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Zhang H, He Z, Chen Y, Chao J, Cheng X, Mao J, Chen Y, Li B, Yu J, Yan M, Chen S, Lv G, Su J. Cordyceps polysaccharide improves polycystic ovary syndrome by inhibiting gut-derived LPS/TLR4 pathway to attenuates insulin resistance. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 280:135844. [PMID: 39326591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder marked by aberrant glucose metabolism and reproductive dysfunction. It is characterized by polycystic ovaries, ovulatory dysfunction, and hyperandrogenemia. PCOS patients often experience a persistent, mild inflammation linked to various metabolic issues and insulin resistance (IR). Cordyceps polysaccharide (CP), extracted from the asexual form of the fungus Cordyceps gunnii, Hirsutella sinensis, is a bioactive crude polysaccharide with triple helix structure. CP was a spherical molecular polymer composed of rhamnose, arabinose, aminoglucose hydrochloride, galactose, glucose, and mannose, and has two molecular weights, 156.511 and 27.298 kDa. Our results corroborated that CP improve polycystic lesions in ovarian tissue and regulates hormone levels and the estrous cycle in rats with PCOS. However, the mechanism of action of this therapy in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome is not clear. In the present study, CP was found to modulates disturbances in glucose-lipid metabolism in model rats. In addition, it modulated gut microbiota by decreasing abundance of Gram-negative bacteria (norank_f__Desulfovibrionaceae, Helicobacter), hereby inhibiting the production and transfer of LPS into the systemic circulation. This suppressed the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB inflammatory pathway in the liver and adipose tissue and restored insulin signaling, which improved IR in PCOS rats. Our findings demonstrate that based on the regulation of gut microbiota disorders and the repair of intestinal barrier damage, CP inhibited the gut-derived LPS/TLR4 inflammatory pathway in liver to attenuated IR, which led to the improvement of ovarian polycystic lesions. In addition, this study tapped into the role of Cordyceps polysaccharides in improving female reproductive function, expanding its clinical application in women with PCOS, which is innovative and offers valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of CP for treating PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, No. 548, Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Ziwen He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, No. 548, Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yigong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, No. 548, Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Jingtong Chao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, No. 548, Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Xiamei Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, No. 548, Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Jiayin Mao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, No. 548, Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yulan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, No. 548, Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Bo Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Jingjing Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, No. 548, Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Meiqiu Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, No. 548, Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Suhong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Xiacheng District, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Guiyuan Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, No. 548, Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
| | - Jie Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, No. 548, Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China.
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Zhang Y, Xu Q, Wang Y, Zhang C, Xu S, Luo M, Yang S. Caragana sinica (Buc'hoz) Rehd. (jin ji er) polysaccharide regulates the immune function and intestinal microbiota of cyclophosphamide (CTX) induced immunosuppressed mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 322:117551. [PMID: 38081398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Caragana sinica (Buc'hoz) Rehd. is a plant widely grown in Yunnan, China, for both medicinal and edible purposes. The "National Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicine" describes its nature as "slightly temperate and sweet". Caragana sinica is usually medicated with whole herbs, the main function is to replenish the kidneys and stop bleeding. Caragana sinica was used in folk medicine in Chuxiong, Yunnan, to treat deficiency colds, fatigue, fever, cough, hypertension, and other diseases. AIM OF THE STUDY This article investigates the structural characteristics of Caragana sinica polysaccharide (CSP) and explores its immune-regulatory activity and molecular biological mechanisms in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice, as well as its effects on intestinal bacteria. METHODS With the water-extraction and alcohol-precipitation method, Caragana sinica polysaccharide were extracted, obtaining CSP by purification. A variety of methods and techniques have been used to analyze the chemical properties and structural characteristics of CSP. Immunosuppressive mice model was established through intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (CTX) to study the immune-regulatory effects and mechanisms of CSP. RESULTS The data indicated that CSP is a neutral heteropolysaccharide mainly composed of arabinose and galactose. This article uses immunosuppressive mice induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX) as the model. The results showed that CSP can promote the immune function of CTX treated immunosuppressed mice and regulate the diversity and composition of intestinal microbiota. CSP can increase macrophage phagocytosis, NK cell killing activity, and lymphocyte proliferation activity. It can also repair the index and morphological damage of the thymus and spleen. And by binding to the TLR4 receptor, MyD88 was activated and interacted with TRAF6 to promote the transfer of NF-κB into the nucleus. Thereby promoting cytokine release and increasing the production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IgA, and IgG in the serum. CSP also effectively alleviated the liver damage caused by CTX through antioxidant activity. Furthermore, CSP can dramatically affect the intestinal microbiota and the body's immunity by boosting the relative presence of Bacteroides and Verrucamicrobiota. CONCLUSIONS Research results indicated that CSP can regulate the immune function of mice, providing a basis for developing CSP as a potential immune modulator and functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Qirui Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Yazi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Chenchen Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Shan Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Manhong Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Shuhan Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
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Wu N, Ge X, Yin X, Yang L, Chen L, Shao R, Xu W. A review on polysaccharide biosynthesis in Cordyceps militaris. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129336. [PMID: 38224811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) is an edible parasitic fungus with medicinal properties. Its bioactive polysaccharides are structurally diverse and exhibit various metabolic and biological activities, including antitumor, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulatory, and anti-atherosclerotic effects. These properties make C. militaris-derived polysaccharides a promising candidate for future development. Recent advancements in microbial fermentation technology have enabled successful laboratory cultivation and extraction of these polysaccharides. These polysaccharides are structurally diverse and exhibit various biological activities, such as immunostimulatory, antioxidant, antitumor, hypolipidemic, and anti-atherosclerotic effects. This review aims to summarize the structure and production mechanisms of polysaccharides from C. militaris, covering extraction methods, key genes and pathways involved in biosynthesis, and fermentation factors that influence yield and activity. Furthermore, the future potential and challenges of utilizing polysaccharides in the development of health foods and pharmaceuticals are addressed. This review serves as a valuable reference in the fields of food and medicine, and provides a theoretical foundation for the study of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Ge
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Xuemei Yin
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Ligen Chen
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Rong Shao
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China.
