1
|
Eyupoglu S, Eyupoglu C, Merdan N. Investigation of the effect of enzymatic and alkali treatments on the physico-chemical properties of Sambucus ebulus L. plant fiber. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:130968. [PMID: 38521324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The investigation aims to determine the effect of enzymatic and alkali treatments on Sambucus ebulus L. stem fiber. For this purpose, Sambucus ebulus L. stem fibers were treated with alkali, cellulase, and pectinase enzymes. An image processing technique was developed and implemented to calculate the average thicknesses of Sambucus ebulus L. fibers. The thickness of alkali, cellulase and pectinase enzyme treated fibers was determined as 478.62 μm, 808.28 μm and 478.20 μm, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy analysis illustrated that enzymatic and alkali treatments lead to the breakage of fiber structure. Furthermore, enzymatic and alkali treatments induce variations in elemental ingredients. All treatments increased the crystallinity index of Sambucus ebulus L. fiber from 72 % (raw fiber) to 83 % (alkali treated), 75.2 % (cellulase enzyme treated) and 86.3 % (pectinase enzyme treated) due to the hydrolysis of hemicellulose. Fourier transform infrared analysis indicated that there are no significant differences in functional groups. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that enzymatic and alkali treatments improve final degradation temperature of the fiber. Mechanical behaviors of cellulase enzyme-treated fiber decrease compared to raw fiber, while pectinase enzyme and alkali treatment cause to improve mechanical properties. Tensile strength of samples was determined as 76.4 MPa (cellulase enzyme treated fiber), 210 MPa (pectinase enzyme treated fiber) and 240 MPa (alkali treated fiber). Young's modules of cellulase enzyme, pectinase enzyme and alkali treated fibers were predicted as 5.5 GPa, 13.1 GPa and 16.6 GPa. Elongation at break of samples was calculated as 5.5 % (cellulase enzyme treated fiber), 6.5 % (pectinase enzyme treated fiber) and 6 % (alkali treated fiber). The results suggest that enzymatic and alkali treatments can modify the functional and structural attributes of Sambucus ebulus L. fiber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyda Eyupoglu
- Department of Textile, Clothing, Footwear and Leather, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Istanbul University - Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Can Eyupoglu
- Department of Computer Engineering, Turkish Air Force Academy, National Defence University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
| | - Nigar Merdan
- Department of Fashion and Textile Design, Architecture and Design Faculty, Istanbul Commerce University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Richely E, Beaugrand J, Coret M, Binetruy C, Ouagne P, Bourmaud A, Guessasma S. In Situ Tensile Testing under High-Speed Optical Recording to Determine Hierarchical Damage Kinetics in Polymer Layers of Flax Fibre Elements. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2794. [PMID: 37447440 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims at better understanding the damage and fracture kinetics in flax fibre elements at both the unitary and bundle scales, using an experimental setup allowing optical observation at high recording rate in the course of tensile loading. Defects and issues from flax unitary fibre extraction are quantitated using polarized light microscopy. Tensile loading is conducted according to a particular setup, adapted to fibres of 10 to 20 µm in diameter and 10 mm in length. Optical recording using a high-speed camera is performed during loading up to the failure at acquisition, with speed ranging from 108,000 to 270,000 frames per second. Crack initiation in polymer layers of fibre elements, propagation as well as damage mechanisms are captured. The results show different failure scenarios depending on the fibre element's nature. In particular, fractured fibres underline either a fully transverse failure propagation or a combination of transverse and longitudinal cracking with different balances. Image recordings with high time resolution of down to 3.7 μs suggest an unstable system and transverse crack speed higher than 4 m/s and a slower propagation for longitudinal crack deviation. Failure propagation monitoring and fracture mechanism studies in individual natural fibre or bundles, using tensile load with optical observation, showed contrasted behaviour and the importance of the structural scale exanimated. This study can help in tailoring the eco-design of flax-based composites, in terms of toughness and mechanical performances, for both replacement of synthetic fibre materials and innovative composites with advanced properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Richely
