novel Biomarkers of Drug-Induced Toxicity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136698. [PMID: 26335687 PMCID: PMC4559398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Undesirable toxicity is one of the main reasons for withdrawing drugs from the market or eliminating them as candidates in clinical trials. Although numerous studies have attempted to identify biomarkers capable of predicting pharmacotoxicity, few have attempted to discover robust biomarkers that are coherent across various species and experimental settings. To identify such biomarkers, we conducted meta-analyses of massive gene expression profiles for 6,567 in vivo rat samples and 453 compounds. After applying rigorous feature reduction procedures, our analyses identified 18 genes to be related with toxicity upon comparisons of untreated versus treated and innocuous versus toxic specimens of kidney, liver and heart tissue. We then independently validated these genes in human cell lines. In doing so, we found several of these genes to be coherently regulated in both in vivo rat specimens and in human cell lines. Specifically, mRNA expression of neuronal regeneration-related protein was robustly down-regulated in both liver and kidney cells, while mRNA expression of cathepsin D was commonly up-regulated in liver cells after exposure to toxic concentrations of chemical compounds. Use of these novel toxicity biomarkers may enhance the efficiency of screening for safe lead compounds in early-phase drug development prior to animal testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyosil Kim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Hwa Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Youn Kim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Deokyeon Jo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ho Jun Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jihyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sungwon Jung
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- * E-mail: (HSK); (SJ)
| | - Hyun Seok Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (HSK); (SJ)
| | - KiYoung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pereira H, Oliveira CSF, Castro L, Preto A, Chaves SR, Côrte-Real M. Yeast as a tool to explore cathepsin D function. MICROBIAL CELL 2015; 2:225-234. [PMID: 28357298 PMCID: PMC5349170 DOI: 10.15698/mic2015.07.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin D has garnered increased attention in recent years, mainly since it has been associated with several human pathologies. In particular, cathepsin D is often overexpressed and hypersecreted in cancer cells, implying it may constitute a therapeutic target. However, cathepsin D can have both anti- and pro-survival functions depending on its proteolytic activity, cellular context and stress stimulus. Therefore, a more detailed understanding of cathepsin D regulation and how to modulate its apoptotic functions is clearly needed. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of cathepsin D in physiological and pathological scenarios. We then focus on the opposing functions of cathepsin D in apoptosis, particularly relevant in cancer research. Emphasis is given to the role of the yeast protease Pep4p, the vacuolar counterpart of cathepsin D, in life and death. Finally, we discuss how insights from yeast cathepsin D and its role in regulated cell death can unveil novel functions of mammalian cathepsin D in apoptosis and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Pereira
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - C S F Oliveira
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. ; ICBAS - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Castro
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - A Preto
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - S R Chaves
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - M Côrte-Real
- CBMA- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology. Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Azadirachtin-induced apoptosis involves lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cathepsin L release in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 64:126-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
39
|
LV XIAOQIN, LIU FANG, SHANG YUE, CHEN SHUZHEN. Honokiol exhibits enhanced antitumor effects with chloroquine by inducing cell death and inhibiting autophagy in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1289-300. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
40
|
Cathepsin D protects colorectal cancer cells from acetate-induced apoptosis through autophagy-independent degradation of damaged mitochondria. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1788. [PMID: 26086961 PMCID: PMC4669836 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acetate is a short-chain fatty acid secreted by Propionibacteria from the human intestine, known to induce mitochondrial apoptotic death in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. We previously established that acetate also induces lysosome membrane permeabilization in CRC cells, associated with release of the lysosomal protease cathepsin D (CatD), which has a well-established role in the mitochondrial apoptotic cascade. Unexpectedly, we showed that CatD has an antiapoptotic role in this process, as pepstatin A (a CatD inhibitor) increased acetate-induced apoptosis. These results mimicked our previous data in the yeast system showing that acetic acid activates a mitochondria-dependent apoptosis process associated with vacuolar membrane permeabilization and release of the vacuolar protease Pep4p, ortholog of mammalian CatD. Indeed, this protease was required for cell survival in a manner dependent on its catalytic activity and for efficient mitochondrial degradation independently of autophagy. In this study, we therefore assessed the role of CatD in acetate-induced mitochondrial alterations. We found that, similar to acetic acid in yeast, acetate-induced apoptosis is not associated with autophagy induction in CRC cells. Moreover, inhibition of CatD with small interfering RNA or pepstatin A enhanced apoptosis associated with higher mitochondrial dysfunction and increased mitochondrial mass. This effect seems to be specific, as inhibition of CatB and CatL with E-64d had no effect, nor were these proteases significantly released to the cytosol during acetate-induced apoptosis. Using yeast cells, we further show that the role of Pep4p in mitochondrial degradation depends on its protease activity and is complemented by CatD, indicating that this mechanism is conserved. In summary, the clues provided by the yeast model unveiled a novel CatD function in the degradation of damaged mitochondria when autophagy is impaired, which protects CRC cells from acetate-induced apoptosis. CatD inhibitors could therefore enhance acetate-mediated cancer cell death, presenting a novel strategy for prevention or therapy of CRC.
