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Mo Z, Zhang Y, Hou M, Hu L, Zhai M, Xuan J. Transcriptional dynamics reveals the asymmetrical events underlying graft union formation in pecan (Carya illinoinensis). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae040. [PMID: 38598328 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Grafting is a widely used technique for pecan propagation; however, the background molecular events underlying grafting are still poorly understood. In our study, the graft partners during pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] graft union formation were separately sampled for RNA-seq, and the transcriptional dynamics were described via weighted gene co-expression network analysis. To reveal the main events underlying grafting, the correlations between modules and grafting traits were analyzed. Functional annotation showed that during the entire graft process, signal transduction was activated in the scion, while messenger RNA splicing was induced in the rootstock. At 2 days after grafting, the main processes occurring in the scion were associated with protein synthesis and processing, while the primary processes occurring in the rootstock were energy release-related. During the period of 7-14 days after grafting, defense response was a critical process taking place in the scion; however, the main process functioning in the rootstock was photosynthesis. From 22 to 32 days after grafting, the principal processes taking place in the scion were jasmonic acid biosynthesis and defense response, whereas the highly activated processes associated with the rootstock were auxin biosynthesis and plant-type secondary cell wall biogenesis. To further prove that the graft partners responded asymmetrically to stress, hydrogen peroxide contents as well as peroxidase and β-1,3-glucanase activities were detected, and the results showed that their levels were increased in the scion not the rootstock at certain time points after grafting. Our study reveals that the scion and rootstock might respond asymmetrically to grafting in pecan, and the scion was likely associated with stress response, while the rootstock was probably involved in energy supply and xylem bridge differentiation during graft union formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghai Mo
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Mengxin Hou
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Longjiao Hu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Min Zhai
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jiping Xuan
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for the Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Pecan, NO. 1 Road, Qianhuhou Villiage, Xuanwu District, Nanjing 210014, China
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Sun W, Shahrajabian MH, Petropoulos SA, Shahrajabian N. Developing Sustainable Agriculture Systems in Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Production by Using Chitosan and Chitin-Based Biostimulants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2469. [PMID: 37447031 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is illustrated in research as a stimulant of plant tolerance and resistance that promotes natural defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stressors, and its use may lessen the amount of agrochemicals utilized in agriculture. Recent literature reports indicate the high efficacy of soil or foliar usage of chitin and chitosan in the promotion of plant growth and the induction of secondary metabolites biosynthesis in various species, such as Artemisia annua, Curcuma longa, Dracocephalum kotschyi, Catharanthus roseus, Fragaria × ananassa, Ginkgo biloba, Iberis amara, Isatis tinctoria, Melissa officinalis, Mentha piperita, Ocimum basilicum, Origanum vulgare ssp. Hirtum, Psammosilene tunicoides, Salvia officinalis, Satureja isophylla, Stevia rebaudiana, and Sylibum marianum, among others. This work focuses on the outstanding scientific contributions to the field of the production and quality of aromatic and medicinal plants, based on the different functions of chitosan and chitin in sustainable crop production. The application of chitosan can lead to increased medicinal plant production and protects plants against harmful microorganisms. The effectiveness of chitin and chitosan is also due to the low concentration required, low cost, and environmental safety. On the basis of showing such considerable characteristics, there is increasing attention on the application of chitin and chitosan biopolymers in horticulture and agriculture productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Sun
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | - Spyridon A Petropoulos
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Nazanin Shahrajabian
- Department of Economics, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan 81595-158, Iran
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García-García AL, Matos AR, Feijão E, Cruz de Carvalho R, Boto A, Marques da Silva J, Jiménez-Arias D. The use of chitosan oligosaccharide to improve artemisinin yield in well-watered and drought-stressed plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1200898. [PMID: 37332721 PMCID: PMC10272596 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1200898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Artemisinin is a secondary metabolite well-known for its use in the treatment of malaria. It also displays other antimicrobial activities which further increase its interest. At present, Artemisia annua is the sole commercial source of the substance, and its production is limited, leading to a global deficit in supply. Furthermore, the cultivation of A. annua is being threatened by climate change. Specifically, drought stress is a major concern for plant development and productivity, but, on the other hand, moderate stress levels can elicit the production of secondary metabolites, with a putative synergistic interaction with elicitors such as chitosan oligosaccharides (COS). Therefore, the development of strategies to increase yield has prompted much interest. With this aim, the effects on artemisinin production under drought stress and treatment with COS, as well as physiological changes in A. annua plants are presented in this study. Methods Plants were separated into two groups, well-watered (WW) and drought-stressed (DS) plants, and in each group, four concentrations of COS were applied (0, 50,100 and 200 mg•L-1). Afterwards, water stress was imposed by withholding irrigation for 9 days. Results Therefore, when A. annua was well watered, COS did not improve plant growth, and the upregulation of antioxidant enzymes hindered the production of artemisinin. On the other hand, during drought stress, COS treatment did not alleviate the decline in growth at any concentration tested. However, higher doses improved the water status since leaf water potential (YL) improved by 50.64% and relative water content (RWC) by 33.84% compared to DS plants without COS treatment. Moreover, the combination of COS and drought stress caused damage to the plant's antioxidant enzyme defence, particularly APX and GR, and reduced the amount of phenols and flavonoids. This resulted in increased ROS production and enhanced artemisinin content by 34.40% in DS plants treated with 200 mg•L-1 COS, compared to control plants. Conclusion These findings underscore the critical role of ROS in artemisinin biosynthesis and suggest that COS treatment may boost artemisinin yield in crop production, even under drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. García-García
- Grupo Síntesis de Fármacos y Compuestos Bioactivos, Departamento de Química de Productos Naturales y Sintéticos Bioactivos, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Programa de Doctorado de Química e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Ana Rita Matos
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Genomics Group, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Feijão
