Synthesis and characterization of a new vic-dioxime derivative of chitosan and its transition metal complexes

Synthesis of aminolyzed gelatin-mediated chitosan as pH-responsive drug-carrying porous scaffolds

Bio-based drug delivery devices have gained enormous interest in the biomedical field due to their biocompatible attributes. Extensive research is being conducted on chitosan-based devices for drug delivery applications. Chitosan being hydrophobic under neutral conditions makes it difficult to interact with a polar drug of curcumin. We tended to make it polar through sol-gel synthesis and modification via PEGylation, alkaline hydrolysis, and aminolysis. Such alterations could make the chitosan-based scaffolds porous, hydrophilic, amino-functionalized, and pH-responsive. The ninhydrin assay confirmed that a successful aminolysis occurred, and the chemical interaction among the precursors was explained under infrared spectroscopy. The scanning morphology of the optimum aminolyzed membrane appeared to be porous with an average pore size of 320 ± 20 nm. The aminolyzed chitosan membrane was found thermally stable up to 310 °C, hydrophilic with a water contact angle of 23.4°, moderate flowablity, and porous (97 ± 5 %, w/w) against ethanol. The curcumin-loaded chitosan membrane expressed the UV-protection behavior of 99 %. The curcumin-loading and release phenomena were found pH-responsive. The curcumin release results were evaluated through specific kinetic models. This study could be the first report on the amphiphilic, porous, and swellable drug-loaded gelatin/chitosan membrane with pH-responsive loading and release of curcumin for potential drug delivery applications.

Synthesis and characterization of novel chitosan derivatives (containing dipyridinium quaternary salts) with antimicrobial potential

Chitosan derivatives are versatile materials, biocompatible and biodegradable, that can be tailor-made to suit specific biomedical applications. In this study, two N-heterocyclic salts (N,N'-diphenacyl-[4,4'-dipyridinium] dibromide (DP) and N,N'-diphenacyl-1,2-bis-(4-pyridinium)ethane dibromide (DPE)) were used for chitosan functionalization to enhance its antimicrobial potential. Physico-chemical characterization of the newly synthesized derivatives (Ch-DP and Ch-DPE) was performed by elemental analysis, spectrometry (UV-Vis, FTIR), electrochemistry (OCP, CV), and electron microscopy (SEM) proving that the highest degree of functionalization was obtained for Ch-DP. The antimicrobial effect of chitosan functionalization was further tested in terms of its interaction with Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, as Gram-positive bacteria and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, as Gram-negative bacterium, respectively, showing that the Ch-DP had a good inhibitory activity compared with Ch-DPE.

Preparation, Characterization, and Bio Evaluation of Fatty N- Hexadecanyl Chitosan Derivatives for Biomedical Applications

The objective of this study was to improve the antibacterial activities of chitosan via N-alkyl substitution using 1-bromohexadecane. Mono and di substitution (Mono-NHD-Ch and Di-NHD-Ch) were prepared and characterized using FT-IR, HNMR, TGA, DSC, and SEM. Elemental analysis shows an increase in the C/N ratio from 5.45 for chitosan to 8.63 for Mono-NHD-Ch and 10.46 for Di-NHD-Ch. The antibacterial properties were evaluated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. In the examined microorganisms, the antibacterial properties of the novel alkyl derivatives increased substantially higher than chitosan. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Mono-NHD-Ch and Di-NHD-Ch was perceived at 50 μg/mL against tested microorganisms, except for B. cereus. The MTT test was used to determine the cytotoxicity of the produced materials, which proved their safety to fibroblast cells. The findings suggest that the new N-Alkyl chitosan derivatives might be used as antibacterial alternatives to pure chitosan in wound infection treatments.

Preparation and characterization of vanillin-chitosan Schiff base zinc complex for a novel Zn2+ sustained released system

In this work, a novel sustained released system (VCSB-Zn(II)) for zinc supplements was built by vanillin-chitosan Schiff base (VCSB) chelated with Zn²⁺ to improve the zinc trace element utilization ratio. Samples were characterized by FT-IR, ¹H NMR, XRD, SEM, and TGA. The results showed that VCSB exhibited a more excellent chelation capacity of Zn²⁺ than chitosan. The chelation capacity of VCSB was about 1.7 times more than that of chitosan, corresponding to 50.96 mg/g and 29.91 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, VCSB-Zn(II) showed excellent sustained released performance at simulated gastric fluid because of the acid slow-dissolving ability. And the higher the CN content of VCSB, the higher the cumulative release rate (R_i) of Zn²⁺, the highest R_i reached 77.81%. The sustained released curves were described by the first-order and Korsmeyer-Peppas equation, which described the Zn²⁺ sustained released performance caused by the dissolution of VCSB-Zn(II) and Fick diffusion. This Zn²⁺ sustained released system shows great potential in the application in the field of trace elements supplements for animals.