Collapse
|
41
|
Cell biology of the NCL proteins: What they do and don't do. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2242-55. [PMID: 25962910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The fatal, primarily childhood neurodegenerative disorders, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), are currently associated with mutations in 13 genes. The protein products of these genes (CLN1 to CLN14) differ in their function and their intracellular localization. NCL-associated proteins have been localized mostly in lysosomes (CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, CLN5, CLN7, CLN10, CLN12 and CLN13) but also in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (CLN6 and CLN8), or in the cytosol associated to vesicular membranes (CLN4 and CLN14). Some of them such as CLN1 (palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1), CLN2 (tripeptidyl-peptidase 1), CLN5, CLN10 (cathepsin D), and CLN13 (cathepsin F), are lysosomal soluble proteins; others like CLN3, CLN7, and CLN12, have been proposed to be lysosomal transmembrane proteins. In this review, we give our views and attempt to summarize the proposed and confirmed functions of each NCL protein and describe and discuss research results published since the last review on NCL proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: "Current Research on the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease)".
Collapse
|
42
|
Linares CI, Ferrín G, Aguilar-Melero P, González-Rubio S, Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Sánchez-Aragó M, Chicano-Gálvez E, Cuezva JM, Montero-Álvarez JL, Muntané J, de la Mata M. Sensitivity to anti-Fas is independent of increased cathepsin D activity and adrenodoxin reductase expression occurring in NOS-3 overexpressing HepG2 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1182-94. [PMID: 25712867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Stable overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS-3) in HepG2 cells (4TO-NOS) leads to increased nitro-oxidative stress and upregulation of the cell death mediators p53 and Fas. Thus, NOS-3 overexpression has been suggested as a useful antiproliferative mechanism in hepatocarcinoma cells. We aimed to identify the underlying mechanism of cell death induced by NOS-3 overexpression at basal conditions and with anti-Fas treatment. The intracellular localization of NOS-3, the nitro-oxidative stress and the mitochondrial activity were analysed. In addition, the protein expression profile in 4TO-NOS was screened for differentially expressed proteins potentially involved in the induction of apoptosis. NOS-3 localization in the mitochondrial outer membrane was not associated with changes in the respiratory cellular capacity, but was related to the mitochondrial biogenesis increase and with a higher protein expression of mitochondrial complex IV. Nitro-oxidative stress and cell death in NOS-3 overexpressing cells occurred with the expression increase of pro-apoptotic genes and a higher expression/activity of the enzymes adrenodoxin reductase mitochondrial (AR) and cathepsin D (CatD). CatD overexpression in 4TO-NOS was related to the apoptosis induction independently of its catalytic activity. In addition, CatD activity inhibition by pepstatin A was not effective in blocking apoptosis induced by anti-Fas. In summary, NOS-3 overexpression resulted in an increased sensitivity to anti-Fas induced cell death, independently of AR expression and CatD activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara I Linares
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gustavo Ferrín
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Patricia Aguilar-Melero
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Sandra González-Rubio
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Perálvarez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Aragó
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Servero Ochoa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Centro de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, ISCIII, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Chicano-Gálvez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain
| | - José M Cuezva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Servero Ochoa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Centro de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, ISCIII, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Montero-Álvarez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jordi Muntané
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel de la Mata