- INRAE, Research Unit BIA UR1268, 3, Impasse Yvette Cauchois, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Johnny Beaugrand
- INRAE, Research Unit BIA UR1268, 3, Impasse Yvette Cauchois, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Michel Coret
- Lab Therm & Energie Nantes, LTeN, École Centrale de Nantes, Nantes Université, CNRS, GeM, UMR 6183, 44321 Nantes, France
| | - Christophe Binetruy
- Lab Therm & Energie Nantes, LTeN, École Centrale de Nantes, Nantes Université, CNRS, GeM, UMR 6183, 44321 Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Ouagne
- Laboratoire Génie de Production (LGP), Université de Toulouse, INP-ENIT, 65016 Tarbes, France
| | - Alain Bourmaud
- Université de Bretagne Sud, IRDL UMR CNRS 6027, 56100 Lorient, France
| | - Sofiane Guessasma
- INRAE, Research Unit BIA UR1268, 3, Impasse Yvette Cauchois, 44316 Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ragoubi M, Lecoublet M, Khennache M, Poilane C, Leblanc N. Multi Scale Analysis of the Retting and Process Effect on the Properties of Flax Bio-Based Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112531. [PMID: 37299330 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to evaluate, at different scales (technical flax fiber, fiber band and flax composites, bio-based composites), the effect of retting and processing parameters on the biochemical, microstructural, and mechanical properties of flax-epoxy bio-based materials. On the technical flax fiber scale, a biochemical alteration of the fiber was observed as the retting increased (a decrease of the soluble fraction from 10.4 ± 0.2 to 4.5 ± 1.2% and an increase of the holocellulose fractions). This finding was associated with the degradation of the middle lamella, favoring the individualization of the flax fibers observed at retting (+). A direct link was established between the biochemical alteration of technical flax fibers and their associated mechanical properties (decrease of the ultimate modulus 69.9 to 43.6 GPa and maximum stress from 702 to 328 MPa). On the flax band scale, the mechanical properties are driven by the interface quality between the technical fibers. The highest maximum stresses were reached at level retting (0) with 26.68 MPa, which is lower compared to technical fiber. On the bio-based composites scale, setup 3 (T = 160 ∘C) and the high retting level (+) are the most relevant for a better mechanical response of flax bio-based materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ragoubi
- UniLaSalle, Unité de Recherche Transformation et Agro-Ressources, VAM²IN (ULR 7519 UniLaSalle-Université d'Artois), 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Morgan Lecoublet
- UniLaSalle, Unité de Recherche Transformation et Agro-Ressources, VAM²IN (ULR 7519 UniLaSalle-Université d'Artois), 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Medhi Khennache
- UniLaSalle, Unité de Recherche Transformation et Agro-Ressources, VAM²IN (ULR 7519 UniLaSalle-Université d'Artois), 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Christophe Poilane
- Normandie University, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, CIMAP, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Nathalie Leblanc
- UniLaSalle, Unité de Recherche Transformation et Agro-Ressources, VAM²IN (ULR 7519 UniLaSalle-Université d'Artois), 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ragoubi M, Lecoublet M, Khennache M, Atanase LI, Poilane C, Leblanc N. How Retting Could Affect the Mechanical Behavior of Flax/Epoxy Biocomposite Materials? MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2929. [PMID: 37049223 PMCID: PMC10095947 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the retting effect on the mechanical properties of flax biobased materials. For the technical fiber, a direct link was established between the biochemical alteration of technical flax and their mechanical properties. In function of the retting level, technical fibers appeared smoother and more individualized; nevertheless, a decrease in the ultimate modulus and maximum stress was recorded. A biochemical alteration was observed as the retting increased (a decrease in the soluble fraction from 10.4 ± 0.2 to 4.5 ± 1.2% and an increase in the holocellulose fractions). Regarding the mechanical behavior of biocomposites manufactured by thermocompression, a non-elastic behavior was observed for the tested samples. Young moduli (E1 and E2) gradually increased with retting. The retting effect was more pronounced when a normalization was performed (according to the fiber volume and porosity). A 40% increase in elastic modulus could be observed between under-retting (-) and over-retting (+). Moreover, the porosity content (Vp) increased overall with fiber content. Setup 3, with optimized processing parameters, was the most desirable processing protocol because it allowed the highest fiber fraction (Vf) for the lowest Vp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ragoubi