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre and ARNET – Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Cruz de Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre and ARNET – Aquatic Research Infrastructure Network Associate Laboratory, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alicia Boto
- Grupo Síntesis de Fármacos y Compuestos Bioactivos, Departamento de Química de Productos Naturales y Sintéticos Bioactivos, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Jorge Marques da Silva
- BioISI - Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Plant Functional Genomics Group, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - David Jiménez-Arias
- ISOPlexis—Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Technology, Madeira University, Funchal, Portugal
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Aitouguinane M, El Alaoui-Talibi Z, Rchid H, Fendri I, Abdelkafi S, El-Hadj MDO, Boual Z, Le Cerf D, Rihouey C, Gardarin C, Dubessay P, Michaud P, Pierre G, Delattre C, El Modafar C. Elicitor Activity of Low-Molecular-Weight Alginates Obtained by Oxidative Degradation of Alginates Extracted from Sargassum muticum and Cystoseira myriophylloides. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:301. [PMID: 37233495 PMCID: PMC10222107 DOI: 10.3390/md21050301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alginates extracted from two Moroccan brown seaweeds and their derivatives were investigated for their ability to induce phenolic metabolism in the roots and leaves of tomato seedlings. Sodium alginates (ALSM and ALCM) were extracted from the brown seaweeds Sargassum muticum and Cystoseira myriophylloides, respectively. Low-molecular-weight alginates (OASM and OACM) were obtained after radical hydrolysis of the native alginates. Elicitation was carried out by foliar spraying 20 mL of aqueous solutions (1 g/L) on 45-day-old tomato seedlings. Elicitor capacities were evaluated by monitoring phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, polyphenols, and lignin production in the roots and leaves after 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment. The molecular weights (Mw) of the different fractions were 202 kDa for ALSM, 76 kDa for ALCM, 19 kDa for OACM, and 3 kDa for OASM. FTIR analysis revealed that the structures of OACM and OASM did not change after oxidative degradation of the native alginates. These molecules showed their differential capacity to induce natural defenses in tomato seedlings by increasing PAL activity and through the accumulation of polyphenol and lignin content in the leaves and roots. The oxidative alginates (OASM and OACM) exhibited an effective induction of the key enzyme of phenolic metabolism (PAL) compared to the alginate polymers (ALSM and ALCM). These results suggest that low-molecular-weight alginates may be good candidates for stimulating the natural defenses of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Aitouguinane
- Centre d’Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Unité de Recherche Labellisée CNRST (Centre AgroBiotech, URL-CNRST 05), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (M.A.); (C.E.M.)
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.G.); (P.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Zainab El Alaoui-Talibi
- Centre d’Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Unité de Recherche Labellisée CNRST (Centre AgroBiotech, URL-CNRST 05), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (M.A.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Halima Rchid
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies et Valorisation des Ressources Végétales, Faculté des Sciences, Université Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida 24000, Morocco;
| | - Imen Fendri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Plantes Appliquée à l’Amélioration des Cultures, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
| | - Slim Abdelkafi
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Equipe de Biotechnologie des Algues, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
| | - Mohamed Didi Ould El-Hadj
- Laboratoire de Protection des Ecosystèmes en Zones Arides et Semi-Arides, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la vie BP 511, Université Kasdi Merbah de Ouargla, Ouargla 30000, Algeria; (M.D.O.E.-H.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zakaria Boual
- Laboratoire de Protection des Ecosystèmes en Zones Arides et Semi-Arides, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la vie BP 511, Université Kasdi Merbah de Ouargla, Ouargla 30000, Algeria; (M.D.O.E.-H.); (Z.B.)
| | - Didier Le Cerf
- Polymères Biopolymères Surfaces, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, UMR6270, F-76821 Mont Saint-Aignan, France; (D.L.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Christophe Rihouey
- Polymères Biopolymères Surfaces, Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, UMR6270, F-76821 Mont Saint-Aignan, France; (D.L.C.); (C.R.)
| | - Christine Gardarin
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.G.); (P.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Pascal Dubessay
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.G.); (P.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Philippe Michaud
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.G.); (P.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Guillaume Pierre
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.G.); (P.D.); (P.M.)
| | - Cédric Delattre
- Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Université Clermont Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (C.G.); (P.D.); (P.M.)
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 Rue Descartes, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Cherkaoui El Modafar
- Centre d’Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Unité de Recherche Labellisée CNRST (Centre AgroBiotech, URL-CNRST 05), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (M.A.); (C.E.M.)
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Xie P, Yang Y, Oyom W, Su T, Tang Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Prusky D, Bi Y. Chitooligosaccharide accelerated wound healing in potato tubers by promoting the deposition of suberin polyphenols and lignin at wounds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 199:107714. [PMID: 37119550 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharide (COS) is a low molecular weight product of chitosan degradation. Although COS induces plant resistance by activating phenylpropanoid metabolism, there are few reports on whether COS accelerates wound healing in potato tubers by promoting the deposition of phenolic acids and lignin monomers at wounds. The results showed that COS activated phenylalanine ammonialyase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase and promoted the synthesis of cinnamic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic acids, total phenolics and flavonoids. COS activated 4-coumaric acid coenzyme A ligase and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase and promoted the synthesis of sinapyl, coniferyl and cinnamyl alcohols. COS also increased H2O2 levels and peroxidase activity and accelerated the deposition of suberin polyphenols and lignin on wounds. In addition, COS reduced weight loss and inhibited lesion expansion in tubers inoculated with Fusarium sulfureum. Taken together, COS accelerated wound healing in potato tubers by inducing phenylpropanoid metabolism and accelerating the deposition of suberin polyphenols and lignin at wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengdong Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Yangyang Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - William Oyom
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Tingting Su
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Yingbo Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Yongcai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China
| | - Dov Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, PR China.