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC)/Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía/Universidad de Córdoba, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Córdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pavlíková N, Bartoňová I, Balušíková K, Kopperova D, Halada P, Kovář J. Differentially expressed proteins in human MCF-7 breast cancer cells sensitive and resistant to paclitaxel. Exp Cell Res 2014; 333:1-10. [PMID: 25557873 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents is one of the main causes of treatment failure. In order to detect proteins potentially involved in the mechanism of resistance to taxanes, we assessed differences in protein expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells that are sensitive to paclitaxel and in the same cells with acquired resistance to paclitaxel (established in our lab). Proteins were separated using two-dimensional electrophoresis. Changes in their expression were determined and proteins with altered expression were identified using mass spectrometry. Changes in their expression were confirmed using western blot analysis. With these techniques, we found three proteins expressed differently in resistant MCF-7 cells, i.e., thyroid hormone-interacting protein 6 (TRIP6; upregulated to 650%), heat shock protein 27 (HSP27; downregulated to 50%) and cathepsin D (downregulated to 28%). Silencing of TRIP6 expression by specific siRNA leads to decreased number of grown resistant MCF-7 cells. In the present study we have pointed at some new directions in the studies of the mechanism of resistance to paclitaxel in breast cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nela Pavlíková
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Irena Bartoňová
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Balušíková
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Kopperova
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Halada
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Characterization, Institute of Microbiology,v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kovář
- Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hosogi S, Kusuzaki K, Inui T, Wang X, Marunaka Y. Cytosolic chloride ion is a key factor in lysosomal acidification and function of autophagy in human gastric cancer cell. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1124-33. [PMID: 24725767 PMCID: PMC4508152 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to clarify roles of cytosolic chloride ion (Cl(-) ) in regulation of lysosomal acidification [intra-lysosomal pH (pHlys )] and autophagy function in human gastric cancer cell line (MKN28). The MKN28 cells cultured under a low Cl(-) condition elevated pHlys and reduced the intra-lysosomal Cl(-) concentration ([Cl(-) ]lys ) via reduction of cytosolic Cl(-) concentration ([Cl(-) ]c ), showing abnormal accumulation of LC3II and p62 participating in autophagy function (dysfunction of autophagy) accompanied by inhibition of cell proliferation via G0 /G1 arrest without induction of apoptosis. We also studied effects of direct modification of H(+) transport on lysosomal acidification and autophagy. Application of bafilomycin A1 (an inhibitor of V-type H(+) -ATPase) or ethyl isopropyl amiloride [EIPA; an inhibitor of Na(+) /H(+) exchanger (NHE)] elevated pHlys and decreased [Cl(-) ]lys associated with inhibition of cell proliferation via induction of G0 /G1 arrest similar to the culture under a low Cl(-) condition. However, unlike low Cl(-) condition, application of the compound, bafilomycin A1 or EIPA, induced apoptosis associated with increases in caspase 3 and 9 without large reduction in [Cl(-) ]c compared with low Cl(-) condition. These observations suggest that the lowered [Cl(-) ]c primarily causes dysfunction of autophagy without apoptosis via dysfunction of lysosome induced by disturbance of intra-lysosomal acidification. This is the first study showing that cytosolic Cl(-) is a key factor of lysosome acidification and autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shigekuni Hosogi
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyoto, Japan
- Japan Institute for Food Education and Health, Heian Jogakuin (St. Agnes') UniversityKyoto, Japan
- * Correspondence to: Dr. Shigekuni HOSOGI, M.D., Ph.D. and Prof. Yoshinori MARUNAKA, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan., Tel.: +81-75-251-5311, Fax: +81-75-251-0295, E-mails: for Shigekuni Hosogi; for Yoshinori Marunaka
| | - Katsuyuki Kusuzaki
- Japan Institute for Food Education and Health, Heian Jogakuin (St. Agnes') UniversityKyoto, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto Kujo HospitalKyoto, Japan
| | - Toshio Inui
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyoto, Japan
- Department of Bio-Ionomics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyoto, Japan
- Saisei Mirai ClinicsMoriguchi, Japan
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyoto, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Fudan University Zhongshan HospitalShanghai, China
| | - Yoshinori Marunaka
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyoto, Japan
- Japan Institute for Food Education and Health, Heian Jogakuin (St. Agnes') UniversityKyoto, Japan
- Department of Bio-Ionomics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyoto, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Respiratory Research Institute, Fudan University Zhongshan HospitalShanghai, China
