1
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Ren L, Zhang T, Zhang J. Recent advances in dietary androgen receptor inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1446-1500. [PMID: 38279967 DOI: 10.1002/med.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
As a nuclear transcription factor, the androgen receptor (AR) plays a crucial role not only in normal male sexual differentiation and growth of the prostate, but also in benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, and prostate cancer. Multiple population-based epidemiological studies demonstrated that prostate cancer risk was inversely associated with increased dietary intakes of green tea, soy products, tomato, and so forth. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize the structure and function of AR, and further illustrate the structural basis for antagonistic mechanisms of the currently clinically available antiandrogens. Due to the limitations of these antiandrogens, a series of natural AR inhibitors have been identified from edible plants such as fruits and vegetables, as well as folk medicines, health foods, and nutritional supplements. Hence, this review mainly focused on recent experimental, epidemiological, and clinical studies about natural AR inhibitors, particularly the association between dietary intake of natural antiandrogens and reduced risk of prostatic diseases. Since natural products offer multiple advantages over synthetic antiandrogens, this review may provide a comprehensive and updated overview of dietary-derived AR inhibitors, as well as their potential for the nutritional intervention against prostatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Valentín López JC, Lange CA, Dehm SM. Androgen receptor and estrogen receptor variants in prostate and breast cancers. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 241:106522. [PMID: 38641298 PMCID: PMC11139604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) are steroid receptor transcription factors with critical roles in the development and progression of prostate and breast cancers. Advances in the understanding of mechanisms underlying the ligand-dependent activation of these transcription factors have contributed to the development of small molecule inhibitors that block AR and ERα actions. These inhibitors include competitive antagonists and degraders that directly bind the ligand binding domains of these receptors, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) analogs that suppress gonadal synthesis of testosterone or estrogen, and drugs that block specific enzymes required for biosynthesis of testosterone or estrogen. However, resistance to these therapies is frequent, and is often driven by selection for tumor cells with alterations in the AR or ESR1 genes and/or alternatively spliced AR or ESR1 mRNAs that encode variant forms AR or ERα. While most investigations involving AR have been within the context of prostate cancer, and the majority of investigations involving ERα have been within the context of breast cancer, important roles for AR have been elucidated in breast cancer, and important roles for ERα have been elucidated in prostate cancer. Here, we will discuss the roles of AR and ERα in breast and prostate cancers, outline the effects of gene- and mRNA-level alterations in AR and ESR1 on progression of these diseases, and identify strategies that are being developed to target these alterations therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol A Lange
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Medicine-Hematology, Oncology & Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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3
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Yi Q, Han X, Yu HG, Chen HY, Qiu D, Su J, Lin R, Batist G, Wu JH. SC912 inhibits AR-V7 activity in castration-resistant prostate cancer by targeting the androgen receptor N-terminal domain. Oncogene 2024; 43:1522-1533. [PMID: 38532114 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02944-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapies (ADT) are the mainstay treatments for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). ADT suppresses the androgen receptor (AR) signaling by blocking androgen biosynthesis or inhibiting AR with antiandrogens that target AR's ligand-binding domain (LBD). However, the ADT's effect is short-lived, as the AR signaling inevitably arises again, which is frequently coupled with AR-V7 overexpression. AR-V7 is a truncated form of AR that lacks the LBD, thus being constitutively active in the absence of androgens and irresponsive to AR-LBD-targeting inhibitors. Though compelling evidence has tied AR-V7 to drug resistance in CRPC, pharmacological inhibition of AR-V7 is still an unmet need. Here, we discovered a small molecule, SC912, which binds to full-length AR as well as AR-V7 through AR N-terminal domain (AR-NTD). This pan-AR targeting relies on the amino acids 507-531 in the AR-NTD. SC912 also disrupted AR-V7 transcriptional activity, impaired AR-V7 nuclear localization and DNA binding. In the AR-V7 positive CRPC cells, SC912 suppressed proliferation, induced cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis. In the AR-V7 expressing CRPC xenografts, SC912 attenuated tumor growth and antagonized intratumoral AR signaling. Together, these results suggested the therapeutic potential of SC912 for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Yi
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, Rd, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Xiaojun Han
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, Rd, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Henry G Yu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, Rd, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Huei-Yu Chen
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, Rd, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dinghong Qiu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, Rd, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Jie Su
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, Rd, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Rongtuan Lin
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, Rd, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gerald Batist
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, Rd, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jian Hui Wu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine, Rd, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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4
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Lisberg A, Liu Y, Merry DE. Blocking the dimerization of polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptor protects cells from DHT-induced toxicity by increasing AR turnover. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107246. [PMID: 38556081 PMCID: PMC11067348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is a neuromuscular degenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the androgen receptor (AR). This mutation causes AR to misfold and aggregate, contributing to toxicity in and degeneration of motor neurons and skeletal muscle. There is currently no effective treatment or cure for this disease. The role of an interdomain interaction between the amino- and carboxyl-termini of AR, termed the N/C interaction, has been previously identified as a component of androgen receptor-induced toxicity in cell and mouse models of SBMA. However, the mechanism by which this interaction contributes to disease pathology is unclear. This work seeks to investigate this mechanism by interrogating the role of AR homodimerization- a unique form of the N/C-interaction- in SBMA. We show that, although the AR N/C-interaction is reduced by polyglutamine-expansion, homodimers of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-bound AR are increased. Additionally, blocking homodimerization results in decreased AR aggregation and toxicity in cell models. Blocking homodimerization results in the increased degradation of AR, which likely plays a role in the protective effects of this mutation. Overall, this work identifies a novel mechanism in SBMA pathology that may represent a novel target for the development of therapeutics for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Lisberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Diane E Merry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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5
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Zhang Y, Liao Y, Luo M, Ye Y, Xu Z, Hou W, Liu R, Zhai Q, Lv S, Wei Q. IU1 and enzalutamide combination yields synergistic effects on castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2023; 83:1446-1457. [PMID: 37545197 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is one of the main treatment modalities for prostate cancer (PCa); however, almost all patients treated with ADT eventually progress into castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Although second-generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonists, such as enzalutamide, have been approved for CRPC treatment, AR signaling in CRPC cells is reactivated through multiple mechanisms, resulting in resistance to treatment and tumor progression with a very poor prognosis. The present study aimed to explore the anticancer effect of a treatment combining AR antagonist enzalutamide with AR degrader IU1 on PCa cells. METHODS The joint effects of enzalutamide and IU1 on PCa cell proliferation and apoptosis and associated cell signaling were evaluated in vitro. Mechanistically, the ubiquitination level and half-life of AR were examined under the combination treatment. The binding of IU1 and enzalutamide to AR was further verified using cellular thermal shift analysis and isothermal dose-response curve fingerprinting. RESULTS The combination of IU1 and three AR antagonists showed synergistic effects in different prostate cell lines. IU1 and enzalutamide synergistically promoted the degradation of AR and AR-V7 proteins, as well as suppressed the expression levels of AR and AR-V7 downstream target genes at the transcriptional and protein levels. The combination also synergistically blocked the PCa cell cycle and promoted apoptosis in PCa cell lines. Mechanistically, the combination promoted increased levels of AR ubiquitination. In CRPC cell lines and in the presence of increased androgen concentrations, enzalutamide was still able to bind AR competitively with androgens, reducing the stability of AR and thus promoting the degradation effect of IU1 on AR, synergistically producing an inhibitory effect on PCa cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings suggest that the combination of AR degrader and enzalutamide potentially represents a new therapeutic strategy for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanpeng Liao
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mayao Luo
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuedian Ye
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuofan Xu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenli Hou
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiyu Liu
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiliang Zhai
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shidong Lv
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
