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Chiloeches A, Cuervo-Rodríguez R, Gil-Romero Y, Fernández-García M, Echeverría C, Muñoz-Bonilla A. Electrospun Polylactic Acid-Based Fibers Loaded with Multifunctional Antibacterial Biobased Polymers. ACS Appl Polym Mater 2022; 4:6543-6552. [PMID: 36590989 PMCID: PMC9799243 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the development of antibacterial and compostable electrospun polylactic acid (PLA) fibers by incorporation of a multifunctional biobased polymer in the process. The multifunctional polymer was synthesized from the bio-sourced itaconic acid building block by radical polymerization followed by click chemistry reaction with hydantoin groups. The resulting polymer possesses triazole and hydantoin groups available for further N-alkylation and chlorination reaction, which provide antibacterial activity. This polymer was added to the electrospinning PLA solution at 10 wt %, and fiber mats were successfully prepared. The obtained fibers were surface-modified through the accessible functional groups, leading to the corresponding cationic triazolium and N-halamine groups. The fibers with both antibacterial functionalities demonstrated high antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. While the fibers with cationic surface groups are only effective against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus), upon chlorination, the activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is significantly improved. In addition, the compostability of the electrospun fibers was tested under industrial composting conditions, showing that the incorporation of the antibacterial polymer does not impede the disintegrability of the material. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of this biobased multifunctional polymer as an antibacterial agent for biodegradable polymeric materials with potential application in medical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Chiloeches
- Instituto
de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Escuela
Internacional de Doctorado de la Universidad Nacional de Educación
a Distancia (UNED), C/Bravo
Murillo, 38, 28015 Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Cuervo-Rodríguez
- Facultad
de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad
Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Y. Gil-Romero
- Hospital
Universitario de Móstoles, C/Dr. Luis Montes, s/n, Móstoles, 28935 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Fernández-García
- Instituto
de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinary
Platform for Sustainable Plastics Towards a Circular Economy-Spanish
National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Echeverría
- Instituto
de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinary
Platform for Sustainable Plastics Towards a Circular Economy-Spanish
National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - A. Muñoz-Bonilla
- Instituto
de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinary
Platform for Sustainable Plastics Towards a Circular Economy-Spanish
National Research Council (SusPlast-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Raghatate A, Cortes Vega FD, Velazquez Meraz O, Ahmadi K, Chaudhari NM, Solanki D, Puthirath AB, Castaneda N, Ajayan PM, Herrera Ramirez JM, Balan V, Robles Hernández FC. Sustainable Biocomposites for Structural Applications with Environmental Affinity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:17837-17848. [PMID: 35380421 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report a facile preparation of biocomposites using a chitosan matrix that is reinforced with morphed graphene in amounts from 1 to 5 wt % C. The composites are processed by milling and conventional sintering. The morphed graphene additions show clear improvements in mechanical properties, having a direct correlation with temperature in particular for 180 °C. Higher temperatures are detrimental to chitosan and the properties drop because chitosan degrades. Mechanical properties in the composite such as yield strength and compressive strength increase between 40 and 50% with respect to the pure chitosan samples. The Young's modulus presents a drop of approximately 10%, but the fracture toughness increases up to 3.5 fold. The properties of our sustainable composites are comparable to those seen in polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, and poly(methyl methacrylate), among other commodity or single use plastics. The enhancement in the mechanical properties is attributed to the morphed graphene embedded chitosan matrix that generates a network of intergranular "anchors" that hold the chitosan crystals in place, preventing failure. The composites can be molded into near-net-shape products, machined, or shaped using various methods including laser lithography. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating biocomposites with different architectures and sizes for disposable structural components. Both chitosan and the composites are compostable and biodegradable with the potential to sustain plant growth when discarded. In addition, morphed graphene and chitosan are produced from byproducts or waste, which may result in a negative carbon footprint on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta Raghatate
