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Ali A, Ganie SA, Mir TA, Mazumdar N. Synthesis and characterization of amino-functionalized guar gum based polyurea: Preparation of iodine complexes, structural investigation and release studies. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132711. [PMID: 38815942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Biobased materials are expanding dramatically in various industrial applications due to their unique intrinsic properties. In this study, various chemical functionalization procedures were used to synthesize guar gum, a naturally occurring polysaccharide-based polyurea, and its iodine complexes. Firstly, guar gum was subjected to tosylation reaction using p-toluene sulphonyl chloride to introduce tosyl moieties in the polymer chain with the degree of substitution (DS) ranging between 0.16 and 1.54. Sample having the highest degree of tosyl moiety was further reacted with tris(2-aminoethyl) amine to produce 6-deoxy-6-tris(2-aminoethyl) amine derivative via nucleophilic substitution reaction to impart amino functional groups. The degree of substitution in 6-deoxy-6-tris(2-aminoethyl) amine derivative was found to be 0.59. 6-deoxy-6-tris(2-aminoethyl) amine derivative was reacted with different diisocyanates (Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI), 1,6-diisocyanatohexane (HMDI)) to produce guar gum based polyurea. Iodine complexes of the resulting polyurea were prepared by reacting with different iodinating agents. Different chemical reactions, formation of polyurea and its iodine complexes were thoroughly analyzed by different analytical techniques such as FT-IR, NMR, elemental analysis, XRD, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and a reaction scheme has been proposed. Morphological and rheological characteristics were analyzed by SEM and viscosity measurement. Thermal analysis was carried out by TGA and DSC studies. Finally, by examining the complex's UV-Vis spectra, the iodine release characteristics from polyurea‑iodine complexes were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Ali
- Materials (Polymer) Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Central University, New Delhi 110025, India; Department of Chemistry, Kargil Campus, University of Ladakh, Kargil 194103, India.
| | - Showkat Ali Ganie
- Materials (Polymer) Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Central University, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Tariq Ahmed Mir
- Materials (Polymer) Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Central University, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Nasreen Mazumdar
- Materials (Polymer) Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Central University, New Delhi 110025, India.
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2
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Ganie SA, Naik RA, Dar OA, Rather LJ, Assiri MA, Li Q. Design and fabrication of functionalized curdlan-curcumin delivery system to facilitate the therapeutic effects of curcumin on breast cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131388. [PMID: 38608982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We developed a facile method for the fabrication of a biodegradable delivery system composed of two blocks: curdlan and curcumin. This was achieved by chemical functionalization of curdlan through tosylation, amination followed by complexation with curcumin. A comprehensive evaluation of structural characterization and component stability showed that cur-cum complex exhibited better anticancer properties with enhanced thermal properties. The cur-cum complex shows pH sensitive sustained release behaviour with higher release at acidic pH and kinetic data of drug release follows the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The cur-cum complex has ability to block the proliferation of the MCF-7 cell line as revealed by MTT assay which showed increased toxicity of cur-cum complex against these cell lines. The results obtained from western blot analysis demonstrated that the co-administration of cur and cum effectively induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. This effect was observed by a considerable upregulation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, a decline in mRNA expression of LDHA, level of lactate and LDH activity. The results clearly depict the role of functionalized curdlan as efficient carrier for curcumin delivery with prolonged, sustained release and enhanced bioavailability, thereby improving the overall anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Showkat Ali Ganie
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Rayees Ahmad Naik
- Department of Zoology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya Sagar, Madhya Pradesh 470003, India
| | - Ovas Ahmad Dar
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Luqman Jameel Rather
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, PR China
| | - Mohammed A Assiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, 400715 Chongqing, PR China.