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Yu L, Zong Y, Han Y, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Oyom W, Gong D, Prusky D, Bi Y. Both chitosan and chitooligosaccharide treatments accelerate wound healing of pear fruit by activating phenylpropanoid metabolism. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 205:483-490. [PMID: 35196569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of chitosan (CTS) and chitooligosaccharide (COS) treatments on wound healing of pear fruits and to investigate the related mechanisms during postharvest storage under ambient conditions. The results revealed that CTS and COS treatments reduced the weight loss and disease index of the wounded pears (Pyrus bretschneideri cv. Dongguo), and accelerated suberin polyphenolic and lignin deposition at wounds during 7 d of investigation. Furthermore, CTS and COS elevated the level of the genes expression and activities of key enzymes and increased product contents of phenylpropanoid metabolism. Collectively, these treatments at a concentration of 1 g/L could promote wound healing in pears by activating phenylpropanoid metabolism. Comparatively, COS treatment presented better effects to CTS and could be useful as a preservative method to enhance storability of fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Ye Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Yatong Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - William Oyom
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Di Gong
- Department of Food Science, Insititute of Postharvest and Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Dov Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science, Insititute of Postharvest and Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
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7
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Wu X, Liu Z, Liao W. The involvement of gaseous signaling molecules in plant MAPK cascades: function and signal transduction. PLANTA 2021; 254:127. [PMID: 34812934 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the interaction of gaseous signaling molecules and MAPK cascade components, which further reveals the specific mechanism of the crosstalk between MAPK cascade components and gaseous signaling molecules. Plants have evolved complex and sophisticated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades that are engaged in response to environmental stress. There is currently compelling experimental evidence that gaseous signaling molecules are involved in MAPK cascades. During stress, nitric oxide (NO) activates MAPK cascades to transmit stimulus signals, and MAPK cascades also regulate NO biosynthesis to mediate NO-dependent physiological processes. Activated MAPK cascades lead to phosphorylation of specific sites of aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid synthase to regulate the ethylene biosynthesis-signaling pathway. Hydrogen sulfide functions upstream of MAPKs and regulates the MAPK signaling pathway at the transcriptional level. Here, we describe the function and signal transduction of gaseous signaling molecules involved in MAPK cascades and focus on introducing and discussing the recent data obtained in this field concerning the interaction of gaseous signaling molecules and MAPK cascades. In addition, this article outlines the direction and challenges of future work and further reveals the specific mechanism of the crosstalk between MAPK cascade components and gaseous signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetong Wu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiya Liu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibiao Liao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Czékus Z, Iqbal N, Pollák B, Martics A, Ördög A, Poór P. Role of ethylene and light in chitosan-induced local and systemic defence responses of tomato plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 263:153461. [PMID: 34217837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant defence responses can be triggered by the application of elicitors for example chitosan (β-1,4-linked glucosamine; CHT). It is well-known that CHT induces rapid, local production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) resulting in fast stomatal closure. Systemic defence responses are based primarily on phytohormones such as ethylene (ET) and salicylic acid (SA), moreover on the expression of hormone-mediated defence genes and proteins. At the same time, these responses can be dependent also on external factors, such as light but its role was less-investigated. Based on our result in intact tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.), CHT treatment not only induced significant ET emission and stomatal closure locally but also promoted significant production of superoxide which was also detectable in the distal, systemic leaves. However, these changes in ET and superoxide accumulation were detected only in wild type (WT) plants kept in light and were inhibited under darkness as well as in ET receptor Never ripe (Nr) mutants suggesting pivotal importance of ET and light in inducing resistance both locally and systemically upon CHT. Interestingly, CHT-induced NO production was mostly independent of ET or light. At the same time, expression of Pathogenesis-related 3 (PR3) was increased locally in both genotypes in the light and in WT leaves under darkness. This was also observed in distal leaves of WT plants. The CHT-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, as well as unfolded protein response (UPR) were examined for the first time, via analysis of the lumenal binding protein (BiP). Whereas local expression of BiP was not dependent on the availability of light or ET, systemically it was mediated by ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zalán Czékus
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary; Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Nadeem Iqbal
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary; Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Boglárka Pollák
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Atina Martics
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Attila Ördög
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary.
| | - Péter Poór
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, Hungary.
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Shahrajabian MH, Chaski C, Polyzos N, Tzortzakis N, Petropoulos SA. Sustainable Agriculture Systems in Vegetable Production Using Chitin and Chitosan as Plant Biostimulants. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060819. [PMID: 34072781 PMCID: PMC8226918 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan are natural compounds that are biodegradable and nontoxic and have gained noticeable attention due to their effective contribution to increased yield and agro-environmental sustainability. Several effects have been reported for chitosan application in plants. Particularly, it can be used in plant defense systems against biological and environmental stress conditions and as a plant growth promoter—it can increase stomatal conductance and reduce transpiration or be applied as a coating material in seeds. Moreover, it can be effective in promoting chitinolytic microorganisms and prolonging storage life through post-harvest treatments, or benefit nutrient delivery to plants since it may prevent leaching and improve slow release of nutrients in fertilizers. Finally, it can remediate polluted soils through the removal of cationic and anionic heavy metals and the improvement of soil properties. On the other hand, chitin also has many beneficial effects such as plant growth promotion, improved plant nutrition and ability to modulate and improve plants’ resistance to abiotic and biotic stressors. The present review presents a literature overview regarding the effects of chitin, chitosan and derivatives on horticultural crops, highlighting their important role in modern sustainable crop production; the main limitations as well as the future prospects of applications of this particular biostimulant category are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 38446 Volos, Greece; (C.C.); (N.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.S.); (S.A.P.); Tel.: +30-24210-93196 (S.A.P.)
| | - Christina Chaski
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 38446 Volos, Greece; (C.C.); (N.P.)
| | - Nikolaos Polyzos
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 38446 Volos, Greece; (C.C.); (N.P.)
| | - Nikolaos Tzortzakis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Limassol, Cyprus;
| | - Spyridon A. Petropoulos
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 38446 Volos, Greece; (C.C.); (N.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.H.S.); (S.A.P.); Tel.: +30-24210-93196 (S.A.P.)