Evaluation of the interactions between chitosan and humics in media for the controlled release of nitrogen fertilizer

The aim of this study was to evaluate the interactions of peat, humic acids, and humin with urea dispersed in chitosan, in systems intended for the controlled release of urea. Spheres of chitosan with humic material and urea intentionally added to the media were prepared and characterized by means of elemental analysis (CHN), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The spheres possessed functional groups related to humic substances that interacted with the chitosan, and the presence of urea in the media was also confirmed after it has been added. Release experiments demonstrated that the samples released urea in a controlled manner that was dependent on pH, increasing in the order: pH 2.5 < pH 4.0 < pH 9.0. In soil experiments, the degree of release of urea (α) increased over time, with values of 0.44 for chitosan-humic acids-urea (CHAU), 0.48 for chitosan-peat-urea (CPTU), and 0.67 for chitosan-humin-urea (CHMU) obtained in the first day of the experiment. The release of urea did not exceed 70% after 7 days. The results demonstrated the potential of using peat, humic acids, and humin, in combination with chitosan, in order to manufacture controlled release urea fertilizers and contribute to reducing adverse environmental and economic impacts.

Cellulose derivatives modified by sodium tellurate and a chromium(III) tellurate complex

A novel cellulose (Cell) derivative, sodium-tellurato (Cell-TeO(OH)4(ONa)/Cell-Cl), has been synthesized from the reaction of 6-chloro-6-deoxycellulose (Cell-Cl) with telluric acid in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The subsequent reaction of this polymeric material with chromium(III) in aqueous solution yields the [Cr(Cell-TeO3(OH)3/Cell-Cl)(Cell-TeO2(OH)4/Cell-Cl)(H2O)3] complex. The molecular structures and morphology of the new polymer and the Cr(III) complex have been examined using elemental analysis, solid-state (13)C NMR, UV-vis, XRD and FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM-EDX, TGA and magnetic measurements. The results are considered to be consistent with the formulations proposed. The deprotonation constants of the modified cellulose and the stability constant of the Cr(III) complex have been determined by pH-metric measurements.

Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial studies of ruthenium(III) complexes derived from chitosan schiff base

Chitosan can be modified chemically by condensation reaction of deacetylated chitosan with aldehyde in homogeneous phase. This condensation is carried by primary amine (NH2) with aldehyde (CHO) to form corresponding schiff base. The chitosan biopolymer schiff base derivatives are synthesized with substituted aldehydes namely 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy benzaldehyde, and 2-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzaldehyde, becomes a complexing agent or ligand. The Ruthenium(III) complexes were obtained by complexation of Ruthenium with schiff base ligands and this product exhibits as an excellent solubility and more biocompatibility. The novel series of schiff base Ruthenium(III) complexes are characterized by Elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, and Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The synthesized complexes have been subjected to antibacterial study. The antibacterial results indicated that the antibacterial activity of the complexes were more effective against Gram positive and Gram negative pathogenic bacteria. These findings are giving suitable support for developing new antibacterial agent and expand our scope for applications.

Changes in spectrochemical and catalytic properties of biopolymer anchored Cu(II) and Ni(II) catalysts by electron beam irradiation

Chitosan (a biopolymer) anchored Cu(II) and Ni(II) Schiff base complexes, [M(OIAC)Cl2] (M: Cu/Ni and OIAC: ([2-oxo-1H-indol-3-ylidene]amino)chitosan) were electron beam irradiated by different doses (100 Gy, 1 kGy and 10 kGy). The electron beam has shown potential impact on biopolymer's support, in detail chain linking and chain scissoring, as evidenced by viscosity studies, FT-IR and X-ray diffraction spectroscopic techniques. Due to these structural changes, thermal properties of the complexes were found to be changed. The surface of these heterogeneous complexes was also effectually altered by electron beam. As a consequence, pores and holes were created as probed by SEM technique. The catalytic activity of both non-irradiated and irradiated complexes was investigated in the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexane using hydrogen peroxide oxidant. The catalytic ability of the complexes was enhanced significantly after irradiation as the result of surface changes. The reusability of the complexes was also greatly affected because of the structural variations in polymeric support. In terms of both better catalytic activity along with the reusability, 1 kGy is suggested as the best dose to attain adequate increase in catalytic activity and good reusability.

