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Vo GV, Rao KM, Chung I, Ha CS, An SSA, Yun YH. Derivatization of Hyaluronan to Target Neuroblastoma and Neuroglioma Expressing CD44. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:836. [PMID: 38931956 PMCID: PMC11207210 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutics for actively targeting over-expressed receptors are of great interest because the majority of diseased tissues originate from normal cells and do not possess a unique receptor from which they can be differentiated. One such receptor is CD44, which has been shown to be highly overexpressed in many breast cancers and other types of cancer cells. While CD44 has been documented to express low levels in normal adult neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, this receptor may be overexpressed by neuroblastoma and neuroglioma. If differential expression exists between normal and cancerous cells, hyaluronan (HA) could be a useful carrier that targets carcinomas. Thus, HA was conjugated with resveratrol (HA-R), and its efficacy was tested on cortical-neuroblastoma hybrid, neuroblastoma, and neuroglioma cells. Confocal and flow cytometry showed these cells express CD44 and are able to bind and uptake HA-R. The toxicity of HA-R correlated well with CD44 expression in this study. Therefore, conjugating resveratrol and other chemotherapeutics to HA could minimize the side effects for normal cells within the brain and nervous system and could be a viable strategy for developing targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giau Van Vo
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea;
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kummara Madhusudana Rao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si 38541, Gyeongbuk-do, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea; (I.C.); (C.-S.H.)
| | - Ildoo Chung
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea; (I.C.); (C.-S.H.)
| | - Chang-Sik Ha
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea; (I.C.); (C.-S.H.)
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yang H. Yun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-0302, USA
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Espuche B, Moya SE, Calderón M. Nanogels: Smart tools to enlarge the therapeutic window of gene therapy. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123864. [PMID: 38309484 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Gene therapy can potentially treat a great number of diseases, from cancer to rare genetic disorders. Very recently, the development and emergency approval of nucleic acid-based COVID-19 vaccines confirmed its strength and versatility. However, gene therapy encounters limitations due to the lack of suitable carriers to vectorize therapeutic genetic material inside target cells. Nanogels are highly hydrated nano-size crosslinked polymeric networks that have been used in many biomedical applications, from drug delivery to tissue engineering and diagnostics. Due to their easy production, tunability, and swelling properties they have called the attention as promising vectors for gene delivery. In this review, nanogels are discussed as vectors for nucleic acid delivery aiming to enlarge gene therapy's therapeutic window. Recent works highlighting the optimization of inherent transfection efficiency and biocompatibility are reviewed here. The importance of the monomer choice, along with the internal structure, surface decoration, and responsive features are outlined for the different transfection modalities. The possible sources of toxicological endpoints in nanogels are analyzed, and the strategies to limit them are compared. Finally, perspectives are discussed to identify the remining challenges for the nanogels before their translation to the market as transfection agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Espuche
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sergio E Moya
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Marcelo Calderón
- POLYMAT, Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
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3
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Choi SH, Cho HB, Choi JH, Kim HJ, Jang HJ, Cho S, Maeng E, Park H, Ryu KS, Park KH, Park KS. Nano-chemical priming strategy to enhance TGF-β resistance and anti-tumor activity of natural killer cells. J Control Release 2024; 367:768-778. [PMID: 38341178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy based on adoptive transfer of natural killer (NK) cells is a promising strategy for circumventing the limitations of cancer treatments. However, components of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), compromise the therapeutic efficacy of NK cells significantly. To address these limitations, we developed a novel method of engineering NK cells for adaptive transfer. The method is based on nanogels that serve two functions: (1) they overcome the TGF-β-mediated stress environment of the TME, and (2) they enhance the direct anti-tumor activity of NK cells. Previously, we demonstrated that cationic compounds such as 25 K branched polyethylenimine (25 K bPEI) prime NK cells, putting them in a 'ready-to-fight' state. Based on these findings, we designed nanogels that have two primary characteristics: (1) they encapsulate galunisertib (Gal), which is used clinically to inhibit TGF-β receptor activity, thereby blocking TGF-β signaling; and (2) they provide cells with a surface coating of 25 K bPEI. When grown in culture medium containing TGF-β, nanogel-treated NK cells demonstrated greater migration ability, degranulation activity, and cytotoxicity towards cancer cells than untreated NK cells. Additionally, the in vivo efficacy of nanogel-treated NK cells against PC-3 xenografts was significantly greater than that of Chem_NK cells primed by 25 K bPEI alone. These findings suggest that Gal-loaded 25 K bPEI-coated nanogels exert anti-tumor effects via chemical priming, as well suppressing the effects of TGF-β on NK cells. We also expect 25 K bPEI-based nanogels to have great potential to overcome the suppressive effects of the TME through their NK cell-priming activity and delivery of the desired chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hee Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Bang Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Jang
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohyun Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunchong Maeng
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hail Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Seo Ryu
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Hong Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung-Soon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea.