- UniLaSalle, Unité de Recherche Transformation et Agro-Ressources, VAM2IN (ULR 7519 UniLaSalle—Université d’Artois), 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Morgan Lecoublet
- UniLaSalle, Unité de Recherche Transformation et Agro-Ressources, VAM2IN (ULR 7519 UniLaSalle—Université d’Artois), 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Mehdi Khennache
- UniLaSalle, Unité de Recherche Transformation et Agro-Ressources, VAM2IN (ULR 7519 UniLaSalle—Université d’Artois), 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Leonard Ionut Atanase
- Faculty of Medical Dentistry, Apollonia University of Iasi, 700511 Iasi, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Christophe Poilane
- Normandie Université, Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), 14000 Caen, France
| | - Nathalie Leblanc
- UniLaSalle, Unité de Recherche Transformation et Agro-Ressources, VAM2IN (ULR 7519 UniLaSalle—Université d’Artois), 76130 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Campana C, Léger R, Sonnier R, Ienny P, Ferry L. Effect of Hygrothermal Ageing on the Mechanical and Fire Properties of a Flame Retardant Flax Fiber/Epoxy Composite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193962. [PMID: 36235910 PMCID: PMC9573111 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In engineering applications, natural fiber composites must comply with fire requirements including the use of flame retardant. Furthermore, biocomposites are known to be water sensitive. Whether flame retardants affect the water sensitivity and whether water absorption affects the fire behavior and the mechanical performance of biocomposites are the two main topics addressed in this work. In this study, a flax fiber/epoxy composite flame retardant with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) or aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlPi) was aged in humid atmosphere or by immersion in water. Water absorption kinetics revealed that DOPO induces an increase in equilibrium water content by approximately a factor of 2 due to its intrinsic hygroscopicity and/or its plasticizing effect on the epoxy matrix. In contrast, AlPi does not significantly change the water sensitivity of the biocomposite. Mechanical testing highlighted that, whatever the FR, the evolution of mechanical properties with ageing is governed by the moisture content. The drop of elastic modulus was attributed to a decrease in fiber rigidity due to plasticization, while the increase in tensile strength was assigned to an increase in fiber/matrix friction due to fiber swelling. As regards flame retardancy, only the highest water contents modified the fire behavior. For the AlPi containing biocomposite, the water release resulted in an increase by 50% of the time to ignition, while for the DOPO flame retardant biocomposite the water release was mainly postponed after ignition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Campana
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Alès, F-30319 Alès, France
- LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier University, CNRS, F-30319 Alès, France
| | - Romain Léger
- LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier University, CNRS, F-30319 Alès, France
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Alès, F-30319 Alès, France
| | - Patrick Ienny
- LMGC, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier University, CNRS, F-30319 Alès, France
| | - Laurent Ferry
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Alès, F-30319 Alès, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Melelli A, Jamme F, Beaugrand J, Bourmaud A. Evolution of the ultrastructure and polysaccharide composition of flax fibres over time: When history meets science. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
7
|
Impact of cell wall non-cellulosic and cellulosic polymers on the mechanical properties of flax fibre bundles. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
8
|
Bendourou FE, Suresh G, Laadila MA, Kumar P, Rouissi T, Dhillon GS, Zied K, Brar SK, Galvez R. Feasibility of the use of different types of enzymatically treated cellulosic fibres for polylactic acid (PLA) recycling. