1
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Bui VH, Vo HTN, Kim SK, Ngo DN. Caffeic acid-grafted chitooligosaccharides downregulate MAPK and NF-kB in RAW264.7 cells. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14496. [PMID: 38444006 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharide (COS) is a derivative of chitosan, which is a natural macromolecular compound. COS has been shown effects in an inflammatory response. Recent reports show that COS derivatives have enhanced anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting intracellular signals. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect of caffeic acid conjugated COS chain (CA-COS) was performed in this study. The effects of CA-COS on the inflammatory response were demonstrated in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The results showed that CA-COS inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production and downregulated the gene expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-6 without cytotoxic effect. In addition, western blot analysis showed that CA-COS inhibits the protein expression of iNOS and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), including p50 and p65, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Collectively, these results provide clear evidence for the anti-inflammatory mechanism of CA-COS that show great potential as a novel agent for the prevention and therapy of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Hoai Bui
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology-Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade (HUIT), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hong-Tham N Vo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology-Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dai-Nghiep Ngo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology-Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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2
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Mittal A, Singh A, Buatong J, Saetang J, Benjakul S. Chitooligosaccharide and Its Derivatives: Potential Candidates as Food Additives and Bioactive Components. Foods 2023; 12:3854. [PMID: 37893747 PMCID: PMC10606384 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharide (CHOS), a depolymerized chitosan, can be prepared via physical, chemical, and enzymatic hydrolysis, or a combination of these techniques. The superior properties of CHOS have attracted attention as alternative additives or bioactive compounds for various food and biomedical applications. To increase the bioactivities of a CHOS, its derivatives have been prepared via different methods and were characterized using various analytical methods including FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. CHOS derivatives such as carboxylated CHOS, quaternized CHOS, and others showed their potential as potent anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, neuroprotective, and anti-cancer agents, which could further be used for human health benefits. Moreover, enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant bioactivities, especially for a CHOS-polyphenol conjugate, could play a profound role in shelf-life extension and the safety assurance of perishable foods via the inhibition of spoilage microorganisms and pathogens and lipid oxidation. Also, the effectiveness of CHOS derivatives for shelf-life extension can be augmented when used in combination with other preservative technologies. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the production of a CHOS and its derivatives, as well as their potential applications in food as either additives or nutraceuticals. Furthermore, it revisits recent advancements in translational research and in vivo studies on CHOS and its derivatives in the medical-related field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Mittal
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand; (A.M.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Avtar Singh
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand; (A.M.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Jirayu Buatong
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand; (A.M.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Jirakrit Saetang
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand; (A.M.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand; (A.M.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (J.S.)
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Bui VH, N Vo HT, Binh Vong L, Kim SK, Ngo DN. Ferulic acid grafted onto chitooligosaccharides attenuates LPS-stimulated in murine macrophages by modulating the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37746702 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2261072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Although chitooligosaccharides (COS) improve the drawbacks of chitosan, their biological activities in medical applications have not been highly appreciated. The main approach is to synthesise the COS derivatives in order to improve the biological properties of the COS. In this study, ferulic acid (FA) grafted onto COS (FA-COS) were synthesised and their mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity was investigated in the murine macrophage cells. The synthesis conditions of FA-COS were optimised and confirmed that the FA was successfully conjugated onto COS with the grafting effect of 15-34%. FA-COS exhibited anti-inflammatory activities via suppressing of nitric oxide formation, reducing iNOS expression at transcription and translation levels, down-regulation of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1 β genes; NF-κB and MAPKs signalling pathways. These results show anti-inflammatory molecular mechanism of FA-COS that exhibit enormous potential for prevention of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Hoai Bui
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology-Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- International Analysis Center, Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade (HUIT), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hong-Tham N Vo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology-Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- International Analysis Center, Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade (HUIT), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Long Binh Vong
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Dai-Nghiep Ngo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology-Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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4
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Shao C, Zhong J, Liu J, Yang Y, Li M, Yang Yu, Xu Y, Wang L. Preparation, characterization and bioactivities of selenized polysaccharides from Lonicera caerulea L. fruits. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:484-493. [PMID: 36403769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Native polysaccharide was obtained from Lonicera caerulea L. fruits (PLP). Two selenized polysaccharides (PSLP-1 and PSLP-2) were synthesized by the microwave-assisted HNO3-Na2SeO3 method, where the selenium (Se) contents were 228 ± 24 and 353 ± 36 μg/g, respectively. The molecular weights of PLP, PSLP-1, and PSLP-2 were 5.9 × 104, 5.6 × 104, and 5.1 × 104 kDa, respectively. PSLP-1 and PSLP-2 contained the same type of monosaccharides as PLP but with different molar ratios. The main chain structure of the native polysaccharide was not changed after selenization. PLP, PSLP-1, and PSLP-2 contained the same six types of glycosidic bonds. Bioactivity assays revealed that the two selenized polysaccharides possessed better antioxidant activities than PLP, but their bile acid-binding abilities and inhibitory activities on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) had weakened. In summary, PLP, PSLP-1, and PSLP-2 may be promising Se supplements in functional foods and inhibitors for the treatment of AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuntian Shao