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Senapati D, Sharma V, Rath SK, Rai U, Panigrahi N. Functional implications and therapeutic targeting of androgen response elements in prostate cancer. Biochimie 2023; 214:188-198. [PMID: 37460038 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays an essential role in the growth and progression of prostate cancer (CaP). Ligand-activated AR inside the nucleus binds to the androgen response element (ARE) of the target genes in dimeric form and recruits transcriptional machinery to facilitate gene transcription. Pharmacological compounds that inhibit the AR action either bind to the ligand binding domain (LBD) or interfere with the interactions of AR with other co-regulatory proteins, slowing the progression of the disease. However, the emergence of resistance to conventional treatment makes clinical management of CaP difficult. Resistance has been associated with activation of androgen/AR axis that restores AR transcriptional activity. Activated AR signaling in resistance cases can be mediated by several mechanisms including AR amplification, gain-of-function AR mutations, androgen receptor variant (ARVs), intracrine androgen production, and overexpression of AR coactivators. Importantly, in castration resistant prostate cancer, ARVs lacking the LBD become constitutively active and promote hormone-independent development, underlining the need to concentrate on the other domain or the AR-DNA interface for the identification of novel actionable targets. In this review, we highlight the plasticity of AR-DNA binding and explain how fine-tuning AR's cooperative interactions with DNA translate into developing an alternative strategy to antagonize AR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirodatta Senapati
- GITAM School of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Vikas Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar Rath
- School of Pharmaceuticals and Population Health Informatics, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Uddipak Rai
- School of Pharmaceuticals and Population Health Informatics, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Naresh Panigrahi
- GITAM School of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
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7
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Riley CM, Elwood JML, Henry MC, Hunter I, Daniel Lopez-Fernandez J, McEwan IJ, Jamieson C. Current and emerging approaches to noncompetitive AR inhibition. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1701-1747. [PMID: 37062876 DOI: 10.1002/med.21961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) has been shown to be a key determinant in the pathogenesis of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The current standard of care therapies targets the ligand-binding domain of the receptor and can afford improvements to life expectancy often only in the order of months before resistance occurs. Emerging preclinical and clinical compounds that inhibit receptor activity via differentiated mechanisms of action which are orthogonal to current antiandrogens show promise for overcoming treatment resistance. In this review, we present an authoritative summary of molecules that noncompetitively target the AR. Emerging small molecule strategies for targeting alternative domains of the AR represent a promising area of research that shows significant potential for future therapies. The overall quality of lead candidates in the area of noncompetitive AR inhibition is discussed, and it identifies the key chemotypes and associated properties which are likely to be, or are currently, positioned to be first in human applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Riley
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jessica M L Elwood
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Martyn C Henry
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Irene Hunter
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Iain J McEwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Craig Jamieson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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8
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Radaeva M, Morin H, Pandey M, Ban F, Guo M, LeBlanc E, Lallous N, Cherkasov A. Novel Inhibitors of androgen receptor's DNA binding domain identified using an ultra-large virtual screening. Mol Inform 2023; 42:e2300026. [PMID: 37193651 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202300026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) inhibition remains the primary strategy to combat the progression of prostate cancer (PC). However, all clinically used AR inhibitors target the ligand-binding domain (LBD), which is highly susceptible to truncations through splicing or mutations that confer drug resistance. Thus, there exists an urgent need for AR inhibitors with novel modes of action. We thus launched a virtual screening of an ultra-large chemical library to find novel inhibitors of the AR DNA-binding domain (DBD) at two sites: protein-DNA interface (P-box) and dimerization site (D-box). The compounds selected through vigorous computational filtering were then experimentally validated. We identified several novel chemotypes that effectively suppress transcriptional activity of AR and its splice variant V7. The identified compounds represent previously unexplored chemical scaffolds with a mechanism of action that evades the conventional drug resistance manifested through LBD mutations. Additionally, we describe the binding features required to inhibit AR DBD at both P-box and D-box target sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Radaeva
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6H 3Z6
| | - Helene Morin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6H 3Z6
| | - Mohit Pandey
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6H 3Z6
| | - Fuqiang Ban
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6H 3Z6
| | - Maria Guo
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6H 3Z6
| | - Eric LeBlanc
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6H 3Z6
| | - Nada Lallous
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6H 3Z6
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, V6H 3Z6
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9
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Yi Q, Liu W, Seo JH, Su J, Alaoui-Jamali MA, Luo J, Lin R, Wu JH. Discovery of a Small-Molecule Inhibitor Targeting the Androgen Receptor N-Terminal Domain for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:570-582. [PMID: 37139712 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The current mainstay therapeutic strategy for advanced prostate cancer is to suppress androgen receptor (AR) signaling. However, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) invariably arises with restored AR signaling activity. To date, the AR ligand-binding domain (LBD) is the only targeted region for all clinically available AR signaling antagonists, such as enzalutamide (ENZ). Major resistance mechanisms have been uncovered to sustain the AR signaling in CRPC despite these treatments, including AR amplification, AR LBD mutants, and the emergence of AR splice variants (AR-Vs) such as AR-V7. AR-V7 is a constitutively active truncated form of AR that lacks the LBD; thus, it can not be inhibited by AR LBD-targeting drugs. Therefore, an approach to inhibit AR through the regions outside of LBD is urgently needed. In this study, we have discovered a novel small molecule SC428, which directly binds to the AR N-terminal domain (NTD) and exhibits pan-AR inhibitory effect. SC428 potently decreased the transactivation of AR-V7, ARv567es, as well as full-length AR (AR-FL) and its LBD mutants. SC428 substantially suppressed androgen-stimulated AR-FL nuclear translocation, chromatin binding, and AR-regulated gene transcription. Moreover, SC428 also significantly attenuated AR-V7-mediated AR signaling that does not rely on androgen, hampered AR-V7 nuclear localization, and disrupted AR-V7 homodimerization. SC428 inhibited in vitro proliferation and in vivo tumor growth of cells that expressed a high level of AR-V7 and were unresponsive to ENZ treatment. Together, these results indicated the potential therapeutic benefits of AR-NTD targeting for overcoming drug resistance in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Yi
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Weiguo Liu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jung Hwa Seo
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jie Su
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Moulay A Alaoui-Jamali
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jun Luo
- Urology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rongtuan Lin
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jian Hui Wu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, SMBD-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Departments of Oncology and Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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10
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Araujo SC, de Angelo RM, Barbosa H, Costa-Silva TA, Tempone AG, Lago JHG, Honorio KM. Identification of inhibitors as drug candidates against Chagas disease. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 248:115074. [PMID: 36623331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease, after more than a century after its discovery, is still a major public health problem. It is estimated that approximately 10 million people worldwide are infected with T. cruzi. However, the situation is more critical in Latin America and other regions where the disease is endemic. The largest number of cases occurs in Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico as more than 100 million people in these regions are located in areas with a high risk of contamination by the vector. The need for new therapeutic alternatives is urgent, as the available drugs have severe limitations such as low efficacy and high toxicity. From this scenario, in this work, we employed the virtual screening technique using cruzain and BDF2 as key biological targets for the survival of the parasite. Our objective was to identify potential inhibitors of T. cruzi trypomastigotes, which could be considered drug candidates against Chagas disease. For this, we employed different in silico methodologies and the obtained results were corroborated using in vitro biological assays. For the VS studies, a database containing synthetic compounds was simulated at the binding site of cruzain and BDF2. In addition, pharmacophoric models were constructed in the initial phases of VS, as well as other advanced analyses (molecular dynamics simulations, calculations of binding free energy, and ADME prediction) were carried out and the results allowed the selection of potential inhibitors of T. cruzi. Based on the obtained data, 32 different compounds commercially available were subjected to biological tests against the trypomastigote form of T. cruzi. As result, 11 of those compounds displayed significant activity against T. cruzi and can be considered potential candidates for the treatment of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Cruz Araujo
- Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, São Paulo, 09210-180, Brazil
| | | | - Henrique Barbosa
- Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, São Paulo, 09210-180, Brazil
| | - Thais Alves Costa-Silva
- Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, São Paulo, 09210-180, Brazil
| | - André Gustavo Tempone
- Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, 01246-902, Brazil
| | | | - Kathia Maria Honorio
- Center of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal University of ABC, São Paulo, 09210-180, Brazil; School of Arts, Science, and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, 03828-000, Brazil.