- * Correspondence to: Dr. Shigekuni HOSOGI, M.D., Ph.D. and Prof. Yoshinori MARUNAKA, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan., Tel.: +81-75-251-5311, Fax: +81-75-251-0295, E-mails: for Shigekuni Hosogi; for Yoshinori Marunaka
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Pei J, Moon KS, Pan S, Lee KH, Ryu HH, Jung TY, Kim IY, Jang WY, Jung CH, Jung S. Proteomic Analysis between U87MG and U343MG-A Cell Lines: Searching for Candidate Proteins for Glioma Invasion. Brain Tumor Res Treat 2014; 2:22-8. [PMID: 24926468 PMCID: PMC4049555 DOI: 10.14791/btrt.2014.2.1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the molecular basis for invasion of malignant gliomas, proteomic analysis approach was carried out using two human glioma cell lines, U87MG and U343MG-A that demonstrate different motility and invasiveness in in vitro experiments. Methods High-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis were performed. Results Nine distinct protein spots that were recognized with significant alteration between the two cell lines. Five of these protein spots were up-regulated in U87MG and four were up-regulated in U343MG-A. Conclusion Among these proteins, cathepsin D was shown to be one of the important proteins which are related with glioma invasion. However, further studies are necessary to reveal the exact role and mechanism of cathepsin D in glioma invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Pei
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun, Korea. ; Department of Neurosurgery, Worker's Hospital of Tangshan, Tangshan City, China
| | - Kyung-Sub Moon
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - SangO Pan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Lee
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Hyang-Hwa Ryu
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Tae-Young Jung
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - In-Young Kim
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Woo-Yeol Jang
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| | - Chae-Hun Jung
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Shin Jung
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Hwasun, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tan GJ, Peng ZK, Lu JP, Tang FQ. Cathepsins mediate tumor metastasis. World J Biol Chem 2013; 4:91-101. [PMID: 24340132 PMCID: PMC3856311 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v4.i4.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins are highly expressed in various human cancers, associated with tumor metastasis. It is superfamily, concluding A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, L, K, O, S, V, and W family members. As a group of lysosomal proteinases or endopeptidases, each member has a different function, playing different roles in distinct tumorigenic processes such as proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and invasion. Cathepsins belong to a diverse number of enzyme subtypes, including cysteine proteases, serine proteases and aspartic proteases. The contribution of cathepsins to invasion in human cancers is well documented, although the precise mechanisms by which cathepsins exert their effects are still not clear. In the present review, the role of cathepsin family members in cancer is discussed.
Collapse
|
47
|
Fuhrmann DC, Wittig I, Heide H, Dehne N, Brüne B. Chronic hypoxia alters mitochondrial composition in human macrophages. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2750-60. [PMID: 24140568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are important mediators of the cellular adaptive response during acute hypoxia. The role of HIF-1 and HIF-2 during prolonged periods of hypoxia, i.e. chronic hypoxia is less defined. Therefore, we used human THP-1 macrophages with a knockdown of either HIF-1α, HIF-2α, or both HIFα-subunits, incubated them for several days under hypoxia (1% O2), and analyzed responses to hypoxia using 2D-DIGE coupled to MS/MS-analysis. Chronic hypoxia was defined as a time point when the early but transient accumulation of HIFα-subunits and mRNA expression of classical HIF target genes returned towards basal levels, with a new steady state that was constant from 72h onwards. From roughly 800 spots, that were regulated comparing normoxia to chronic hypoxia, about 100 proteins were unambiguously assigned during MS/MS-analysis. Interestingly, a number of glycolytic proteins were up-regulated, while a number of inner mitochondrial membrane proteins were down-regulated independently of HIF-1α or HIF-2α. Chronic hypoxic conditions depleted the mitochondrial mass by autophagy, which occurred independently of HIF proteins. Macrophages tolerate periods of chronic hypoxia very well and adaptive responses occur, at least in part, independently of HIF-1α and/or HIF-2α and comprise mitophagy as a pathway of particular importance.