- College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jingwei Zhong
- College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Junwen Liu
- College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yiyan Yang
- College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Meilin Li
- College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yaqin Xu
- College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Libo Wang
- College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Hu D, Jin Y, Hou X, Zhu Y, Chen D, Tai J, Chen Q, Shi C, Ye J, Wu M, Zhang H, Lu Y. Application of Marine Natural Products against Alzheimer's Disease: Past, Present and Future. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21010043. [PMID: 36662216 PMCID: PMC9867307 DOI: 10.3390/md21010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease, is one of the most intractable illnesses which affects the elderly. Clinically manifested as various impairments in memory, language, cognition, visuospatial skills, executive function, etc., the symptoms gradually aggravated over time. The drugs currently used clinically can slow down the deterioration of AD and relieve symptoms but cannot completely cure them. The drugs are mainly acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) and non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NDMAR) antagonists. The pathogenesis of AD is inconclusive, but it is often associated with the expression of beta-amyloid. Abnormal deposition of amyloid and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein in the brain have been key targets for past, current, and future drug development for the disease. At present, researchers are paying more and more attention to excavate natural compounds which can be effective against Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative pathologies. Marine natural products have been demonstrated to be the most prospective candidates of these compounds, and some have presented significant neuroprotection functions. Consequently, we intend to describe the potential effect of bioactive compounds derived from marine organisms, including polysaccharides, carotenoids, polyphenols, sterols and alkaloids as drug candidates, to further discover novel and efficacious drug compounds which are effective against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Yating Jin
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Xiangqi Hou
- Hangzhou WeChampion Biotech. Inc., Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Yinlong Zhu
- Zhejiang Chiral Medicine Chemicals Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311227, China
| | - Danting Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jingjing Tai
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Qianqian Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Cui Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Mengxu Wu
- Hangzhou WeChampion Biotech. Inc., Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Hangzhou WeChampion Biotech. Inc., Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Yanbin Lu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Seafood, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-87103135
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6
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Saleem S, Banerjee R, Rajesh Kannan R. Chrysin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticle-Mediated Neuroprotection in Aβ 1-42-Induced Neurodegenerative Conditions in Zebrafish. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2017-2034. [PMID: 35696319 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the characteristic features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Plaques of amyloid β play a pivotal role in affecting cognitive functions and memory. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and is one of the leading causes of dementia worldwide. Several treatment strategies focusing on the amyloid cascade have been implemented to treat AD. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) poses the main obstructive barrier by refraining drugs from penetrating the brain. Nanotechnology is a promising research field for brain drug delivery using nanosized particles. Zebrafish is emerging as a model of interest to elaborate on brain targeting and nanotechnology-based therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases. In the current study, we have synthesized and characterized chrysin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (Chr-Chi NPs) and evaluated them for neuroprotection against amyloid-β-induced toxicity. We find that treatment with Chr-Chi NPs helps to retain memory, cognition, and synaptic connections, which are otherwise compromised due to Aβ1-42 toxicity. The NPs further help in reducing aggregates of amyloid β, thus decreasing neuronal death and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Taken together, our study brings to light a novel strategy for treating AD by a combined action on the neurons and amyloid aggregates mediated by chrysin and chitosan, respectively. Chr-Chi NPs, therefore, have the potential to provide a beneficial combinatorial treatment strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraiya Saleem
- Neuroscience Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Science, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rachana Banerjee
- JIS Institute of Advanced Studies and Research, JIS University, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Rajaretinam Rajesh Kannan
- Neuroscience Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Science, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai 600119, Tamil Nadu, India
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7
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Neurotransmitters-Key Factors in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115954. [PMID: 35682631 PMCID: PMC9180936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are molecules that amplify, transmit, and convert signals in cells, having an essential role in information transmission throughout the nervous system. Hundreds of such chemicals have been discovered in the last century, continuing to be identified and studied concerning their action on brain health. These substances have been observed to influence numerous functions, including emotions, thoughts, memories, learning, and movements. Thus, disturbances in neurotransmitters’ homeostasis started being correlated with a plethora of neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. In this respect, the present paper aims to describe the most important neurotransmitters, broadly classified into canonical (e.g., amino acids, monoamines, acetylcholine, purines, soluble gases, neuropeptides) and noncanonical neurotransmitters (e.g., exosomes, steroids, D-aspartic acid), and explain their link with some of the most relevant neurological conditions. Moreover, a brief overview of the recently developed neurotransmitters’ detection methods is offered, followed by several considerations on the modulation of these substances towards restoring homeostasis.