Influence of electron beam irradiation on spectral, thermal, morphological and catalytic properties of Co(II) complex immobilized on chitosan's Schiff base

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of electron beam irradiation on the spectral and catalytic properties of chitosan supported (ONClCl) tetra coordinated Co(II) complex, [Co(OIAC)Cl2]. The complex was subjected to electron beam irradiation of 100 Gy, 1 kGy and 10 kGy doses. Chain scission of chitosan was observed on irradiation at 100 Gy and 10 kGy and chain linking at 1 kGy as evidenced by viscosity and FT-IR spectroscopic studies. This observation was also confirmed by thermo gravimetric and differential thermogravimetric (TG-DTG) analysis. It revealed that the thermal stability of the complex was increased at 1 kGy irradiation and decreased at 100 Gy and 10 kGy. In addition, the effect of electron beam irradiation on the surface morphology of the complex was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Catalytic abilities of both non-irradiated complex and irradiated complexes were determined and compared in the cyclohexane oxidation using hydrogen peroxide oxidant. The catalytic activity was found to increase after irradiation at all doses. Though the complex irradiated at 10 kGy showed highest conversion efficiency, irradiation at 1 kGy is suggested as the best dose due to the extensive reusability and adequate catalytic ability of the complex.

Synthesis, spectrochemical characterisation and catalytic activity of transition metal complexes derived from Schiff base modified chitosan

Three novel quadridentate Schiff base complexes, [Cu(OIAC)Cl(2)], [Co(OIAC)Cl(2)] and [Ni(OIAC)Cl(2)] [OIAC, a Schiff base ligand: (([2-oxo-1H-indol-3-ylidene]amino)chitosan)] have been synthesized. The molecular structure of the complexes has been characterised by elemental analyses, magnetic measurements, molar conductance studies, vibrational (FT-IR), electronic (UV-Vis) and (1)H NMR spectroscopic techniques. Thermal properties of the complexes have been investigated with TG-DTG analyses. The surface morphological difference of ligand and the complexes has been explored with scanning electron microscopy. The crystallinity of the compounds was analysed by powder X-ray diffraction technique and it was found to be less for the Schiff base (OIAC) and the complexes as compared to the chitosan. The catalytic activities of the complexes have been studied in the oxidation of cyclohexane, using environmental friendly oxidant, hydrogen peroxide. Complex with rough surface has shown higher catalytic activity compared to the other complexes.

Preparation, characterization and pH-metric measurements of 4-hydroxysalicylidenechitosan Schiff-base complexes of Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Ru(III), Rh(III), Pd(II) and Au(III)

The 4-hydroxysalicylidenechitosan Schiff-base (2CS-Hdhba) was prepared by the condensation of 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde with chitosan, and its metal complexes, [M(2CS-dhba)Cl(2)(H(2)O)(2)] (M(III)=Fe, Ru, Rh), [M'(2CS-dhba)(AcO)(H(2)O)(2)] (M'(II)=Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), [Pd(2CS-dhba)Cl(H(2)O)] and [Au(2CS-dhba)Cl(2)], are reported. These complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, by spectral data (FTIR, solid-phase (13)C NMR, UV-vis and ESR spectroscopy), by morphological observations (SEM and XRD), and by magnetic and thermal measurements. The Schiff base (2CS-Hdhba) behaves as a bidentate chelate with a single negative charge. The azomethine nitrogen and the deprotonated 2-hydroxy centres with the pendant glucosamine hydroxy functionality play no role in coordination. The dissociation constants of 2CS-Hdhba and the stability constants of some of its metal complexes have been determined pH-metrically.

Synthesis and characterization of a crosslinked chitosan derivative with a complexing agent and its adsorption studies toward metal(II) ions

A new chitosan derivative has been synthesized by crosslinking a metal complexing agent, [6,6'-piperazine-1,4-diyldimethylenebis (4-methyl-2-formyl) phenol] (L), with chitosan (CTS). The resulting material (CCTSL) was characterized by elemental (CHN), spectral (FTIR and solid-state NMR), thermal (TGA and DTA), and structural (powder XRD and SEM) analyses. Adsorption experiments (pH dependency, kinetics, and equilibrium) of CCTSL toward various metal ions such as Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) were carried out at 25 degrees C. The results showed that the adsorption was dependent on the pH of the solution, with a maximum capacity between pHs 6.5 and 8.5. The kinetics was evaluated by applying the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equation models and the equilibrium data were analyzed by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity was 1.21 mmol g(-1) for Cu(II) and the order of adsorption capacities for the metal(II) ions studied was found to be Cu(II)>Ni(II)>Cd(II)> or =Co(II)> or =Mn(II)> or =Fe(II)> or =Pb(II).