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Chaudhary P, Khati P, Gangola S, Kumar A, Kumar R, Sharma A. Impact of nanochitosan and Bacillus spp. on health, productivity and defence response in Zea mays under field condition. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:237. [PMID: 33968580 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02790-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria along with nanochitosan on maize productivity remains unexplored. In the present study we report the effect of nanochitosan and PGPR on growth, productivity and mechanism(s) involved in defence response in Zea mays under field conditions. Application of nanochitosan (50 mg L-1) along with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria enhanced seed germination, plant height, root length, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, chlorophyll, carotenoids, total sugar and protein content upto 1.5-2 fold over control in maize after 60 days of the field experiment. Treated maize plants also showed enhanced level of defence-related biomolecules like phenolic compounds (103%), catalase (60.09%), peroxidase (81.57%) and superoxide dismutase (76.50%) over control. Level of phenols and sugar content in maize plants enhanced which was analysed by GC-MS (Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). Significant increase in cob length, cob weight/plot, grain yield/plot and 100 grain weight was observed in treated maize plants over control. As per the results, the combination of nanochitosan and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria was reported to improve the health and yield of maize. The interaction can be further studied in field trials for improvement in agriculture production. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02790-z.
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Oligogalacturonides induce resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana by triggering salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways against Pst DC3000. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:4054-4064. [PMID: 32910959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oligogalacturonides (OGAs) are a biologically active carbohydrate derived from homogalacturonan, a major element of cell wall pectin. OGAs induced resistance and mechanism were assessed in Arabidopsis thaliana-Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) interaction. The effective resistance was mainly observed at 25 mg/L OGAs with reduced disease index, bacterial multiplication, higher transcript level of salicylic acid (SA) pathway related genes (PR1, PR2, PR5) and jasmonic acid (JA) pathway related genes (PDF1.2, VSP2) as well as SA, JA content and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO). In SA (NahG, sid2) and JA (jar1) deficient mutants, disease severity indicated that both SA and JA pathways are necessary for Arabidopsis response to Pst DC3000. OGAs triggered less resistance to Pst DC3000 in JA-deficient mutant, and SA-deficient mutants signifying that SA and JA play redundant roles in OGAs induced resistance. Therefore, these evidences further reveal the signaling pathways of OGAs resistance, which is conducive to its application in agriculture to protect plants from diseases.
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Verma ML, Dhanya B, Sukriti, Rani V, Thakur M, Jeslin J, Kushwaha R. Carbohydrate and protein based biopolymeric nanoparticles: Current status and biotechnological applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:390-412. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chitosan and its oligosaccharides, a promising option for sustainable crop production- a review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 227:115331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mirajkar SJ, Dalvi SG, Ramteke SD, Suprasanna P. Foliar application of gamma radiation processed chitosan triggered distinctive biological responses in sugarcane under water deficit stress conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 139:1212-1223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Zang H, Xie S, Zhu B, Yang X, Gu C, Hu B, Gao T, Chen Y, Gao X. Mannan oligosaccharides trigger multiple defence responses in rice and tobacco as a novel danger-associated molecular pattern. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1067-1079. [PMID: 31094073 PMCID: PMC6640537 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Oligosaccharide, a typical danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), has been studied and applied as plant defence elicitor for several years. Here, we report a novel oligosaccharide, mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) with a degree of polymerization of 2-6, which was hydrolysed from locust bean gum by a newly reported enzyme, BpMan5. The MOS treatment can significantly enhance the generation of signalling molecules such as intracellular Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species. Subsequent defence events like stomata closure and cell death were also caused by MOS, eventually leading to the prevention of pathogen invasion or expansion. Transcriptional expression assay indicated that MOS activated mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in tobacco and rice via different cascading pathways. The expression levels of the defence-related genes PR-1a and LOX were both up-regulated after MOS treatment, suggesting that MOS may simultaneously activate salicylic acid and jasmonic acid-dependent signalling pathways. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that MOS led to the accumulation of four phytoalexins (momilactone A, phytocassane A, phytocassane D, and phytocassane E) in rice seedling leaves within 12-24 h. Finally, MOS conferred resistance in rice and tobacco against Xanthomonas oryzae and Phytophthora nicotianae, respectively. Taken together, our results indicated that MOS, a novel DAMP, could trigger multiple defence responses to prime plant resistance and has a great potential as plant defence elicitor for the management of plant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095PR China
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro‐Products SafetyAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefei230031China
| | - Shanshan Xie
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095PR China
- The National Key Engineering Lab of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, College of Life SciencesAnhui Agricultural UniversityHefei230036China
| | - Bichun Zhu
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095PR China
| | - Xue Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro‐Products SafetyAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefei230031China
| | - Chunyan Gu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro‐Products SafetyAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefei230031China
| | - Benjin Hu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro‐Products SafetyAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefei230031China
| | - Tongchun Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro‐Products SafetyAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefei230031China
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro‐Products SafetyAnhui Academy of Agricultural SciencesHefei230031China
| | - Xuewen Gao
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of EducationNanjing210095PR China
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Brassica napus Infected with Leptosphaeria maculans. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10040296. [PMID: 30979089 PMCID: PMC6523698 DOI: 10.3390/genes10040296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) is a post-transcriptional regulatory process that enhances transcriptome diversity, thereby affecting plant growth, development, and stress responses. To identify the new transcripts and changes in the isoform-level AS landscape of rapeseed (Brassica napus) infected with the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans, we compared eight RNA-seq libraries prepared from mock-inoculated and inoculated B. napus cotyledons and stems. The AS events that occurred in stems were almost the same as those in cotyledons, with intron retention representing the most common AS pattern. We identified 1892 differentially spliced genes between inoculated and uninoculated plants. We performed a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify eight co-expression modules and their Hub genes, which are the genes most connected with other genes within each module. There are nine Hub genes, encoding nine transcription factors, which represent key regulators of each module, including members of the NAC, WRKY, TRAF, AP2/ERF-ERF, C2H2, C2C2-GATA, HMG, bHLH, and C2C2-CO-like families. Finally, 52 and 117 alternatively spliced genes in cotyledons and stems were also differentially expressed between mock-infected and infected materials, such as HMG and C2C2-Dof; which have dual regulatory mechanisms in response to L. maculans. The splicing of the candidate genes identified in this study could be exploited to improve resistance to L. maculans.