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8
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A systematic review of carbohydrate-based bioactive molecules for Alzheimer's disease. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:1695-1711. [PMID: 34472382 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundance, low cost, high density of functional groups and ease of purification of carbohydrates are among the most important features that make them a prime candidate for designing therapeutics. Several carbohydrate-based molecules, of both natural and synthetic origin, are known for their wide range of therapeutic activities. The incorporation of a carbohydrate moiety not only retains the pharmacological characteristics of a molecule but also improves its activity. Several sugar conjugates have been designed and reported to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, β-amyloid and tau aggregation. This systematic review provides a brief overview of carbohydrate-based bioactive molecules having anti-Alzheimer's activity along with improved therapeutic potential. Most importantly, several reported carbohydrate-based molecules for Alzheimer's disease act on β-amyloid aggregation, tau protein, cholinesterase and oxidative stress, with enhanced pharmacokinetic and mechanistic properties. The prospect of designing carbohydrate-based molecules for Alzheimer's disease will definitely provide potential opportunities to discover novel carbohydrate-based drugs.
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Tabassum N, Ahmed S, Ali MA. Chitooligosaccharides and their structural-functional effect on hydrogels: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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10
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Manek E, Petroianu GA. Chitosan-based nanoparticles in Alzheimer's disease: messenger or message? Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2204-2205. [PMID: 33818494 PMCID: PMC8354127 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eniko Manek
- College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Georg A Petroianu
- College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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11
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Manek E, Darvas F, Petroianu GA. Use of Biodegradable, Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204866. [PMID: 33096898 PMCID: PMC7587961 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects more than 24 million people worldwide and represents an immense medical, social and economic burden. While a vast array of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) is available for the prevention and possibly treatment of AD, applicability is limited by the selective nature of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) as well as by their severe peripheral side effects. A promising solution to these problems is the incorporation of anti-Alzheimer drugs in polymeric nanoparticles (NPs). However, while several polymeric NPs are nontoxic and biocompatible, many of them are not biodegradable and thus not appropriate for CNS-targeting. Among polymeric nanocarriers, chitosan-based NPs emerge as biodegradable yet stable vehicles for the delivery of CNS medications. Furthermore, due to their mucoadhesive character and intrinsic bioactivity, chitosan NPs can not only promote brain penetration of drugs via the olfactory route, but also act as anti-Alzheimer therapeutics themselves. Here we review how chitosan-based NPs could be used to address current challenges in the treatment of AD; with a specific focus on the enhancement of blood-brain barrier penetration of anti-Alzheimer drugs and on the reduction of their peripheral side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniko Manek
- College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi POB 12 77 88, UAE;
| | - Ferenc Darvas
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Georg A. Petroianu
- College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi POB 12 77 88, UAE;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Zhang J, Wang W, Mao X. Chitopentaose protects HaCaT cells against H2O2-induced oxidative damage through modulating MAPKs and Nrf2/ARE signaling pathways. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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13
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Characterization of Polysaccharides Extracted from Pulps and Seeds of Crataegus azarolus L. var. aronia: Preliminary Structure, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, α-Amylase, and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Properties. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1903056. [PMID: 32566076 PMCID: PMC7275951 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1903056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides from the pulps (CAP) and seeds (CAS) of Crataegus azarolus L. var. aronia were extracted by hot water method. Both polysaccharides were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Congo red test, FT-IR spectroscopy, and their antioxidant, α-amylase, antiacetylcholinesterase, and antibacterial activities were evaluated. CAP showed the highest total carbohydrate (82.35%) and uronic acid (29.39%) contents. The Congo red test revealed the lack of triple-helical conformation for both polysaccharides. The comparison of both infrared spectra indicated similar patterns with the presence of typical bands of polysaccharides. However, the microstructure of both samples indicated differences when analyzed by SEM. CAP displayed higher antioxidant, α-amylase, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. Besides, CAP showed the strongest antimicrobial effects against seven microorganisms and, notably, the Gram-positive bacteria. Overall, the results suggest that polysaccharides from C. azarolus L. var. aronia may be considered as novel sources of antioxidants and recommended as enzyme inhibitory agents in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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14