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3
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Awed M, Mohamed RR, Kamal KH, Sabaa MW, Ali KA. Tosyl-carrageenan/alginate composite adsorbent for removal of Pb 2+ ions from aqueous solutions. BMC Chem 2024; 18:8. [PMID: 38184657 PMCID: PMC10771639 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-01103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The current study effectively designed novel cross-linked tosyl-carrageenan/alginate (Ts-Car/Alg) beads to remove Pb2+ ions from their aqueous solutions. To confirm the structure of the produced matrix, characterization methods such as XRD, SEM, FTIR, and EDX were used. Batch experiments were employed in order to further evaluate the adsorption efficiency of Pb2+ ions. Additionally, various variables, including contact time, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration of Pb2+ ions were investigated using atomic absorption. The results of this study showed that the adsorption equilibrium increased as Pb2+ ions concentration increased at pH = 5.3 after a contact time of 120 min, with 0.3 g of Ts-Car/Alg that having the best adsorption capacity at 74 mg/g. The adsorption progression was further examined using the kinetic and isothermal models. With a correlation coefficient of 0.975, the Freundlich model was thought to better fit Pb2+ ions adsorption from the isotherm investigation. Also, the adsorption kinetics were investigated using a pseudo-second-order model with 1/n ratio of 0.683. This Ts-Car/Alg adsorbent is regarded as an effective candidate to be used for water treatment because the reusability process of produced beads was successfully completed twice, and the adsorbent maintained its ability to remove Pb2+ ions. The prepared Ts-Car/Alg beads are therefore excellent candidates to be used as potent Pb2+ ions adsorbents from their aqueous solutions. The Ts-Car/Alg beads' regeneration and reusability investigation for the removal of heavy metal ions was completed in at least two successful cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Awed
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Science, Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Group National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Riham R Mohamed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Kholod H Kamal
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Magdy W Sabaa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Korany A Ali
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Science, Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Group National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
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Li C, Li X, Gu Q, Xie L, Cai Y, Liao L. Synthesis, characterization and potential applications for oxidized agarose. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124643. [PMID: 37119904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of agarose (AG) oxidation using periodate as oxidizer has not been systematically explored. This paper synthesized oxidized agarose (OAG) using solid-sate and solution reaction methods; the reaction mechanism and the properties of OAG samples were systematically evaluated. Chemical structure analysis disclosed that the aldehyde group and carboxyl group contents in all OAG samples are extremely low. Meanwhile, crystallinity, dynamic viscosity and molecular weight of OAG samples is lower than that of the original AG. Reaction temperature, time and sodium periodate dosage are inversely proportional to the decline of the gelling temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm); and the Tg and Tm for the OAG sample obtained are even 19 °C and 22 °C lower than that of the original AG. The as-synthesized OAG samples all possess excellent cytocompatibility and blood compatibility; and can promote the proliferation and migration of fibroblast cells. Last but not least, the gel strength, hardness, cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness of the OAG gel can be effectively regulated via oxidation reaction. In conclusions, both solid and solution oxidation can regulate the physical properties of OAG and enlarge its potential applications in wound dressing, tissue engineering and food areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengpeng Li
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Xianzhu Li
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Agricultural Product Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Qixiang Gu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China; Agricultural Product Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Lici Xie
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ying Cai
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Lusheng Liao
- Agricultural Product Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524001, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Rubber Processing, Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Zhanjiang 524001, China.
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Xiao Q, Chen Z, Ma M, Xie X, Weng H, Zhang Y, Chen J, Xiao A. Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial and emulsifying properties of agar benzoate. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124254. [PMID: 37003393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Agar benzoate (AB) with different degrees of substitution (DS) was synthesized by the esterification of agar and benzoic anhydride in aqueous solution. The DS could be regulated by adjusting composition ratio, pH, and temperature. Its chemical structure was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). 13C NMR spectrum of the AB suggested the main substitution occurred at the C-6 in the d-galactopyranose. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM) showed that the aperture of AB was larger than that of agar. The thermal performance of AB decreased slightly, but this did not affect its performance. AB showed the highest relative antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, S. aureus and Alternaria alternata, reaching 100 % (AB 20 g/L), 100 % (AB 40 g/L) and 19.35 % (7 d incubation), respectively. Moreover, the obtained AB possessed good emulsion stability. These antibacterial AB have broad application prospects in the field of fruit and vegetable preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Xiao
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zizhou Chen
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Mingze Ma
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiangji Xie
- Sanming Inspection & Testing Center for Product Quality, Sanming 365000, China
| | - Huifen Weng
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Anfeng Xiao
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; National R&D Center for Red Alga Processing Technology, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Xiamen 361021, China.
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Atmaca H, Oguz F, Ilhan S. Drug delivery systems for cancer treatment: a review of marine-derived polysaccharides. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1031-1045. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220211153931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Cancer is a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and the spread of cells to other tissues and remains one of the worldwide problems waiting to be solved. There are various treatment strategies for cancer, such as chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, although it varies according to its type and stage. Many chemotherapeutic agents have limited clinical use due to lack of efficacy, off-target toxicity, metabolic instability, or poor pharmacokinetics. One possible solution to this high rate of clinical failure is to design drug delivery systems that deliver drugs in a controlled and specific manner and are not toxic to normal cells.
