1
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Zhu L, Zhou S, Cheng H, Komarneni S, Ma J. In-situ growth of Mn-Ni 3S 2 on nickel foam for catalytic ozonation of p-nitrophenol. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142037. [PMID: 38626811 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a new catalyst for catalytic ozonation was obtained by in-situ growth of Mn-Ni3S2 nanosheets on the surface of nickel foam (NF). The full degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) was accomplished under optimal conditions in 40 min. The effects of material dosage, ozone dosage, pH and the presence of inorganic anions on the degradation efficiency of PNP were investigated. ESR analysis showed that singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide radical (O2•-) are the main contributors of PNP degradation. This study offers a new combination of supported catalysts with high efficiency and easy recovery, which provides a new idea for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Siyi Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Jiangsu, 213164, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Green Processing of Sugar Resources, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Guangxi, 545006, China
| | - Sridhar Komarneni
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management and Materials Research Institute, 204 Materials Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Jiangsu, 213164, China.
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2
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Sirohi R, Negi T, Rawat N, Sagar NA, Sindhu R, Tarafdar A. Emerging technologies for the extraction of bioactives from mushroom waste. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 61:1069-1082. [PMID: 38562595 PMCID: PMC10981648 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Extraction of bioactive compounds for application in nutraceuticals is gaining popularity. For this, there is a search for low-cost substrates that would make the end product and the process more economical. Mushroom waste (stalk, cap, stem etc.) is one such high valued substrate that has received much attention recently due to its rich reserves of terpenoids, polyphenols, sesquiterpenes, alkaloids, lactones, sterols, antioxidative vitamins, anthocyanidins, glycoproteins and polysaccharides, among others. However, there is a need to identify green and hybrid technologies that could make the bioactive extraction process from these substrates safe, efficient and sustainable. To this effect, many emerging technologies (supercritical fluid, ultrasound-, enzyme- and microwave-assisted extraction) have been explored in the last decade which have shown potential for scale-up with high productivity. This review systematically discusses such technologies highlighting the current challenges faced during waste processing and the research directives needed for further advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjna Sirohi
- College of Horticulture, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302 018 India
- Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner, Rajasthan 303329 India
| | - Taru Negi
- Department of Food Science and Technology,, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263 145 India
| | - Neha Rawat
- Department of Food Science and Technology,, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263 145 India
| | - Narashans Alok Sagar
- Department of Biotechnology, University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab India
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Department of Food Technology, TKM Institute of Technology, Kollam, Kerala 691505 India
| | - Ayon Tarafdar
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243 122 India
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3
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Ye S, Gao Y, Hu X, Cai J, Sun S, Jiang J. Research progress and future development potential of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides in the preparation process, structure analysis, biology, and pharmacology: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131467. [PMID: 38599436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, Flammulina velutipes (F. velutipes) has attracted consequential attention in various research fields due to its rich composition of proteins, vitamins, amino acids, polysaccharides, and polyphenols. F. velutipes polysaccharides (FVPs) are considered as key bioactive components of F. velutipes, demonstrating multiple physiological activities, including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. Moreover, they offer health benefits such as antioxidant and anti-aging properties, which have exceptionally valuable clinical applications. Polysaccharides derived from different sources exhibit a wide range of biomedical functions and distinct biological activities. The varied biological functions of polysaccharides, coupled with their extensive application in functional foods and clinical applications, have prompted a heightened focus on polysaccharide research. Additionally, the extraction, deproteinization, and purification of FVPs are fundamental to investigate the structure and biological activities of polysaccharides. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive and systematic overview of the extraction, deproteinization, purification, characterization, and structural elucidation of FVPs. Furthermore, the biological activities and mechanisms of FVPs have been further explored through in vivo and in vitro experiments. This review aims to provide a theoretical foundation and guide future research and development of FVPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Ye
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang medical school, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang medical school, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangyan Hu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang medical school, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jiye Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shaowei Sun
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang medical school, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang medical school, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jinhuan Jiang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang medical school, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang medical school, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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4
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Zhang Z, Yu A, Hu W, Wu L, Yang D, Fu L, Wang Z, Kuang H, Wang M. A review on extraction, purification, structural characteristics, biological activities, applications of polysaccharides from Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (Guai Zao). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:131097. [PMID: 38537845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Hovenia dulcis Thunb. (H. dulcis) is a widely distributed plant with a long history of cultivation and consumption. As a common plant, it has economic, edible and medicinal value. H. dulcis polysaccharides are one of their main bioactive ingredients and have many health benefits, such as anti-diabetes, antioxidation, anti-glycosylation, anti-fatigue, immune regulation activities and alcoholic liver disease protection activity. In this paper, the research progress of H. dulcis polysaccharides in extraction, purification, structural characteristics, biological activities, existing and potential applications were reviewed, which could provide new valuable insights for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Aiqi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Wenjing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Lihong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Deqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Lei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao (Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150000, China.
