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Palhares Farias T, de Melo Castro E, Marucci Pereira Tangerina M, Quintino da Rocha C, Brito Bezerra CW, de Souza Moreira FM. Rhizobia exopolysaccharides: promising biopolymers for use in the formulation of plant inoculants. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1843-1856. [PMID: 36104575 PMCID: PMC9679134 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inoculants with beneficial microorganisms comprise both selected strains and carriers that ensure a favorable microenvironment for cell survival and stability. Formulations of inoculants using synthetic polymers as carriers are common. However, only a few studies are available in the literature regarding the formulation of inoculants using natural biomolecules as carriers. Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are biomolecules produced by a vast array of microbial species, including symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, commonly known as rhizobia. EPS perform several functions, such as the protection against the deleterious effects of diverse environmental soil stresses. Two Rhizobium tropici strains and one Paraburkholderia strain were selected after semiquantitative analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of their EPS production in liquid YMA medium. Their EPS were characterized through a series of analytical techniques, aiming at their use in the formulation of plant inoculants. In addition, the effect of the carbon source on EPS yield was evaluated. Multi-stage fragmentation analysis showed the presence of xylose, glucose, galactose, galacturonic acid, and glucuronic acid in EPS chemical composition, which was confirmed by FT-IR spectra and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Thermal stability (thermogravimetric) was close to 270 °C and viscosity ranged from 120 to 1053.3 mPa.s. Surface morphology (SEM) was rough and irregular, with a cross-linked spongy matrix, which, together with the hydrophilic functional groups, confers water holding capacity. The present study showed that the three EPS have potential as microorganism carriers for formulation of microbial inoculants to be applied in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Palhares Farias
- Departamento de Ciência Do Solo, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Caixa Postal 3037, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, MG Brazil
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Do Solo E Biotecnologia/DDE, IFMA, Campus São Luís – Maracanã, CEP 65095-460, São Luís, MA Brazil
| | - Elisa de Melo Castro
- Universidade Federal de Lavras, Caixa Postal 3037, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, MG Brazil
| | | | - Cláudia Quintino da Rocha
- Departamento de Química da, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Campus Universitário Dom Delgado, 1966, CEP 65080-040, São Luís, MA Brazil
| | - Cicero Wellington Brito Bezerra
- Departamento de Química da, Universidade Federal Do Maranhão, Campus Universitário Dom Delgado, 1966, CEP 65080-040, São Luís, MA Brazil
| | - Fatima Maria de Souza Moreira
- Departamento de Ciência Do Solo da, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Campus Universitário, Caixa Postal 3037, CEP 37200-900, Lavras, MG Brazil
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Ţălu Ş, Monteiro MDS, Filho HDF, Ferreira NS, Matos RS. Surface aspects and multifractal features of 3D spatial patterns of low-cost Amazon açaí-loaded kefir microbial films. Microsc Res Tech 2022; 85:2526-2536. [PMID: 35312128 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, açaí-loaded kefir microbial films obtained in solutions containing demerara sugar, a low-cost and relatively organic sugar, were prepared. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), stereometric and multifractal analyses were applied to study the influence of the concentration of açaí over the surface morphology as well as its multifractal nature. The ESEM and AFM images showed that low concentrations of acai berry form surface covered by bacteria, while higher concentrations promote yeast growth. The autocorrelation function suggested that the degree of surface anisotropy changes as the concentration of açaí increases, while the Minkowski Functionals confirmed that the sample with the highest content has a different morphology than the samples containing 10-40 ml. The multifractal analysis revealed that the surfaces have a strong multifractal behavior, where the multifractal singularity strength was higher in the sample containing the highest concentration of açaí. The sample with the highest concentration was then mapped to have a greater vertical growth of its spatial patterns. These results prove that image analysis using mathematical tools can be very useful for the characterization of biological-based systems for application in the biomedicine field. We characterized the micromorphology of the 3D surface of the kefir biofilms associated with Acai extract. The 3D surface analysis of the samples was performed using by environmental scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy. We determined the multifractal and Minkowski Functionals of the analyzed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ştefan Ţălu
- The Directorate of Research, Development and Innovation Management (DMCDI), Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj county, Romania
| | - Michael D S Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe-UFS, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Henrique D F Filho
- Laboratório de Síntese de Nanomateriais e Nanoscopia (LSNN), Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Robert S Matos
- Amazonian Materials Group, Physics Department, Federal University of Amapá, Amapá, Brazil
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