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Jiang Z, Liu G, Yang Y, Shao K, Wang Y, Liu W, Han B. N-Acetyl chitooligosaccharides attenuate amyloid β-induced damage in animal and cell models of Alzheimer’s disease. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS): An overview. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 129:827-843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Liang S, Sun Y, Dai X. A Review of the Preparation, Analysis and Biological Functions of Chitooligosaccharide. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082197. [PMID: 30060500 PMCID: PMC6121578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharide (COS), which is acknowledged for possessing multiple functions, is a kind of low-molecular-weight polymer prepared by degrading chitosan via enzymatic, chemical methods, etc. COS has comprehensive applications in various fields including food, agriculture, pharmacy, clinical therapy, and environmental industries. Besides having excellent properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, adsorptive abilities and non-toxicity like chitin and chitosan, COS has better solubility. In addition, COS has strong biological functions including anti-inflammatory, antitumor, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective effects, etc. The present paper has summarized the preparation methods, analytical techniques and biological functions to provide an overall understanding of the application of COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yaxuan Sun
- Department of Food Sciences, College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China.
| | - Xueling Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China.
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17
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Phil L, Naveed M, Mohammad IS, Bo L, Bin D. Chitooligosaccharide: An evaluation of physicochemical and biological properties with the proposition for determination of thermal degradation products. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:438-451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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18
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Ouyang QQ, Zhao S, Li SD, Song C. Application of Chitosan, Chitooligosaccharide, and Their Derivatives in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E322. [PMID: 29112116 PMCID: PMC5706020 DOI: 10.3390/md15110322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic hypotheses of Alzheimer's disease (AD) include cholinergic neuron death, acetylcholine (ACh) deficiency, metal ion dynamic equilibrium disorder, and deposition of amyloid and tau. Increased evidence suggests neuroinflammation and oxidative stress may cause AD. However, none of these factors induces AD independently, but they are all associated with the formation of Aβ and tau proteins. Current clinical treatments based on ACh deficiency can only temporarily relieve symptoms, accompanied with many side-effects. Hence, searching for natural neuroprotective agents, which can significantly improve the major symptoms and reverse disease progress, have received great attention. Currently, several bioactive marine products have shown neuroprotective activities, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects with low toxicity and mild side effects in laboratory studies. Recently, chitosan (CTS), chitooligosaccharide (COS) and their derivatives from exoskeletons of crustaceans and cell walls of fungi have shown neuroprotective and antioxidative effects, matrix metalloproteinase inhibition, anti-HIV and anti-inflammatory properties. With regards to the hypotheses of AD, the neuroprotective effect of CTS, COS, and their derivatives on AD-like changes in several models have been reported. CTS and COS exert beneficial effects on cognitive impairments via inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. They are also a new type of non-toxic β-secretase and AChE inhibitor. As neuroprotective agents, they could reduce the cell membrane damage caused by copper ions and decrease the content of reactive oxygen species. This review will focus on their anti-neuroinflammation, antioxidants and their inhibition of β-amyloid, acetylcholinesterase and copper ions adsorption. Finally, the limitations and future work will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Ouyang
- College of Ocean and Meteorology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Shannon Zhao
- American Studies and Ethnicity, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Si-Dong Li
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Zhang Y, Wei M, Li W, Wang Y, Wang J. Isolation and identification of highly active anticholinesterase ingredients from fermented soybean products. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2016.1239225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunbin Zhang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyue Wei
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidi Li
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Shanghai Pechoin Daily Chemical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
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Hao C, Wang W, Wang S, Zhang L, Guo Y. An Overview of the Protective Effects of Chitosan and Acetylated Chitosan Oligosaccharides against Neuronal Disorders. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15040089. [PMID: 28333077 PMCID: PMC5408235 DOI: 10.3390/md15040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is the second most abundant biopolymer on Earth and is mainly comprised of a marine invertebrate, consisting of repeating β-1,4 linked N-acetylated glucosamine units, whereas its N-deacetylated product, chitosan, has broad medical applications. Interestingly, chitosan oligosaccharides have therapeutic effects on different types of neuronal disorders, including, but not limited to, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and nerve crush injury. A common link among neuronal disorders is observed at a sub-cellular level, such as atypical protein assemblies and induced neuronal death. Chronic activation of innate immune responses that lead to neuronal injury is also common in these diseases. Thus, the common mechanisms of neuronal disorders might explain the general therapeutic effects of chitosan oligosaccharides and their derivatives in these diseases. This review provides an update on the pathogenesis and therapy for neuronal disorders and will be mainly focused on the recent progress made towards the neuroprotective properties of chitosan and acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides. Their structural features and the underlying molecular mechanisms will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Hao
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Shuyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Yunliang Guo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Carvalho LCR, Queda F, Santos CVA, Marques MMB. Selective Modification of Chitin and Chitosan: En Route to Tailored Oligosaccharides. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:3468-3481. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luísa C. R. Carvalho
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Fausto Queda