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11
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Li L, Xu J. The androgen receptor-targeted proteolysis targeting chimera and other alternative therapeutic choices in overcoming the resistance to androgen deprivation treatment in prostate cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:352-363. [PMID: 36203075 PMCID: PMC9873748 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays a vital role in prostate cancer (PCa), including castration-resistant PCa, by retaining AR signalling. Androgen deprivation treatment (ADT) has been the standard treatment in the past decades. A great number of AR antagonists initially had been found effective in tumour remission; however, most PCa relapsed that caused by pre-translational resistance such as AR mutations to turn antagonist into agonist, and AR variants to bypass the androgen binding. Recently, several alternative therapeutic choices have been proposed. Among them, proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) acts different from traditional drugs that usually function as inhibitors or antagonists, and it degrades oncogenic protein and does not disrupt the transcription of an oncogene. This review first discussed some essential mechanisms of ADT resistance, and then introduced the application of AR-targeted PROTAC in PCa cells, as well as other AR-targeted therapeutic choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuxun Li
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Solid Tumour Target Discovery Laboratory, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
| | - Jiangli Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, No.921 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force, Changsha, 410003 China
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12
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Constitutively Active Androgen Receptor in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213768. [PMID: 36430245 PMCID: PMC9699340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the predominant type of liver cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related death globally. It is also a sexually dimorphic disease with a male predominance both in HCC and in its precursors, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The role of the androgen receptor (AR) in HCC has been well documented; however, AR-targeted therapies have failed to demonstrate efficacy in HCC. Building upon understandings of AR in prostate cancer (PCa), this review examines the role of AR in HCC, non-androgen-mediated mechanisms of induced AR expression, the existence of AR splice variants (AR-SV) in HCC and concludes by surveying current AR-targeted therapeutic approaches in PCa that show potential for efficacy in HCC in light of AR-SV expression.
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13
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Radaeva M, Li H, LeBlanc E, Dalal K, Ban F, Ciesielski F, Chow B, Morin H, Awrey S, Singh K, Rennie PS, Lallous N, Cherkasov A. Structure-Based Study to Overcome Cross-Reactivity of Novel Androgen Receptor Inhibitors. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182785. [PMID: 36139361 PMCID: PMC9497135 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mutation-driven transformation of clinical anti-androgen drugs into agonists of the human androgen receptor (AR) represents a major challenge for the treatment of prostate cancer patients. To address this challenge, we have developed a novel class of inhibitors targeting the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of the receptor, which is distanced from the androgen binding site (ABS) targeted by all conventional anti-AR drugs and prone to resistant mutations. While many members of the developed 4-(4-phenylthiazol-2-yl)morpholine series of AR-DBD inhibitors demonstrated the effective suppression of wild-type AR, a few represented by 4-(4-(3-fluoro-2-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl)morpholine (VPC14368) exhibited a partial agonistic effect toward the mutated T878A form of the receptor, implying their cross-interaction with the AR ABS. To study the molecular basis of the observed cross-reactivity, we co-crystallized the T878A mutated form of the AR ligand binding domain (LBD) with a bound VPC14368 molecule. Computational modelling revealed that helix 12 of AR undergoes a characteristic shift upon VPC14368 binding causing the agonistic behaviour. Based on the obtained structural data we then designed derivatives of VPC14368 to successfully eliminate the cross-reactivity towards the AR ABS, while maintaining significant anti-AR DBD potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Radaeva
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Huifang Li
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Eric LeBlanc
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Kush Dalal
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Fuqiang Ban
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | | | - Bonny Chow
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Helene Morin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Shannon Awrey
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Kriti Singh
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Paul S. Rennie
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Nada Lallous
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Correspondence: (N.L.); (A.C.)
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
- Correspondence: (N.L.); (A.C.)
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14
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Bochner E, Gold S, Raj GV. Emerging hormonal agents for the treatment of prostate cancer. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2022; 27:301-309. [PMID: 36062456 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2022.2121390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer is the most common solid organ malignancy in men in the United States. Until recently, treatment options for men with metastatic disease were limited and patients faced poor outcomes with minimal alternatives. The landscape of prostate cancer treatment has transformed and taken shape over the last 20 years with novel hormonal and non-hormonal therapeutics that have demonstrated significant improvement in survival. However, patients with advanced disease still face imminent progression on hormone blockade therapy. AREAS COVERED There is a significant market opportunity to devise novel, more potent agents for patients with hormone-resistant disease. Here we review the existing treatment options in men with advanced prostate cancer, the market opportunity within this field, goals of current research, and the novel agents under investigation, including androgen receptor degraders, testosterone synthesis pathway inhibitors, DNA-binding domain and N-terminal domain antagonists, and the combination of hormonal and non-hormonal agents. EXPERT OPINION Combination therapy regimens and novel agents targeting alternative binding domains of the androgen receptor are of great interest, as they may overcome resistance mechanisms and hold promise as the future of advanced prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Bochner
- The Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sam Gold
- The Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- The Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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15
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Avgeris I, Pliatsika D, Nikolaropoulos SS, Fousteris MA. Targeting androgen receptor for prostate cancer therapy: From small molecules to PROTACs. Bioorg Chem 2022; 128:106089. [PMID: 35973305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a serious type of cancer for men worldwide. The majority of new PCa cases are associated with androgen receptor (AR) hyperactivity. Various AR-targeting molecules that suppress its activity have been discovered. In this review, we present the already marketed antiandrogens and a selection of structurally and chemically interesting AR-targeting compounds, from a pharmacochemical perspective. Focus has been placed on the applied design approaches, structural evolution and structure-activity relationships of the most prominent compound classes. Passing from the traditional steroidal AR antagonists to the modern AR-targeting proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), we intend to provide a comprehensive overview on AR-targeting molecules for PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Avgeris
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece
| | - Dimanthi Pliatsika
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece
| | - Sotiris S Nikolaropoulos
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece
| | - Manolis A Fousteris
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Patras GR-26500, Greece.
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16
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Wu X, Zhang Q, Guo Y, Zhang H, Guo X, You Q, Wang L. Methods for the Discovery and Identification of Small Molecules Targeting Oxidative Stress-Related Protein–Protein Interactions: An Update. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040619. [PMID: 35453304 PMCID: PMC9025695 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidative stress response pathway is one of the hotspots of current pharmaceutical research. Many proteins involved in these pathways work through protein–protein interactions (PPIs). Hence, targeting PPI to develop drugs for an oxidative stress response is a promising strategy. In recent years, small molecules targeting protein–protein interactions (PPIs), which provide efficient methods for drug discovery, are being investigated by an increasing number of studies. However, unlike the enzyme–ligand binding mode, PPIs usually exhibit large and dynamic binding interfaces, which raise additional challenges for the discovery and optimization of small molecules and for the biochemical techniques used to screen compounds and study structure–activity relationships (SARs). Currently, multiple types of PPIs have been clustered into different classes, which make it difficult to design stationary methods for small molecules. Deficient experimental methods are plaguing medicinal chemists and are becoming a major challenge in the discovery of PPI inhibitors. In this review, we present current methods that are specifically used in the discovery and identification of small molecules that target oxidative stress-related PPIs, including proximity-based, affinity-based, competition-based, structure-guided, and function-based methods. Our aim is to introduce feasible methods and their characteristics that are implemented in the discovery of small molecules for different types of PPIs. For each of these methods, we highlight successful examples of PPI inhibitors associated with oxidative stress to illustrate the strategies and provide insights for further design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hengheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoke Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (Q.Y.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-025-83271351 (Q.Y.); +86-15261483858 (L.W.)