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 121:237-247. [PMID: 33385952 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the potential use of cellulosic microfibers (CMFs) extracted from hemp fiber (HF) and pulp and paper solid waste (mixed sludge (MS), deinked sludge (DS)) as a reinforcing agent in novel bio composite materials produced from recycled Polylactic acid (rPLA) was investigated. CMFs were extracted and treated using physicochemical method followed by enzymatic treatment with laccase and cellulase. The effects of CMFs concentrations (1.5, 3 and 6% w/w) and fiber size (75 μm-1.7 mm) on the mechanical properties (impact and tensile) and biodegradability of the biocomposite samples were investigated. A modified interfacial adhesion between rPLA matrix and the three fibers used, was clearly observed through mechanical tests due to alkali and enzymatic treatments. The use of different types of enzymatically treated cellulosic fibers for polylactic acid (PLA) recycling was assessed by Scaning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The combined physicochemical and enzymatic treatments led to a considerable size reduction of the cellulosic fibers (HF, MS and DS) resulting in the enhanced interfacial adhesion between rPLA matrix and fibers. The biocomposite obtained with rPLA with HF gave the most favorable values for Young's modulus (324.53 ± 3.10 MPa, p-value 0.03), impact strength (27.61 ± 2.94 kJ/m2, p-value 0.01) and biodegradation rate (1.97%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gayatri Suresh
- INRS-ETE, 490, de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, QC, Canada
| | - Mohamed Amine Laadila
- INRS-ETE, 490, de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, QC, Canada; Laval university Chemical Engineering Department, Laval University, 1065 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC, Canada, G1V0A6; Investissement Québec-CRIQ,333 Rue Franquet,Québec, QC G1P 4C7, Canada
| | - Pratik Kumar
- INRS-ETE, 490, de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, QC, Canada
| | - Tarek Rouissi
- INRS-ETE, 490, de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, QC, Canada
| | - Gurpreet S Dhillon
- INRS-ETE, 490, de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, QC, Canada; Dept. Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences (AFNS), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khiari Zied
- Center for Applied Research and Innovation, Lethbridge College, Alberta T1K 1L6, Canada
| | - Satinder K Brar
- INRS-ETE, 490, de la Couronne, Québec G1K 9A9, QC, Canada; Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Rosa Galvez
- Département de Genie Civil, Université Laval, Québec G1K 7P4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xiang M, Bai Y, Li Y, Wei S, Shu T, Wang H, Li P, Yu T, Yu L. An eco-friendly degumming process of flax roving without acid pickling and NaClO2-bleaching. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
10
|
Melelli A, Arnould O, Beaugrand J, Bourmaud A. The Middle Lamella of Plant Fibers Used as Composite Reinforcement: Investigation by Atomic Force Microscopy. Molecules 2020; 25:E632. [PMID: 32024088 PMCID: PMC7038022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, plant fibers are considered as an important new renewable resource that can compete with some synthetic fibers, such as glass, in fiber-reinforced composites. In previous works, it was noted that the pectin-enriched middle lamella (ML) is a weak point in the fiber bundles for plant fiber-reinforced composites. ML is strongly bonded to the primary walls of the cells to form a complex layer called the compound middle lamella (CML). In a composite, cracks preferentially propagate along and through this layer when a mechanical loading is applied. In this work, middle lamellae of several plant fibers of different origin (flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, nettle, and date palm leaf sheath), among the most used for composite reinforcement, are investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The peak-force quantitative nanomechanical property mapping (PF-QNM) mode is used in order to estimate the indentation modulus of this layer. AFM PF-QNM confirmed its potential and suitability to mechanically characterize and compare the stiffness of small areas at the micro and nanoscale level, such as plant cell walls and middle lamellae. Our results suggest that the mean indentation modulus of ML is in the range from 6 GPa (date palm leaf sheath) to 16 GPa (hemp), depending on the plant considered. Moreover, local cell-wall layer architectures were finely evidenced and described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Melelli
- IRDL, Université de Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, 56321 Lorient, France;
| | - Olivier Arnould
- LMGC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France;
| | - Johnny Beaugrand
- INRAE, UR1268 BIA Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, 44316 Nantes, France;
| | - Alain Bourmaud
- IRDL, Université de Bretagne Sud, UMR CNRS 6027, 56321 Lorient, France;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sarasini F, Tirillò J, Maffei G, Zuorro A, Lavecchia R, Luzi F, Puglia D, Torre L, Maghchiche A. Thermal and mechanical behavior of thermoplastic composites reinforced with fibers enzymatically extracted from
Ampelodesmos mauritanicus. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Sarasini
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials EnvironmentSapienza‐Università di Roma Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma Italy