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Lu J, Liang W, Wei K, Li J, Li J, Wang J, Gao W. Induction of signal molecules and expression of functional genes after Pichia pastoris stimulation in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch adventitious roots. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12798. [PMID: 31353580 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch is threatened by over-development and consumption, and therefore, in urgent need of protection. Elicitation is considered to be an effective strategy to enhance the secondary metabolites in plant cell and organ cultures. Secondary metabolite, signal molecules, and gene expression in adventitious roots were studied by HPLC-ESI-MSn , commercially available kits and qRT-PCR method, respectively. In the present study, with the addition of linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and Pichia pastoris, the highest concentration of metabolites was achieved by P. pastoris treatment. The contents of total flavonoids (7.16 mg/g) and polysaccharide (149.76 mg/g) peaked at 100 mg/L of P. pastoris, which increased by 3.09-fold and 3.28-fold compared with the control, respectively. However, the highest concentration of glycyrrhizic acid (0.62 mg/g) and glycyrrhetinic acid (0.29 mg/g) were obtained in 200 mg/L of P. pastoris and which were 3.89-fold and 2.42-fold more than the control group, respectively. ESI-MSn analysis indicated that licoricesaponine B2, licoricesapoine G2, licoricesaponine J2, ononin, uralenin, gancaonin C were only identified in the P. pastoris treatment group. Furthermore, P. pastoris also enhanced accumulation of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and activities of antioxidant enzymes involved in the plant defense response. In addition, the transcriptional activity of genes involved in glycyrrhizic acid biosynthesis was significantly increased under the treatment of P. pastoris. The results provided a scientific evidence for the further exploitation of G. uralensis adventitious roots and clinical medication. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study provided an effective strategy to enhance metabolites by Pichia pastoris treatment in adventitious roots of G. uralensis. The data provide a scientific evidence for the further exploitation of G. uralensis adventitious roots and clinical medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxia Liang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Kunhua Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Conservation and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianli Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Gayatri G, Agurla S, Kuchitsu K, Anil K, Podile AR, Raghavendra AS. Stomatal Closure and Rise in ROS/NO of Arabidopsis Guard Cells by Tobacco Microbial Elicitors: Cryptogein and Harpin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1096. [PMID: 28680439 PMCID: PMC5478720 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants use stomatal closure mediated by elicitors as the first step of the innate immune response to restrict the microbial entry. We present a comprehensive study of the effect of cryptogein and harpin, two elicitors from microbial pathogens of tobacco, on stomatal closure and guard cell signaling components in Arabidopsis thaliana, a model plant. Cryptogein as well as harpin induced stomatal closure, while elevating the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in the guard cells of A. thaliana. Kinetic studies with fluorescent dyes revealed that the rise in ROS levels preceded that of NO in guard cells, when treated with these two elicitors. The restriction of NO levels in guard cells, even by ROS modulators indicates the essentiality of ROS for NO production during elicitor-triggered stomatal closure. The signaling events during elicitor-induced stomatal closure appear to converge at NADPH oxidase and ROS production. Our results provide the first report on stomatal closure associated with rise in ROS/NO of guard cells by cryptogein and harpin in A. thaliana. Our results establish that A. thaliana can be used to study stomatal responses to the typical elicitors from microbial pathogens of other plants. The suitability of Arabidopsis opens up an excellent scope for further studies on signaling events leading to stomatal closure by microbial elicitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunja Gayatri
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of HyderabadHyderabad, India
| | - Srinivas Agurla
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of HyderabadHyderabad, India
| | - Kazuyuki Kuchitsu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of ScienceChiba, Japan
| | - Kondreddy Anil
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of HyderabadHyderabad, India
| | - Appa R. Podile
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of HyderabadHyderabad, India
| | - Agepati S. Raghavendra
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of HyderabadHyderabad, India
- *Correspondence: Agepati S. Raghavendra, ;
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Zhai X, Jia M, Chen L, Zheng CJ, Rahman K, Han T, Qin LP. The regulatory mechanism of fungal elicitor-induced secondary metabolite biosynthesis in medical plants. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:238-261. [PMID: 27936989 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1201041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of external stress stimuli trigger plant cells to undergo complex network of reactions that ultimately lead to the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites. Accumulation of such metabolites often occurs in plants subjected to stresses including various elicitors or signal molecules. Throughout evolution, endophytic fungi, an important constituent in the environment of medicinal plants, have known to form long-term stable and mutually beneficial symbiosis with medicinal plants. The endophytic fungal elicitor can rapidly and specifically induce the expression of specific genes in medicinal plants which can result in the activation of a series of specific secondary metabolic pathways resulting in the significant accumulation of active ingredients. Here we summarize the progress made on the mechanisms of fungal elicitor including elicitor signal recognition, signal transduction, gene expression and activation of the key enzymes and its application. This review provides guidance on studies which may be conducted to promote the efficient synthesis and accumulation of active ingredients by the endogenous fungal elicitor in medicinal plant cells, and provides new ideas and methods of studying the regulation of secondary metabolism in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhai
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Min Jia
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Ling Chen
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Cheng-Jian Zheng
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Khalid Rahman
- b Department of Physiological Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
| | - Ting Han
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Lu-Ping Qin
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy , Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
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Sathiyabama M, Manikandan A. Chitosan nanoparticle induced defense responses in fingermillet plants against blast disease caused by Pyricularia grisea (Cke.) Sacc. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 154:241-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Ye W, Murata Y. Microbe Associated Molecular Pattern Signaling in Guard Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:583. [PMID: 27200056 PMCID: PMC4855242 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Stomata, formed by pairs of guard cells in the epidermis of terrestrial plants, regulate gas exchange, thus playing a critical role in plant growth and stress responses. As natural openings, stomata are exploited by microbes as an entry route. Recent studies reveal that plants close stomata upon guard cell perception of molecular signatures from microbes, microbe associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), to prevent microbe invasion. The perception of MAMPs induces signal transduction including recruitment of second messengers, such as Ca(2+) and H2O2, phosphorylation events, and change of transporter activity, leading to stomatal movement. In the present review, we summarize recent findings in signaling underlying MAMP-induced stomatal movement by comparing with other signalings.