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5
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Hamed YS, Ahsan HM, Hussain M, Ahmad I, Tian B, Wang J, Zou XG, Bu T, Ming C, Rayan AM, Yang K. Polysaccharides from Brassica rapa root: Extraction, purification, structural features, and biological activities. A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:128023. [PMID: 37952795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Brassica rapa (B. rapa) roots are attracting increased attention from nutritionists and health-conscious customers because of their remarkable performance in supplying necessary nutrients. Polysaccharides are major biologically active substances in B. rapa roots, which come in a variety of monosaccharides with different molar ratios and glycosidic bond types. Depending on the source, extraction, separation, and purification methods of B. rapa roots polysaccharides (BRP); different structural features, and pharmacological activities are elucidated. Polysaccharides from B. rapa roots possess a range of nutritional, biological, and health-enhancing characteristics, including anti-hypoxic, antifatigue, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, anti-tumor, and antioxidant activities. This paper reviewed extraction and purification methods, structural features, and biological activities as well as correlations between the structural and functional characteristics of polysaccharides from the B. rapa roots. Ultimately, this work will serve as useful reference for understanding the connections between polysaccharide structure and biological activity and developing novel BRP-based functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya S Hamed
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313299, PR China; Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Ahsan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313299, PR China; Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahahuddin Zakaria University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hussain
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313299, PR China
| | - Ishtiaq Ahmad
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313299, PR China
| | - Baoming Tian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313299, PR China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313299, PR China
| | - Xian-Guo Zou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313299, PR China
| | - Tingting Bu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313299, PR China
| | - Cai Ming
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313299, PR China
| | - Ahmed M Rayan
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Kai Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Huzhou 313299, PR China
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De Padua JC, Fukushima-Sakuno E, Ueno K, Dela Cruz TEE, Ishihara A. Isolation, structure elucidation, and biological activities of sesquiterpenes and phthalides from two edible mushrooms Pleurotus species. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:1429-1441. [PMID: 37667536 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial compounds were purified from culture filtrates from 2 edible Pleurotus species. Using a bioassay-guided fractionation of the culture filtrate extracts, 3 compounds (1-3) were obtained from Pleurotus ostreatus, and another compound (4) was obtained from Pleurotus pulmonarius. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that 1-3 was identified as 5,7-dimethoxyphthalide, 4,6-dimethoxyphthalide, and cheimonophyllon E, respectively, while 4 were identified as pleuroton A. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of these compounds were determined against 6 pathogenic bacterial species, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter cloacae. Compounds 2 and 4 were inhibitory against all tested bacteria, while 1 and 4 were inhibitory against 3 and 2 species, respectively. In addition, 1-4 inhibited tyrosinase, with IC50 values of 0.10-0.30 mg/mL, and α-glucosidase, with IC50 values of 0.12-0.54 mg/mL. However, their antioxidant capacities were marginal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel C De Padua
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Emi Fukushima-Sakuno
- The Tottori Mycological Institute, The Japan Kinoko Research Center Foundation, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kotomi Ueno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Thomas Edison E Dela Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila, Philippines
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7
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Wei Q, Zhang YH. Ultrasound-assisted polysaccharide extraction from Cercis chinensis and properites, antioxidant activity of polysaccharide. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 96:106422. [PMID: 37130499 PMCID: PMC10165454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to improve the extraction of polysaccharide from the leaves of Cercis chinensis Bunge using ultrasound, and compare the difference between boiling and ultrasound extraction in terms of polysaccharide content, monosaccharide compounds, and evaluate how the factors affected the bioactivity. The best conditions, according to the single factor experiments and the Box-Bohnken design (BBD), were an intensity of ultrasound of 180 W, duration of extraction of 40 min, proportion of water to material of 15:1 (g/g), and a higher polysaccharide yield of 20.02 ± 0.55 (mg/g) than in boiling extraction (16.09 ± 0.82 mg/g). The antioxidative experiment suggested the polysaccharide by ultrasound exhibited higher DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacities, and reducing power at 1.2-1.4 mg/mL, which was superior to the boiling polysaccharide. Further analysis showed that the ultrasonic purified polysaccharides like Gla, N-Glu, and GluA contained more total sugar and uronic acids than the boiling method did. This may indicate that the ultrasonic isolation of the polysaccharides increase the antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wei
- School of Medicine, Anhui Xinhua University, Hefei 230088, China.
| | - Yi-Han Zhang
- School of Medicine, Anhui Xinhua University, Hefei 230088, China
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8
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Shi MZ, Shi Y, Jin HF, Cao J. An efficient mixed enzymes-assisted mechanical bio-extraction of polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale and determination of monosaccharides by HPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:986-1000. [PMID: 36464194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The mixed enzymes-assisted mechanical bio-extraction method was first used to extract polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale. Different parameters including the ratio of enzyme, the amount of enzyme, the grinding time, the extraction time and the solid/liquid ratio were investigated by single factor experiments and multifactorial experiments. Through the response surface methodology the optimal extraction conditions were obtained with the ratio of cellulase to pectinase was 2: 1 and total amount of enzyme was 0.23 mg, the grinding time of 11.48 min, the extraction time of 5.99 min. The obtained polysaccharide extracts were hydrolyzed and derivatized and then injected into high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF/MS) for monosaccharide composition analysis. After optimization of the chromatographic conditions (including mobile phase and column), twelve monosaccharides were successfully determined within 20 min. The proposed method provided satisfactory linearity with the correlation coefficients higher than 0.99, suitable recoveries (81.46-114.92 %), acceptable reproducibility ranging from 0.06 % to 4.77 %, low limits of detection (0.70-45.45 ng/mL). Compared with other methods, this method makes the extraction efficiency much higher and has the advantages of simple operation, environmental friendliness and mild extraction conditions. Therefore, this method can be used for the extraction of polysaccharides from plants and the determination of monosaccharides and has the potential to be used in more areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Zhen Shi
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Ying Shi
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Huang-Fei Jin
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Jun Cao
- College of Material Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China.
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9
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Du B, Jeepipalli SPK, Xu B. Critical review on alterations in physiochemical properties and molecular structure of natural polysaccharides upon ultrasonication. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 90:106170. [PMID: 36183549 PMCID: PMC9526224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural polymers, such as polysaccharides, cellulose, and starch, have been widely used in the chemical engineering, medicine, food, and cosmetics industries, which had a great many of biological activities. Natural polysaccharides origin from algae, fungi and plants were components of human diet since antique times. Ultrasonication achieved the breakage the polysaccharides reticulum in an ordered fashion. The factors of temperature, ratio of water/material, sonication frequency, time of exposure, pH of the sonication medium influenced the polysaccharide digestion. Sonication improved the enzyme catalysis over its substrate molecule. Positive health promoting slow digestive starch and resistant starch can be prepared quite easily by the sonication process. The aim of this review is to present the current status and scope of natural polymers as well as some emerging polymers with special characteristic. The physiochemical properties and molecular structure of natural carbohydrates under ultrasonic irradiation were also discussed. Moreover, Polysaccharide based films had industrial applications is formed by ultrasonication. Polysaccharide nanoparticles obtained by sonication had efficient water holding capacity. Sonication is an advanced method to improve the food quality. Hence, this review describes the effects of ultrasonication on physical, chemical, and molecular structure of natural polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Du
- Hebei Key Laboratoryy of Natural Products Activity Components and Function, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066004, PR China
| | - Syam P K Jeepipalli
- Food Science and Technology Program, Department of Life Sciences, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai 519087, PR China
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Department of Life Sciences, BNU-HKBU United International College, Zhuhai 519087, PR China.