Marine systems contain biodiversity, including components and materials that can be used in biomedical applications and therapy. Biomaterials such as chitin, chitosan, alginate, carrageenan, fucoidan, hyaluronan, agarose, and ulvan obtained from marine organisms have found use in DDSs today. These polysaccharides are biocompatible, non-toxic, biodegradable, and cost-effective, making them ideal raw materials for increasingly complex DDSs with a potentially regulated release. In this review, the contributions of polysaccharides from the marine environment to the development of anticancer drugs in DDSs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harika Atmaca
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Muradiye, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Ferdi Oguz
- Department of Biology, The Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Muradiye, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Ilhan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Muradiye, Manisa, Turkey
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Ying R, Huang WC, Mao X. Synthesis of Agarose-Based Multistimuli-Responsive Hydrogel Dressing for Accelerated Wound Healing. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 8:293-302. [PMID: 34907778 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive hydrogels have drawn increasing research interest in regenerative medicine due to their tunable molecular structures and functional properties for both providing a suitable microenvironment for wound healing and to serve as a sustainable therapeutic. Hence, we developed a stimuli-responsive drug-loaded hydrogel wound dressing for sustained, controlled release of the drug and accelerating wound healing. Hydrogel dressings with stimuli-responsive properties were prepared using carboxymethyl agarose (CMA) with various degrees of substitution and calcium ion crosslinking, followed by the loading of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (Rh-EGF) on the CMA hydrogel. Experimental results indicated that these hydrogel composites showed pH and temperature stimuli-responsive behaviors and released the encapsulated drug sustainedly in various release media. Moreover, the hydrogel dressings exhibited a porous network structure, stable physical properties, and excellent biocompatibility. The investigation in vivo showed that the Rh-EGF-loaded CMA hydrogel dressing significantly enhanced wound healing and reduced inflammatory responses by upregulating the transforming growth factor-beta, vascular endothelial growth factor, and cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31). These results confirm that Rh-EGF-loaded CMA hydrogel dressings possess potential application in accelerating wound healing and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ying
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, R. P. China
| | - Wen-Can Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, R. P. China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, R. P. China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, R. P. China
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8
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Heuko JG, Duarte MER, Gonçalves AG, Noseda MD, Murakami FS, de Carvalho MM, Ducatti DRB. Synthesis of C6-amino agarose and evaluation of its antibacterial activity. Carbohydr Res 2021; 507:108387. [PMID: 34242972 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the biologically inert agarose was selectively modified at C6 of β-d-Galp units to produce an amino derivative with antibacterial property. The synthetic route involved the preparation of tosyl and azido agarose intermediates. All the polysaccharide derivatives were characterized by mono- and bidimensional 1H and 13C NMR and FT-IR analysis. A water-soluble amino polymer (Mw = 39,000 g mol-1, DSamino = 0.50) was produced by partial acid hydrolysis showing bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity against P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), S. aureus (ATCC 6538), and E. coli (ATCC 25922), with MIC values lower than 2.5 mg mL-1 and MBC values ranging from 2.5 to 5.0 mg mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina G Heuko
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências-Bioquímica, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Maria Eugênia R Duarte
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, CEP 81-531-990, PO Box 19046, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Alan G Gonçalves
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner, 3400, Jardim Botânico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Miguel D Noseda
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, CEP 81-531-990, PO Box 19046, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fabio S Murakami
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Av. Lothário Meissner, 3400, Jardim Botânico, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mariana M de Carvalho
- BioPol, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Diogo R B Ducatti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências-Bioquímica, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, Curitiba, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Centro Politécnico, CEP 81-531-990, PO Box 19046, Curitiba, Brazil.
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Natural Food Polysaccharides Ameliorate Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Its Mechanisms. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061288. [PMID: 34199820 PMCID: PMC8227517 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides and their metabolites’ short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have attracted much attention. Recently, they have shown great potential in attenuating systemic inflammation activities, especially in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is a complex pathological process and is related to epithelial damage and microbiota imbalance in the gut. Recent studies have indicated that natural polysaccharides could improve IBD recovery by different mechanisms. They could not only influence the ratio of intestine microbiota, but also regulate the secretion levels of immunity cytokines through multiple pathways, the latter including modulation of the TLR/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways and stimulation of G-protein-coupled receptors. Moreover, they could increase intestinal integrity and modulate oxidative stress. In this review, recent research about how natural polysaccharides impact the pathogenesis of IBD are summarized to prove the association between polysaccharides and disease recovery, which might contribute to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, improve intestine epithelial damage, reduce oxidative stress, sustain the balanced microenvironment of the intestines, and finally lower the risk of IBD.