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Kashyap PL, Xiang X, Heiden P. Chitosan nanoparticle based delivery systems for sustainable agriculture. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 77:36-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Iriti M, Varoni EM. Chitosan-induced antiviral activity and innate immunity in plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:2935-44. [PMID: 25226839 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Immunity represents a trait common to all living organisms, and animals and plants share some similarities. Therefore, in susceptible host plants, complex defence machinery may be stimulated by elicitors. Among these, chitosan deserves particular attention because of its proved efficacy. This survey deals with the antiviral activity of chitosan, focusing on its perception by the plant cell and mechanism of action. Emphasis has been paid to benefits and limitations of this strategy in crop protection, as well as to the potential of chitosan as a promising agent in virus disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, Via G. Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy,
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Burketova L, Trda L, Ott PG, Valentova O. Bio-based resistance inducers for sustainable plant protection against pathogens. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:994-1004. [PMID: 25617476 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An increasing demand for environmentally acceptable alternative for traditional pesticides provides an impetus to conceive new bio-based strategies in crop protection. Employing induced resistance is one such strategy, consisting of boosting the natural plant immunity. Upon infections, plants defend themselves by activating their immune mechanisms. These are initiated after the recognition of an invading pathogen via the microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) or other microbe-derived molecules. Triggered responses inhibit pathogen spread from the infected site. Systemic signal transport even enables to prepare, i.e. prime, distal uninfected tissues for more rapid and enhanced response upon the consequent pathogen attack. Similar defense mechanisms can be triggered by purified MAMPs, pathogen-derived molecules, signal molecules involved in plant resistance to pathogens, such as salicylic and jasmonic acid, or a wide range of other chemical compounds. Induced resistance can be also conferred by plant-associated microorganisms, including beneficial bacteria or fungi. Treatment with resistance inducers or beneficial microorganisms provides long-lasting resistance for plants to a wide range of pathogens. This study surveys current knowledge on resistance and its mechanisms provided by microbe-, algae- and plant-derived elicitors in different crops. The main scope deals with bacterial substances and fungus-derived molecules chitin and chitosan and algae elicitors, including naturally sulphated polysaccharides such as ulvans, fucans or carageenans. Recent advances in the utilization of this strategy in practical crop protection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Burketova
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 313, 165 02 Prague 6-Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Trda
- Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 313, 165 02 Prague 6-Lysolaje, Czech Republic
| | - Peter G Ott
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Otto Str. 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Olga Valentova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Nitric oxide as a secondary messenger during stomatal closure as a part of plant immunity response against pathogens. Nitric Oxide 2014; 43:89-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Deng L, Zeng K, Zhou Y, Huang Y. Effects of postharvest oligochitosan treatment on anthracnose disease in citrus (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) fruit. Eur Food Res Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-014-2385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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27
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Molecular design and synthesis of novel salicyl glycoconjugates as elicitors against plant diseases. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108338. [PMID: 25259805 PMCID: PMC4178153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of salicyl glycoconjugates containing hydrazide and hydrazone moieties were designed and synthesized. The bioassay indicated that the novel compounds had no in vitro fungicidal activity but showed significant in vivo antifungal activity against the tested fungal pathogens. Some compounds even had superior activity than the commercial fungicides in greenhouse trial. The results of RT-PCR analysis showed that the designed salicyl glycoconjugates could induce the expression of LOX1 and Cs-AOS2, which are the specific marker genes of jasmonate signaling pathway, to trigger the plant defense resistance.
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Gayatri G, Agurla S, Raghavendra AS. Nitric oxide in guard cells as an important secondary messenger during stomatal closure. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:425. [PMID: 24194741 PMCID: PMC3810675 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The modulation of guard cell function is the basis of stomatal closure, essential for optimizing water use and CO2 uptake by leaves. Nitric oxide (NO) in guard cells plays a very important role as a secondary messenger during stomatal closure induced by effectors, including hormones. For example, exposure to abscisic acid (ABA) triggers a marked increase in NO of guard cells, well before stomatal closure. In guard cells of multiple species, like Arabidopsis, Vicia and pea, exposure to ABA or methyl jasmonate or even microbial elicitors (e.g., chitosan) induces production of NO as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS). The role of NO in stomatal closure has been confirmed by using NO donors (e.g., SNP) and NO scavengers (like cPTIO) and inhibitors of NOS (L-NAME) or NR (tungstate). Two enzymes: a L-NAME-sensitive, nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-like enzyme and a tungstate-sensitive nitrate reductase (NR), can mediate ABA-induced NO rise in guard cells. However, the existence of true NOS in plant tissues and its role in guard cell NO-production are still a matter of intense debate. Guard cell signal transduction leading to stomatal closure involves the participation of several components, besides NO, such as cytosolic pH, ROS, free Ca(2+), and phospholipids. Use of fluorescent dyes has revealed that the rise in NO of guard cells occurs after the increase in cytoplasmic pH and ROS. The rise in NO causes an elevation in cytosolic free Ca(2+) and promotes the efflux of cations as well as anions from guard cells. Stomatal guard cells have become a model system to study the signaling cascade mechanisms in plants, particularly with NO as a dominant component. The interrelationships and interactions of NO with cytosolic pH, ROS, and free Ca(2+) are quite complex and need further detailed examination. While assessing critically the available literature, the present review projects possible areas of further work related to NO-action in stomatal guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Agepati S. Raghavendra
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of HyderabadHyderabad, India