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Dutta D, Singh NS, Aggarwal R, Verma AK. Cordyceps militaris: A Comprehensive Study on Laboratory Cultivation and Anticancer Potential in Dalton's Ascites Lymphoma Tumor Model. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:668-690. [PMID: 38305294 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206282174240115082518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer, a predominant cause of mortality, poses a formidable challenge in our pursuit of elevating life expectancy. Throughout history, individuals have sought natural remedies with minimal side effects as an appealing substitute for chemotherapeutic drugs. One such remedy is Cordyceps militaris, a renowned medicinal mushroom deeply entrenched in Asian ethnomedicine. Revered for its rejuvenating and curative attributes, it relied upon for ages. OBJECTIVE The mushroom's soaring demand outpaced natural availability, necessitating controlled laboratory cultivation as the core focus and exploring the potential of methanolic extracts from harvested Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies against Dalton's Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cells in vitro, with a specific emphasis on its anticancer traits. METHODS For cultivation, we employed a diverse range of rice substrates, among which bora rice showed promising growth of C. militaris fruiting bodies. To assess DLA cell cytotoxicity, several assays, including trypan blue exclusion assay, MTT assay, and LDH assay, were employed at different time points (24-96 h), which provided valuable insights on DLA cell viability and proliferation, shedding light on its therapeutic potential against cancer. RESULTS Our studies unveiled that methanolic extract prompts apoptosis in DLA cells via AO/EB dual staining, manifesting consistent apoptosis indicators such as membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, nuclei fragmentation, and cellular shrinkage at 48-96 h of treatment. Furthermore, these striking repercussions of apoptosis were comprehended by an in silico approach having molecular docking simulation against antiapoptotic proteins like BCL-2, BCL-XL, MCL-1, BFL-1 & HSP100. CONCLUSION Methanolic C. militaris extracts exhibited cytotoxicity and apoptotic alterations in DLA cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Dutta
- Department of Zoology, Cell & Biochemical Technology Laboratory, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
| | - Namram Sushindrajit Singh
- Department of Zoology, Cell & Biochemical Technology Laboratory, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
| | - Rohit Aggarwal
- Cosmic Cordycep Farms, Badarpur Said Tehsil, Faridabad, 121101, Haryana, India
| | - Akalesh Kumar Verma
- Department of Zoology, Cell & Biochemical Technology Laboratory, Cotton University, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
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Zeng H, Chen P, Wang Z, Hu X, Zhang Y, Zheng B. Porphyra haitanensis Polysaccharides Attenuates Blood Lipid via Gut-Liver Axis in Diet-Induced High-Fat Mesocricetus auratus through Multiple Integrated Omics. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200638. [PMID: 36517709 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Hyperlipidemia is currently a global public health problem severely affecting people's physical and mental health, as well as their quality of life. METHODS AND RESULTS The present study is aimed at revealing the mechanism of Porphyra haitanensis polysaccharide (PHP) in decreasing blood lipids by acting through gut-liver axis in Mesocricetus auratus fed a high-fat diet. PHP significantly prevented increases in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and alleviated damage to liver cells induced by a high-fat diet M. auratus, in a dose-dependent manner. PHP promotes proliferation of Muribaculaceae and Faecalibaculum, thereby enhancing the production of butyric acid both in the colon and liver, particularly high-dose PHP (HPHP). Low-dose PHP (LPHP) promotes the expression of phosphatidylcholine metabolites and fatty acid transport genes, and inhibits the expression of genes involved in fat degradation (Abhd5), adipogenesis (Me1), fatty acid synthesis (Fasn and Pnpla3), and fatty acid chain elongation (Elovl6) in the liver. However, HPHP inhibits the expression of triglyceride metabolites and promotes the expression of fatty acid transporter (CD36), fatty acid oxidation (Acacb), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARg) genes in the liver. CONCLUSION PHP regulates lipid metabolism through the gut microbiota, and the gut-liver axis plays an important role in its hypolipidemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.,College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Peilin Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.,College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Zhiyun Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.,College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Xiaoke Hu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.,College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Baodong Zheng
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian-Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing and Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.,College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Ding K, Wang Y, Han C. Polysaccharide Elicitors Affect the Yield, Polysaccharide Synthase and Antibacterial Activity of Intracellular Polysaccharides from Submerged Culture of Cordyceps milifaris (Ascomycetes). Int J Med Mushrooms 2023; 25:35-48. [PMID: 36749055 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2022046732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to increase the yield of Cordyceps militaris intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) by adding elicitors. By comparing the effects of different elicitors on the IPS yield, three polysaccharide elicitors with significant promoting effect were screened out: Tween 80, pH, and vitamin B6 (VB6). We combined these elicitors and optimized the composition of the complex elicitor using response surface methodology to further improve the yield of IPS. The highest percentage of increased yield was 82.52 ± 0.48% obtained at a Tween concentration of 0.41% (w/v), pH of 4.98, and VB6 concentration of 0.17 mg/mL. Simultaneously, the mechanism of promoting high yield of IPS was preliminarily discussed. The complex elicitor may promote the synthesis of IPS by influencing the activity of polysaccharide synthase. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was evaluated. The addition of the complex elicitor increased the antibacterial activity of IPS. Therefore, our findings will lead the way for large scale industrial fermentations and commercial uses of IPS from C. militaris as antibacterial constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yongxia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, People's Republic of China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Control and Construction of the Whole Industrial Chain of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, People's Republic of China
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7
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Fu C, Dong H, Wang X, Wang H, Zheng Y, Ren D, He Y, Liu S, Wang Q. Antioxidant Effects of Rhodoxanthin from Potamogeton crispus L. on H 2 O 2 -Induced RAW264.7 Macrophages Cells. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200393. [PMID: 36471653 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Potamogeton crispus L. (P. crispus) is the type of a widely distributed perennial herbs, which is rich in rhodoxanthin. In this research work, five antioxidant indexes in vitro were selected to study the antioxidant activity of rhodoxanthin from P. crispus (RPC). A model of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) -induced oxidative damage in RAW264.7 cells was established to analyze the antioxidant effect and potential mechanism of RPC. The levels of ROS, MDA and the activities of oxidation related enzymes by H2 O2 were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expression of Nrf-2, HO-1, SOD1 and SOD2 was measured by qRT-PCR assay. According to the results, RPC had free radical scavenging ability for 2, 2-diphenyl-1-trinitrohydrazine (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical ion) (ABTS), hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion. RPC significantly decreased the level of MDA and ROS and LDH activity, while increased GSH level and activities of SOD, GSH-Px and CAT. It was showed that RPC could increase the mRNA expression of Nrf-2, HO-1, SOD1 and SOD2 in RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependently manner. In summary, RPC treatment could effectively attenuate the H2 O2 -induced cell damage rate, and the mechanism is related to the reduction of H2 O2 induced oxidative stress and the activation of Nrf-2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Fu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Hongchun Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhen Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Huirui Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,National R&D Branch Center for Seaweed Processing, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Utilization of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yunhai He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,National R&D Branch Center for Seaweed Processing, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Utilization of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Shu Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,National R&D Branch Center for Seaweed Processing, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Utilization of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Qiukuan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,National R&D Branch Center for Seaweed Processing, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Utilization of Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
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LIU H, LIU X, XIE J, CHEN S. Structure, function and mechanism of edible fungus polysaccharides in human beings chronic diseases. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.111022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan LIU
- Guizhou Medical University, China; Guizhou Medical University, China
| | | | - Jiao XIE
- Guizhou Medical University, China; Guizhou Medical University, China
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9
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Zhou N, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Ning Y. Protective effects of black onion polysaccharide on liver and kidney injury in T2DM rats through the synergistic impact of hypolipidemic and antioxidant abilities. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:378-390. [PMID: 36368355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the synergistic effects of black onion on the hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities in T2DM rats induced by a high-fat-diet and alloxan were investigated. The results showed that the fasting blood glucose of diabetic rats was significantly decreased after treatment with black onion polysaccharide (p < 0.01). Blood lipid analysis indicated that black onion polysaccharide could significantly improve the abnormal metabolism of blood lipids caused by diabetes. In addition, the MDA and ROS of the diabetic rats treated with black onion polysaccharide were significantly reduced; moreover, SOD was increased, indicating the excellent antioxidant activity of black onion polysaccharide. A histological examination clearly showed that black onion polysaccharide could improve the histological morphology of the liver and kidney. Furthermore, the indices of liver and kidney function were restored. These results indicate that black onion polysaccharide can reduce blood glucose and simultaneously show synergistic effects of hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities in diabetic rats. Therefore, black onion polysaccharide may alleviate liver and kidney function injury by improving the "two-hit" mechanism and can thus be used as a potential functional food to prevent diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhou
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010020, PR China
| | - Ye Zhao
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010020, PR China
| | - Lingang Zhang
- School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010020, PR China.
| | - Yuebao Ning
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, PR China.