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (Q.Y.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-025-83271351 (Q.Y.); +86-15261483858 (L.W.)
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (X.W.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Correspondence: (X.G.); (Q.Y.); (L.W.); Tel.: +86-025-83271351 (Q.Y.); +86-15261483858 (L.W.)
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17
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Ji CH, Kim HY, Lee MJ, Heo AJ, Park DY, Lim S, Shin S, Ganipisetti S, Yang WS, Jung CA, Kim KY, Jeong EH, Park SH, Bin Kim S, Lee SJ, Na JE, Kang JI, Chi HM, Kim HT, Kim YK, Kim BY, Kwon YT. The AUTOTAC chemical biology platform for targeted protein degradation via the autophagy-lysosome system. Nat Commun 2022; 13:904. [PMID: 35173167 PMCID: PMC8850458 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation allows targeting undruggable proteins for therapeutic applications as well as eliminating proteins of interest for research purposes. While several degraders that harness the proteasome or the lysosome have been developed, a technology that simultaneously degrades targets and accelerates cellular autophagic flux is still missing. In this study, we develop a general chemical tool and platform technology termed AUTOphagy-TArgeting Chimera (AUTOTAC), which employs bifunctional molecules composed of target-binding ligands linked to autophagy-targeting ligands. AUTOTACs bind the ZZ domain of the otherwise dormant autophagy receptor p62/Sequestosome-1/SQSTM1, which is activated into oligomeric bodies in complex with targets for their sequestration and degradation. We use AUTOTACs to degrade various oncoproteins and degradation-resistant aggregates in neurodegeneration at nanomolar DC50 values in vitro and in vivo. AUTOTAC provides a platform for selective proteolysis in basic research and drug development. Targeted protein degradation is a promising approach for basic research and therapeutic applications. Here, the authors develop a targeted protein degradation platform called AUTOTAC to degrade oncoproteins and neurodegeneration-associated proteins via the p62-dependent autophagy-lysosome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hoon Ji
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Changkkyunggung-ro 254, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Hee Yeon Kim
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Changkkyunggung-ro 254, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Min Ju Lee
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Changkkyunggung-ro 254, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Ah Jung Heo
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea.,AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Changkkyunggung-ro 254, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Daniel Youngjae Park
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Sungsu Lim
- Convergence Research Center for Brain Science, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Seulgi Shin
- Convergence Research Center for Brain Science, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Srinivasrao Ganipisetti
- Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, 529 S Jackson Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Woo Seung Yang
- Convergence Research Center for Brain Science, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea
| | - Chang An Jung
- AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Changkkyunggung-ro 254, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Kun Young Kim
- AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Changkkyunggung-ro 254, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Eun Hye Jeong
- AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Changkkyunggung-ro 254, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Sun Ho Park
- AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Changkkyunggung-ro 254, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Su Bin Kim
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Na
- AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Changkkyunggung-ro 254, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Ji In Kang
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongju, 28116, Korea
| | - Hyung Min Chi
- Department of Chemisty, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Kim
- AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Changkkyunggung-ro 254, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Brain Science, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Korea. .,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, 02792, Korea.
| | - Bo Yeon Kim
- Anticancer Agents Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongju, 28116, Korea. .,Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Korea.
| | - Yong Tae Kwon
- Cellular Degradation Biology Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Korea. .,AUTOTAC Bio Inc., Changkkyunggung-ro 254, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Korea. .,SNU Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-799, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Chai X, Sun H, Zhou W, Chen C, Shan L, Yang Y, He J, Pang J, Yang L, Wang X, Cui S, Fu Y, Xu X, Xu L, Yao X, Li D, Hou T. Discovery of N-(4-(Benzyloxy)-phenyl)-sulfonamide Derivatives as Novel Antagonists of the Human Androgen Receptor Targeting the Activation Function 2. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2507-2521. [PMID: 35077161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) antagonists have been widely used for the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). As a link between the AR and its transcriptional function, the activation function 2 (AF2) region has recently been revealed as a novel targeting site for developing AR antagonists. Here, we reported a series of N-(4-(benzyloxy)-phenyl)-sulfonamide derivatives as new-scaffold AR antagonists targeting the AR AF2. Therein, compound T1-12 showed excellent AR antagonistic activity (IC50 = 0.47 μM) and peptide displacement activity (IC50 = 18.05 μM). Furthermore, the in vivo LNCaP xenograft study confirmed that T1-12 offered effective inhibition on tumor growth when administered intratumorally. The study represents the first successful attempt to identify a small molecule targeting the AR AF2 with submicromolar AR antagonistic activity by structure-based virtual screening and provides important clues for the development of novel therapeutics for PCa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chai
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huiyong Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenfang Zhou
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changwei Chen
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Luhu Shan
- Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junzhao He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinping Pang
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sunliang Cui
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaqin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Dan Li
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
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19
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Zhang C, Wu J, Chen Q, Tan H, Huang F, Guo J, Zhang X, Yu H, Shi W. Allosteric binding on nuclear receptors: Insights on screening of non-competitive endocrine-disrupting chemicals. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 159:107009. [PMID: 34883459 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can compete with endogenous hormones and bind to the orthosteric site of nuclear receptors (NRs), affecting normal endocrine system function and causing severe symptoms. Recently, a series of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have been discovered to bind to the allosteric sites of NRs and induce similar effects. However, it remains unclear how diverse EDCs work in this new way. Therefore, we have systematically summarized the allosteric sites and underlying mechanisms based on existing studies, mainly regarding drugs belonging to the PPCP class. Advanced methods, classified as structural biology, biochemistry and computational simulation, together with their advantages and hurdles for allosteric site recognition and mechanism insight have also been described. Furthermore, we have highlighted two available strategies for virtual screening of numerous EDCs, relying on the structural features of allosteric sites and lead compounds, respectively. We aim to provide reliable theoretical and technical support for a broader view of various allosteric interactions between EDCs and NRs, and to drive high-throughput and accurate screening of potential EDCs with non-competitive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Ecology and Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health Risk, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinqiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Ecology and Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health Risk, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinchang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Ecology and Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health Risk, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoyue Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Ecology and Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health Risk, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fuyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Ecology and Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health Risk, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Ecology and Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health Risk, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Ecology and Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health Risk, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Ecology and Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health Risk, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Province Ecology and Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health Risk, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China.