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - Cátia V. Almeida Santos
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
| | - M. Manuel B. Marques
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Campus de Caparica 2829-516 Caparica Portugal
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Muanprasat C, Chatsudthipong V. Chitosan oligosaccharide: Biological activities and potential therapeutic applications. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 170:80-97. [PMID: 27773783 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is an oligomer of β-(1➔4)-linked d-glucosamine. COS can be prepared from the deacetylation and hydrolysis of chitin, which is commonly found in the exoskeletons of arthropods and insects and the cell walls of fungi. COS is water soluble, non-cytotoxic, readily absorbed through the intestine and mainly excreted in the urine. Of particular importance, COS and its derivatives have been demonstrated to possess several biological activities including anti-inflammation, immunostimulation, anti-tumor, anti-obesity, anti-hypertension, anti-Alzheimer's disease, tissue regeneration promotion, drug and DNA delivery enhancement, anti-microbial, anti-oxidation and calcium-absorption enhancement. The mechanisms of actions of COS have been found to involve the modulation of several important pathways including the suppression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This review summarizes the current knowledge of the preparation methods, pharmacokinetic profiles, biological activities, potential therapeutic applications and safety profiles of COS and its derivatives. In addition, future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchai Muanprasat
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Varanuj Chatsudthipong
- Excellent Center for Drug Discovery and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Jia S, Lu Z, Gao Z, An J, Wu X, Li X, Dai X, Zheng Q, Sun Y. Chitosan oligosaccharides alleviate cognitive deficits in an amyloid-β1-42-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 83:416-25. [PMID: 26601759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM The objective of the present study was two-fold: (i) to evaluate the modulating effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on cognitive deficits and (ii) to explore their underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS The Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests were used to determine the neuroprotective effects of COS on Aβ1-42-induced learning and memory impairments. Biochemical methods were then used to assess COS antioxidant activity in hippocampus, including effects on apoptosis (TUNEL assay) and changes in inflammatory mediators (immunohistochemistry). RESULTS Orally administered COS at 200, 400, or 800 mg/kg doses were effective at reducing the learning and memory deficits in Aβ1-42-induced rats. These same doses were also able to ameliorate neuronal apoptosis. The neuroprotective effects of COS were closely associated with its ability to inhibit oxidative stress. This was shown with decreasing levels of malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and increasing levels of glutathione peroxidase and super oxide dismutase activities. COS were also shown to suppress the inflammatory response and decrease measures of inflammation via a decrease in the release of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha). CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings suggest that COS have beneficial effects on the cognitive impairments seen in an Aβ1-42-induced model of Alzheimer's disease via inhibiting oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Zheng Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Zhaolan Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jun An
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xueling Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xueling Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Yaxuan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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25
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Nidheesh T, Salim C, Rajini PS, Suresh PV. Antioxidant and neuroprotective potential of chitooligomers in Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to Monocrotophos. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 135:138-44. [PMID: 26453861 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this investigation were to establish the propensity of the chitooligomers (COS) to ameliorate neurodegeneration and oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans induced by an organophosphorus insecticide, Monocrotophos (MCP). COS was prepared from α-chitosan by the enzymatic method using chitosanase and characterized by HPLC and electron spray ionization-TOF-(ESI-TOF)-MS. We exposed age synchronized L4 C. elegans worms (both wild type N2 and transgenic strain BZ555 (Pdat-1:GFP) to sublethal concentration of MCP (0.75mM) for 24h in the presence or absence of COS (0.2mM). The neuroprotective effect of COS was examined in N2 worms in terms of brood size, lifespan, egg laying, dopamine content, acetylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase activity and by direct visualization and quantification of degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in BZ555. Exposure to COS extended lifespan, normalized egg laying, increased brood size, decreased the dopaminergic neurodegeneration, increased the dopamine content and increased AChE and carboxylesterase activity in C. elegans treated with MCP. COS induced a significant decrease in reactive oxygen species and increased the reduced glutathione level as well as increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. Our findings demonstrate that COS significantly inhibits the dopaminergic neurodegeneration and associated physiological alterations induced by MCP in C. elegans by attenuating the oxidative stress as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nidheesh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India; Department of Meat and Marine Sciences, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India
| | - Chinnu Salim
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India; Food Protectants and Infestation Control Department, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India
| | - P S Rajini
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India; Food Protectants and Infestation Control Department, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India
| | - P V Suresh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India; Department of Meat and Marine Sciences, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru 570 020, India.