- Mechanical Engineering Technology Program, Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Fernando D Cortes Vega
- Mechanical Engineering Technology Program, Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Omar Velazquez Meraz
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología, Miguel de Cervantes 120, Chihuahua 31136, Chih, México
| | - Kamyar Ahmadi
- Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Nikhil M Chaudhari
- Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Dhaivat Solanki
- Materials Science and Engineering, Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Anand B Puthirath
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Nathaly Castaneda
- Mechanical Engineering Technology Program, Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jose Martin Herrera Ramirez
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Laboratorio Nacional de Nanotecnología, Miguel de Cervantes 120, Chihuahua 31136, Chih, México
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Sugarland, Texas 77479, United States
| | - Francisco Carlos Robles Hernández
- Mechanical Engineering Technology Program, Department of Engineering Technology, College of Technology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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Rojas A, Velásquez E, Patiño Vidal C, Guarda A, Galotto MJ, López de Dicastillo C. Active PLA Packaging Films: Effect of Processing and the Addition of Natural Antimicrobials and Antioxidants on Physical Properties, Release Kinetics, and Compostability. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121976. [PMID: 34943079 PMCID: PMC8750271 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance characteristics of polylactic acid (PLA) as an active food packaging film can be highly influenced by the incorporation of active agents (AAs) into PLA, and the type of processing technique. In this review, the effect of processing techniques and the addition of natural AAs on the properties related to PLA performance as a packaging material are summarized and described through a systematic analysis, giving new insights about the relation between processing techniques, types of AA, physical–mechanical properties, barriers, optical properties, compostability, controlled release, and functionalities in order to contribute to the progress made in designing antioxidant and antimicrobial PLA packaging films. The addition of AAs into PLA films affected their optical properties and influenced polymer chain reordering, modifying their thermal properties, functionality, and compostability in terms of the chemical nature of AAs. The mechanical and barrier performance of PLA was affected by the AA’s dispersion degree and crystallinity changes resulting from specific processing techniques. In addition, hydrophobicity and AA concentration also modified the barrier properties of PLA. The release kinetics of AAs from PLA were tuned, modifying diffusion coefficient of the AAs in terms of the different physical properties of the films that resulted from specific processing techniques. Several developments based on the incorporation of antimicrobial and antioxidant substances into PLA have displayed outstanding activities for food protection against microbial growth and oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Rojas
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Obispo Umaña 050, Santiago 9170201, Chile; (A.R.); (E.V.); (C.P.V.); (A.G.); (M.J.G.)
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Santiago 9170124, Chile
| | - Eliezer Velásquez
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Obispo Umaña 050, Santiago 9170201, Chile; (A.R.); (E.V.); (C.P.V.); (A.G.); (M.J.G.)
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Santiago 9170124, Chile
| | - Cristian Patiño Vidal
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Obispo Umaña 050, Santiago 9170201, Chile; (A.R.); (E.V.); (C.P.V.); (A.G.); (M.J.G.)
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Santiago 9170124, Chile
| | - Abel Guarda
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Obispo Umaña 050, Santiago 9170201, Chile; (A.R.); (E.V.); (C.P.V.); (A.G.); (M.J.G.)
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Santiago 9170124, Chile
- Department of Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Obispo Umaña 050, Santiago 9170201, Chile
| | - María José Galotto
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Obispo Umaña 050, Santiago 9170201, Chile; (A.R.); (E.V.); (C.P.V.); (A.G.); (M.J.G.)
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Santiago 9170124, Chile
- Department of Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Obispo Umaña 050, Santiago 9170201, Chile
| | - Carol López de Dicastillo
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Obispo Umaña 050, Santiago 9170201, Chile; (A.R.); (E.V.); (C.P.V.); (A.G.); (M.J.G.)