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20
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Pang JP, Shen C, Zhou WF, Wang YX, Shan LH, Chai X, Shao Y, Hu XP, Zhu F, Zhu DY, Xiao L, Xu L, Xu XH, Li D, Hou TJ. Discovery of novel antagonists targeting the DNA binding domain of androgen receptor by integrated docking-based virtual screening and bioassays. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:229-239. [PMID: 33767381 PMCID: PMC8724294 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, is a master regulator in the development and progress of prostate cancer (PCa). A major challenge for the clinically used AR antagonists is the rapid emergence of resistance induced by the mutations at AR ligand binding domain (LBD), and therefore the discovery of novel anti-AR therapeutics that can combat mutation-induced resistance is quite demanding. Therein, blocking the interaction between AR and DNA represents an innovative strategy. However, the hits confirmed targeting on it so far are all structurally based on a sole chemical scaffold. In this study, an integrated docking-based virtual screening (VS) strategy based on the crystal structure of the DNA binding domain (DBD) of AR was conducted to search for novel AR antagonists with new scaffolds and 2-(2-butyl-1,3-dioxoisoindoline-5-carboxamido)-4,5-dimethoxybenzoicacid (Cpd39) was identified as a potential hit, which was competent to block the binding of AR DBD to DNA and showed decent potency against AR transcriptional activity. Furthermore, Cpd39 was safe and capable of effectively inhibiting the proliferation of PCa cell lines (i.e., LNCaP, PC3, DU145, and 22RV1) and reducing the expression of the genes regulated by not only the full-length AR but also the splice variant AR-V7. The novel AR DBD-ARE blocker Cpd39 could serve as a starting point for the development of new therapeutics for castration-resistant PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Pang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chao Shen
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen-Fang Zhou
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yun-Xia Wang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lu-Hu Shan
- Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Xin Chai
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ying Shao
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xue-Ping Hu
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dan-Yan Zhu
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Li Xiao
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Xu
- Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Dan Li
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Ting-Jun Hou
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- State Key Lab of CAD & CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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21
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AR Structural Variants and Prostate Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1390:195-211. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Yu Z, Wei W, Liu H, Pan E, Yang P, Jiang K. Efficient Everolimus Treatment for Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer with AKT1 Mutation: A Case Report. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:5423-5428. [PMID: 34916807 PMCID: PMC8669273 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s334205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), the advanced stage of prostate cancer (PCa), develops resistance to first line androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Aberrant androgen receptor (AR) and PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway are responsible for the development and progression of mCRPC. We herein describe a case of a 64-year-old male mCRPC patient with somatic AKT1 and AR mutations. The patient, who had been heavily pretreated by ADT and AR inhibitors, showed stable disease progression when he received everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor. The PSA level dropped drastically from 1493.0 ng/mL to 237.6 ng/mL, after 3 months of treatment. The overall survival (OS) was 43 months, of which the progression-free survival (PFS) with everolimus treatment was 7 months. The administration of mTOR inhibitor, everolimus, could achieve good clinical responses along with prolonging PFS for mCRPC patients harboring AKT1 mutations. Technology in precision medicine, such as targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) of cancer-relevant genes, has promising function in personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongruo Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Evenki Pan
- Nanjing Genesseq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Yang
- Nanjing Genesseq Technology Inc., Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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23
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Leblanc E, Ban F, Cavga AD, Lawn S, Huang CCF, Mohan S, Chang MEK, Flory MR, Ghaidi F, Lingadahalli S, Chen G, Yu IPL, Morin H, Lallous N, Gleave ME, Mohammed H, Young RN, Rennie PS, Lack NA, Cherkasov A. Development of 2-(5,6,7-Trifluoro-1 H-Indol-3-yl)-quinoline-5-carboxamide as a Potent, Selective, and Orally Available Inhibitor of Human Androgen Receptor Targeting Its Binding Function-3 for the Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:14968-14982. [PMID: 34661404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy almost invariably develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Targeting the androgen receptor (AR) Binding Function-3 (BF3) site offers a promising option to treat CRPC. However, BF3 inhibitors have been limited by poor potency or inadequate metabolic stability. Through extensive medicinal chemistry, molecular modeling, and biochemistry, we identified 2-(5,6,7-trifluoro-1H-Indol-3-yl)-quinoline-5-carboxamide (VPC-13789), a potent AR BF3 antagonist with markedly improved pharmacokinetic properties. We demonstrate that VPC-13789 suppresses AR-mediated transcription, chromatin binding, and recruitment of coregulatory proteins. This novel AR antagonist selectively reduces the growth of both androgen-dependent and enzalutamide-resistant PCa cell lines. Having demonstrated in vitro efficacy, we developed an orally bioavailable prodrug that reduced PSA production and tumor volume in animal models of CRPC with no observed toxicity. VPC-13789 is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable antiandrogen with a distinct mode of action that has a potential as novel CRPC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Leblanc
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Fuqiang Ban
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Ayse Derya Cavga
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Sam Lawn
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Chia-Chi Flora Huang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Sankar Mohan
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Matthew E K Chang
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Mark R Flory
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Fariba Ghaidi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Shreyas Lingadahalli
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Ivan Pak Lok Yu
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hélène Morin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Nada Lallous
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Martin E Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Hisham Mohammed
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Robert N Young
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Nathan A Lack
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada.,School of Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
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24
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Ban F, Leblanc E, Cavga AD, Huang CCF, Flory MR, Zhang F, Chang MEK, Morin H, Lallous N, Singh K, Gleave ME, Mohammed H, Rennie PS, Lack NA, Cherkasov A. Development of an Androgen Receptor Inhibitor Targeting the N-Terminal Domain of Androgen Receptor for Treatment of Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3488. [PMID: 34298700 PMCID: PMC8304761 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy almost invariably develop castration-resistant prostate cancer. Resistance can occur when mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) render anti-androgen drugs ineffective or through the expression of constitutively active splice variants lacking the androgen binding domain entirely (e.g., ARV7). In this study, we are reporting the discovery of a novel AR-NTD covalent inhibitor 1-chloro-3-[(5-([(2S)-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl]amino)naphthalen-1-yl)amino]propan-2-ol (VPC-220010) targeting the AR-N-terminal Domain (AR-NTD). VPC-220010 inhibits AR-mediated transcription of full length and truncated variant ARV7, downregulates AR response genes, and selectively reduces the growth of both full-length AR- and truncated AR-dependent prostate cancer cell lines. We show that VPC-220010 disrupts interactions between AR and known coactivators and coregulatory proteins, such as CHD4, FOXA1, ZMIZ1, and several SWI/SNF complex proteins. Taken together, our data suggest that VPC-220010 is a promising small molecule that can be further optimized into effective AR-NTD inhibitor for the treatment of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Ban
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Eric Leblanc
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Ayse Derya Cavga
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Chia-Chi Flora Huang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Mark R. Flory
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA; (M.R.F.); (M.E.K.C.); (H.M.)
| | - Fan Zhang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Matthew E. K. Chang
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA; (M.R.F.); (M.E.K.C.); (H.M.)
| | - Hélène Morin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Nada Lallous
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Kriti Singh
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Martin E. Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Hisham Mohammed
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA; (M.R.F.); (M.E.K.C.); (H.M.)
| | - Paul S. Rennie
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Nathan A. Lack
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey;
- Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
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25
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Maylin ZR, Nicolescu RC, Pandha H, Asim M. Breaking androgen receptor addiction of prostate cancer by targeting different functional domains in the treatment of advanced disease. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:101115. [PMID: 33993099 PMCID: PMC8138777 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, treatment for castration-resistant prostate cancer has changed markedly, impacting symptom control and longevity for patients. However, a large proportion of cases progress despite androgen deprivation therapy and chemotherapy, while still being fit enough for several more lines of treatment. Overstimulation of the androgen receptor (AR) activity is the main driver of this cancer. Targeting biological functions of the AR or its co-regulators has proven very effective in this disease and led to the development of several highly effective drugs targeting the AR signalling axis. Drugs such as enzalutamide demonstrated that the improvement in anti-tumour efficacy is closely correlated with an affinity for the AR and its activity and have established the paradigm that AR remains activity in aggressive disease. However, as importantly, key insights into mechanisms of resistance are guiding the development of the next generation of AR-targeted drugs. This review outlines the historical development of these highly specific agents, their mechanism of action in the context of defective AR activity, and explores the potential for the upcoming next-generation AR inhibitors (ARI) for prostate cancer by targeting the alternative domains of AR, rather than by the conventional ligand-binding domain approach. There is huge potential in these approaches to develop new drugs with high clinical activity and further improve the outlook for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe R Maylin
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, UK
| | | | - Hardev Pandha
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, UK
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, UK.