Collapse
|
48
|
Huang Q, Zhang J, Martin FL, Peng S, Tian M, Mu X, Shen H. Perfluorooctanoic acid induces apoptosis through the p53-dependent mitochondrial pathway in human hepatic cells: a proteomic study. Toxicol Lett 2013; 223:211-20. [PMID: 24035753 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is one of the most commonly used perfluorinated compounds, and exposure to it has been associated with a number of adverse health effects. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in PFOA toxicity are still not well characterized. In the present study, flow cytometry analysis revealed that PFOA induced oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human non-tumor hepatic cells (L-02). Furthermore, we investigated the alterations in protein profile within L-02 cells exposed to PFOA, aiming to explore the mechanisms underlying PFOA hepatotoxicity on the proteome level. Of the 28 proteins showing significant differential expression in response to PFOA, 24 were down-regulated and 4 were up-regulated. This proteomic study proposed that the inhibition of some proteins, including GRP78, HSP27, CTSD and hnRNPC may be involved in the activation of p53, which consequently triggered the apoptotic process in L-02 cells. Induction of apoptosis via the p53-dependent mitochondrial pathway is further suggested as one of the key toxicological events occurring in L-02 cells under PFOA stress. We hope these data will shed new light on the molecular mechanisms responsible for PFOA-mediated toxicity in human liver cells, and from such studies useful biomarkers indicative of PFOA exposure could be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Deng YN, Shi J, Liu J, Qu QM. Celastrol protects human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells from rotenone-induced injury through induction of autophagy. Neurochem Int 2013; 63:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
50
|
Zhang L, Zhang J, Shea K, Xu L, Tobin G, Knapton A, Sharron S, Rouse R. Autophagy in pancreatic acinar cells in caerulein-treated mice: immunolocalization of related proteins and their potential as markers of pancreatitis. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:435-57. [PMID: 23640381 DOI: 10.1177/0192623313486967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced pancreatitis (DIP) is an underdiagnosed condition that lacks sensitive and specific biomarkers. To better understand the mechanisms of DIP and to identify potential tissue biomarkers, we studied experimental pancreatitis induced in male C57BL/6 mice by intraperitoneal injection of caerulein (10 or 50 μg/kg) at 1-hr intervals for a total of 7 injections. Pancreata from caerulein-treated mice exhibited consistent acinar cell autophagy and apoptosis with infrequent necrosis. Kinetic assays for serum amylase and lipase also showed a dose-dependent increase. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotin-dNTP nick labeling (TUNEL) detected dose-dependent acinar cell apoptosis. By light microscopy, autophagy was characterized by the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes (ALs) within the cytoplasm of acinar cells. Immunohistochemical studies with specific antibodies for proteins related to autophagy and pancreatic stress were conducted to evaluate these proteins as potential biomarkers of pancreatitis. Western blots were used to confirm immunohistochemical results using pancreatic lysates from control and treated animals. Autophagy was identified as a contributing process in caerulein-induced pancreatitis and proteins previously associated with autophagy were upregulated following caerulein treatment. Autophagosomes and ALs were found to be a common pathway, in which cathepsins, lysosome-associated membrane protein 2, vacuole membrane protein 1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), autophagy-related protein 9, Beclin1, and pancreatitis-associated proteins were simultaneously involved in response to caerulein stimulus. Regenerating islet-derived 3 gamma (Reg3γ), a pancreatic acute response protein, was dose-dependently induced in caerulein-treated mice and colocalized with the autophagosomal marker, LC3. This finding supports Reg3γ as a candidate biomarker for pancreatic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leshuai Zhang
- 1Division of Drug Safety Research, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|