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Photosynthetic microorganisms and their bioactive molecules as new product to healing wounds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:497-504. [PMID: 34985569 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wounds are a public health problem due to long periods required to repair damaged skin, risk of infection, and amputations. Thus, there is a need to obtain new therapeutic agents with less side effects, more effective oxygen delivery, and increased epithelial cell migration. Photosynthetic microorganisms, such as microalgae and cyanobacteria, may be used as a source of biomolecules for the treatment of different injuries. The aim of this review article focuses on healing potential using phytoconstituents from photosynthetic microorganisms. Cyanophyte Spirulina and Chlorophyte Chlorella are more promising due to steroids, triterpenes, carbohydrates, phenols, and proteins such as lectins and phycocyanin. However, there are few reports about identification and specific function of these molecules on the skin. In other microalgae and cyanobacteria genus, high contents of pigments such as β-carotene, chlorophyll a, allophycocyanin, and hydroxypheophytin were detected, but their effects on phases of wound healing is absent yet. The development of new topical drugs from photosynthetic microorganisms could be a potential alternative to maximize healing. KEY POINTS: • Conventional treatment to skin injuries has limitations. • Proteins, terpenes, and phenols increase collagen deposition and re-epithelialization. • Microalgae and cyanobacteria may be used as a source of biomolecules to wound healing.
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Physicochemical Characterization of an Exopolysaccharide Produced by Lipomyces sp. and Investigation of Rheological and Interfacial Behavior. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040156. [PMID: 34698141 PMCID: PMC8544488 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the rheological and interfacial behaviors of a novel microbial exopolysaccharide fermented by L. starkeyi (LSEP). The structure of LSEP was measured by LC-MS, 1H and 13C NMR spectra, and FT-IR. Results showed that the monosaccharide composition of LSEP was D-mannose (8.53%), D-glucose (79.25%), D-galactose (7.15%), and L-arabinose (5.07%); there existed the anomeric proton of α-configuration and the anomeric carbon of α- and β-configuration; there appeared the characteristic absorption peak of the phosphate ester bond. The molecular weight of LSEP was 401.8 kDa. The water holding capacity (WHC, 2.10 g/g) and oil holding capacity (OHC, 12.89 g/g) were also evaluated. The results of rheological properties showed that the aqueous solution of LSEP was a non-Newtonian fluid, exhibiting the shear-thinning characteristics. The adsorption of LSEP can reduce the interfacial tension (11.64 mN/m) well and form an elastic interface layer at the MCT–water interface. Such functional properties make LSEP a good candidate for use as thickener, gelling agent, and emulsifier to form long-term emulsions for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products.
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Bhawal S, Kumari A, Kapila S, Kapila R. Physicochemical Characteristics of Novel Cell-Bound Exopolysaccharide from Probiotic Limosilactobacillus fermentum (MTCC 5898) and Its Relation to Antioxidative Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10338-10349. [PMID: 34455781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidative role of novel acidic cell-bound exopolysaccharide (EPS-b) from probiotic Limosilactobacillus fermentum (MTCC 5898) and gained an insight into the structure-function relationship. The physicochemical analysis of EPS-b isolated by ultrasonication method revealed a heteropolysaccharide molecule with an average MW of 96.97 kDa composed of glucose and galactose subunits present in random-coiled conformation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses further supported the observation and indicated the presence of α-(1 → 6) linkages. The analyses implicated the significant influence of structural features on the antioxidative activity of EPS-b by showing remarkable ABTS scavenging, reducing, and metal chelating potential with increasing concentration. Besides, the EPS-b by its scavenging potential also maintained the oxidative balance in the Caco-2 cells under oxidative stress and preserved the cellular antioxidative defense system (CAT, GPx, SOD, HO1, and GCLC) at the basal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka Bhawal
- Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - Ankita Kumari
- Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - Suman Kapila
- Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - Rajeev Kapila
- Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
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Roesler BCS, Vaz RG, Castellane TCL, de Macedo Lemos EG, Burkert CAV. The potential of extracellular biopolymer production by Mesorhizobium sp. from monosaccharide constituents of lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnol Lett 2021; 43:1385-1394. [PMID: 33797656 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of monosaccharide constituents of lignocellulosic materials on exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by Mesorhizobium sp. Semia 816 were studied. RESULTS According to the results, by using sugars commonly found in lignocellulosic biomass as carbon sources (glucose, arabinose and xylose), no significant differences were observed in the production of EPS, reaching 3.39 g/L, 3.33 g/L and 3.27 g/L, respectively. Differences were observed in monosaccharide composition, mainly in relation to rhamnose and glucuronic acid contents (1.8 times higher when arabinose was compared with xylose). However, the biopolymers showed no differences in relation to rheological properties, with EPS aqueous-based suspensions (1.0% w/v) presenting pseudoplastic behavior, and a slight difference in degradation temperatures. Using soybean hulls hydrolysate as carbon source, slightly higher values were obtained (3.93 g/L). CONCLUSION The results indicate the potential of the use of lignocellulosic hydrolysates containing these sugars as a source of carbon in the cultivation of Mesorhizobium sp. Semia 816 for the production of EPS with potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belkis Chalup Silveira Roesler
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Renata Gonçalves Vaz
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil
| | - Tereza Cristina Luque Castellane
- Laboratory of Genetics of Bacteria and Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biology Applied To Agriculture, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Eliana Gertrudes de Macedo Lemos
- Laboratory of Genetics of Bacteria and Applied Biotechnology, Department of Biology Applied To Agriculture, Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos André Veiga Burkert
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Food, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil.