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26
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Saxena N, Beraldi E, Fazli L, Somasekharan SP, Adomat H, Zhang F, Molokwu C, Gleave A, Nappi L, Nguyen K, Brar P, Nikesitch N, Wang Y, Collins C, Sorensen PH, Gleave M. Androgen receptor (AR) antagonism triggers acute succinate-mediated adaptive responses to reactivate AR signaling. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13427. [PMID: 33709547 PMCID: PMC8103094 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment-induced adaptive pathways converge to support androgen receptor (AR) reactivation and emergence of castration-resistant prostate cancer (PCa) after AR pathway inhibition (ARPI). We set out to explore poorly defined acute adaptive responses that orchestrate shifts in energy metabolism after ARPI and identified rapid changes in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), a TCA cycle enzyme with well-known tumor suppressor activity. We show that AR directly regulates transcription of its catalytic subunits (SDHA, SDHB) via androgen response elements (AREs). ARPI acutely suppresses SDH activity, leading to accumulation of the oncometabolite, succinate. Succinate triggers calcium ions release from intracellular stores, which in turn phospho-activates the AR-cochaperone, Hsp27 via p-CaMKK2/p-AMPK/p-p38 axis to enhance AR protein stabilization and activity. Activation of this pathway was seen in tissue microarray analysis on prostatectomy tissues and patient-derived xenografts. This adaptive response is blocked by co-targeting AR with Hsp27 under both in vitro and in vivo studies, sensitizing PCa cells to ARPI treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Saxena
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Ladan Fazli
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Hans Adomat
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fan Zhang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Anna Gleave
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lucia Nappi
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Pavn Brar
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colin Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Poul H Sorensen
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Martin Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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27
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Temml V, Kutil Z. Structure-based molecular modeling in SAR analysis and lead optimization. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1431-1444. [PMID: 33777339 PMCID: PMC7979990 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In silico methods like molecular docking and pharmacophore modeling are established strategies in lead identification. Their successful application for finding new active molecules for a target is reported by a plethora of studies. However, once a potential lead is identified, lead optimization, with the focus on improving potency, selectivity, or pharmacokinetic parameters of a parent compound, is a much more complex task. Even though in silico molecular modeling methods could contribute a lot of time and cost-saving by rationally filtering synthetic optimization options, they are employed less widely in this stage of research. In this review, we highlight studies that have successfully used computer-aided SAR analysis in lead optimization and want to showcase sound methodology and easily accessible in silico tools for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Temml
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Zsofia Kutil
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
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28
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Development of Novel Inhibitors Targeting the D-Box of the DNA Binding Domain of Androgen Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052493. [PMID: 33801338 PMCID: PMC7958344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of the androgen receptor (AR) is an established strategy in prostate cancer (PCa) treatment until drug resistance develops either through mutations in the ligand-binding domain (LBD) portion of the receptor or its deletion. We previously identified a druggable pocket on the DNA binding domain (DBD) dimerization surface of the AR and reported several potent inhibitors that effectively disrupted DBD-DBD interactions and consequently demonstrated certain antineoplastic activity. Here we describe further development of small molecule inhibitors of AR DBD dimerization and provide their broad biological characterization. The developed compounds demonstrate improved activity in the mammalian two-hybrid assay, enhanced inhibition of AR-V7 transcriptional activity, and improved microsomal stability. These findings position us for the development of AR inhibitors with entirely novel mechanisms of action that would bypass most forms of PCa treatment resistance, including the truncation of the LBD of the AR.
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29
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An Overview of Next-Generation Androgen Receptor-Targeted Therapeutics in Development for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042124. [PMID: 33672769 PMCID: PMC7924596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional endocrine therapy for prostate cancer (PCa) has been directed at suppression of the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis since Huggins et al. discovered that diethylstilbestrol (DES; an estrogen) produced chemical castration and PCa tumor regression. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) still remains the first-line PCa therapy. Insufficiency of ADT over time leads to castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) in which the AR axis is still active, despite castrate levels of circulating androgens. Despite the approval and use of multiple generations of competitive AR antagonists (antiandrogens), antiandrogen resistance emerges rapidly in CRPC due to several mechanisms, mostly converging in the AR axis. Recent evidence from multiple groups have defined noncompetitive or noncanonical direct binding sites on AR that can be targeted to inhibit the AR axis. This review discusses new developments in the PCa treatment paradigm that includes the next-generation molecules to noncanonical sites, proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC), or noncanonical N-terminal domain (NTD)-binding of selective AR degraders (SARDs). A few lead compounds targeting each of these novel noncanonical sites or with SARD activity are discussed. Many of these ligands are still in preclinical development, and a few early clinical leads have emerged, but successful late-stage clinical data are still lacking. The breadth and diversity of targets provide hope that optimized noncanonical inhibitors and/or SARDs will be able to overcome antiandrogen-resistant CRPC.
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30
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Maitland NJ. Resistance to Antiandrogens in Prostate Cancer: Is It Inevitable, Intrinsic or Induced? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:327. [PMID: 33477370 PMCID: PMC7829888 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly sophisticated therapies for chemical castration dominate first-line treatments for locally advanced prostate cancer. However, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) offers little prospect of a cure, as resistant tumors emerge rather rapidly, normally within 30 months. Cells have multiple mechanisms of resistance to even the most sophisticated drug regimes, and both tumor cell heterogeneity in prostate cancer and the multiple salvage pathways result in castration-resistant disease related genetically to the original hormone-naive cancer. The timing and mechanisms of cell death after ADT for prostate cancer are not well understood, and off-target effects after long-term ADT due to functional extra-prostatic expression of the androgen receptor protein are now increasingly being recorded. Our knowledge of how these widely used treatments fail at a biological level in patients is deficient. In this review, I will discuss whether there are pre-existing drug-resistant cells in a tumor mass, or whether resistance is induced/selected by the ADT. Equally, what is the cell of origin of this resistance, and does it differ from the treatment-naïve tumor cells by differentiation or dedifferentiation? Conflicting evidence also emerges from studies in the range of biological systems and species employed to answer this key question. It is only by improving our understanding of this aspect of treatment and not simply devising another new means of androgen inhibition that we can improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Maitland