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Acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides act as antagonists against glutamate-induced PC12 cell death via Bcl-2/Bax signal pathway. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1267-89. [PMID: 25775423 PMCID: PMC4377983 DOI: 10.3390/md13031267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs), depolymerized products of chitosan composed of β-(1→4) d-glucosamine units, have broad range of biological activities such as antitumour, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. In this study, peracetylated chitosan oligosaccharides (PACOs) and N-acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides (NACOs) were prepared from the COSs by chemcal modification. The structures of these monomers were identified using NMR and ESI-MS spectra. Their antagonist effects against glutamate-induced PC12 cell death were investigated. The results showed that pretreatment of PC12 cells with the PACOs markedly inhibited glutamate-induced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. The PACOs were better glutamate antagonists compared to the COSs and the NACOs, suggesting the peracetylation is essential for the neuroprotective effects of chitosan oligosaccharides. In addition, the PACOs pretreatment significantly reduced lactate dehydrogenase release and reactive oxygen species production. It also attenuated the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Further studies indicated that the PACOs inhibited glutamate-induced cell death by preventing apoptosis through depressing the elevation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 activation. These results suggest that PACOs might be promising antagonists against glutamate-induced neural cell death.
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Tsai CH, Yen YH, Yang JPW. Finding of polysaccharide-peptide complexes in Cordyceps militaris and evaluation of its acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity. J Food Drug Anal 2015; 23:63-70. [PMID: 28911447 PMCID: PMC9351749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition enhances learning and cognitive ability for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Polysaccharide–peptide complexes were identified in Cordyceps militaris (CPSPs) and characterized for their AChE inhibitory properties. Three polymers (CPSP-F1, -F2, and -F3) were extracted and separated by ultrasound-assisted extraction and dieth-ylaminoethanol (DEAE)–Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography. Polysaccharide–peptide complexes were identified by DEAE–Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography and high-performance gel-filtration chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectra, amino sugar composition analysis, and β-elimination reaction to identify polysaccharide–peptide bond categories. Separation of CPSP can increase AChE inhibitory activity from the crude poly-saccharide of C. militaris. CPSP-F1 and CPSP-F2 exhibited half maximal inhibitory concentrations of 32.2 ± 0.2 mg/mL and 5.3 ± 0.0 mg/mL. Thus, we identified polysaccharide–peptide complexes from C. militaris and suggest CPSP has great potential in AChE inhibition bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Tsai
- Department of Bioindustry Technology, Da-Yeh University, Dacun Township, Changhun County 51591, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Horng Yen
- Department of Bioindustry Technology, Da-Yeh University, Dacun Township, Changhun County 51591, Taiwan
| | - John Po-Wen Yang
- Department of Bioindustry Technology, Da-Yeh University, Dacun Township, Changhun County 51591, Taiwan.
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Ngo DH, Kim SK. Antioxidant effects of chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2014; 73:15-31. [PMID: 25300540 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800268-1.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives are considered to promote diverse activities, including antioxidant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antitumor and anticancer, antimicrobial, hypocholesterolemic, and antidiabetic effects, one of the most crucial of which is the antioxidant effect. By modulating and improving physiological functions, chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives may provide novel therapeutic applications for the prevention or treatment of chronic diseases. Antioxidant activity of chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives can be attributed to in vitro and in vivo free radical-scavenging activities. Antioxidant effect of chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives may be used as functional ingredients in food formulations to promote consumer health and to improve the shelf life of food products. This chapter presents an overview of the antioxidant activity of chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives with the potential utilization in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Hung Ngo
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea; Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea.