| | - Jacopo Tirillò
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials EnvironmentSapienza‐Università di Roma Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma Italy
| | - Gianluca Maffei
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials EnvironmentSapienza‐Università di Roma Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma Italy
| | - Antonio Zuorro
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials EnvironmentSapienza‐Università di Roma Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma Italy
| | - Roberto Lavecchia
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials EnvironmentSapienza‐Università di Roma Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma Italy
| | - Francesca Luzi
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Perugia Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni Italy
| | - Debora Puglia
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Perugia Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni Italy
| | - Luigi Torre
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Perugia Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni Italy
| | - Abdelhak Maghchiche
- Département de Pharmacie, Faculté de MédecineUniversity of Batna Route de Tazoult, 05000 Batna Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
De Prez J, Van Vuure AW, Ivens J, Aerts G, Van de Voorde I. Flax treatment with strategic enzyme combinations: Effect on chemical fiber composition and ease of fiber extraction. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 23:e00358. [PMID: 31321214 PMCID: PMC6612796 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of treatment of flax with strategic enzyme combinations on the ease of fiber extraction and the chemical fiber composition is reported in this study. To contribute to the increasing demand for bio-based and sustainable materials, it is of great importance to develop optimal enzyme formulations which can replace the yet poorly controlled traditional dew retting process. Regarding the chemical composition of the fiber, enzymatic treatments all resulted in similar improvements, with an enhanced cellulose content of 81 ± 1% after polygalacturonase + xylanase treatment (vs. 64 ± 2% for green fibers). Evaluation of extraction efficiency (EE) showed that several enzyme combinations significantly increased EE in comparison with green fibers. An EE of 23 ± 6% was found for fibers extracted after polygalacturonase + pectinmethylesterase treatment, in comparison with an EE of 11 ± 1% for green fibers. Combinations with three enzymes resulted in a higher reduction of the pectin content of the fibers. The combination of enzymes shows hence promising potential but further evaluation of mechanical performance of fiber reinforced composites is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana De Prez
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aart Willem Van Vuure
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), Technology Cluster for Materials Technology (TC-MT), Campus Group T, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Ivens
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), Technology Cluster for Materials Technology (TC-MT), Campus De Nayer, De Nayerlaan 5, B-2860, Sint-Katelijne Waver, Belgium
| | - Guido Aerts
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Van de Voorde
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
De Prez J, Van Vuure AW, Ivens J, Aerts G, Van de Voorde I. Enzymatic treatment of flax for use in composites. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 20:e00294. [PMID: 30568888 PMCID: PMC6288048 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are highly advantageous compared to dew retting to reach fibers of high and consistent quality. However, no unambiguous insights have been retained from the research, i.e. lacking a clear directive of which enzyme activities are strictly needed. Methods for evaluating enzymatic retting should be standardized, with characterization of chemical, morphological and mechanical properties and analysis of the ease of extraction. Moreover, evaluation should not only be focused on the microscopic level of the fiber but the performance of the resulting composite materials should be assessed as well. The review also covers research challenges for introducing enzymatic treatment in large scale production as well as inherent limitations and economic aspects. Besides their high selectivity and environmentally-friendly processing conditions, applying enzymes may also result in a less severe mechanical post-treatment implying less fiber damage. Moreover, recycling of enzymes and utilization of byproducts may increase the economic feasibility of the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana De Prez
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aart Willem Van Vuure