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10
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Gao Y, Abuduaini G, Yang C, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Fan H, Teng X, Bao C, Liu H, Wang D, Liu T. Isolation, purification, and structural elucidation of Stropharia rugosoannulata polysaccharides with hypolipidemic effect. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1092582. [PMID: 36590213 PMCID: PMC9800831 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1092582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stropharia rugosoannulata is a widely grown edible mushroom with a high nutritional value. S. rugosoannulata polysaccharides is one of the most important bioactive components of S. rugosoannulata and has a wide range of activities. A S. rugosoannulata polysaccharides, named SRF-3, was derived from the S. rugosoannulata extraction by freeze-thaw combine with hot water extraction method, then prepareed with DEAE-cellulose column and Sephacryl S-200 HR gel column, and its hypolipidemic activity was determined. The structural characteristics of SRF-3 were analyzed by infrared spectral scanning (FT-IR), ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). SRF-3 is composed of mannose, galactose, methyl galactose and fructose with ratios of 16, 12, 58 and 12, respectively. In addition, the average relative molecular mass of SRF-3 is approximately 24 kDa. The main chain of SRF-3 is mainly composed of repeating α-D-1,6-Galp and α-D-1,6-Me-Galp units, with branches in the O-2 position of Gal. The structure is presumed to be a mannogalactan, with a small amount of t-β-D-Manp present as a side chain. Hypolipidemic activity assay showed that SRF-3 had good antioxidant and hypolipidemic effects in vitro, suggesting that SRF-3 have potential application in reducing liver fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinlu Gao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,Scientific Research Base of Edible Mushroom Processing Technology Integration, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun, China
| | - Gulijiannaiti Abuduaini
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,Engineering Research Center of Grain Deep-Processing and High-Efficiency Utilization of Jilin, Changchun, China
| | - Chenhe Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,Key Laboratory of Technological Innovations for Grain Deep-Processing and High-Efficiency Utilization of By-Products of Jilin, Changchun, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,Engineering Research Center of Grain Deep-Processing and High-Efficiency Utilization of Jilin, Changchun, China
| | - Yanrong Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,Engineering Research Center of Grain Deep-Processing and High-Efficiency Utilization of Jilin, Changchun, China
| | - Hongxiu Fan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,Scientific Research Base of Edible Mushroom Processing Technology Integration, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Teng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,Key Laboratory of Technological Innovations for Grain Deep-Processing and High-Efficiency Utilization of By-Products of Jilin, Changchun, China
| | - Chenligen Bao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,Key Laboratory of Technological Innovations for Grain Deep-Processing and High-Efficiency Utilization of By-Products of Jilin, Changchun, China
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,Engineering Research Center of Grain Deep-Processing and High-Efficiency Utilization of Jilin, Changchun, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,Scientific Research Base of Edible Mushroom Processing Technology Integration, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Dawei Wang,
| | - Tingting Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China,Scientific Research Base of Edible Mushroom Processing Technology Integration, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun, China,Tingting Liu,
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11
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ABIODUN OO, ALEGE AM, EZURIKE PU, NKUMAH A, ADELOWO O, OKE TA. Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. Mushroom: Molecular Identification, In vitro Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Obesity, and Cytotoxicity Assessment. Turk J Pharm Sci 2022; 19:642-648. [PMID: 36544286 PMCID: PMC9780580 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.72798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Mushrooms are fungi with nutritional and health benefits. Lentinus squarrosulus Mont., an edible fungus, has traditional usage and relevance in local therapy for managing metabolic diseases. In that view, this study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and cytotoxic potential of the chloroform/methanol extract (CME) and aqueous extract (AE) of the mushroom. Materials and Methods L. squarrosulus was identified using molecular biology tools. The CME and AE were obtained sequentially and, then, subjected to α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase inhibitory enzyme assays as well as total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) estimations. The cytotoxic potential of extract fractions of L. squarrosulus was assessed using the brine shrimp lethality assay. Results The molecular identification of the mushroom displayed that the internal transcribed spacer sequence was an equivalent match to that of L. squarrosulus with a high percentage similarity, and thus assigned a unique accession number (KT120043.1). The CME of L. squarrosulus had higher TPC, TFC, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than AE. Furthermore, AE of the mushroom showed a higher lipase inhibitory potential with an IC50 value of 22.28 ± 0.65 μg/mL than the CME, while that of the reference, i.e. orlistat was 2.28 ± 0.34 μg/mL. However, these extracts exhibited very low or no α-amylase inhibitory and cytotoxic activity at the tested concentrations. Conclusion This study reveals that CME of L. squarrosulus, rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, possesses considerable α-glucosidase and lipase inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyindamola Olajumoke ABIODUN
- University of Ibadan, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ibadan, Nigeria,University of Ibadan, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ibadan, Nigeria,* Address for Correspondence: Phone: +2347030964774 E-mail:
| | - Adenike Martha ALEGE
- University of Ibadan, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Precious Ulomma EZURIKE
- Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, College of Natural Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Umudike, Nigeria
| | - Abraham NKUMAH
- University of Ibadan, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatosin ADELOWO
- University of Ibadan, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Tolulope Aderinola OKE
- University of Ibadan, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ibadan, Nigeria
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12
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In-silico elucidation of phytoconstituents against 1LPB protein and anti-dyslipidaemic activity of Psoralea corylifolia Linn leaf extract. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-022-00671-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Zaitseva OO, Sergushkina MI, Khudyakov AN, Polezhaeva TV, Solomina ON. Seaweed sulfated polysaccharides and their medicinal properties. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Hu Z, Wang J, Jin L, Zong T, Duan Y, Sun J, Zhou W, Li G. Preparation, Characterization and Anti-Complementary Activity of Three Novel Polysaccharides from Cordyceps militaris. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4636. [PMID: 36365633 PMCID: PMC9658675 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This investigation focuses on the three novel polysaccharides from Cordyceps militaris and then discusses their characterization and anti-complementary activity. The three polysaccharides from C. militaris (CMP-1, CMP-2 and CMP-3) were prepared using a DEAE-52 cellulose column. The HPLC, HPGPC, FT-IR and Congo red analyses were used to characterize their monosaccharides, molecular weight and stereo conformation, which demonstrated that the three polysaccharides were homogenous polysaccharides with different molecular weights and were composed of at least ten monosaccharides with different molar ratios, and all had a triple-helix conformation. The evaluation of anti-complementary activity demonstrated that the three polysaccharides significantly inhibited complement activation through the classical pathway and alternative pathway. Preliminary mechanism studies indicated that CMP-1, CMP-2 and CMP-3 acted with C2, C5, C9, factor B, factor B, and P components in the overactivation cascade of the complement system. The analysis of the Pearson correlation and network confirmed that the ribose, glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid composition were negatively correlated with the anti-complementary activity of polysaccharides. These results suggested that the three novel polysaccharides are potential candidates for anti-complementary drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Jiaming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
- School of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Long Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Tieqiang Zong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Yuanqi Duan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Jinfeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Gao Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
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15
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Ge Y, Qiu H, Zheng J. Physicochemical characteristics and anti-hyperlipidemic effect of polysaccharide from BaChu mushroom (Helvella leucopus). Food Chem X 2022; 15:100443. [PMID: 36211779 PMCID: PMC9532772 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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16
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Jiang CL, Li XY, Shen WD, Pan LH, Li QM, Luo JP, Zha XQ. Bioactive polysaccharides and their potential health benefits in reducing the risks of atherosclerosis: A review. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14337. [PMID: 35945814 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a kind of lipid-driven chronic inflammatory disease of arteries and is the principal pathological basis of life-threatening cardiovascular disease events, such as strokes and heart attacks. Clinically, statins are the most commonly prescribed drugs for the treatment of atherosclerosis, but prolonged use of these drugs exhibit many adverse reactions and have limited efficacy. Polysaccharides are important natural biomacromolecules widely existing in plants, animals, microorganisms and algae. They have drawn considerable attention worldwide due to their multiple healthy functions, along with their non-toxic property. Importantly, a growing number of studies have demonstrated that bioactive polysaccharides exhibit prominent efficiency in controlling atherosclerotic risk factors like hyperlipemia, hypertension, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In recent decades, various bioactive polysaccharides with different structural features and anti-atherosclerotic potential from natural sources have been isolated, purified, and characterized. The aim of this review is to focus on the research progress of natural polysaccharides in reducing the risks of atherosclerosis based on evidence of in vitro and in vivo studies from 1966 to 2022. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: In the future, it is still necessary to strengthen the research on the development and mechanism of polysaccharides with anti-atherosclerotic potential. These anti-atherosclerotic polysaccharides with different structural characteristics and physiochemical properties from different sources will constitute a huge source of materials for future applications, especially in functional foods and drugs. The information summarized here may serve as useful reference materials for further investigation, production, and application of these polysaccharides in functional foods and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Li Jiang
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ying Li
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Di Shen
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Pan
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang-Ming Li
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Luo
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qiang Zha
- Engineering Research Centre of Bioprocess of Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Regulation for Major Disease of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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17