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Ahmed ABA, Adel M, Karimi P, Peidayesh M. Pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and traditional applications of marine carbohydrates. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2014; 73:197-220. [PMID: 25300548 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800268-1.00010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Marine carbohydrates are most important organic molecules made by photosynthetic organisms. It is very essential for humankind: the role in being an energy source for the organism and they are considered as an important dissolve organic compound (DOC) in marine environment's sediments. Carbohydrates found in different marine environments in different concentrations. Polysaccharides of carbohydrates play an important role in various fields such as pharmaceutical, food production, cosmeceutical, and so on. Marine organisms are good resources of nutrients, and they are rich carbohydrate in sulfated polysaccharide. Seaweeds (marine microalgae) are used in different pharmaceutical industries, especially in pharmaceutical compound production. Seaweeds have a significant amount of sulfated polysaccharides, which are used in cosmeceutical industry, besides based on the biological applications. Since then, traditional people, cosmetics products, and pharmaceutical applications consider many types of seaweed as an important organism used in food process. Sulfated polysaccharides containing seaweed have potential uses in the blood coagulation system, antiviral activity, antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, immunomodulating activity, antilipidepic activity, etc. Some species of marine organisms are rich in polysaccharides such as sulfated galactans. Various polysaccharides such as agar and alginates, which are extracted from marine organisms, have several applications in food production and cosmeceutical industries. Due to their high health benefits, compound-derived extracts of marine polysaccharides have various applications and traditional people were using them since long time ago. In the future, much attention is supposed to be paid to unraveling the structural, compositional, and sequential properties of marine carbohydrate as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohaddeseh Adel
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pegah Karimi
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mahvash Peidayesh
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Dai X, Chang P, Zhu Q, Liu W, Sun Y, Zhu S, Jiang Z. Chitosan oligosaccharides protect rat primary hippocampal neurons from oligomeric β-amyloid 1-42-induced neurotoxicity. Neurosci Lett 2013; 554:64-9. [PMID: 23999027 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
β-Amyloid peptide (Aβ), the major component of senile plaques in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), is believed to facilitate the progressive neurodegeneration that occurs in this disease. Mounting natural compounds are proved to be potential candidates for the prevention and treatment of AD. Chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs), the enzymatic hydrolysates of chitosan, have been reported to possess diverse biological activities. Here we investigated the effect of COSs on oligomeric Aβ-mediated toxicity in rat primary hippocampal neurons. Pretreatment with COSs markedly inhibited cell death induced by Aβ exposure as determined by cell viability assay and lactate dehydrogenase release assay. In parallel, the generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation were attenuated by COSs. Furthermore, our results indicated that COSs remarkably prevented Aβ-induced cell apoptosis as manifested by depressing the elevation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and caspase-3 activation, suggesting that the neuroprotective effect of COSs could be partially due to apoptosis regulation. In addition, pretreatment with COSs significantly blocked Aβ-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Taken together, these findings may shed light on the role of COSs as a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100191, China; Research Institute for Science and Technology of Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China
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A TLC Study of the lipophilicity of thirty-two acetylcholinesterase inhibitors — 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine and 2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]quinoline derivatives. OPEN CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-013-0218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe lipophilicity of thirty-two novel acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors — 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine and 2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]quinoline derivatives was studied by thin layer chromatography. The analyzed compounds were chromatographed on RP-18, RP-8, RP-2, CN and NH2 stationary phases with dioxane — citric buffer pH 3.0 binary mobile phases containing different proportions of dioxane. RM values for pure water were extrapolated from the linear Soczewiński-Wachtmeister equation and six compounds with known literature log P values were used as reference calibration data set for computation of experimental log P values. The obtained results were compared with computationally calculated partition coefficients values (AlogPs, AClogP, AlogP, MlogP, KOWWIN, XlogP2, XlogP3) by PCA and significant differences between them were observed.