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), Technology Cluster for Materials Technology (TC-MT), Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 – bus 2450, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Ivens
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Materials Engineering (MTM), Technology Cluster for Materials Technology (TC-MT), Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 – bus 2450, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guido Aerts
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ilse Van de Voorde
- KU Leuven, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), Cluster for Bioengineering Technology (CBeT), Laboratory of Enzyme, Fermentation and Brewing Technology (EFBT), Technology Campus Ghent, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bourmaud A, Siniscalco D, Foucat L, Goudenhooft C, Falourd X, Pontoire B, Arnould O, Beaugrand J, Baley C. Evolution of flax cell wall ultrastructure and mechanical properties during the retting step. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 206:48-56. [PMID: 30553348 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Flax retting is a major bioprocess in the cultivation and extraction cycle of flax fibres. The aim of the present study is to improve the understanding of the evolution of fibre properties and ultrastructure caused by this process at the plant cell wall scale. Initially, investigations of the mechanical performances of the flax cell walls by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in Peak Force mode revealed a significant increase (+33%) in the cell wall indentation modulus with retting time. Two complementary structural studies are presented here, namely using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). An estimation of the cellulose crystallinity index by XRD measurements, confirmed by NMR, shows an increase of 8% in crystallinity with retting mainly due to the disappearance of amorphous polymer. In addition, NMR investigations show a compaction of inaccessible cell wall polymers, combined with an increase in the relaxation times of the C4 carbon. This densification provides a structural explanation for the observed improvement in mechanical performance of the secondary wall of flax fibres during the field retting process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Bourmaud
- IRDL, Université Européenne Bretagne, CNRS, UMR 6027, Lorient, France.
| | - David Siniscalco
- IRDL, Université Européenne Bretagne, CNRS, UMR 6027, Lorient, France
| | - Loïc Foucat
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, Nantes, France
| | | | - Xavier Falourd
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Pontoire
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Arnould
- LMGC, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR 5508, Montpellier, France
| | - Johnny Beaugrand
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, Nantes, France
| | - Christophe Baley
- IRDL, Université Européenne Bretagne, CNRS, UMR 6027, Lorient, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Pucci MF, Liotier PJ, Drapier S. Capillary wicking in flax fabrics – Effects of swelling in water. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
17
|
Khaldi M, Vivet A, Bourmaud A, Sereir Z, Kada B. Damage analysis of composites reinforced with Alfa fibers: Viscoelastic behavior and debonding at the fiber/matrix interface. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mokhtar Khaldi
- LSCMI, BP 1505 EL M'Naouer, Oran, Algeria, Faculté De Génie Mécanique Université Des Sciences Et De La Technologie Mohamed Boudiaf
- CIMAP, F-14032 Caen; CNRS, UMR 6252, CEA, Ensicaen; Normandie Université; France
- Mustapha Stambouli University; Mascara Algeria
| | - Alexandre Vivet
- CIMAP, F-14032 Caen; CNRS, UMR 6252, CEA, Ensicaen; Normandie Université; France
| | | | - Zouaoui Sereir
- LSCMI, BP 1505 EL M'Naouer, Oran, Algeria, Faculté De Génie Mécanique Université Des Sciences Et De La Technologie Mohamed Boudiaf
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stuart T, McCall R, Sharma H, Lyons G. Modelling of wicking and moisture interactions of flax and viscose fibres. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 123:359-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
19
|
Dombre C, Marais S, Chappey C, Lixon-Buquet C, Chalier P. The behaviour of wine aroma compounds related to structure and barrier properties of virgin, recycled and active PET membranes. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
20
|
Pressure impact of autoclave treatment on water sorption and pectin composition of flax cellulosic-fibres. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 102:21-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
21
|
Huo S, Chevali VS, Ulven CA. Study on interfacial properties of unidirectional flax/vinyl ester composites: Resin manipulation on vinyl ester system. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
22
|
|