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Santiago 9170124, Chile
- Department of Science and Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Santiago of Chile (USACH), Obispo Umaña 050, Santiago 9170201, Chile
- Correspondence:
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Iglesias-Montes ML, Soccio M, Luzi F, Puglia D, Gazzano M, Lotti N, Manfredi LB, Cyras VP. Evaluation of the Factors Affecting the Disintegration under a Composting Process of Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PLA/PHB) Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3171. [PMID: 34578071 PMCID: PMC8472262 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall migration behavior and the disintegration under composting conditions of films based on plasticized poly(lactic acid)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PLA-PHB) blends were studied, with the main aim of determining the feasibility of their application as biodegradable food packaging materials. The role of composition in the disintegration process was evaluated by monitoring the changes in physical and thermal properties that originated during the degradation process. PLA and PHB were blended in two weight ratios with 15 wt% of tributyrin, using a Haake mixer and then compression molded into ~150 μm films. We found that the migration level of all of the studied blends was below check intended meaning retained in non-polar simulants, while only plasticized blends could withstand the contact with polar solvents. The disintegration of all of the materials in compost at 58 °C was completed within 42 days; the plasticized PHB underwent the fastest degradation, taking only 14 days. The presence of the TB plasticizer speeded up the degradation process. Different degradation mechanisms were identified for PLA and PHB. To evaluate the annealing effect separately from bacteria degradation, the influence of temperature on materials in the absence of a compost environment was also studied. With the increasing time of degradation in compost, both melting temperature and maximum degradation temperature progressively decreased, while the crystallinity degree increased, indicating that the samples were definitely degrading and that the amorphous regions were preferentially eroded by bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena L. Iglesias-Montes
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata—Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina; (M.L.I.-M.); (L.B.M.)
| | - Michelina Soccio
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (M.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Francesca Luzi
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UdR INSTM, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy; (F.L.); (D.P.)
| | - Debora Puglia
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, UdR INSTM, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy; (F.L.); (D.P.)
| | - Massimo Gazzano
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council, 40129 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Nadia Lotti
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, 40131 Bologna, Italy; (M.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Liliana B. Manfredi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata—Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina; (M.L.I.-M.); (L.B.M.)
| | - Viviana P. Cyras
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata—Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina; (M.L.I.-M.); (L.B.M.)
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Emmert K, Amberg-Schwab S, Braca F, Bazzichi A, Cecchi A, Somorowsky F. bioORMOCER ®-Compostable Functional Barrier Coatings for Food Packaging. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081257. [PMID: 33924502 PMCID: PMC8068916 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable packaging materials are already in use. However, there are severe restrictions preventing the broad application in food packaging, especially due to insufficient barrier properties. Our idea was to improve these properties with a biodegradable coating. The Fraunhofer-Institut für Silicatforschung ISC has been developing high-barrier coatings for various packaging applications based on a class of materials with glass-like structural units, named ORMOCER®. However, these state-of-the-art ORMOCER® coatings are not biodegradable. The aim of our work was to modify ORMOCER® to become biodegradable and, at the same time, preserve the barrier and functional properties. This was achieved by the incorporation of functionalized tamarind hemicellulose Glyate® into the ORMOCER® matrix. For this purpose a two-step amination reaction of Glyate® was chosen. The aminated product was analyzed by FTIR, solid-state NMR and elemental analysis. New aminated Glyate® containing bioORMOCER® lacquers could be synthesized. Lacquer quality assessment was performed by Raman spectroscopy. The properties of the resulting coatings were evaluated by laser scanning microscopy (LSM), oxygen transmission rates (OTR) measurements, E-Module determination and adhesion tests. Standardized tests for compostability, overall migration and antimicrobial properties were performed for the bioORMOCER® coatings. The evaluation showed that the new bioORMOCER® coatings are suitable for sustainable food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Emmert
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Silicatforschung ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; (K.E.); (S.A.-S.)
| | - Sabine Amberg-Schwab
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Silicatforschung ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; (K.E.); (S.A.-S.)
| | - Francesca Braca
- Laboratori ARCHA Srl, via di Tegulaia 10/A, 56121 Ospedaletto (PI), Italy; (F.B.); (A.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Agostino Bazzichi
- Laboratori ARCHA Srl, via di Tegulaia 10/A, 56121 Ospedaletto (PI), Italy; (F.B.); (A.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonio Cecchi
- Laboratori ARCHA Srl, via di Tegulaia 10/A, 56121 Ospedaletto (PI), Italy; (F.B.); (A.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Ferdinand Somorowsky
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Silicatforschung ISC, Neunerplatz 2, 97082 Würzburg, Germany; (K.E.); (S.A.-S.)