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Recent advances in Mung bean polysaccharides: Extraction, physicochemical properties and biological activities. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Mannans from Saccharomyces cerevisiae with Different Molecular Weight. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144439. [PMID: 35889309 PMCID: PMC9317142 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides were extracted from natural sources with various biological activities, which are strongly influenced by their chemical structure and molecular weight. In this research, mannans polysaccharides were obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by ethanol precipitation. The molecular weight of YM50, YM70, and YM90 mannans was 172.90 kDa, 87.09 kDa, and 54.05 kDa, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy of YM 90 mannans showed a rough surface with numerous cavities, while the surfaces of YM50 and YM70 were relatively smooth. Sepharose CL-6B and FTIR indicated that mannans had the characteristic bands of polysaccharides. The antioxidant activities of polysaccharides were evaluated in vitro using various assays. Mannans showed a good scavenging activity of DPPH radicals which depend on the molecular weight and concentration, and a higher scavenging activity of hydroxyl radical than ferric-reducing power activities. For the three types of mannans, cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity were rarely detected in mice erythrocytes and Caco-2 cells. Those results could contribute to the further application of mannans from Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the food and medicine industry.
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Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Bioactive Compound Extraction from Green Soybean ( Glycine max L.) and the Effect of Drying Methods and Storage Conditions on Procyanidin Extract. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121775. [PMID: 35741973 PMCID: PMC9222272 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Green soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds (GSS) are rich in various antioxidants and phytonutrients that are linked to various health benefits. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technology was used for extracting the effective components from GSS. A response surface method (RSM) was used to examine the influence of liquid-to-solid ratio and extraction temperature on the bioactive compounds and antioxidant characteristics. The optimal conditions were a liquid-to-solid ratio of 25:1 and a UAE temperature of 40 °C. The observed values coincided well with the predicted values under optimal conditions. Additionally, the effects of drying methods on the procyanidins and antioxidant activities of GSS extract were evaluated. The spray-dried GSS extract contained the highest levels of procyanidins (21.4 ± 0.37 mg PC/g), DPPH (199 ± 0.85 µM Trolox eq/g), and FRAP (243 ± 0.26 µM Trolox eq/g). Spray drying could be the most time- and energy-efficient technique for drying the GSS extract. The present study also assessed the effects of storage temperature and time on procyanidins and antioxidant activities in GSS extract powder. Procyanidins were found to degrade more rapidly at 45 °C than at 25 °C and 35 °C. Storage under 25 °C was appropriate for maintaining the procyanidin contents, DPPH, and FRAP activities in the GSS extract powder. This study contributed to the body of knowledge by explaining the preparation of procyanidin extract powder from GSS, which might be employed as a low-cost supply of nutraceutical compounds for the functional food industry and pharmaceutical sector.
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Wu S, Li G, Li B, Duan H. Chitosan-based antioxidant films incorporated with root extract of Aralia continentalis Kitagawa for active food packaging applications. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Aralia continentalis Kitagawa and ginseng are both perennial herbs of Araliaceae. The study aimed to investigate the composite packaging films with better fresh-keeping ability. The different mass concentrations of Aralia continentalis Kitagawa root extract (ARE) 0.05%, 0.10%, and 0.15% (v/w) were compounded with chitosan (CH) to make composite packaging films. Food-based composite film, its thickness, density, water contact angle (WCA), oxygen barrier properties (OP), solubility, swelling, transparency, water vapor permeability (WVP), and other physical properties, as well as tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EAB), Young’s modulus (YM), and the mechanical properties were measured, and the oxidation resistance, thermal properties, and biodegradability were also evaluated, and the structure was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that when the ARE content in the film was increased from 0.05 to 0.15 mg·mL−1, high antioxidant capacity of the CH/ARE film was exhibited (the DPPH and ABTS+ free radical scavenging rate was increased), and the thickness, density, swelling degree, solubility, TS, EAB, and YM of the CH/ARE composite film increased, while WCA, OP, WVP, transparency, and biodegradability were slightly reduced. We had noticed that with the increase in the ARE content, the surface microstructure in CH/ARE film changed significantly, indicating the good compatibility between CH and ARE. In summary, as a natural active substance, ARE can be combined with CH to form films, and the packaging film made can effectively improve the performance of the composite film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Wu
- Food Science and Engineering College of Changchun University , Changchun 130022 , Jilin , China
| | - Guoping Li
- Zhejiang Liziyuan Food Limited Company , Jinhua 321031 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Bosheng Li
- Zhejiang Liziyuan Food Limited Company , Jinhua 321031 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Hongmei Duan
- Food Science and Engineering College of Changchun University , Changchun 130022 , Jilin , China
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14
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Kumar K, Mehra R, Guiné RPF, Lima MJ, Kumar N, Kaushik R, Ahmed N, Yadav AN, Kumar H. Edible Mushrooms: A Comprehensive Review on Bioactive Compounds with Health Benefits and Processing Aspects. Foods 2021; 10:2996. [PMID: 34945547 PMCID: PMC8700757 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms are well-known functional foods due to the presence of a huge quantity of nutraceutical components. These are well recognized for their nutritional importance such as high protein, low fat, and low energy contents. These are rich in minerals such as iron, phosphorus, as well as in vitamins like riboflavin, thiamine, ergosterol, niacin, and ascorbic acid. They also contain bioactive constituents like secondary metabolites (terpenoids, acids, alkaloids, sesquiterpenes, polyphenolic compounds, lactones, sterols, nucleotide analogues, vitamins, and metal chelating agents) and polysaccharides chiefly β-glucans and glycoproteins. Due to the occurrence of biologically active substances, mushrooms can serve as hepatoprotective, immune-potentiating, anti-cancer, anti-viral, and hypocholesterolemic agents. They have great potential to prevent cardiovascular diseases due to their low fat and high fiber contents, as well as being foremost sources of natural antioxidants useful in reducing oxidative damages. However, mushrooms remained underutilized, despite their wide nutritional and bioactive potential. Novel green techniques are being explored for the extraction of bioactive components from edible mushrooms. The current review is intended to deliberate the nutraceutical potential of mushrooms, therapeutic properties, bioactive compounds, health benefits, and processing aspects of edible mushrooms for maintenance, and promotion of a healthy lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- Department of Food Technology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmaur 173101, Himachal Pradesh, India; (K.K.); (N.A.); (A.N.Y.)
| | - Rahul Mehra
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, Rajasthan, India; (R.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Raquel P. F. Guiné
- CERNAS Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal;
| | - Maria João Lima
- CERNAS Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal;
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, Rajasthan, India; (R.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Ravinder Kaushik
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248001, Uttrakhand, India;
| | - Naseer Ahmed
- Department of Food Technology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmaur 173101, Himachal Pradesh, India; (K.K.); (N.A.); (A.N.Y.)
| | - Ajar Nath Yadav
- Department of Food Technology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmaur 173101, Himachal Pradesh, India; (K.K.); (N.A.); (A.N.Y.)
| | - Harish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, Rajasthan, India; (R.M.); (N.K.)