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Huang R, Zhu Z, Wu S, Wang J, Chen M, Liu W, Huang A, Zhang J, Wu Q, Ding Y. Polysaccharides from Cordyceps militaris prevent obesity in association with modulating gut microbiota and metabolites in high-fat diet-fed mice. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111197. [PMID: 35761521 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Improved gut microbes and nutritious metabolites have been considered as the mediators of health benefits from indigestible polysaccharides, but their role in the anti-obesity effect of polysaccharides from Cordyceps militaris (CMP) remains elusive. This study aims to explore the potential mediators of the anti-obesity effects of CMP in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice using 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics analysis. The results showed that CMP supplementation in HFD-fed mice reduced body weight, fat accumulation, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and impaired glucose tolerance as well as gut barrier. Moreover, the CMP reversed the HFD-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, as indicated by the elevated population of Alloprevotella, Parabacteroides, Butyricimonas, and Alistipes; and decreased population of Negativebacillus, in addition to altered levels of metabolites, such as brassicasterol and 4'-O-methylkanzonol W. Notably, CMP prevented obesity in association with the altered gut microbes and metabolites. These findings suggest that CMP may serve as a potential prebiotic agent to modulate specific gut microbes and related metabolites, which play a critical role in its preventing obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Zhenjun Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Shujian Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mengfei Chen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Aohuan Huang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, College of Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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18
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Huang Y, Ashaolu TJ, Olatunji OJ. Micronized Dietary Okara Fiber: Characterization, Antioxidant, Antihyperglycemic, Antihyperlipidemic, and Pancreato-Protective Effects in High Fat Diet/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:19764-19774. [PMID: 35722005 PMCID: PMC9202274 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a lifelong devastating and debilitating disease with serious chronic complications. Okara is a byproduct generated from soymilk or tofu production and it has been reported to have antioxidant and lipid-lowering effects. However, the antidiabetic effects and pancreatic β-cells' secretory functions of micronized okara fiber (MOF) have not been reported. Therefore, this study explored the antidiabetic effects and modulatory potentials of MOF on pancreatic β-cells' secretory functions in a high fat/high sugar/streptozotocin rat model of diabetes mellitus. Fiber-rich okara was prepared by removing fat and proteins from freshly obtained okara, followed by micronization. Fiber-rich okara was prepared, micronized, and characterized for hydrophobicity, thermal stability, structure-function relationship, and antioxidant potentials. We then established a rat model of DM and MOF and two doses (100 and 400 mg kg-1) were administered to see its anti-DM effect. Four weeks of MOF supplementation significantly reduced blood glucose, increased serum insulin level, improved hepatorenal functions, glucose tolerance, and regenerated pancreatic β-cells in the treated DM rats. Furthermore, MOF significantly improved the pancreatic antioxidant defense system by significantly elevating glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities while depleting the malonaldehyde level in the pancreas of the treated diabetic rats. Our results indicated that MOF ameliorated DM by impeding hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and oxidative stress and enhancing the secretory functions of the beta cells, suggesting that MOF might be used as a protective nutrient in DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Huang
- Department
of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical College, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Tolulope Joshua Ashaolu
- Institute
of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty
of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Opeyemi Joshua Olatunji
- Traditional
Thai Medical Research and Innovation Center, Faculty of Traditional
Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand
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19
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Bu W, Dai WW, Liu HM, Bu HM, Ju XY, Li RP, Yuan B. Structural characterization of a polysaccharide from Dioscorea opposita and assessment of its hepatoprotective activity. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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20
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Phillips JM, Ooi SL, Pak SC. Health-Promoting Properties of Medicinal Mushrooms and Their Bioactive Compounds for the COVID-19 Era—An Appraisal: Do the Pro-Health Claims Measure Up? Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072302. [PMID: 35408701 PMCID: PMC9000601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Many mushroom species are consumed as food, while significant numbers are also utilised medicinally. Mushrooms are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds. A growing body of in vitro, in vivo, and human research has revealed their therapeutic potentials, which include such properties as anti-pathogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, gut microbiota enhancement, and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 specificity. The uses of medicinal mushrooms (MMs) as extracts in nutraceuticals and other functional food and health products are burgeoning. COVID-19 presents an opportunity to consider how, and if, specific MM compounds might be utilised therapeutically to mitigate associated risk factors, reduce disease severity, and support recovery. As vaccines become a mainstay, MMs may have the potential as an adjunct therapy to enhance immunity. In the context of COVID-19, this review explores current research about MMs to identify the key properties claimed to confer health benefits. Considered also are barriers or limitations that may impact general recommendations on MMs as therapy. It is contended that the extraction method used to isolate bioactive compounds must be a primary consideration for efficacious targeting of physiological endpoints. Mushrooms commonly available for culinary use and obtainable as a dietary supplement for medicinal purposes are included in this review. Specific properties related to these mushrooms have been considered due to their potential protective and mediating effects on human exposure to the SARS CoV-2 virus and the ensuing COVID-19 disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mary Phillips
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia; (J.M.P.); (S.L.O.)
- LAGOM NutriHealing, 16 Gentile Court, Hobart, TAS 7010, Australia
| | - Soo Liang Ooi
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia; (J.M.P.); (S.L.O.)
| | - Sok Cheon Pak
- School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia; (J.M.P.); (S.L.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-6338-4952; Fax: +61-2-6338-4993
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21
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An Insight into Antihyperlipidemic Effects of Polysaccharides from Natural Resources. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061903. [PMID: 35335266 PMCID: PMC8952498 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a chronic metabolic disease caused by the abnormal metabolism of lipoproteins in the human body. Its main hazard is to accelerate systemic atherosclerosis, which causes cerebrovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease and thrombosis. At the same time, although the current hypolipidemic drugs have a certain therapeutic effect, they have side effects such as liver damage and digestive tract discomfort. Many kinds of polysaccharides from natural resources possess therapeutic effects on hyperlipidemia but still lack a comprehensive understanding. In this paper, the research progress of natural polysaccharides on reducing blood lipids in recent years is reviewed. The pharmacological mechanisms and targets of natural polysaccharides are mainly introduced. The relationship between structure and hypolipidemic activity is also discussed in detail. This review will help to understand the value of polysaccharides in lowering blood lipids and provide guidance for the development and clinical application of new hypolipidemic drugs.
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22
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Mustafa F, Chopra H, Baig AA, Avula SK, Kumari S, Mohanta TK, Saravanan M, Mishra AK, Sharma N, Mohanta YK. Edible Mushrooms as Novel Myco-Therapeutics: Effects on Lipid Level, Obesity and BMI. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:211. [PMID: 35205965 PMCID: PMC8880354 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, usually indicated by a body mass index of more than 30 kg/m2, is a worsening global health issue. It leads to chronic diseases, including type II diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Conventional treatments for obesity include physical activity and maintaining a negative energy balance. However, physical activity alone cannot determine body weight as several other factors play a role in the overall energy balance. Alternatively, weight loss may be achieved by medication and surgery. However, these options can be expensive or have side effects. Therefore, dietary factors, including dietary modifications, nutraceutical preparations, and functional foods have been investigated recently. For example, edible mushrooms have beneficial effects on human health. Polysaccharides (essentially β-D-glucans), chitinous substances, heteroglycans, proteoglycans, peptidoglycans, alkaloids, lactones, lectins, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, terpenes, phenols, nucleotides, glycoproteins, proteins, amino acids, antimicrobials, and minerals are the major bioactive compounds in these mushrooms. These bioactive compounds have chemo-preventive, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties. Consumption of edible mushrooms reduces plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and plasma glucose levels. Polysaccharides from edible mushrooms suppress mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, contributing to their anti-obesity properties. Therefore, edible mushrooms or their active ingredients may help prevent obesity and other chronic ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Mustafa
- School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54782, Pakistan;
- Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 20400, Malaysia;
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Atif Amin Baig
- Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 20400, Malaysia;
| | - Satya Kumar Avula
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman; (S.K.A.); (T.K.M.)
| | - Sony Kumari
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi 793101, India;
| | - Tapan Kumar Mohanta
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman; (S.K.A.); (T.K.M.)
| | - Muthupandian Saravanan
- AMR and Nanotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India;
| | - Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 8541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
| | - Nanaocha Sharma
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal 795001, India
| | - Yugal Kishore Mohanta
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi 793101, India;
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24
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Prospects of Cordycepin and Polysaccharides Produced by Cordyceps. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8877-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Yu Y, Wen Q, Song A, Liu Y, Wang F, Jiang B. Isolation and immune activity of a new acidic Cordyceps militaris exopolysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:706-714. [PMID: 34813790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A new type of acidic exopolysaccharide (AESP-II) was extracted and separated from the fermentation broth of Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris), which was further purified to elucidate its structural characteristics and immunological activity. AESP-II was confirmed to be an acidic pyranose with a molecular weight of 61.52 kDa, which consisted of mannose, glucuronic acid, rhamnose, galactose acid, N-acetyl-galactosamine, glucose, galactose and arabinose with a molar ratio of 1.07: 5.38: 1: 3.14: 2.23: 15: 6.09: and 4.04. Animal experiment results verified that AESP-II can significantly promote the proliferation of spleen T and B lymphocytes in mice with immune injury caused by cyclophosphamide (CTX). In particular, the promotion of B lymphocytes presented a dose-effect relationship. In addition, the levels of the cytokines IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ, which are mainly secreted by T lymphocytes, and immunoglobulin IgG, IgM and IgA, which are mainly secreted by B lymphocytes, were increased after AESP-II treatment. The above results suggest that fluid immunity is involved in the immunomodulatory function of AESP-II. Simultaneously, AESP-II was detected significantly to promote the phosphorylation expression of p38 kinase (p38), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) by Western blot, further suggesting that the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway mediates the immunoregulatory function of AESP-II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Graduate School of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Qiang Wen
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, PR China
| | - Ao Song
- Changchun Customs Technology Center, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Changchun Customs Technology Center, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, PR China.
| | - Bin Jiang
- Graduate School of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
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Li Y, Miao M, Yin F, Shen N, Yu WQ, Guo S. The polysaccharide-peptide complex from mushroom Cordyceps militaris ameliorates atherosclerosis by modulating the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis. Food Funct 2022; 13:3185-3197. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03285b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides from mushroom Cordyceps militaris are found to have pleiotropic bioactivities, suggesting a potential role in prevention of atherosclerosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of action are not clear. In this...