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Guo Y, Guo M, Zhao W, Chen K, Zhang P. Burdock fructooligosaccharide induces stomatal closure in Pisum sativum. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 97:731-5. [PMID: 23911508 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Burdock fructooligosaccharide (BFO) isolated from the root tissue of Arctium lappa is a reserve carbohydrate that can induce resistance against a number of plant diseases. Stomatal closure is a part of plant innate immune response to restrict bacterial invasion. In this study, the effects of BFO on stomata movement in Pisum sativum and the possible mechanisms were studied with abscisic acid (ABA) as a positive control. The results showed that BFO could induce stomatal closure accompanied by ROS and NO production, as is the case with ABA. BFO-induced stomatal closure was inhibited by pre-treatment with L-NAME (N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, hydrochloride; nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) and catalase (hydrogen peroxide scavenger). Exogenous catalase completely restricted BFO-induced production of ROS and NO in guard cells. In contrast, L-NAME prevented the rise in NO levels but only partially restricted the ROS production. These results indicate that BFO-induced stomatal closure is mediated by ROS and ROS-dependent NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Guo
- School of Life Sciences and National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Kim PD, Šašek V, Burketová L, Čopíková J, Synytsya A, Jindřichová B, Valentová O. Cell wall components of Leptosphaeria maculans enhance resistance of Brassica napus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5207-5214. [PMID: 23638999 DOI: 10.1021/jf401221v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Preparations with elicitation activity were obtained from the mycelium of Leptosphaeria maculans , a fungal pathogen of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Crude delipidated and deproteinized extract from fungal cell walls induced expression of pathogenesis related gene 1 (PR1), hydrogen peroxide accumulation, and enhanced resistance of B. napus plants toward infection by L. maculans. Elicitation activity significantly decreased after treatment of a crude extract with α- or β-glucanase. Monosaccharide composition analysis of a crude extract purified by ion-exchange chromatography revealed glucose (∼58 mol %), mannose (∼22 mol %), and galactose (∼18 mol %) as the major sugars. FT-IR and NMR spectra confirmed the presence of both carbohydrate and polypeptide components in the purified product. Correlation NMR experiments defined trisaccharide bound to O-3 of serine residue α-D-Glcp-(1→2)-β-D-Galf-(1→6)-α-D-Manp-(1→3)-L-Ser. Terminal α-D-Glcp and (1→6)-β-D-glucan were also detected. The obtained results strongly support the conclusion that these carbohydrates induce defense response in B. napus plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Dinh Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology and ‡Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, Institute of Chemical Technology Prague , Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Ma Z, Yang L, Yan H, Kennedy JF, Meng X. Chitosan and oligochitosan enhance the resistance of peach fruit to brown rot. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 94:272-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rasul S, Dubreuil-Maurizi C, Lamotte O, Koen E, Poinssot B, Alcaraz G, Wendehenne D, Jeandroz S. Nitric oxide production mediates oligogalacturonide-triggered immunity and resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:1483-99. [PMID: 22394204 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) regulates a wide range of plant processes from development to environmental adaptation. In this study, we investigated the production and/or function of NO in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf discs and plants elicited by oligogalacturonides (OGs) and challenged with Botrytis cinerea. We provided evidence that OGs triggered a fast and long lasting NO production which was Ca(2+) dependent and involved nitrate reductase (NR). Accordingly, OGs triggered an increase of both NR activity and transcript accumulation. NO production was also sensitive to the mammalian NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME. Intriguingly, we showed that L-NAME affected NO production by interfering with NR activity, thus questioning the mechanisms of how this compound impairs NO synthesis in plants. We further demonstrated that NO modulates RBOHD-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and participates in the regulation of OG-responsive genes such as anionic peroxidase (PER4) and a β-1,3-glucanase. Mutant plants impaired in PER4 and β-1,3-glucanase, as well as Col-0 plants treated with the NO scavenger cPTIO, were more susceptible to B. cinerea. Taken together, our investigation deciphers part of the mechanisms linking NO production, NO-induced effects and basal resistance to B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rasul
- AgroSup, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, BP 86510, Dijon, France
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Yang LY, Zhang JL, Bassett CL, Meng XH. Difference between chitosan and oligochitosan in growth of Monilinia fructicola and control of brown rot in peach fruit. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhang H, Wang W, Yin H, Zhao X, Du Y. Oligochitosan induces programmed cell death in tobacco suspension cells. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Yin H, Fretté XC, Christensen LP, Grevsen K. Chitosan oligosaccharides promote the content of polyphenols in Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:136-143. [PMID: 22126122 DOI: 10.1021/jf204376j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Greek oregano is commonly used as a spice and in traditional medicine in Eurasia. The plant is rich in secondary metabolites, such as volatile organic compounds (VOC) and polyphenols. Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) are used as a plant elicitor. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of COS on the growth and content of secondary metabolites in Greek oregano. Four COS treatments (50, 200, 500, and 1000 ppm) were used in a field experiment. The 200 and 500 ppm COS treatments promoted plant height growth, whereas 50 and 200 ppm COS upregulated the content of polyphenols significantly (38 and 29%, respectively). The COS treatments induced H(2)O(2) generation in Greek oregano leaves; thus, the effect of H(2)O(2) treatment was studied to investigate the possible role of H(2)O(2) in growth and polyphenol production. A low concentration of H(2)O(2) also promoted plant height growth, but only tendencies to higher polyphenol content were seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yin
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Kirstinebjergvej 10, Aarslev DK-5792, Denmark