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Chun S, Gopal J, Muthu M. Antioxidant Activity of Mushroom Extracts/Polysaccharides-Their Antiviral Properties and Plausible AntiCOVID-19 Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1899. [PMID: 34943001 PMCID: PMC8750169 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms have been long accomplished for their medicinal properties and bioactivity. The ancients benefitted from it, even before they knew that there was more to mushrooms than just the culinary aspect. This review addresses the benefits of mushrooms and specifically dwells on the positive attributes of mushroom polysaccharides. Compared to mushroom research, mushroom polysaccharide-based reports were observed to be significantly less frequent. This review highlights the antioxidant properties and mechanisms as well as consolidates the various antioxidant applications of mushroom polysaccharides. The biological activities of mushroom polysaccharides are also briefly discussed. The antiviral properties of mushrooms and their polysaccharides have been reviewed and presented. The lacunae in implementation of the antiviral benefits into antiCOVID-19 pursuits has been highlighted. The need for expansion and extrapolation of the knowns of mushrooms to extend into the unknown is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (S.C.); (J.G.)
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Jing Y, Zhang R, Li L, Zhang D, Liu Y, Wu L, Zheng Y. Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides From Sojae Semen Praeparatum. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211020622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction parameters of Sojae Semen Praeparatum polysaccharides (SSPP-80), the optimum conditions were determined as follows: ultrasonic frequency of 100 W, ultrasonic power of 80 Hz, ultrasonic temperature of 52℃, ultrasonic time of 23 minutes, and liquid to raw material ratio of 40 mL/g. Based on these conditions, polysaccharides extraction rate was 7.72% ± 0.26%. Then, 2 novel polysaccharides (SSPP-80‐1, SSPP-80‐2) were isolated from SSPP by DEAE-cellulose 52 chromatography. The chemical compositions, physicochemical properties, and structure of SSPPs were investigated by simultaneous thermal analyzer (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FI-IR), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that SSPP-80 and 2 fractions were mainly composed of mannose (Man), glucose (Glc), galactose (Gal), xylose (Xyl), and arabinose (Ara). In addition, the antioxidant activities were evaluated against the DPPH and hydroxyl radical in vitro, the IC50 of SSPP-80, SSPP-80‐1 and SSPP-80‐2 against DPPH free radical were 4.407, 8.267, and 5.204 mg/mL, respectively, whereas the IC50values for removing hydroxyl groups were 5.318, 3.516, and 4.016 mg/mL, respectively. It demonstrated that SSPP-80 and 2 fractions had certain antioxidant activity. Theoretical basis for use of Sojae Semen Praeparatum polysaccharides was provided by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuai Jing
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Lan Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Danshen Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Pharmacology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, PR China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Lanfang Wu
- College of Pharmacology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, PR China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Yuguang Zheng
- College of Pharmacology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, PR China
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, PR China
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Sun X, Jia P, Bu T, Zhang H, Dong M, Wang J, Wang X, Zhe T, Liu Y, Wang L. Conversional fluorescent kiwi peel phenolic extracts: Sensing of Hg 2+ and Cu 2+, imaging of HeLa cells and their antioxidant activity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 244:118857. [PMID: 32877850 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The valorization, resource generation and the functional characteristic exploration of domestic waste still face enormous challenges. Kiwi peels, a common kind of fruit waste, contain a large amount of phenolic substances, including polyphenols, flavonoids, etc., which can be explored and reused in food and biomedical fields. By ultrasonic assisted extraction technology, we obtained conversional fluorescence kiwi peel phenolic extracts (PE) which possessed gradient magenta fluorescence relying on the content of ethanol in the solution, as well as strong antioxidant activity. Besides, metal ions sensing assay revealed that PE can specifically sense Hg2+ and Cu2+ (LOD: 1.16 and 0.17 μM, respectively) accompanied with a fluorescence conversion from magenta fluorescence to blue. Moreover, employing the prepared PE as fluorescent probes, imaging of HeLa cells can be easily achieved with satisfactory resolution. Additionally, PE was incorporated into the gelatin matrix, successfully fabricating a green, edible degradable film with excellent antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Pei Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Tong Bu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Mengna Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jiao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Taotao Zhe
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yingnan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Leong YK, Yang FC, Chang JS. Extraction of polysaccharides from edible mushrooms: Emerging technologies and recent advances. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 251:117006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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周 凌, 鲁 斌, 孙 玉. [Glucose- lowering effect of Trametes orientalis polysaccharides in hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic mice]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:1127-1133. [PMID: 32895176 PMCID: PMC7429166 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.08.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the glucose-lowering effect of the polysaccharide fractions of Trametes orientalis. METHODS The crude polysaccharides of T. orientalis were chromatographed on DEAE cellulose column using H2O and 0.5 mol/L NaCl solution as the eluent and DEAE-water and DEAE-salt with high polysaccharide contents were collected. The two fractions were separated using Sephadex G-100 gel column to obtain 4 polysaccharide fractions TOPW-1, TOPW-2, TOPS-1, and TOPS-2. The anti-oxidation activity of the polysaccharide fractions was investigated with ABTS method. The fractions TOPW-1 and TOPS-1 with consistent UV detection signals were collected and HPGPC was used to determine their relative molecular mass. The monosaccharide composition in homogeneous TOPW-1 was determined by acid hydrolysis combined with HPLC. The in vitro inhibitory activities of TOPW-1 and TOPS-1 against DPP4, adipocyte glucose intake and lipase activity were tested to preliminarily assess their glucose-lowering effect. In a mouse model of hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic, the glucose-lowering effect of TOPS-1 (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 g/kg) and its effect on blood lipid metabolism were investigated in comparison with Xiaoke pills (5 pills/kg) and Danshen tablets (0.5 g/kg). RESULTS TOPW-1 was a homogeneous polysaccharide composed mainly of D-mannose, D-glucose, D-galactose, and D-fucose, with weak antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects. TOPS-1 was not a single polysaccharide and at the concentration of 500 μg/mL showed an high ABTS clearance rate (90.15%). In the mouse model of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, treatment with TOPS-1 (0.2 g/kg) enhanced the activity of lipase and significantly reduced fasting glucose level and serum contents of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol without causing death in the mice. The glucose-lowering effects of TOPS-1 was not significant at the low (0.1 g/kg) or high (0.4 g/kg) dose, and a high dose tended to increase the mortality of the mice. CONCLUSIONS T. orientalis polysaccharides have anti-oxidation, glucose-lowering and lipid-lowering effects in mice, and their glucose-lowering effect is probably medicated by reducing oxidative stress and ameliorating lipid metabolism disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- 凌云 周
- 皖南医学院药学院,安徽 芜湖 241002School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
- 安徽省多糖药物工程技术研究中心,安徽 芜湖 241002Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - 斌 鲁