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Shoaib MH, Sikandar M, Ahmed FR, Ali FR, Qazi F, Yousuf RI, Irshad A, Jabeen S, Ahmed K. Applications of Polysaccharides in Controlled Release Drug Delivery System. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119711414.ch29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Emmert K, Amberg-Schwab S, Braca F, Bazzichi A, Cecchi A, Somorowsky F. bioORMOCER ®-Compostable Functional Barrier Coatings for Food Packaging. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081257. [PMID: 33924502 PMCID: PMC8068916 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable packaging materials are already in use. However, there are severe restrictions preventing the broad application in food packaging, especially due to insufficient barrier properties. Our idea was to improve these properties with a biodegradable coating. The Fraunhofer-Institut für Silicatforschung ISC has been developing high-barrier coatings for various packaging applications based on a class of materials with glass-like structural units, named ORMOCER®. However, these state-of-the-art ORMOCER® coatings are not biodegradable. The aim of our work was to modify ORMOCER® to become biodegradable and, at the same time, preserve the barrier and functional properties. This was achieved by the incorporation of functionalized tamarind hemicellulose Glyate® into the ORMOCER® matrix. For this purpose a two-step amination reaction of Glyate® was chosen. The aminated product was analyzed by FTIR, solid-state NMR and elemental analysis. New aminated Glyate® containing bioORMOCER® lacquers could be synthesized. Lacquer quality assessment was performed by Raman spectroscopy. The properties of the resulting coatings were evaluated by laser scanning microscopy (LSM), oxygen transmission rates (OTR) measurements, E-Module determination and adhesion tests. Standardized tests for compostability, overall migration and antimicrobial properties were performed for the bioORMOCER® coatings. The evaluation showed that the new bioORMOCER® coatings are suitable for sustainable food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Emmert
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Silicatforschung ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; (K.E.); (S.A.-S.)
| | - Sabine Amberg-Schwab
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Silicatforschung ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; (K.E.); (S.A.-S.)
| | - Francesca Braca
- Laboratori ARCHA Srl, via di Tegulaia 10/A, 56121 Ospedaletto (PI), Italy; (F.B.); (A.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Agostino Bazzichi
- Laboratori ARCHA Srl, via di Tegulaia 10/A, 56121 Ospedaletto (PI), Italy; (F.B.); (A.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonio Cecchi
- Laboratori ARCHA Srl, via di Tegulaia 10/A, 56121 Ospedaletto (PI), Italy; (F.B.); (A.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Ferdinand Somorowsky
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Silicatforschung ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; (K.E.); (S.A.-S.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Qi X, Pan W, Tong X, Gao T, Xiang Y, You S, Mao R, Chi J, Hu R, Zhang W, Deng H, Shen J. ε‑Polylysine-stabilized agarose/polydopamine hydrogel dressings with robust photothermal property for wound healing. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 264:118046. [PMID: 33910748 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Polydopamine (PDA) is emerging as an attractive photothermal agent due to its good photothermal performance and excellent biocompatibility. However, without chemical modification, PDA is normally unstable and usually leached out from the constructed biomaterials, realistically limiting its application space. Here, we constructed a new hydrogel dressing with robust and stable photothermal performance by introduction of ε-Polylysine (ε-PL) into agarose/PDA matrix to efficiently lock PDA. By optimizing PDA/ε-PL rational dose in agarose network structure, a hybrid agarose/PDA/ε-PL hydrogel (ADPH) with stable photothermal functionality and desirable physicochemical properties could be achieved. ADPH possessed satisfactory microbicidal efficacy in vivo, which enabled the bacteria-infected skin wound to be cured quickly by successful suppressing inflammation, accelerating collagen deposition and promoting angiogenesis in a bacterial-infected wound model. Collectively, this study illustrates a simple, convenient but powerful strategy to design functionally stable ADPH dressing for treating dermal wounds, which could open vistas in clinical wound management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinsan Road, Longwan District, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Wenhao Pan
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinsan Road, Longwan District, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Xianqin Tong
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Teng Gao
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yajing Xiang
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Shengye You
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Ruiting Mao
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jun Chi
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Rongdang Hu
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Wenzhen Zhang
- Department of Wound Repair, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Hui Deng
- School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan West Road, Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Jianliang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Vision Science, School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China; Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xinsan Road, Longwan District, Wenzhou, 325001, China.