- Correspondence:
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Rydz J, Sikorska W, Musioł M, Janeczek H, Włodarczyk J, Misiurska-Marczak M, Łęczycka J, Kowalczuk M. 3D-Printed Polyester-Based Prototypes for Cosmetic Applications-Future Directions at the Forensic Engineering of Advanced Polymeric Materials. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E994. [PMID: 30917574 PMCID: PMC6470545 DOI: 10.3390/ma12060994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of degradation and impairment phenomena of (bio)degradable polymeric materials under operating conditions, and thus the selection of test procedures and prediction of their behavior designates the scope and capabilities as well as possible limitations of both: the preparation of the final product and its durability. The main novelty and objective of this research was to determine the degradation pathways during testing of polylactide and polylactide/polyhydroxyalkanoate materials made with three-dimensional printing and the development of a new strategy for the comprehensive characterization of such complex systems including behavior during waste disposal. Prototype objects were subjected to tests for damage evolution performed under simulating operating conditions. The reference samples and the tested items were characterized by gel permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry to determine changes in material properties. The studies showed that: polyhydroxyalkanoate component during accelerated aging and degradation in environments rich in microorganisms accelerated the degradation of the material; paraffin accelerates polylactide degradation and slows degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoate-based material; under the influence of an environment rich in enzymes, paraffin contamination accelerates biodegradation; under the influence of natural conditions, paraffin contamination slowed degradation; the processing conditions, in particular the printing orientation of individual parts of the container, influenced the material properties in its various regions, affecting the rate of degradation of individual parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rydz
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Wanda Sikorska
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Marta Musioł
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Henryk Janeczek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Jakub Włodarczyk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Marlena Misiurska-Marczak
- Laboratorium Kosmetyczne Dr Irena Eris Sp. z o.o., R&D Department, 12 Armii Krajowej St., 05-500 Piaseczno, Poland.
| | - Justyna Łęczycka
- Laboratorium Kosmetyczne Dr Irena Eris Sp. z o.o., R&D Department, 12 Armii Krajowej St., 05-500 Piaseczno, Poland.
| | - Marek Kowalczuk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton WV1 1SB, UK.
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Suriyatem R, Auras RA, Rachtanapun C, Rachtanapun P. Biodegradable Rice Starch/Carboxymethyl Chitosan Films with Added Propolis Extract for Potential Use as Active Food Packaging. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10090954. [PMID: 30960879 PMCID: PMC6403806 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Active films from rice starch/carboxymethyl chitosan (RS/CMCh) incorporated with propolis extract (ppl) were developed and characterized. The effect of the ppl content (0⁻10% w/w based on RS/CMCh) on the developed films' properties were determined by measuring the optical, mechanical, thermal, swelling, barrier, antimicrobial, and antioxidant attributes. The thermal stability and biodegradability of the films were also investigated. As the ppl content increased, free radical scavenging and a* and b* color values increased, whereas luminosity (L*) and swellability of the films decreased. The active films with 5⁻10% ppl possessed antimicrobial ability against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus). The active film with 10% ppl displayed increased flexibility and thermal stability, without a change in oxygen permeability. The results indicated that incorporation of ppl into RS/CMCh film could enhance the films' antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungsiri Suriyatem
- Division of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
| | - Rafael A Auras
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Chitsiri Rachtanapun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- Division of Packaging Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
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