- 中国科学院昆明植物研究所,云南 昆明 650201Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, China
| | - 玉 孙
- 皖南医学院药学院,安徽 芜湖 241002School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
- 安徽省多糖药物工程技术研究中心,安徽 芜湖 241002Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Polysaccharide Drugs, Wuhu 241002, China
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20
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Dioscorea saponin transforms the structure of truffle exo-polysaccharide and enhances its antioxidant activity. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Chen X, Chen G, Wang Z, Kan J. A comparison of a polysaccharide extracted from ginger (Zingiber officinale) stems and leaves using different methods: preparation, structure characteristics, and biological activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:635-649. [PMID: 32088222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates how extraction method impacts the yield, chemical composition, structure characteristics, hypoglycemic and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) stems and leaves (GSLP). Four extraction methods were employed to obtain the GSLP, including hot water extraction (HWE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), alkaline solution extraction (ASE), and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE). The data showed that ASE produced highest extraction yield compared to the other extraction methods. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that GSLP microstructures were greatly influenced by extraction method. Moreover, in vitro hypoglycemic activity and antioxidant activity experiments demonstrated that the biological capacities of ASE-GSLP were superior to GSLPs extracted by the other methods. Taken together, these results indicate that polysaccharides from ginger stems and leaves obtained by alkali, complex enzyme, and ultrasonic-assisted extractions are imbued with different characteristic mechanisms of degradation, despite the uniformity of their main structures. In addition, ASE-GSLP displayed better biological activities probably due to its abundant uronic acid content, higher sulfate radical, and smaller molecular weight. Thus, it can be concluded that ASE has great potential as an effective strategy for obtaining polysaccharides from stems and leaves because of its higher yield and the remarkable bioactivity of its products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Guangjing Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University, Guizhou 550005, PR China.
| | - Zhirong Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jianquan Kan
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products on Storage and Preservation (Chongqing), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chinese-Hungarian Cooperative Research Centre for Food Science, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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LI H, ZHANG H, ZHANG Z, CUI L. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction and in vitro antioxidant activities of polysaccharides extracted from the leaves of Perilla frutescens. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.29518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Extraction Optimization and Evaluation of the Antioxidant and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Hangju. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9010059. [PMID: 31936550 PMCID: PMC7023348 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate the antioxidant and α-glucosidase activities of polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Hangju (CMPs), the response surface methodology was applied to optimize the parameters for extraction progress of CMPs by ultrasound, with heat reflex extraction (HRE) performed as the control. The difference in the physicochemical properties of polysaccharides obtained by the two methods were also investigated. The maximum yields (8.29 ± 0.18%) of polysaccharides extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) were obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power 501 W, extraction time 19 min, and ratio of liquid-to-raw material 41 mL/g. Polysaccharides extracted by UAE possessed lower protein contents (2.56%) and higher uronic acids contents (7.08%) and low molecular weight fractions than that by HRE. No significant differences were found in monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of polysaccharides extracted by UAE and HRE, while polysaccharides by UAE possessed stronger antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Therefore, UAE was an efficient way to obtain CMPs.
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Effect of precipitation solvent on some biological activities of polysaccharides from Pinus halepensis Mill. seeds. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:663-670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Chen X, Fang D, Zhao R, Gao J, Kimatu BM, Hu Q, Chen G, Zhao L. Effects of ultrasound-assisted extraction on antioxidant activity and bidirectional immunomodulatory activity of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:505-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Zhou Y, Ma W, Wang L, Sun W, Li M, Zhang W, Liu Y, Song X, Fan Y. Characterization and antioxidant activity of the oligo-maltose fraction from Polygonum Cillinerve. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 226:115307. [PMID: 31582055 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Polygonum Cillinerve polysaccharide (PCP) was extracted, and characterized by high performance gel permeation chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. The results showed that PCP was composed of glucose, it was α-D-glucan and the backbone of PCP was consisted of repeating units of (1→4)-α-D-Glucose. In addition, the antioxidant potential of PCP was assessed in vitro. The results showed that PCP had strong hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, some DPPH scavenging ability and good reducing power. Moreover, the results of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays showed that PCP at 15.625-0.975 μg/mL could significantly improve the level of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and could significantly decrease the level of myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde and xanthine oxidase in macrophages. These results indicated that PCP could potentially be developed as a natural antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Wuren Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Libo Wang
- College of Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Meng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yingqiu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yunpeng Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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Chen W, Jia Z, Zhu J, Zou Y, Huang G, Hong Y. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction of polysaccharides from thick-shell mussel (Mytilus coruscus) and their antioxidant activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:1116-1125. [PMID: 31425762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to obtain the purified fractions of Mytilus coruscus polysaccharides (MCPs) and investigate their antioxidant activities. MCPs were prepared through ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction optimized by employing the response surface methodology. A single-factor experiment was conducted using the Box-Behnken design to determine the optimum extraction conditions of MCPs. The ultrasonic power was 60 W, liquid-to-material ratio was 30 mL/g, extraction time was 36 min, extraction temperature was 64 °C, enzyme concentration was 3.2%, and polysaccharide extraction yield was 12.86% ± 0.12%. A novel polysaccharide (MCP1-2) was obtained after the purification with AB-8 macroporous resin, DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow, and Sepharose CL-6B column. The molecular weight of MCP1-2 was estimated to be 134.9 kDa according to high-performance gel permeation chromatography. High-pressure liquid-phase chromatography results showed that MCP1-2 contained mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, and L-Fuc at a molar ratio of 1.53:1:4.83:81.82:2.36:1.51. Infrared and NMR spectroscopies confirmed that MCP1-2 possessed α- and β- configurations. The antioxidant activities of MCP1-2 were investigated in vitro, and the results showed that MCP1-2 had good antioxidant activity and can be used as a natural antioxidant in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China; National & Local United Engineering Lab of Quality Controlling Technology and Instrumentation for Marine Food, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhenbao Jia