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13
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Sulfated polysaccharide extracted from seaweed Gracilaria caudata attenuates acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Guastaferro M, Reverchon E, Baldino L. Agarose, Alginate and Chitosan Nanostructured Aerogels for Pharmaceutical Applications: A Short Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:688477. [PMID: 34055766 PMCID: PMC8149959 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.688477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this short review, drug delivery systems, formed by polysaccharide-based (i.e., agarose, alginate, and chitosan) aerogels, are analyzed. In particular, the main papers, published in the period 2011-2020 in this research field, have been investigated and critically discussed, in order to highlight strengths and weaknesses of the traditional production techniques (e.g., freeze-drying and air evaporation) of bio-aerogels with respect to supercritical CO2 assisted drying. Supercritical CO2 assisted drying demonstrated to be a promising technique to produce nanostructured bio-aerogels that maintain the starting gel volume and shape, when the solvent removal occurs at negligible surface tension. This characteristic, coupled with the possibility of removing also cross-linking agent residues from the aerogels, makes these advanced devices safe and suitable as carriers for controlled drug delivery applications.
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15
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Baranova J, Büchner D, Götz W, Schulze M, Tobiasch E. Tooth Formation: Are the Hardest Tissues of Human Body Hard to Regenerate? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4031. [PMID: 32512908 PMCID: PMC7312198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing life expectancy, demands for dental tissue and whole-tooth regeneration are becoming more significant. Despite great progress in medicine, including regenerative therapies, the complex structure of dental tissues introduces several challenges to the field of regenerative dentistry. Interdisciplinary efforts from cellular biologists, material scientists, and clinical odontologists are being made to establish strategies and find the solutions for dental tissue regeneration and/or whole-tooth regeneration. In recent years, many significant discoveries were done regarding signaling pathways and factors shaping calcified tissue genesis, including those of tooth. Novel biocompatible scaffolds and polymer-based drug release systems are under development and may soon result in clinically applicable biomaterials with the potential to modulate signaling cascades involved in dental tissue genesis and regeneration. Approaches for whole-tooth regeneration utilizing adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, or tooth germ cells transplantation are emerging as promising alternatives to overcome existing in vitro tissue generation hurdles. In this interdisciplinary review, most recent advances in cellular signaling guiding dental tissue genesis, novel functionalized scaffolds and drug release material, various odontogenic cell sources, and methods for tooth regeneration are discussed thus providing a multi-faceted, up-to-date, and illustrative overview on the tooth regeneration matter, alongside hints for future directions in the challenging field of regenerative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Baranova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, Vila Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Dominik Büchner
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, NRW, Germany; (D.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Werner Götz
- Oral Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Hospital of the University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstraße 17, 53111 Bonn, NRW, Germany;
| | - Margit Schulze
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, NRW, Germany; (D.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Edda Tobiasch
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, NRW, Germany; (D.B.); (M.S.)
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16
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Witzler M, Büchner D, Shoushrah SH, Babczyk P, Baranova J, Witzleben S, Tobiasch E, Schulze M. Polysaccharide-Based Systems for Targeted Stem Cell Differentiation and Bone Regeneration. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E840. [PMID: 31817802 PMCID: PMC6995597 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering is an ever-changing, rapidly evolving, and highly interdisciplinary field of study, where scientists try to mimic natural bone structure as closely as possible in order to facilitate bone healing. New insights from cell biology, specifically from mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and signaling, lead to new approaches in bone regeneration. Novel scaffold and drug release materials based on polysaccharides gain increasing attention due to their wide availability and good biocompatibility to be used as hydrogels and/or hybrid components for drug release and tissue engineering. This article reviews the current state of the art, recent developments, and future perspectives in polysaccharide-based systems used for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Witzler
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Str. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany; (M.W.); (D.B.); (S.H.S.); (P.B.); (S.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Dominik Büchner
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Str. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany; (M.W.); (D.B.); (S.H.S.); (P.B.); (S.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Sarah Hani Shoushrah
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Str. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany; (M.W.); (D.B.); (S.H.S.); (P.B.); (S.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Patrick Babczyk
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Str. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany; (M.W.); (D.B.); (S.H.S.); (P.B.); (S.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Juliana Baranova
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry–USP, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, Vila Universitaria, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Steffen Witzleben
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Str. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany; (M.W.); (D.B.); (S.H.S.); (P.B.); (S.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Edda Tobiasch
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Str. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany; (M.W.); (D.B.); (S.H.S.); (P.B.); (S.W.); (E.T.)
| | - Margit Schulze
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Str. 20, 53359 Rheinbach, Germany; (M.W.); (D.B.); (S.H.S.); (P.B.); (S.W.); (E.T.)