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Biochemical characterization of Nostoc sp. exopolysaccharides and evaluation of potential use in wound healing. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 254:117303. [PMID: 33357870 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by cyanobacteria are complex biomolecules of anionic nature with potential biomedical applications. In this study, the EPS produced by the Nostoc sp. strains PCC7936 and PCC7413 were characterized and evaluated as a biomaterial for new wound dressings. The addition of acetate ions to the culture medium slightly stimulated EPS production, achieving 1463.1 ± 16.0 mgL-1 (PCC7413) and 1372.1 ± 29.0 mgL-1 (PCC7936). Both EPS presented nine monosaccharide residues and a MW > 1000 kDa. The acetate addition changed the monosaccharide molar percentages. FTIR and DLS results confirmed the anionic nature and the presence of sulfate groups in both EPS, which are determinant features for biomedical applications. Both EPS at 1%(w/v) formed gels in the presence of 0.4%(w/v) FeCl3. Results obtained for MTT assay and wound healing in vitro scratch assay revealed hydrogels biocompatibility and ability to promote fibroblast migration and proliferation that was greater in PCC7936. The Nostoc EPS hydrogels presented promising properties to be applied in the treatment of skin injuries.
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Ibrahim IM, Konnova SA, Sigida EN, Lyubun EV, Muratova AY, Fedonenko YP, Elbanna К. Bioremediation potential of a halophilic Halobacillus sp. strain, EG1HP4QL: exopolysaccharide production, crude oil degradation, and heavy metal tolerance. Extremophiles 2019; 24:157-166. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-019-01143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Govarthanan M, Kamala-Kannan S, Selvankumar T, Mythili R, Srinivasan P, Kim H. Effect of blue light on growth and exopolysaccharides production in phototrophic Rhodobacter sp. BT18 isolated from brackish water. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 131:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Diabetes is a global disease, and its prevalence has increased rapidly in the last century. Many complications are associated with diabetes, and diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are common. There is a variety of different treatments for DFU, and the aim of this article is to discuss the factors responsible for delayed wound healing in patients with diabetes, and the treatment strategies that are available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sneha S Rao
- Junior research fellow, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, India
| | | | - Ashwini Prabhu
- Assistant Professor, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, India
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Biopolymers: Applications in wound healing and skin tissue engineering. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:2857-2867. [PMID: 30094529 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wound is a growing healthcare challenge affecting several million worldwide. Lifestyle disorders such as diabetes increases the risk of wound complications. Effective management of wound is often difficult due to the complexity in the healing process. Addition to the conventional wound care practices, the bioactive polymers are gaining increased importance in wound care. Biopolymers are naturally occurring biomolecules synthesized by microbes, plants and animals with highest degree of biocompatibility. The bioactive properties such as antimicrobial, immune-modulatory, cell proliferative and angiogenic of the polymers create a microenvironment favorable for the healing process. The versatile properties of the biopolymers such as cellulose, alginate, hyaluronic acid, collagen, chitosan etc have been exploited in the current wound care market. With the technological advances in material science, regenerative medicine, nanotechnology, and bioengineering; the functional and structural characteristics of biopolymers can be improved to suit the current wound care demands such as tissue repair, restoration of lost tissue integrity and scarless healing. In this review we highlight on the sources, mechanism of action and bioengineering approaches adapted for commercial exploitation.