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China; National & Local United Engineering Lab of Quality Controlling Technology and Instrumentation for Marine Food, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China; National & Local United Engineering Lab of Quality Controlling Technology and Instrumentation for Marine Food, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiran Zou
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China; National & Local United Engineering Lab of Quality Controlling Technology and Instrumentation for Marine Food, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangrong Huang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China; National & Local United Engineering Lab of Quality Controlling Technology and Instrumentation for Marine Food, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao Hong
- Zhejiang Marine Development Research Institute, Zhoushan, China
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LI HZ, TAN YL, ZHANG ZJ, XIA YY, LI XJ, CUI LX, CHEN T. Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of procyanidins from perilla seed hull and their antioxidant activities in vitro. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.30417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tie CHEN
- North University of China, China
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30
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Extraction and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from roots of Arctium lappa L. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:531-538. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Han QH, Liu W, Li HY, He JL, Guo H, Lin S, Zhao L, Chen H, Liu YW, Wu DT, Li SQ, Qin W. Extraction Optimization, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides from Kiwifruit ( Actinidia chinensis Planch.). Molecules 2019; 24:E461. [PMID: 30696067 PMCID: PMC6384800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to evaluate effects of extraction techniques on the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activities of kiwifruit polysaccharides (KPS), and further explore KPS as functional food ingredients, both microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) were optimized for the extraction of KPS. Furthermore, the physicochemical structures and antioxidant activities of KPS extracted by different techniques were investigated. The optimal extraction conditions of UAE and MAE for the extraction of KPS were obtained by response surface methodology. Different extraction techniques significantly affected the contents of uronic acids, molecular weights, molar ratios of constituent monosaccharides, and the degree of esterification of KPS. Results showed that KPS exhibited remarkable DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, and reducing power. The high antioxidant activities observed in KPS extracted by the MAE method (KPS-M) might be partially attributed to its low molecular weight and high content of unmethylated galacturonic acid. Results suggested that the MAE method could be a good potential technique for the extraction of KPS with high antioxidant activity, and KPS could be further explored as functional food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Hong Han
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Hong-Yi Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Jing-Liu He
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Huan Guo
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Shang Lin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Yao-Wen Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Shu-Qing Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
| | - Wen Qin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
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Guo H, Yuan Q, Fu Y, Liu W, Su YH, Liu H, Wu CY, Zhao L, Zhang Q, Lin DR, Chen H, Qin W, Wu DT. Extraction Optimization and Effects of Extraction Methods on the Chemical Structures and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides from Snow Chrysanthemum ( Coreopsis Tinctoria). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E215. [PMID: 30960199 PMCID: PMC6419038 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to explore snow chrysanthemum polysaccharides (SCPs) as functional food ingredients and natural antioxidants for industrial applications, both microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) were firstly optimized for the extraction of SCPs. Furthermore, the effects of conventional hot water extraction, UAE, and MAE on the chemical structures and antioxidant activities of SCPs were investigated. The maximum extraction yields of SCPs extracted by UAE (4.13 ± 0.24%) and MAE (4.26 ± 0.21%) were achieved at the optimized extraction parameters as follows: ultrasound amplitude (68%) and microwave power (500 W), ultrasound extraction time (21 min) and microwave extraction time (6.5 min), and ratio of liquid to raw material (42.0 mL/g for UAE and 59.0 mL/g for MAE). In addition, different extraction methods significantly affected the contents of uronic acids, the molecular weights, the molar ratio of constituent monosaccharides, and the degree of esterification of SCPs. SCPs exhibited remarkable DPPH (IC50 ≤ 1.702 mg/mL), ABTS (IC50 ≤ 1.121 mg/mL), and nitric oxide (IC50 ≤ 0.277 mg/mL) radical scavenging activities, as well as reducing power (≥ 80.17 ± 4.8 μg Trolox/mg), which suggested that SCPs might be one of the major contributors toward the antioxidant activities of snow chrysanthemum tea. The high antioxidant activities (DPPH, IC50 = 0.693 mg/mL; ABTS, IC50 = 0.299 mg/mL; nitric oxide, IC50 = 0.105 mg/mL; and reducing power, 127.79 ± 2.57 μg Trolox/mg) observed in SCP-M extracted by the MAE method might be partially attributed to its low molecular weight and high content of unmethylated galacturonic acids. Results suggested that the MAE method could be an efficient technique for the extraction of SCPs with high antioxidant activity, and SCPs could be further explored as natural antioxidants for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Guo
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qin Yuan
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yuan Fu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ya-Hong Su
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Chao-Yi Wu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - De-Rong Lin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wen Qin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, Sichuan, China.
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Zheng Y, Cui J, Chen AH, Zong ZM, Wei XY. Optimization of Ultrasonic-Microwave Assisted Extraction and Hepatoprotective Activities of Polysaccharides from Trametes orientalis. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24010147. [PMID: 30609723 PMCID: PMC6337204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) of Trametes orientalis polysaccharides was optimized by response surface methodology. Hepatoprotective effects of a purified T. orientalis polysaccharide (TOP-2) were evaluated by alcohol-induced liver injury model mice. The optimal UMAE parameters were indicated as below: ratio of water to raw material 28 mL/g, microwave power 114 W, extraction time 11 min. The polysaccharides yield was 7.52 ± 0.12%, which was well consistent with the predicted value of 7.54%. Pre-treatment with TOP-2 effectively increased the liver index and spleen index in alcohol-treated mice. The elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels of mice after alcohol exposure were inhibited by TOP-2 administration. The liver tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels have decreased significantly as a result of alcohol exposure, while pre-treatment with TOP-2 could mitigate these consequences. Furthermore, pre-treatment with TOP-2 could efficiently boost the superoxidase dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, and observably constrain the malondialdehyde (MDA) level. The findings suggest that TOP-2 might be useful for alleviating the alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Food Resource Development and Quality Safety, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China.
| | - Jue Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Food Resource Development and Quality Safety, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China.
| | - An-Hui Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Food Resource Development and Quality Safety, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221018, China.