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Yin F, Lin P, Yu WQ, Shen N, Li Y, Guo SD. The Cordyceps militaris-Derived Polysaccharide CM1 Alleviates Atherosclerosis in LDLR (-/-) Mice by Improving Hyperlipidemia. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:783807. [PMID: 34966782 PMCID: PMC8710727 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.783807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has a high mortality worldwide. Our lab previously purified a polysaccharide designated as CM1 with (1→4)-β-D-Glcp and (1→2)-α-D-Manp glycosyls as the backbone. In this study, we investigated the anti-atherosclerosis effect of CM1 and the underlying mechanisms of action in a low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR(-/-) mouse model. It was found that CM1 significantly decreased the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Mechanistically, CM1 enhanced plasma level of apolipoprotein A-I and decreased the plasma levels of triglyceride, apolipoprotein B, and total cholesterol. In the absence of LDLR, CM1 elevated the expression of very low-density lipoprotein receptor for liver uptake of plasma apolipoprotein B-containing particles and reduced hepatic triglyceride synthesis by inhibiting sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c. CM1 improved lipids excretion by increasing the liver X receptor α/ATP-binding cassette G5 pathway in small intestine. CM1 reduced lipogenesis and lipolysis by inhibiting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and adipose triglyceride lipase in epididymal fat. Furthermore, CM1 improved lipid profile in C57BL/6J mice. Collectively, CM1 can modulate lipid metabolism by multiple pathways, contributing to reduced plasma lipid level and formation of atherosclerotic plaques in LDLR(-/-) mice. This molecule could be explored as a potential compound for prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shou-Dong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Anusiya G, Gowthama Prabu U, Yamini NV, Sivarajasekar N, Rambabu K, Bharath G, Banat F. A review of the therapeutic and biological effects of edible and wild mushrooms. Bioengineered 2021; 12:11239-11268. [PMID: 34738876 PMCID: PMC8810068 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout history, mushrooms have occupied an inseparable part of the diet in many countries. Mushrooms are considered a rich source of phytonutrients such as polysaccharides, dietary fibers, and other micronutrients, in addition to various essential amino acids, which are building blocks of vital proteins. In general, mushrooms offer a wide range of health benefits with a large spectrum of pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic, antioxidative, antiviral, antibacterial, osteoprotective, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, etc. Both wild edible and medicinal mushrooms possess strong therapeutic and biological activities, which are evident from their in vivo and in vitro assays. The multifunctional activities of the mushroom extracts and the targeted potential of each of the compounds in the extracts have a broad range of applications, especially in the healing and repair of various organs and cells in humans. Owing to the presence of the aforementioned properties and rich phytocomposition, mushrooms are being used in the production of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. This review aims to provide a clear insight on the commercially cultivated, wild edible, and medicinal mushrooms with comprehensive information on their phytochemical constituents and properties as part of food and medicine for futuristic exploitation. Future outlook and prospective challenges associated with the cultivation and processing of these medicinal mushrooms as functional foods are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Anusiya
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - U Gowthama Prabu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - N V Yamini
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - N Sivarajasekar
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - K Rambabu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - G Bharath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fawzi Banat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Lin P, Yin F, Shen N, Liu N, Zhang B, Li Y, Guo S. Integrated bioinformatics analysis of the anti-atherosclerotic mechanisms of the polysaccharide CM1 from Cordyceps militaris. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1274-1285. [PMID: 34757129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine. Studies have demonstrated that the polysaccharides of C. militaris have various bioactivities. However, their mechanisms of action remain unclear. We previously purified a water-soluble polysaccharide CM1 from C. militaris and found that it has a cholesterol efflux improving capacity. This study further investigates the effect of CM1 in anti-atherosclerosis and its underlying mechanism in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Our data indicated that CM1 significantly decreased the total cholesterol and triglyceride in the plasma of mice, and decreased lipid deposition and formation of atherosclerotic plaque in a dose-dependent manner. Integrated bioinformatics analysis revealed that CM1 interacted with multiple signaling pathways, including those involved in lipid metabolism, inflammatory response, oxidoreductase activity and fluid shear stress, to exert its anti-atherosclerotic effect. Molecular technology analysis showed that CM1 enhanced the expression of proteins involved in lipid metabolism, reduced the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the aorta, and decreased the content of oxidative products by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Microarray analysis and biochemical data indicated that CM1 can improve lipid metabolism, reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. Taken together, CM1 could be used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lin
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Fan Yin
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Nuo Shen
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Na Liu
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Baihui Zhang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Shoudong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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Jędrejko KJ, Lazur J, Muszyńska B. Cordyceps militaris: An Overview of Its Chemical Constituents in Relation to Biological Activity. Foods 2021; 10:2634. [PMID: 34828915 PMCID: PMC8622900 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps spp. mushrooms have a long tradition of use as a natural raw material in Asian ethnomedicine because of their adaptogenic, tonic effects and their ability to reduce fatigue and stimulate the immune system in humans. This review aims to present the chemical composition and medicinal properties of Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies and mycelium, as well as mycelium from in vitro cultures. The analytical results of the composition of C. militaris grown in culture media show the bioactive components such as cordycepin, polysaccharides, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), ergothioneine and others described in the review. To summarize, based on the presence of several bioactive compounds that contribute to biological activity, C. militaris mushrooms definitely deserve to be considered as functional foods and also have great potential for medicinal use. Recent scientific reports indicate the potential of cordycepin in antiviral activity, particularly against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bożena Muszyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Str., 30–688 Kraków, Poland; (K.J.J.); (J.L.)
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Kan J, Hui Y, Xie W, Chen C, Liu Y, Jin C. Lily bulbs' polyphenols extract ameliorates oxidative stress and lipid accumulation in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:5038-5048. [PMID: 33570774 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyphenols have the potential to reduce the risk of many metabolic disorders. Lily bulbs are rich in polyphenols; however, their effects on lipid metabolism remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the effects of lily bulbs' polyphenols (LBPs) on oxidative stress and lipid metabolism. RESULTS A total of 14 polyphenolic compounds in LBPs were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with diode-array detection mass spectrometry. Total phenolic compound in LBPs was 53.76 ± 1.12 g kg-1 dry weight. In cellular experiments, LBPs attenuated the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, impeded reactive oxygen species production, alleviated oxidative stress, and reduced lipid accumulation in oleic acid induced HepG2 cells. In in vivo studies, LBPs significantly inhibited body weight gain, reduced lipid levels in serum and liver, and improved oxidative damage in a dose-dependent manner in mice fed a high-fat diet. Moreover, LBPs ameliorated hepatic steatosis and suppressed the expression of hepatic-lipogenesis-related genes (SREBP-1c, FAS, ACC1, and SCD-1) and promoted lipolysis genes (SRB1 and HL) and lipid oxidation genes (PPARα and CPT-1) in mice fed a high-fat diet. CONCLUSION It was concluded that LBPs are a potential complementary therapeutic alternative in the development of functional foods to curb obesity and obesity-related diseases, such as metabolic syndrome. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Kan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yaoyao Hui
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wangjing Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Cuicui Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - ChangHai Jin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Antidyslipidemic Potential of Water-Soluble Polysaccharides of Ganoderma applanatum in MACAPOS-2-Induced Obese Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:2452057. [PMID: 34457019 PMCID: PMC8390130 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2452057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Increased consumption of high-calorie foods leads to obesity usually associated with metabolic disorders including diabetes, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. Ganoderma applanatum is a nonedible mushroom traditionally used in West Cameroon for the treatment of many diseases including hypertension, diabetes, and hepatitis. This study was designed to investigate the antidyslipidemic potential of water-soluble polysaccharides of G. applanatum in MACAPOS-2- (maize, cassava, palm oil, and sugar) induced obese rats. For this purpose, obesity was induced on 6–8-week-old male Wistar rats with a local high-fat diet for four months. G. applanatum polysaccharides (GAPs) obtained by hot water extraction were orally administered to obese rats for two months at different dose levels (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg bodyweight), and its potential was investigated on food consumption, bodyweight gain, serum, and tissue lipids parameters. GAP extract increased the bodyweight gain by raising the food intake of obese rats. Furthermore, the administration of GAP extract at different dose levels significantly decreased the total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and the atherogenic index from 50 to 150 mg/kg bodyweight. Conversely, GAP extract improved the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in obese rats compared with untreated rats after two months' study period. These results indicated that GAP extract may be considered as a novel bioactive compound against dyslipidemia and its associated complications.