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Zhang C, Li X, Kim SK. Application of marine biomaterials for nutraceuticals and functional foods. Food Sci Biotechnol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-012-0081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Ngo DH, Ngo DN, Vo TS, Ryu B, Van Ta Q, Kim SK. Protective effects of aminoethyl-chitooligosaccharides against oxidative stress and inflammation in murine microglial BV-2 cells. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Pangestuti R, Bak SS, Kim SK. Attenuation of pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglia by chitooligosaccharides via the MAPK signaling pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 49:599-606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Mourya VK, Inamdar NN, Choudhari YM. Chitooligosaccharides: Synthesis, characterization and applications. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x11070066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Ngo DH, Wijesekara I, Vo TS, Van Ta Q, Kim SK. Marine food-derived functional ingredients as potential antioxidants in the food industry: An overview. Food Res Int 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Joodi G, Ansari N, Khodagholi F. Chitooligosaccharide-mediated neuroprotection is associated with modulation of Hsps expression and reduction of MAPK phosphorylation. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 48:726-35. [PMID: 21356235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence implicating the role of oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neurodegenerative disease, including Alzheimer's disease. In this study we aimed to investigate the possible protective effect of chitooligosaccharide (COS), an antioxidant oligosaccharide, on hydrogen peroxide induced apoptosis in NGF-differentitated rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. COS treatment reversed the decrease of cell viability induced by H(2)O(2) and this was associated with diminished intracellular ROS and decreased level of cytosolic Ca(2+). Additionally, COS contributed to up-regulation of Bcl-2, down regulation of Bax protein and reduction of cleaved Caspase-3 protein. COS treatment stabilized Nrf2 in nucleus and increased the Hsp70 level within cell while down-regulated Hsp90 expression. Moreover, COS could inhibit the phosphorylation of different mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), whose aberrant phosphorylation has been implicated in AD. Our findings suggest that heat shock response and MAPK cascades are both involved in cell survival, and by concomitantly regulating both pathways, COS can be a promising agent in treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golsa Joodi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lee SH, Ryu B, Je JY, Kim SK. Diethylaminoethyl chitosan induces apoptosis in HeLa cells via activation of caspase-3 and p53 expression. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cho YS, Kim SK, Ahn CB, Je JY. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by gallic acid-grafted-chitosans. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vo TS, Kim SK. Potential anti-HIV agents from marine resources: an overview. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:2871-92. [PMID: 21339954 PMCID: PMC3039460 DOI: 10.3390/md8122871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and is a global public health issue. Anti-HIV therapy involving chemical drugs has improved the life quality of HIV/AIDS patients. However, emergence of HIV drug resistance, side effects and the necessity for long-term anti-HIV treatment are the main reasons for failure of anti-HIV therapy. Therefore, it is essential to isolate novel anti-HIV therapeutics from natural resources. Recently, a great deal of interest has been expressed regarding marine-derived anti-HIV agents such as phlorotannins, sulfated chitooligosaccharides, sulfated polysaccharides, lectins and bioactive peptides. This contribution presents an overview of anti-HIV therapeutics derived from marine resources and their potential application in HIV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Sang Vo
- Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail:
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
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Karagozlu MZ, Kim JA, Karadeniz F, Kong CS, Kim SK. Anti-proliferative effect of aminoderivatized chitooligosaccharides on AGS human gastric cancer cells. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pangestuti R, Kim SK. Neuroprotective properties of chitosan and its derivatives. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:2117-28. [PMID: 20714426 PMCID: PMC2920545 DOI: 10.3390/md8072117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cells are extremely vulnerable and have a limited capacity for self-repair in response to injury. For those reasons, there is obvious interest in limiting neuronal damage. Mechanisms and strategies used in order to protect against neuronal injury, apoptosis, dysfunction, and degeneration in the central nervous system are recognized as neuroprotection. Neuroprotection could be achieved through several classes of natural and synthetic neuroprotective agents. However, considering the side effects of synthetic neuroprotective agents, the search for natural neuroprotective agents has received great attention. Recently, an increasing number of studies have identified neuroprotective properties of chitosan and its derivatives; however, there are some significant challenges that must be overcome for the success of this approach. Hence, the objective of this review is to discuss neuroprotective properties of chitosan and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratih Pangestuti
- Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail: (R.P.)
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea; E-Mail: (R.P.)
- Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
- *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82 51 629 7094; Fax: +82 51 629 7099
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Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors from marine resources: prospects in the pharmaceutical industry. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1080-93. [PMID: 20479968 PMCID: PMC2866476 DOI: 10.3390/md8041080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension or high blood pressure is one of the major independent risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1; ACE) plays an important physiological role in regulation of blood pressure by converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor. Therefore, the inhibition of ACE activity is a major target in the prevention of hypertension. Recently, the search for natural ACE inhibitors as alternatives to synthetic drugs is of great interest to prevent several side effects and a number of novel compounds such as bioactive peptides, chitooligosaccharide derivatives (COS) and phlorotannins have been derived from marine organisms as potential ACE inhibitors. These inhibitory derivatives can be developed as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals with potential to prevent hypertension. Hence, the aim of this review is to discuss the marine-derived ACE inhibitors and their future prospects as novel therapeutic drug candidates for treat hypertension.
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