| | - Zhi-Min Zong
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.
| | - Xian-Yong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coal Processing and Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
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Zheng Y, Fan J, Chen HW, Liu EQ. Trametes orientalis polysaccharide alleviates PM2.5-induced lung injury in mice through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Food Funct 2019; 10:8005-8015. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01777a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trametes orientalis polysaccharide (TOP-2) could alleviate PM2.5-induced lung injury in mice via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Xuzhou University of Technology
- Xuzhou 221018
- China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Food Resource Development and Quality Safe
| | - Jing Fan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Xuzhou University of Technology
- Xuzhou 221018
- China
| | - Hong-wei Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Xuzhou University of Technology
- Xuzhou 221018
- China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Food Resource Development and Quality Safe
| | - En-qi Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
- Xuzhou University of Technology
- Xuzhou 221018
- China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Food Resource Development and Quality Safe
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LIU Y, SHE XR, HUANG JB, LIU MC, ZHAN ME. Ultrasonic-extraction of phenolic compounds from Phyllanthus urinaria: optimization model and antioxidant activity. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-457x.21617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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36
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Structural analysis and antioxidant activities of neutral polysaccharide isolated from Epimedium koreanum Nakai. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 196:246-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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37
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Sheng Z, Zhao J, Muhammad I, Zhang Y. Optimization of total phenolic content from Terminalia chebula Retz. fruits using response surface methodology and evaluation of their antioxidant activities. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202368. [PMID: 30106980 PMCID: PMC6091980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), using aqueous ethanol as the solvent, was firstly applied to extract phenolic compounds from Terminalia chebula Retz. fruits (T. chebula fruits). In this study, ethanol concentration (%), ultrasonic intensity (W/cm2), particle diameter (mm), extraction temperature (°C), ultrasonic time (min), liquid-solid ratio (mL/g) and extraction cycle were investigated by single-factor experiment and then optimized using a Box-Behnken design. The optimized result for UAE was 68% ethanol concentration, ultrasonic intensity of 3.6 W/cm2, solid-liquid ratio of 23 mg/mL, particle size of 0.18 mm and ultrasonic time of 20 min for 2 times at 70 °C. The yield of total phenolic was 448.7 ± 2.15 mg GAE/g DW under the above optimum conditions, which agreed with the predicted value (447.8 mg GAE/g DW). Compared to conventional solvent extraction (CSE), UAE extracts showed excellent DPPH radical, DPPH, ABTS scavenging activities and reducing power in a dose-dependent manner, and better than that of CSE extracts. Additionally, the extract of the T. chebula fruits was analyzed by HPLC-ESI/MS. In summary, UAE could effectively extract phenolic compounds from T. chebula fruits. In addition, the extract could be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunlai Sheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jiahong Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ishfaq Muhammad
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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38
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Cui FJ, Qian LS, Sun WJ, Zhang JS, Yang Y, Li N, Zhuang HN, Wu D. Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides from Volvariella volvacea: Process Optimization and Structural Characterization. Molecules 2018; 23:E1706. [PMID: 30011781 PMCID: PMC6100287 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to optimize the operational parameters to maximize the yield of ultrasound-assisted polysaccharide extraction from Volvariella volvacea (straw mushroom) fruiting bodies by using for the first time one-factor-at-a-time and three-level Box-Behnken factorial designs. A maximum polysaccharide yield of 8.28 ± 0.23% was obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasound power of 175 W, extraction temperature of 57 °C, extraction time of 33 min, and the ratio of liquid to raw material of 25:1, respectively. Compared to the hot-water extraction, the ultrasound-assistance favored the extraction of polysaccharides from V. volvacea for its higher polysaccharide yield and efficiency. Further preliminary polysaccharide structural characterization indicated that ultrasound treatment affected the monosaccharide compositions and ratios, and molecular weight range of polysaccharides extracted from V. volvacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jie Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- Parchn Sodium Isovitamin C Co. Ltd., Dexing 334221, China.
| | - Li-Sun Qian
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Wen-Jing Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- Parchn Sodium Isovitamin C Co. Ltd., Dexing 334221, China.
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Yan Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Na Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Hai-Ning Zhuang
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Di Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China.
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39
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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40
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Zhang A, Deng J, Liu X, He P, He L, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Sun P. Structure and conformation of α-glucan extracted from Agaricus blazei Murill by high-speed shearing homogenization. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:558-564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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41
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Luan F, Wei L, Zhang J, Mi Y, Dong F, Li Q, Guo Z. Antioxidant Activity and Antifungal Activity of Chitosan Derivatives with Propane Sulfonate Groups. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E395. [PMID: 30966430 PMCID: PMC6415242 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We successfully synthesized the water-soluble chitosan derivatives propane sulfonated chitosan (PSCS) and dipropane sulfonated chitosan (DPSCS) in this paper. These derivatives were characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, and 13C NMR. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the chitosan derivatives was evaluated by free radical scavenging ability (against DPPH-radical, hydroxyl-radical, and superoxide-radical) and ferric reducing power. Meanwhile, inhibitory effects against two fungi were also tested. Our results suggested antioxidant abilities and antifungal properties were in order of DPSCS > PSCS > CS, which were consistent with the number of propane sulfonated groups. The scavenging activity of DPSCS against superoxide-radical and DPPH-radical were 94.1% and 100% at 1.6 mg/mL, respectively. The inhibitory indices of DPSCS against P. asparagi and F. oxysporum were up to 82.2% and 94% at 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. Obviously, the number of propane sulfonated groups of chitosan derivatives not only contributes to antioxidant activity, but also to antifungal activity. Therefore, DPSCS with more propane sulfonated groups endowed with antioxidant and antifungal activity that can be used as a candidate material in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Luan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Lijie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yingqi Mi
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Fang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Zhanyong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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42
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Luan F, Wei L, Zhang J, Tan W, Chen Y, Dong F, Li Q, Guo Z. Preparation and Characterization of Quaternized Chitosan Derivatives and Assessment of Their Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:E516. [PMID: 29495379 PMCID: PMC6017865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan (CS) is an abundant and renewable polysaccharide that is reported to exhibit a great variety of beneficial properties. However, the poor solubility of chitosan in water limits its applications. In this paper, we successfully synthesized single N-quaternized (QCS) and double N-diquaternized (DQCS) chitosan derivatives, and the resulting quaternized materials were water-soluble. The degree of quaternization (DQ) of QCS and DQCS was 0.8 and 1.3, respectively. These derivatives were characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, 13C NMR, TGA, and SEM. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of the chitosan was evaluated by free radical scavenging ability (against DPPH-radical, hydroxyl-radical, and superoxide-radical) and ferric reducing power. Our results suggested that the antioxidant abilities were in the order of DQCS > QCS > CS, which was consistent with the number of quaternized groups. These data demonstrate that the number of quaternized groups of chitosan derivatives contributes to their antioxidant activity. Therefore, DQCS, with a higher number of quaternized groups and higher positive charge density, is endowed with high antioxidant activity, and can be used as a candidate material in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Luan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shangdong, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Lijie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shangdong, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shangdong, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wenqiang Tan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shangdong, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shangdong, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Fang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shangdong, China.