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Lin YE, Chen YC, Lu KH, Huang YJ, Panyod S, Liu WT, Yang SH, Lu YS, Chen MH, Sheen LY. Antidepressant-like effects of water extract of Cordyceps militaris (Linn.) Link by modulation of ROCK2/PTEN/Akt signaling in an unpredictable chronic mild stress-induced animal model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 276:114194. [PMID: 33974945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Cordyceps militaris (Linn.) Link (CM) is a medicinal mushroom traditionally used in tonics for treating several neurological disorders, including epilepsy and anxiety, in Asia. Reports have shown that CM has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects and may be beneficial for depression management. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the potential of CM as an antidepressant for a long-term unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) rodent models and explore its underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were orally administered with 125 (low, L), 250 (medium, M), and 500 (high, H) mg/kg bodyweight (bw) of the water extract of CM (WCM) for 35 consecutive days in the UCMS protocol. The levels of cerebral serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and metabolites in the frontal cortex of the rats were measured. Blood was collected to investigate the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and the brain was dissected to assay the stress-associated ROCK2/PTEN/Akt signaling. RESULTS All doses of the WCM prevented abnormal behaviors induced by UCMS, including anhedonia and hypoactivity. The LWCM treatment reduced the turnover rate of 5-HT, and all doses of the WCM reduced the turnover rate of DA in the frontal cortex. The LWCM also attenuated the elevation of serum IL-1β induced by chronic stress. All doses of the WCM attenuated the ROCK2 protein hyperactivation, and the LWCM further increased the down-regulation of p-Akt/Akt signaling. CONCLUSION The WCM has antidepressant-like effects, which may result from the regulation of the stress-related ROCK2/PTEN/Akt pathway. Therefore, the WCM may be developed and used for the complementary treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-En Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Hung Lu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Ju Huang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Suraphan Panyod
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ting Liu
- Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agricultural, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Hui Yang
- Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agricultural, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Sheng Lu
- Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agricultural, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Hsing Chen
- Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agricultural, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; National Center for Food Safety Education and Research, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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GC-MS-Based Serum Metabolomic Investigations on the Ameliorative Effects of Polysaccharide from Turpiniae folium in Hyperlipidemia Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9180635. [PMID: 34336118 PMCID: PMC8321759 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9180635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia, a typical metabolic disorder syndrome, can cause various cardiovascular diseases. The polysaccharides were found to have enormous potential in the therapy of hyperlipidemia. This study was aimed at evaluating the ameliorative effects of polysaccharide from Turpiniae folium (TFP) in rats with hyperlipidemia. A serum metabolomic method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to explore the detailed mechanism of TFP in rats with hyperlipidemia. The oxidative stress indicators, biochemical indexes, and inflammatory factors in serum and histopathological changes in the liver were also evaluated after 10-week oral administration of TFP in rats with high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia. TFP significantly relieved oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver histopathology and reduced blood lipid levels. Multivariate statistical approaches such as principal component analysis and orthogonal projection to latent structure square-discriminant analysis revealed clear separations of metabolic profiles among the control, HFD, and HFD+TFP groups, indicating a moderating effect of TFP on the metabolic disorders in rats with hyperlipidemia. Seven metabolites in serum, involved in glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, were selected as potential biomarkers in rats with hyperlipidemia and regulated by TFP administration. It was concluded that TFP had remarkable potential for treating hyperlipidemia. These findings provided evidence for further understanding of the mechanism of action of TFP on hyperlipidemia.
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Yang Z, Zhao J, Li J, Wang J, Wang W. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of high-fat emulsion-induced hyperlipidemia mice intervened by a polysaccharide from Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal) Iljinskaja. Food Chem Toxicol 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2021.112230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yang Z, Zhao J, Li J, Wang J, Wang W. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of high-fat emulsion-induced hyperlipidemia mice intervened by a polysaccharide from Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal) Iljinskaja. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 152:112230. [PMID: 33878369 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide DNA methylation was used to study the lipid-lowering effect of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal) Iljinskaja polysaccharide (CPP). The objective of this study was to investigate the hypolipidemic effects and the potential underlying mechanisms of action of CPP-2 in high-fat emulsion (HFE)-induced mice. The results showed that CPP-2 reduced the level of genome-wide DNA methylation in the liver of HFE-induced mice, which had a lipid-lowering effect by regulating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling-, fatty acid metabolism-, fatty acid biosynthesis- and adipocytokine signaling pathways. A series of lipid metabolism genes were screened out by conjoint analysis of the Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Hereafter, fatty acid synthase (FAS) and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor α (PPARα) as target genes were selected to validate the accuracy of the results. The findings demonstrated that CPP-2 might be effective in lowering the lipid content, thereby protecting against HFE-induced hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwei Yang
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; School of Food Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Guang' an Vocation &Technical College, Guang' an 638000, China
| | - Jing'en Li
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jin Wang
- The State Centre of Quality Supervision and Inspection for Camellia Products (Jiangxi), Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Key Lab for Agro-product Processing and Quality Control of Nanchang City, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
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The Beneficial Effects of Edible Kynurenic Acid from Marine Horseshoe Crab ( Tachypleus tridentatus) on Obesity, Hyperlipidemia, and Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8874503. [PMID: 34055199 PMCID: PMC8112934 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8874503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The marine horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) has been considered as food and traditional medicine for many years. Kynurenic acid (KA) was isolated from horseshoe crab in this study for the first time in the world. A previous study in 2018 reported that intraperitoneal administration of KA prevented high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced body weight gain. Now, we investigated the effects of intragastric gavage of KA on HFD mice and found that KA (5 mg/kg/day) inhibited both the body weight gain and the increase of average daily energy intake. KA reduced serum triglyceride and increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. KA inhibited HFD-induced the increases of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, coronary artery risk index, and atherosclerosis index. KA also suppressed HFD-induced the increase of the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (two dominant gut microbial phyla). KA partially reversed HFD-induced the changes in the composition of gut microbial genera. These overall effects of KA on HFD mice were similar to that of simvastatin (positive control). But the effects of 1.25 mg/kg/day KA on HFD-caused hyperlipidemia were similar to the effects of 5 mg/kg/day simvastatin. The pattern of relative abundance in 40 key genera of gut microbiota from KA group was closer to that from the normal group than that from the simvastatin group. In addition, our in vitro results showed the potential antioxidant activity of KA, which suggests that the improvement effects of KA on HFD mice may be partially associated with antioxidant activity of KA. Our findings demonstrate the potential role of KA as a functional food ingredient for the treatment of obesity and hyperlipidemia as well as the modulation of gut microbiota.