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de Oliveira JM, Amaral SA, Burkert CAV. Rheological, textural and emulsifying properties of an exopolysaccharide produced by Mesorhizobium loti grown on a crude glycerol-based medium. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 120:2180-2187. [PMID: 29964110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a new extracellular polysaccharide (EPS-M816) was obtained during the growth of Mesorhizobium loti Semia 816 on a crude glycerol-based medium. EPS-M816 precipitate mainly consisted of carbohydrates (82.54%) and proteins (11.31%), and the weight average molecular weight was estimated at 1.646 × 106 Da. The biopolymer was characterized by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy, and was found to have typical functional groups of other rhizobial polysaccharides. Furthermore, the rheological and emulsifying properties were investigated. The EPS-M816 solution (1.0% w/v) showed typical pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluid behavior, and the addition of sodium and potassium chloride (1 mol L-1) increased the apparent viscosity. Regarding its emulsification activity, EPS-M816 formed emulsions with different food-grade vegetable oils (soybean, rice, canola, sunflower and corn oils), showing emulsification index values over 65% in 24 h, indicative of strong emulsion-stabilizing capacity. The biopolymer was able to form gels with texture parameters similar to those reported for xanthan gum and low syneresis. Overall, these results suggest that EPS-M816 is a good candidate for application in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries as a thickening, gelling, stabilizing and emulsifying agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabrina Adamoli Amaral
- School of Chemistry and Food, Federal University of Rio Grande, 96203-900 Rio Grande, Brazil
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Characterization and rheological behaviour analysis of the succinoglycan produced by Rhizobium radiobacter strain CAS from curd sample. Food Hydrocoll 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Characterization of novel Acidobacteria exopolysaccharides with potential industrial and ecological applications. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41193. [PMID: 28117455 PMCID: PMC5259719 DOI: 10.1038/srep41193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acidobacteria have been described as one of the most abundant and ubiquitous bacterial phyla in soil. However, factors contributing to this ecological success are not well elucidated mainly due to difficulties in bacterial isolation. Acidobacteria may be able to survive for long periods in soil due to protection provided by secreted extracellular polymeric substances that include exopolysaccharides (EPSs). Here we present the first study to characterize EPSs derived from two strains of Acidobacteria from subdivision 1 belonging to Granulicella sp. EPS are unique heteropolysaccharides containing mannose, glucose, galactose and xylose as major components, and are modified with carboxyl and methoxyl functional groups that we characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Both EPS compounds we identified can efficiently emulsify various oils (sunflower seed, diesel, and liquid paraffin) and hydrocarbons (toluene and hexane). Moreover, the emulsions are more thermostable over time than those of commercialized xanthan. Acidobacterial EPS can now be explored as a source of biopolymers that may be attractive and valuable for industrial applications due to their natural origin, sustainability, biodegradability and low toxicity.
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Role of exopolysaccharide in salt stress resistance and cell motility of Mesorhizobium alhagi CCNWXJ12-2 T. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:2967-2978. [PMID: 28097405 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesorhizobium alhagi, a legume-symbiont soil bacterium that forms nodules with the desert plant Alhagi sparsifolia, can produce large amounts of exopolysaccharide (EPS) using mannitol as carbon source. However, the role of EPS in M. alhagi CCNWXJ12-2T, an EPS-producing rhizobium with high salt resistance, remains uncharacterized. Here, we studied the role of EPS in M. alhagi CCNWXJ12-2T using EPS-deficient mutants constructed by transposon mutagenesis. The insertion sites of six EPS-deficient mutants were analyzed using single primer PCR, and two putative gene clusters were found to be involved in EPS synthesis. EPS was extracted and quantified, and EPS production in the EPS-deficient mutants was decreased by approximately 25 times compared with the wild-type strain. Phenotypic analysis revealed reduced salt resistance, antioxidant capacity, and cell motility of the mutants compared with the wild-type strain. In conclusion, our results indicate that EPS can influence cellular Na+ content and antioxidant enzyme activity, as well as play an important role in the stress adaption and cell motility of M. alhagi CCNWXJ12-2T.
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Ghosh PK, Maiti TK. Structure of Extracellular Polysaccharides (EPS) Produced by Rhizobia and their Functions in Legume–Bacteria Symbiosis: — A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.als.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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