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shangdong, China.
| | - Zhanyong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, Shangdong, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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The evaluation of antioxidant and antifungal properties of 6-amino-6-deoxychitosan in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 107:595-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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44
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Phenolic compounds from date pits: ultrasonic-assisted extraction, antioxidant activity and component identification. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-017-9711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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45
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Tan X, Sun J, Xu Z, Li H, Hu J, Ning H, Qin Z, Pei H, Sun T, Zhang X. Effect of heat stress on production and in-vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2017; 41:135-141. [PMID: 29018957 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-017-1850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a traditional Chinese medicine, and its polysaccharides possess diverse and significant pharmacological activities. This study aimed to investigate the polysaccharide production, molecular characteristics and in-vitro antioxidant activity of G. lucidum fruiting body after the mushroom was harvested and treated with heat stress (HS). HS enhanced the production of polysaccharides after harvest and treatment of 42 °C HS for 2 h, and that resulted in the highest polysaccharide yield of 10.50%, which was 45.63% higher than that of the control, while 37, 45 °C HS had no significant effect on the production. In terms of molecular characteristics, 42 °C HS significantly changed monosaccharide ratio of polysaccharides, but no apparent molecular weight and functional group changes were found in polysaccharides after HS treatment. The results of in-vitro antioxidant activity assay revealed that 42 °C HS significantly improved the antioxidant activities of polysaccharides at the concentration of 2 mg/mL. In conclusion, this study provides a promising strategy to improve the production of G. lucidum fruiting body polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Tan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Junshe Sun
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, 100125, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangyang Xu
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Hengchang Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Hu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Huijuan Ning
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zifang Qin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Haisheng Pei
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, Beijing, 100125, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Sun
- Tianfangjian (China) Pharma Company Ltd, Guangzhou, 510623, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuqing Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, No. 17 Qinghua Donglu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of indigo and indirubin from Isatis indigotica Fort. and their antioxidant capacities. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:1313-1323. [PMID: 30263665 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective method for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of indigo and indirubin from Isatis indigotica Fort. was established and their antioxidant activities were investigated. Response surface methodology based on a three-level, four-factor Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the extraction conditions. Analysis of variance showed that the quadratic model was significant for the extraction of indigo and indirubin (112.72% ± 1.65% and 116.42% ± 1.27%, respectively) under the optimal conditions (methanol concentration, 80%; extraction time, 25 min; ratio of solid to liquid, 1:34 g/mL; and extraction temperature, 41 °C) and was in good agreement with the predicted value. Moreover, evaluation of the antioxidant activities suggested that indigo and indirubin presented better scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical and superoxide radical than the extract and the extract revealed certain antioxidant activities in hydroxyl radical scavenging and reducing power, and indigo and indirubin could be used as natural antioxidants in the food or medicine industry.
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Liu Y, Cai B, Qiang M. Characterization and bioactivities of polysaccharide from spent Hovenia dulcis peduncles by alkali pretreatment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2017.1297952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Bingjie Cai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Mingliang Qiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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Jing C, Yuan Y, Tang Q, Zou P, Li Y, Zhang C. Extraction optimization, preliminary characterization and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Glycine soja. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 103:1207-1216. [PMID: 28579464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Single-factor experiment and Central Composite Design (CCD) was applied to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions of polysaccharides from Glycine soja (CGPS), and a preliminary characterization of three polysaccharide fractions (CGPS, GPS-1, and GPS-2) and their antioxidant activities were investigated. Under the optimal conditions: ratio of liquid to solid 42.7mL/g, extraction power 293.7W, extraction temperature 68.9°C, and extraction time 34.7min, the experimental CGPS yield was 6.04mg/g. CGPS was further purified by DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex-100 chromatography to obtain two fractions (GPS-1 and GPS-2), and their monosaccharides compositions were characterized by HPLC. Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) indicated the chemical structures of them. Moreover, they exhibited high antioxidant activities in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro. In summary, the present study suggested that UAE was a very effective method to extract polysaccharides from Glycine soja and the polysaccharides could be explored as potential antioxidant agents for medicine and function food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changliang Jing
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Qi Tang
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Ping Zou
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Yiqiang Li
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- Marine Agriculture Research Center, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
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49
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Zheng Y, Zong ZM, Chen SL, Chen AH, Wei XY. Ameliorative effect of Trametes orientalis polysaccharide against immunosuppression and oxidative stress in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 95:1216-1222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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50
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Chen W, Liu G, Yang H, Wu Z, Yang H. Production and Preliminary Characterization of Antioxidant Polysaccharide by Submerged Culture of Culinary and Medicinal Fungi Cordyceps militaris CICC14013. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2016-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polysaccharides from Cordyceps militaris show multiple biological activities, such as antioxidation, antitumor, antivirus and immunomodulating properties, etc. The nutritional requirements for antioxidant polysaccharide bio-synthesis by submerged culture of C. militaris were evaluated on the basis of assay for DPPH radical scavenging ability and reducing power in this work. The results showed the best antioxidant activity of polysaccharide could be achieved when the media consisted of mannose, peptone, MgSO4, Na2HPO4, and KH2PO4. Furthermore, the main fraction of antioxidant polysaccharide, CMP-2, was preliminary isolated from the fermentation broth of C. militaris by ethanol precipitation, filtration, and DEAE cellulose-52 chromatography. CMP-2 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucose and galactose in a ratio of 2527:164:172:100, and had an average molecular weight (Mw) of approximately 8175 Da. The results suggested antioxidant polysaccharide could be produced by submerged culture of C. militaris and the medium composition significantly affected its DPPH radical scavenging ability and reducing power.
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