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Li Q, Fang X, Chen H, Han Y, Liu R, Wu W, Gao H. Retarding effect of dietary fibers from bamboo shoot (Phyllostachys edulis) in hyperlipidemic rats induced by a high-fat diet. Food Funct 2021; 12:4696-4706. [PMID: 33929470 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02407d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the administration of bamboo shoot (Phyllostachys edulis) dietary fiber (BSDF) on high-fat diet (HDF) induced hyperlipidemia were studied with SD rat models. The results indicated that the body weight of rats and the mass of their adipose tissue were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased after the combination treatment of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). The levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by 30.20%, 53.28% and 35.63%, respectively, compared to those of the model group. The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, leptin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 of the SDF + IDF group were also significantly lower than those of the HDF model group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the perirenal fat percentage and body fat percentage in the SDF + IDF group were reduced by 31.61% and 25.09%, respectively. IDF exhibited better hypolipidemic ability than SDF in HFD induced rats at the same dose, while SDF and IDF showed a synergistic hyperlipidemia prevention effect. The mRNA expression levels of lipid synthesis genes SREBP-1c and FAS were significantly down-regulated by SDF + IDF treatment (P < 0.05). These results suggested that BSDF composed of IDF and SDF, with potential hypolipidemic effects, could be used in the production of health-beneficial food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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Yang X, Lin P, Wang J, Liu N, Yin F, Shen N, Guo S. Purification, characterization and anti-atherosclerotic effects of the polysaccharides from the fruiting body of Cordyceps militaris. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 181:890-904. [PMID: 33878353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is one major cause of atherosclerosis, which is a basic pathological change of cardiovascular diseases. Polysaccharide is a water-soluble component with lipid-lowering effects. In this study, alkaline-extracted polysaccharides were obtained from the fruiting body of C. militaris. Polysaccharides were purified via anion exchange and size exclusion chromatography. Their structural characteristics were investigated via chemical and spectroscopic methods. CM3I was mainly composed of →4)α-D-Glcp(1 → glycosyls and differed from starch due to the presence of →4,6)β-D-Glcp(1 → glycosyls. CM3II was characterized by its backbone, which was composed of →4)-β-D-Manp(1 → 6)-α-D-Manp(1 → 6)-β-D-Manp(1 → linked glycosyls, and especially the presence of O-methyl. Moreover, CM3II exhibited powerful anti-atherosclerotic effects via lowering plasma lipid levels in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. The underlying mechanisms were attributed to its promoting effect on LXRα and inhibitory effect on SREBP-2. Collectively, CM3I and CM3II are different from the previously reported polysaccharides from C. militaris, and CM3II has a potential application in hypolipidemia and anti-atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Yang
- Institute of Lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Ping Lin
- Institute of Lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Institute of Lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Na Liu
- Institute of Lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Fan Yin
- Institute of Lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Nuo Shen
- Institute of Lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Shoudong Guo
- Institute of Lipid metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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Zhang X, Li J, Yang B, Leng Q, Li J, Wang X, Lu J, Olatunji OJ, Tang J. Alleviation of Liver Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation Underlines the Protective Effects of Polysaccharides from Cordyceps cicadae on High Sugar/High Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100065. [PMID: 33738897 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the protective effects of two polysaccharides (CPA-1 and CPB-2) from Cordyceps cicadae against high fructose/high fat diet (HF/HFD) induced obesity and metabolic disorders in rats. Rats were either fed with normal diet or HF/HFD and treated with CPA-1 and CPB-2 (100 and 300 mg/kg) for 11 weeks. Administration of CPA-1 and CPB-2 significantly and dose dependently reduced body and liver weight, insulin and glucose tolerance, serum insulin and glucose levels. Furthermore, serum and hepatic lipid profiles, liver function enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) were markedly reduced. Additionally, CPA-1 and CPB-2 treatment alleviated hepatic oxidative stress by reducing lipid peroxidation level (MDA) and upregulating glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities as well as ameliorated histological alterations through the reduction of hepatic lipid accumulation. These results suggested that the polysaccharides from C. cicadae showed protective effects against HF/HFD induced metabolic disturbances and may be considered as a dietary supplement for treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Linyi Central Hospital, Linyi, 276400, P. R. China
| | - Jinpeng Li
- Interventional Therapy Department Ward 1, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Emergency, The People's Hospital of Zhaoyuan City, Zhaoyuan, 265400, P. R. China
| | - Qina Leng
- Urinary Surgery, The People's Hospital of Zhaoyuan City, Zhaoyuan, 265400, P. R. China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, People's Hospital of Hechuan, Chongqing, 401520, P. R. China
| | - Xintuan Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Xianyang, Xianyang, 712000, P. R. China
| | - Junyao Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201900, P. R. China
| | - Opeyemi Joshua Olatunji
- Faculty of Thai Traditional Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Thailand
| | - Jian Tang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Bozhou University, Bozhou, 236800, P. R. China
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Purification, structural characterization, and PCSK9 secretion inhibitory effect of the novel alkali-extracted polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:407-417. [PMID: 33662421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
One novel alkali-extracted polysaccharide, CM3-SII, was obtained from the fruiting body of C. militaris via column chromatography. Its structural characteristics were investigated via chemical and spectroscopic methods. The backbone of CM3-SII was composed of →4)-β-D-Manp(1→, →6)-β-D-Manp(1→, and →6)-α-D-Manp(1→ glycosyls, and branching at the O-4 positions of →6)-β-D-Manp(1→ glycosyls with β-D-Galp, (1→2) linked-β-D-Galf, and →2,6)-α-D-Manp(1→ residues. Furthermore, O-6 and O-2 positions of the →2,6)-α-D-Manp(1→ residues were substituted with methyl and β-D-Galp, respectively. This polysaccharide significantly enhanced the intracellular protein expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) via regulating sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 in hepatoma Huh7 cells. Of note, CM3-SII significantly decreased PCSK9 secretion at the concentration of 200 μg/mL. Collectively, CM3-SII is different from the previously reported alkali-extracted polysaccharides isolated from the fruiting body of C. militaris, and it may have potential application in hypolipidemia or as a pharmaceutical additive.
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Das G, Shin HS, Leyva-Gómez G, Prado-Audelo MLD, Cortes H, Singh YD, Panda MK, Mishra AP, Nigam M, Saklani S, Chaturi PK, Martorell M, Cruz-Martins N, Sharma V, Garg N, Sharma R, Patra JK. Cordyceps spp.: A Review on Its Immune-Stimulatory and Other Biological Potentials. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:602364. [PMID: 33628175 PMCID: PMC7898063 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.602364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, interest in the Cordyceps genus has amplified due to its immunostimulatory potential. Cordyceps species, its extracts, and bioactive constituents have been related with cytokine production such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, phagocytosis stimulation of immune cells, nitric oxide production by increasing inducible nitric oxide synthase activity, and stimulation of inflammatory response via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Other pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anti-cancer, antihyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic, anti-fatigue, anti-aging, hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive, vasorelaxation, anti-depressant, aphrodisiac, and kidney protection, has been reported in pre-clinical studies. These biological activities are correlated with the bioactive compounds present in Cordyceps including nucleosides, sterols, flavonoids, cyclic peptides, phenolic, bioxanthracenes, polyketides, and alkaloids, being the cyclic peptides compounds the most studied. An organized review of the existing literature was executed by surveying several databanks like PubMed, Scopus, etc. using keywords like Cordyceps, cordycepin, immune system, immunostimulation, immunomodulatory, pharmacology, anti-cancer, anti-viral, clinical trials, ethnomedicine, pharmacology, phytochemical analysis, and different species names. This review collects and analyzes state-of-the-art about the properties of Cordyceps species along with ethnopharmacological properties, application in food, chemical compounds, extraction of bioactive compounds, and various pharmacological properties with a special focus on the stimulatory properties of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitishree Das
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - Han-Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María L. Del Prado-Audelo
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Hernán Cortes
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Yengkhom Disco Singh
- Department of Post-Harvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, India
| | - Manasa Kumar Panda
- Environment and Sustainability Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Adarsh Vijendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shobhit University, Saharanpur, India
| | - Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | - Sarla Saklani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. N. B. Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, India
| | | | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vineet Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jayanta Kumar Patra
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyangsi, South Korea
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Zhang Y, Li X, Yang Q, Zhang C, Song X, Wang W, Jia L, Zhang J. Antioxidation, anti-hyperlipidaemia and hepatoprotection of polysaccharides from Auricularia auricular residue. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 333:109323. [PMID: 33212049 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
As hyperlipidemia was a pathological progress by lipid dysfunctions, the present object was to investigate the hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of Auricularia auricular residue polysaccharides (RPS) against HFE (high-fat emulsion) toxicities in mice. The structure analysis showed that the RPS was pyranose-polysaccharides mainly composed of glucose with the weight-average molecular weight of 2.00 × 105 Da. The in vivo experiments demonstrated that the RPS had potential hepatoprotections by enhancing the antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidaemia status, and could inhibit the increasing body weights. Besides, the RPS could improve the glucose utilization with the oral glucose tolerance test (120 min) of 5.04 ± 0.12 mmol/L at the dose of 400 mg/kg bw. The results in present study demonstrated that RPS could be used as a functional foods and natural medicines against the HFE-induced hyperlipidemia and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China
| | - XuePing Li
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China
| | - Qihang Yang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, Tai'an, 271018, PR China
| | - Xinling Song
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China
| | - Wenshuai Wang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China
| | - Le Jia
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, PR China.