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Fu Y, Yin H, Wang W, Wang M, Zhang H, Zhao X, Du Y. β-1,3-Glucan with different degree of polymerization induced different defense responses in tobacco. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ye Z, Chen J, Wang G, Yuan J. Development of a terbium complex-based luminescent probe for imaging endogenous hydrogen peroxide generation in plant tissues. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4163-9. [PMID: 21548628 DOI: 10.1021/ac200438g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive Tb(3+) complex-based luminescent probe, N,N,N(1),N(1)-[2,6-(3'-aminomethyl-1'-pyrazolyl)-4-(3'',4''-diaminophenoxy)methylene-pyridine] tetrakis(acetate)-Tb(3+) (BMTA-Tb(3+)), has been designed and synthesized for the recognition and detection of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in aqueous solutions. This probe is almost nonluminescent because the Tb(3+) luminescence is effectively quenched by the electron-rich moiety, diaminophenyl, on the basis of the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism. In the presence of peroxidase, the probe can react with H(2)O(2) to cause the cleavage of the diaminophenyl ether, which affords a highly luminescent Tb(3+) complex, N,N,N(1),N(1)-[2,6-bis(3'-aminomethyl-1'-pyrazolyl)-4-hydroxymethyl-pyridine] tetrakis(acetate)-Tb(3+) (BHTA-Tb(3+)), accompanied by a 39-fold increase in luminescence quantum yield with the increase of luminescence lifetime from 1.95 to 2.76 ms. The dose-dependent luminescence enhancement of the probe shows a good linearity with a detection limit of 3.7 nM for H(2)O(2), which is approximately 14-fold lower than those of the commonly used fluorescent probes. The probe was used for the time-resolved luminescence imaging detection of the oligosaccharide-induced H(2)O(2) generation in tobacco leaf epidermal tissues. On the basis of the probe, a background-free time-resolved luminescence imaging method for detecting H(2)O(2) in complicated biological systems was successfully established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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Zhang H, Zhao X, Yang J, Yin H, Wang W, Lu H, Du Y. Nitric oxide production and its functional link with OIPK in tobacco defense response elicited by chitooligosaccharide. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:1153-62. [PMID: 21336582 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharide (COS) or oligochitosan has been shown to induce tobacco defense responses which are connected with nitric oxide (NO) and OIPK (oligochitosan-induced Ser/Thr protein kinase). The aim of this study was to reveal the relationship between NO production and OIPK pathway in the defense response of tobacco elicited by COS. NO generation was investigated by epidermal strip bioassay and fluorophore microscope using fluorophore diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2DA). Tobacco epidermal cells treated with COS resulted in production of NO, which was first present in chloroplast, then in nucleus, finally in the whole cell; this NO production was sensitive to NO scavenger cPTIO and the mammalian NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor L: -NAME, suggesting that NOS-like enzyme maybe involved in NO generation in tobacco epidermal cells. However, NOS and nitrate reductase (NR, EC 1.6.6.1) inhibitors reduced NO content in tobacco leaves by using NO Assay Kit, suggesting both NOS and NR were involved in NO production in tobacco leaves. Using a pharmacological approach and western blotting, we provide evidence that NO acts upstream of OIPK expression. NO scavenger, NOS inhibitor partly blocked the activation of OIPK and the activities of several defense-related enzymes induced by COS; treatment with NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) induced the activation of OIPK and enhanced the defense systems. The results suggest that COS is able to induce NO generation, which results in up-regulation the activities of some defense-related enzymes through an OIPK-dependent or independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
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Yan J, Li J, Zhao H, Chen N, Cao J, Jiang W. Effects of oligochitosan on postharvest Alternaria rot, storage quality, and defense responses in Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Dongzao) fruit. J Food Prot 2011; 74:783-8. [PMID: 21549049 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Effects of oligochitosan (OCH) on postharvest rot caused by Alternaria alternata in Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Dongzao) fruit were investigated. An in vitro test indicated that mycelial growth of A. alternata was strongly suppressed by OCH at 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, or 20 g/liter. The half-inhibition concentration of OCH against this fungus was 0.76 and 1.69 g/liter on days 4 and 6 of incubation, respectively. Lesion area and disease incidence in the jujube fruit inoculated with A. alternata were remarkably reduced by the OCH treatments at concentrations higher than 1 g/liter, but 5 g/liter OCH was considered the optimal treatment for inhibiting disease development. OCH also significantly reduced postharvest natural decay, promoted fruit firmness, delayed decline in soluble solids and loss of ascorbic acid, and increased total phenolic compounds during storage at 0°C and 85 to 95% relative humidity. Biochemical evaluations revealed that the activities of the main defense-related enzymes in the jujube fruit, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase, chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase, were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) by OCH treatment. OCH increased superoxide dismutase activity but decreased catalase activity and, consequently, elevated hydrogen peroxide levels in the fruit. These results suggest that OCH might trigger several defense mechanisms in the jujube fruit for disease control in addition to its direct antifungal activity. OCH could be a viable alternative to conventional control of postharvest diseases of horticultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Yan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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Lu H, Zhao X, Wang W, Yin H, Xu J, Bai X, Du Y. Inhibition effect on tobacco mosaic virus and regulation effect on calreticulin of oligochitosan in tobacco by induced Ca2+ influx. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Meng X, Yang L, Kennedy JF, Tian S. Effects of chitosan and oligochitosan on growth of two fungal pathogens and physiological properties in pear fruit. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yang L, Zhao P, Wang L, Filippus I, Meng X. Synergistic effect of oligochitosan and silicon on inhibition of Monilinia fructicola infections. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2010; 90:630-634. [PMID: 20355091 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.3860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oligochitosan has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and shows an obvious inhibitory effect on phytopathogens. In addition, as an exogenous elicitor, it can induce various defence responses, including affecting the activities of several defence-related enzymes and substances in some plants. Owing to this dual function of oligochitosan, it can be used to control postharvest diseases of fruits. Silicon, like oligochitosan, also has a dual function. In this study the synergistic effect of oligochitosan and silicon on the decay control of apple fruit was investigated. RESULTS In vitro, both oligochitosan and silicon significantly inhibited spore germination, germ tube elongation and mycelial growth of Monilinia fructicola, with higher concentrations having a greater effect. The synergistic effect of oligochitosan and silicon at half-maximal inhibitory concentration on disease control at 25 degrees C was much better than the effect of oligochitosan or silicon alone, not only in vitro but also in vivo. CONCLUSION The results showed that a combination of oligochitosan and silicon had a synergistic effect on the control of disease caused by M. fructicola in apple fruit at 25 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Yang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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