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Tang S, Lian X, Jiang J, Cheng H, Guo J, Huang C, Meng H, Li X. Tumor Suppressive Maspin-Sensitized Prostate Cancer to Drug Treatment Through Negative Regulating Androgen Receptor Expression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:573820. [PMID: 33195208 PMCID: PMC7649228 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.573820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Overactivation of androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signal has been extensively implicated in prostate cancer (CaP) development, progression, and recurrence, which makes it an attractive therapeutic target. Meanwhile, as an endogenous inhibitor of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC 1), tumor-suppressive mammary serine protease inhibitor (maspin) was reported to sensitize drug-induced apoptosis with a better therapeutic outcome in CaP, but the relationship between AR and maspin remains unclear. In the current study, treatment of 5'-Aza or MS-275/enzalutamide induced poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage and p-H2A.X in CaP cells with an increase of maspin expression but a decrease of AR. Then, treatment with protease inhibitor MG132 did not rescue the above drug-induced loss of AR. In addition, modulation of maspin expression by gene recombinant or siRNA technology showed an inverse correlation between expression of maspin and AR, consequently affecting the AR-regulated downstream gene transcription (e.g., NKX3.1 and TMPRSS2). Bioinformatics analysis of the data extracted from the National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus (NCBI GEO) database also revealed an inverse correlation between low maspin expression and high AR level in advanced CaP. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay using anti-maspin antibody identified that a portion of AR promoter sequence was co-precipitated and presented in the immunoprecipitated complex. Finally, maspin-mediated repression of AR was induced by treatment of MS-275, which promoted enzalutamide treatment efficacy with decrease of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) expression in LNCaP and 22RV1 cells. Taken together, the data not only demonstrated maspin-mediated repression of AR to augment drug anti-tumor activity but also provided in-depth support for combination of HDAC inhibitors with AR antagonist in CaP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Tang
- The AoYang Cancer Institute, Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueqi Lian
- The AoYang Cancer Institute, Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Jiang
- The AoYang Cancer Institute, Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Huiying Cheng
- The AoYang Cancer Institute, Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiaqian Guo
- The AoYang Cancer Institute, Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Can Huang
- The AoYang Cancer Institute, Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Meng
- Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Xiaohua Li
- The AoYang Cancer Institute, Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
- The Laboratory of Clinical Genomics, Hefei KingMed Diagnostics Laboratory, Hefei, China
- National Center for Gene Testing Technology Application & Demonstration (Anhui), Hefei, China
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Ishigami-Yuasa M, Kagechika H. Chemical Screening of Nuclear Receptor Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5512. [PMID: 32752136 PMCID: PMC7432305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are ligand-inducible transcriptional factors that control multiple biological phenomena, including proliferation, differentiation, reproduction, metabolism, and the maintenance of homeostasis. Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily have marked structural and functional similarities, and their domain functionalities and regulatory mechanisms have been well studied. Various modulators of nuclear receptors, including agonists and antagonists, have been developed as tools for elucidating nuclear receptor functions and also as drug candidates or lead compounds. Many assay systems are currently available to evaluate the modulation of nuclear receptor functions, and are useful as screening tools in the discovery and development of new modulators. In this review, we cover the chemical screening methods for nuclear receptor modulators, focusing on assay methods and chemical libraries for screening. We include some recent examples of the discovery of nuclear receptor modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan;
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Bafna D, Ban F, Rennie PS, Singh K, Cherkasov A. Computer-Aided Ligand Discovery for Estrogen Receptor Alpha. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4193. [PMID: 32545494 PMCID: PMC7352601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCa) is one of the most predominantly diagnosed cancers in women. Notably, 70% of BCa diagnoses are Estrogen Receptor α positive (ERα+) making it a critical therapeutic target. With that, the two subtypes of ER, ERα and ERβ, have contrasting effects on BCa cells. While ERα promotes cancerous activities, ERβ isoform exhibits inhibitory effects on the same. ER-directed small molecule drug discovery for BCa has provided the FDA approved drugs tamoxifen, toremifene, raloxifene and fulvestrant that all bind to the estrogen binding site of the receptor. These ER-directed inhibitors are non-selective in nature and may eventually induce resistance in BCa cells as well as increase the risk of endometrial cancer development. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel drugs with alternative ERα targeting mechanisms that can overcome the limitations of conventional anti-ERα therapies. Several functional sites on ERα, such as Activation Function-2 (AF2), DNA binding domain (DBD), and F-domain, have been recently considered as potential targets in the context of drug research and discovery. In this review, we summarize methods of computer-aided drug design (CADD) that have been employed to analyze and explore potential targetable sites on ERα, discuss recent advancement of ERα inhibitor development, and highlight the potential opportunities and challenges of future ERα-directed drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (D.B.); (F.B.); (P.S.R.); (K.S.)
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Hu X, Chai X, Wang X, Duan M, Pang J, Fu W, Li D, Hou T. Advances in the computational development of androgen receptor antagonists. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1453-1461. [PMID: 32439609 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor is a ligand-dependent transcriptional factor and an essential therapeutic target for prostate cancer. Competitive binding of antagonists to the androgen receptor can alleviate aberrant activation of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer. In recent years, computer-aided drug design has played an essential part in the discovery of novel androgen receptor antagonists. This review summarizes the recent advances in the discovery of novel androgen receptor antagonists through computer-aided drug design approaches; and discusses the applications of molecular modeling techniques to understand the resistance mechanisms of androgen receptor antagonists at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Hu
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xin Chai
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Xuwen Wang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Mojie Duan
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jinping Pang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Weitao Fu
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Dan Li
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Tingjun Hou
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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35
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Yu J, Zhou P, Du W, Xu R, Yan G, Deng Y, Li X, Chen Y. Metabolically stable diphenylamine derivatives suppress androgen receptor and BET protein in prostate cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113946. [PMID: 32247852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a crucial driver of prostate cancer (PC). AR-relevant resistance remains a major challenge in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) family are critical AR coregulators. Here, we developed several diphenylamine derivatives and identified compound 7d that disrupted the functions of AR and BET family in prostate cancer and exhibited favorable metabolic stability in vitro and high drug exposure in vivo. We showed 7d not only bound to AR, suppressed transactivation of wild-type AR (wt-AR) and the mutant that mediates Enzalutamide resistance, but also reduced c-Myc protein expression through BET inhibition. In addition, 7d inhibited the proliferation of AR-positive PC cells with favorable selectivity and suppressed AR-V7-expressing VCaP and 22Rv1 xenografts growth in vivo. Collectively, these results indicate the potential of lead compound 7d as an orally available AR and BET inhibitor to treat CRPC and overcome antiandrogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Peiting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wu Du
- Hinova Pharmaceuticals Inc., 4th Floor, Building RongYao A, No. 5, Keyuan South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ruixue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guoyi Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Surgery, Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Yufang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinghai Li
- Hinova Pharmaceuticals Inc., 4th Floor, Building RongYao A, No. 5, Keyuan South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuanwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China; Hinova Pharmaceuticals Inc., 4th Floor, Building RongYao A, No. 5, Keyuan South Road, Chengdu 610041, China.