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Song Q, Zhu Z. Using Cordyceps militaris extracellular polysaccharides to prevent Pb 2+-induced liver and kidney toxicity by activating Nrf2 signals and modulating gut microbiota. Food Funct 2020; 11:9226-9239. [PMID: 33030475 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01608j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the protective efficacy of extracellular polysaccharide from Cordyceps militaris (CEP-I) in liver and kidney and their regulating effect on gut microbiota against Pb-induced toxicity in vivo. The results indicated that CEP-I could reduce the Pb2+ content and organ index of liver and kidney in mice. Besides, biochemical analysis showed that CEP-I could improve the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum and organs, restore the physiological indexes of total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) in serum and decrease the enzyme activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the liver and kidney of mice poisoned by Pb2+. This indicated that CEP-I has a protective effect on organs against damage in mice. In addition, CEP-I could regulate the expression of key proteins in the Nrf2 signaling pathway, including NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1), Heme oxygenase (HO-1) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Furthermore, the intestinal flora analysis results indicated that CEP-I also has the capacity to regulate the intestinal flora imbalance caused by Pb2+ in poisoned mice. In conclusion, we hope that this study can provide theoretical basis for the treatment of tissue damage induced by Pb2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoying Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China and Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China and College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Zhenyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China and Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China and College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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Qu J, Huang P, Zhang L, Qiu Y, Qi H, Leng A, Shang D. Hepatoprotective effect of plant polysaccharides from natural resources: A review of the mechanisms and structure-activity relationship. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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46
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Xiong L, Ouyang KH, Chen H, Yang ZW, Hu WB, Wang N, Liu X, Wang WJ. Immunomodulatory effect of Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharide in cyclophosphamide induced immunocompromised mice. BIOACTIVE CARBOHYDRATES AND DIETARY FIBRE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2020.100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zheng ZY, Cao FW, Wang WJ, Yu J, Chen C, Chen B, Liu JX, Firrman J, Renye J, Ren DX. Probiotic characteristics of Lactobacillus plantarum E680 and its effect on Hypercholesterolemic mice. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:239. [PMID: 32753060 PMCID: PMC7401229 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01922-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics have been reported to reduce total cholesterol levels in vitro, but more evidence is needed to determine the clinical relevance of this activity. Chinese traditional fermented pickles are a good source of lactic acid bacteria. Therefore, pickle samples were collected for screening lactic acid bacteria based on their ability to survive stresses encountered during gastrointestinal passage and cholesterol reducing potency. RESULTS Seventy five lactic acid bacteria strains were isolated from 22 fermented pickles. From these bacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum E680, showed the highest acid (85.25%) and bile tolerance (80.79%). It was sensitive to five of the eight antibiotics tested, inhibited the growth of four pathogenic bacteria, and reduced the total cholesterol level by 66.84% in broth culture. In vivo testing using hypercholesterolemic mice fed high-fat emulsion, independent of food intake, found that L. plantarum E680 suppressed body weight gain and reduced total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, with no effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Chinese traditional fermented pickles are a good source for probiotics. L. plantarum E680, isolated from pickles, was acid and bile tolerant, sensitive to antibiotics, and reduced cholesterol levels both in vitro and in vivo. Based on these results, L. plantarum E680 may have potential as a novel probiotic for the development of cholesterol-lowering functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yao Zheng
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fei-Wei Cao
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei-Jun Wang
- Zhejiang YIMING food CO. LTD, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Zhejiang YIMING food CO. LTD, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Zhejiang YIMING food CO. LTD, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jenni Firrman
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - John Renye
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Da-Xi Ren
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Abstract
Cordyceps is a parasitic edible fungus with a variety of metabolically active ingredients. The main active ingredient, extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), shows favourable application prospects in prevention and treatment of certain diseases. EPS extracted from different parts of various Cordyceps species can be used in health foods or medicinal preparations because of the structural diversity and multiple bioactivities. In terms of the complexity of composition and structure, researchers have speculated on the anabolic pathways of EPSs and the genes involved in the synthesis process. Studies to increase the yield of polysaccharides are limited because the synthesis pathways and anabolic regulation mechanisms of Cordyceps exopolysaccharide remain unknown. This review summarises the current researches in the yield of Cordyceps polysaccharides. A mechanism for the biosynthesis of Cordyceps polysaccharides was proposed by referring to the polysaccharide synthesis in other species. Furthermore, we also discuss the future perspective and ongoing challenges of EPS in uses of health foods and pharmaceutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Pu X, Luo A, Su H, Zhang K, Tian C, Chen B, Chai P, Xia X. Optimization and mechanism of postponing aging of polysaccharides from Chinese herbal medicine formula. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2020; 9:239-248. [PMID: 32670555 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the extraction technology of polysaccharides (AAP) from Chinese herbal medicine formula and its mechanism of delaying aging. First, L9(3)4 orthogonal test was used to optimize the optimal enzyme-assisted extraction parameters of polysaccharides. And the anti-aging effects was evaluated by detecting mitochondrial function, protein, DNA, adhesion molecules and cell cycle in aging rats. The optimal extraction process parameters were the cellulase concentration of 1.5%, the pH at 5, the enzyme temperature at 50°C and the extraction time of 180 min. The anti-aging results showed that AAP can effectively increase the activities of malate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase. It also can decrease the activity of monoamine oxidase and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde levels in the brain tissue. Meanwhile, the polysaccharides enhanced telomerase activity while reduced p16 protein expression of the brain mitochondria. In addition, the polysaccharides continued to improve heart damage and significantly lessen mitochondrial DNA concentrations. For a certain period of time, it also enhanced the activity of superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and decreased protein carbonyl and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde content of kidney in D-galactose-induced aging rats. Furthermore, the polysaccharides restored the number of cells in the peripheral blood lines and BMNC through inhibiting the drop of the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets in the peripheral blood and bone marrow mononuclear cell of the aging rats. At the same time, AAP accelerated G1 phase cell to enter S phase in cell cycle in aging rats. Our research suggests that the polysaccharides may be a potential anti-aging agent and can be further developed as a functional food or new drug to delay aging or treat aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Pu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, The Key Lab of Screening, Evaluation and Advanced Processing of TCM and Tibetan Medicine, Gansu Educational Department, No. 287, Langongping Road, Qilihe District, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Amiao Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, The Key Lab of Screening, Evaluation and Advanced Processing of TCM and Tibetan Medicine, Gansu Educational Department, No. 287, Langongping Road, Qilihe District, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Hui Su
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, The Key Lab of Screening, Evaluation and Advanced Processing of TCM and Tibetan Medicine, Gansu Educational Department, No. 287, Langongping Road, Qilihe District, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Kaili Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, The Key Lab of Screening, Evaluation and Advanced Processing of TCM and Tibetan Medicine, Gansu Educational Department, No. 287, Langongping Road, Qilihe District, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Changyi Tian
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, The Key Lab of Screening, Evaluation and Advanced Processing of TCM and Tibetan Medicine, Gansu Educational Department, No. 287, Langongping Road, Qilihe District, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Bo Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, The Key Lab of Screening, Evaluation and Advanced Processing of TCM and Tibetan Medicine, Gansu Educational Department, No. 287, Langongping Road, Qilihe District, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Pengdi Chai
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, The Key Lab of Screening, Evaluation and Advanced Processing of TCM and Tibetan Medicine, Gansu Educational Department, No. 287, Langongping Road, Qilihe District, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xia
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, The Key Lab of Screening, Evaluation and Advanced Processing of TCM and Tibetan Medicine, Gansu Educational Department, No. 287, Langongping Road, Qilihe District, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, China
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Antunes F, Marçal S, Taofiq O, M. M. B. Morais A, Freitas AC, C. F. R. Ferreira I, Pintado M. Valorization of Mushroom By-Products as a Source of Value-Added Compounds and Potential Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112672. [PMID: 32526879 PMCID: PMC7321189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the food sector is highly concerned with environmental issues and foreseen to develop strategies to reduce waste and losses resulting from activities developed in the food system. An approach is to increment added value to the agro-industrial wastes, which might provide economic growth and environmental protection, contributing to a circular economy. Mushroom by-products represent a disposal problem, but they are also promising sources of important compounds, which may be used due to their functional and nutritional properties. Research has been developed in different fields to obtain value added solutions for the by-products generated during mushroom production and processing. Bioactive compounds have been obtained and applied in the development of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical formulations. Additionally, other applications have been explored and include animal feed, fertilizer, bioremediation, energy production, bio-based materials, cosmetics and cosmeceuticals. The main purpose of this review is to highlight the relevant composition of mushroom by-products and discuss their potential as a source of functional compounds and other applications. Future research needs to explore pilot and industrial scale extraction methods to understand the technological feasibility and the economic sustainability of the bioactive compounds extraction and valorization towards different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Antunes
- CBQF–Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (F.A.); (S.M.); (A.M.M.B.M.); (A.C.F.)
| | - Sara Marçal
- CBQF–Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (F.A.); (S.M.); (A.M.M.B.M.); (A.C.F.)
| | - Oludemi Taofiq
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (O.T.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Alcina M. M. B. Morais
- CBQF–Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (F.A.); (S.M.); (A.M.M.B.M.); (A.C.F.)
| | - Ana Cristina Freitas
- CBQF–Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (F.A.); (S.M.); (A.M.M.B.M.); (A.C.F.)
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (O.T.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Manuela Pintado
- CBQF–Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina–Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (F.A.); (S.M.); (A.M.M.B.M.); (A.C.F.)
- Correspondence:
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