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17
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Preparation, characterization, and emulsification properties of agarose fatty acid derivatives with different hydrophobic chains. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:906-918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Kim C, Jeong D, Kim S, Kim Y, Jung S. Cyclodextrin functionalized agarose gel with low gelling temperature for controlled drug delivery systems. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 222:115011. [PMID: 31320040 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conventional agaroses with high gelling temperature are limited to apply to the field of drug delivery. In this study, β-cyclodextrin (βCD) functionalized agarose (CFA) with low gelling temperature was successfully prepared from ethylenediamine-functionalized agarose using mono-succinyl βCD. The gelling temperature of CFA dramatically decreased to 26.7 °C from 65 °C and the melting temperature declined from 95 °C to 66.1 °C. Upon drug loading, CFA can be used at 30 °C because of its low gelling temperature compared to agarose. CFA gel could be used both for bovine serum albumin as a full release, and for the doxorubicin (DOX) for sustained release, via inclusion complexation of βCD. Furthermore, cytotoxicity tests revealed that CFA was noncytotoxic. DOX in the CFA gel could retain the anti-cancer activity. Newly synthesized CFA with low gelling temperature offer a new means for the development of hydrogel-based delivery systems for a variety of therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulgu Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Microbial Carbohydrate Resource Bank (MCRB), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Daham Jeong
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Microbial Carbohydrate Resource Bank (MCRB), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications (UBITA), Center for Biotechnology Research in UBITA (CBRU), Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Seonmok Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Microbial Carbohydrate Resource Bank (MCRB), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Yohan Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Microbial Carbohydrate Resource Bank (MCRB), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea
| | - Seunho Jung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Microbial Carbohydrate Resource Bank (MCRB), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, South Korea; Institute for Ubiquitous Information Technology and Applications (UBITA), Center for Biotechnology Research in UBITA (CBRU), Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea.
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Xiao Q, Weng H, Chen G, Xiao A. Preparation and characterization of octenyl succinic anhydride modified agarose derivative. Food Chem 2019; 279:30-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Seidi F, Salimi H, Shamsabadi AA, Shabanian M. Synthesis of hybrid materials using graft copolymerization on non-cellulosic polysaccharides via homogenous ATRP. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Hydrophobicity and physicochemical properties of agarose film as affected by chitosan addition. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 106:1307-1313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Relation between structure and rheological/thermal properties of agar. A mini-review on the effect of alkali treatment and the role of agaropectin. FOOD STRUCTURE-NETHERLANDS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Xu LQ, Pranantyo D, Neoh KG, Kang ET, Teo SLM, Fu GD. Antifouling coatings based on covalently cross-linked agarose film via thermal azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 141:65-73. [PMID: 26836479 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coatings based on thin films of agarose-poly(ethylene glycol) (Agr-PEG) cross-linked systems are developed as environmentally-friendly and fouling-resistant marine coatings. The Agr-PEG cross-linked systems were prepared via thermal azide-alkyne cycloaddition (AAC) using azido-functionalized Agr (AgrAz) and activated alkynyl-containing poly(2-propiolamidoethyl methacrylate-co-poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate) P(PEMA-co-PEGMEMA) random copolymers as the precursors. The Agr-PEG cross-linked systems were further deposited onto a SS surface, pre-functionalized with an alkynyl-containing biomimetic anchor, dopamine propiolamide, to form a thin film after thermal treatment. The thin film-coated SS surfaces can effectively reduce the adhesion of marine algae and the settlement of barnacle cyprids. Upon covalent cross-linking, the covalently cross-linked Agr-PEG films coated SS surfaces exhibit good stability in flowing artificial seawater, and enhanced resistance to the settlement of barnacle cyprids, in comparison to that of the surfaces coated with physically cross-linked AgrAz films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qun Xu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Dicky Pranantyo
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Koon-Gee Neoh
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - En-Tang Kang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
| | - Serena Lay-Ming Teo
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119223, Singapore.
| | - Guo Dong Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Jiangning District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211189, PR China
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