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36
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Chaturvedi AP, Dehm SM. Androgen Receptor Dependence. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1210:333-350. [PMID: 31900916 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) play crucial roles in the biology of normal and diseased prostate tissue, including prostate cancer (PCa). This dependence is evidenced by the use of androgen depletion therapy (ADT) as the primary treatment for locally advanced, metastatic, or relapsed PCa. This dependence is further evidenced by the various mechanisms employed by PCa cells to re-activate the AR to circumvent the growth-inhibitory effects of ADT. Re-activation of the AR during ADT is central to the disease evolving into the lethal castration resistant PCa (CRPC) phenotype, which is responsible for nearly all PCa mortality. Thus, understanding the regulation of AR and AR signaling is important for understanding the development and progression of PCa. This understanding provides the foundation for development of newer approaches for targeting CRPC therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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37
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Could Circulating Tumor Cells and ARV7 Detection Improve Clinical Decisions in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer? The Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT) Experience. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070980. [PMID: 31337040 PMCID: PMC6678845 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzalutamide and abiraterone have been shown to improve progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients. Moreover, some patients may not benefit from the inhibition of androgen receptor (AR) activity or, alternatively, may develop secondary resistance. Detection in patients’ circulating tumor cells (CTCs) of ARV7, a splicing variant of AR lacking the ligand-binding domain, showed a link with treatment failure. Independent confirmation of the predictive role of CTC status combined with ARV7 detection is, therefore, a priority for extending personalized biomarker-driven treatments to all patients. In this prospective observational study, CTC status and the expression of AR and ARV7 were measured in 37 mCRPC patients, before starting treatment with enzalutamide or abiraterone, by employing commercially available kits. CTC status was positive in 21/37 patients: 46% and 24% of CTC-positive patients were defined as AR- and ARV7-positive, respectively. Kaplan–Meier estimates showed that positivity for each variable was significantly associated with poorer radiological PFS, PSA-PFS, and OS. All considered treatment outcomes worsened when going from CTC-negative to CTC-positive/ARV7-negative to CTC-positive/ARV7-positive patients, both in the global case series and in patients stratified into three groups based on basal PSA levels. Presently, technical approaches appear to be mature for introducing CTC/ARV7 tests in clinical practice.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Prostate cancer (PCa) is diagnosed in one out of every nine men and is the second leading cause of cancer death among men. Although therapies targeting the androgen receptor (AR) are highly effective, development of resistance is universal and remains a major therapeutic challenge. Nonetheless, signaling via AR is frequently maintained despite standard androgen-signaling inhibition. We review the current understanding of mechanisms of resistance as well as therapeutic approaches to improving treatment of PCa via targeting of the AR. RECENT FINDINGS Resistance to AR-targeting therapies may be mediated by several mechanisms, including amplification, mutation, and alternative splicing of AR; intratumoral androgen synthesis; activation of alternative signaling pathways; and in a minority of cases, emergence of AR-independent phenotypes. Recent trials demonstrate that intensification of androgen blockade in metastatic castration-sensitive PCa can significantly improve survival. Similar strategies are being explored in earlier disease states. In addition, several other cellular signaling pathways have been identified as mechanisms of resistance, offering opportunities for cotargeted therapy. Finally, immune-based approaches are in development to complement AR-targeted therapies. SUMMARY Targeting the AR remains a critical focus in the treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Einstein
- Division of Medical Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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39
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Elshan NGRD, Rettig MB, Jung ME. Molecules targeting the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis beyond the AR-Ligand binding domain. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:910-960. [PMID: 30565725 PMCID: PMC6608750 DOI: 10.1002/med.21548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality in men in the United States. The androgen receptor (AR) and the physiological pathways it regulates are central to the initiation and progression of PCa. As a member of the nuclear steroid receptor family, it is a transcription factor with three distinct functional domains (ligand-binding domain [LBD], DNA-binding domain [DBD], and transactivation domain [TAD]) in its structure. All clinically approved drugs for PCa ultimately target the AR-LBD. Clinically active drugs that target the DBD and TAD have not yet been developed due to multiple factors. Despite these limitations, the last several years have seen a rise in the discovery of molecules that could successfully target these domains. This review aims to present and comprehensively discuss such molecules that affect AR signaling through direct or indirect interactions with the AR-TAD or the DBD. The compounds discussed here include hairpin polyamides, niclosamide, marine sponge-derived small molecules (eg, EPI compounds), mahanine, VPC compounds, JN compounds, and bromodomain and extraterminal domain inhibitors. We highlight the significant in vitro and in vivo data found for each compound and the apparent limitations and/or potential for further development of these agents as PCa therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew B. Rettig
- . Division of Hematology/Oncology, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System West LA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- . Departments of Medicine and Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael E. Jung
- . Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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40
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Veras Ribeiro Filho H, Tambones IL, Mariano Gonçalves Dias M, Bernardi Videira N, Bruder M, Amorim Amato A, Migliorini Figueira AC. Modulation of nuclear receptor function: Targeting the protein-DNA interface. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 484:1-14. [PMID: 30703486 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors that modulate several biological processes. Traditionally, modulation of NRs has been focused on the development of ligands that recognize and bind to the ligand binding domain (LBD), resulting in activation or repression of transcription through the recruitment of coregulators. However, for more severe diseases, such as breast and prostate cancer, the conventional treatment addressing LBD modulation is not always successful, due to tumor resistance. To overcome these challenges and aiming to modulate NR activity by inhibiting the NR-DNA interaction, new studies focus on the development of molecules targeting alternative sites and domains on NRs. Here, we discuss two different approaches for this alternative NR modulation: one targeting the NR DNA binding domain (DBD); and the other targeting the DNA sites recognized by NRs. Our aim is to present the challenges and perspectives for developing specific inhibitors for each purpose, alongside with already reported examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder Veras Ribeiro Filho
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biosciences and Technology of Bioactive Products, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Izabella Luisa Tambones
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biosciences and Technology of Bioactive Products, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marieli Mariano Gonçalves Dias
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil; Graduate Program in Molecular and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Natalia Bernardi Videira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marjorie Bruder
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Angélica Amorim Amato
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Brasilia (UnB), Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Migliorini Figueira
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil.
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Li D, Zhou W, Pang J, Tang Q, Zhong B, Shen C, Xiao L, Hou T. A magic drug target: Androgen receptor. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1485-1514. [PMID: 30569509 DOI: 10.1002/med.21558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is closely associated with a group of hormone-related diseases including the cancers of prostate, breast, ovary, pancreas, etc and anabolic deficiencies such as muscle atrophy and osteoporosis. Depending on the specific type and stage of the diseases, AR ligands including not only antagonists but also agonists and modulators are considered as potential therapeutics, which makes AR an extremely interesting drug target. Here, we at first review the current understandings on the structural characteristics of AR, and then address why and how AR is investigated as a drug target for the relevant diseases and summarize the representative antagonists and agonists targeting five prospective small molecule binding sites at AR, including ligand-binding pocket, activation function-2 site, binding function-3 site, DNA-binding domain, and N-terminal domain, providing recent insights from a target and drug development view. Further comprehensive studies on AR and AR ligands would bring fruitful information and push the therapy of AR relevant diseases forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenfang Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinping Pang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qin Tang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bingling Zhong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Shen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Xiao
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, China
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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42
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Dalal K, Morin H, Ban F, Shepherd A, Fernandez M, Tam KJ, Li H, LeBlanc E, Lack N, Prinz H, Rennie PS, Cherkasov A. Small molecule-induced degradation of the full length and V7 truncated variant forms of human androgen receptor. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:1164-1173. [PMID: 30193215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a hormone-activated transcription factor that regulates the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa) and represents one of the most well-established drug targets. Currently clinically approved small molecule inhibitors of AR, such as enzalutamide, are built upon a common chemical scaffold that interacts with the AR by the same mechanism of action. These inhibitors eventually fail due to the emergence of drug-resistance in the form of AR mutations and expression of truncated AR splice variants (e.g. AR-V7) that are constitutively active, signalling the progression of the castration-resistant state of the disease. The urgent need therefore continues for novel classes of AR inhibitors that can overcome drug resistance, especially since AR signalling remains important even in late-stage advanced PCa. Previously, we identified a collection of 10-benzylidene-10H-anthracen-9-ones that effectively inhibit AR transcriptional activity, induce AR degradation and display some ability to block recruitment of hormones to the receptor. In the current work, we extended the analysis of the lead compounds, and used methods of both ligand- and structure-based drug design to develop a panel of novel 10-benzylidene-10H-anthracen-9-one derivatives capable of suppressing transcriptional activity and protein expression levels of both full length- and AR-V7 truncated forms of human androgen receptor. Importantly, the developed compounds efficiently inhibited the growth of AR-V7 dependent prostate cancer cell-lines which are completely resistant to all current anti-androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kush Dalal
- Vancouver Prostate Centre (VPC), 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Helene Morin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre (VPC), 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Fuqiang Ban
- Vancouver Prostate Centre (VPC), 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Ashley Shepherd
- Vancouver Prostate Centre (VPC), 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Michael Fernandez
- Vancouver Prostate Centre (VPC), 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Kevin J Tam
- Vancouver Prostate Centre (VPC), 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Huifang Li
- Vancouver Prostate Centre (VPC), 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Eric LeBlanc
- Vancouver Prostate Centre (VPC), 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Nathan Lack
- Vancouver Prostate Centre (VPC), 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Helge Prinz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Vancouver Prostate Centre (VPC), 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre (VPC), 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Canada.
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