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Myint SS, Laomeephol C, Thamnium S, Chamni S, Luckanagul JA. Hyaluronic Acid Nanogels: A Promising Platform for Therapeutic and Theranostic Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2671. [PMID: 38140012 PMCID: PMC10747897 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) nanogels are a versatile class of nanomaterials with specific properties, such as biocompatibility, hygroscopicity, and biodegradability. HA nanogels exhibit excellent colloidal stability and high encapsulation capacity, making them promising tools for a wide range of biomedical applications. HA nanogels can be fabricated using various methods, including polyelectrolyte complexation, self-assembly, and chemical crosslinking. The fabrication parameters can be tailored to control the physicochemical properties of HA nanogels, such as size, shape, surface charge, and porosity, enabling the rational design of HA nanogels for specific applications. Stimulus-responsive nanogels are a type of HA nanogels that can respond to external stimuli, such as pH, temperature, enzyme, and redox potential. This property allows the controlled release of encapsulated therapeutic agents in response to specific physiological conditions. HA nanogels can be engineered to encapsulate a variety of therapeutic agents, such as conventional drugs, genes, and proteins. They can then be delivered to target tissues with high efficiency. HA nanogels are still under development, but they have the potential to become powerful tools for a wide range of theranostic or solely therapeutic applications, including anticancer therapy, gene therapy, drug delivery, and bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Sundee Myint
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.S.M.); (S.C.)
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Chavee Laomeephol
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Biomaterial Engineering in Medical and Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sirikool Thamnium
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Supakarn Chamni
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (S.S.M.); (S.C.)
- Natural Products and Nanoparticles Research Unit (NP2), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jittima Amie Luckanagul
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Biomaterial Engineering in Medical and Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Carballo-Pedrares N, Ponti F, Lopez-Seijas J, Miranda-Balbuena D, Bono N, Candiani G, Rey-Rico A. Non-viral gene delivery to human mesenchymal stem cells: a practical guide towards cell engineering. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:49. [PMID: 37491322 PMCID: PMC10369726 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have gained momentum in the field of cell therapy for treating cartilage and bone injuries. Despite the tri-lineage multipotency, proliferative properties, and potent immunomodulatory effects of hMSCs, their clinical potential is hindered by donor variations, limiting their use in medical settings. To address this challenge, gene delivery technologies have emerged as a promising approach to modulate the phenotype and commitment of hMSCs towards specific cell lineages, thereby enhancing osteochondral repair strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current non-viral gene delivery approaches used to engineer MSCs, highlighting key factors such as the choice of nucleic acid or delivery vector, transfection strategies, and experimental parameters. Additionally, it outlines various protocols and methods for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of their therapeutic potential as a delivery system in osteochondral regenerative applications. In summary, this technical review offers a practical guide for optimizing non-viral systems in osteochondral regenerative approaches. hMSCs constitute a key target population for gene therapy techniques. Nevertheless, there is a long way to go for their translation into clinical treatments. In this review, we remind the most relevant transfection conditions to be optimized, such as the type of nucleic acid or delivery vector, the transfection strategy, and the experimental parameters to accurately evaluate a delivery system. This survey provides a practical guide to optimizing non-viral systems for osteochondral regenerative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Carballo-Pedrares
- Gene & Cell Therapy Research Group (G-CEL). Centro Interdisciplinar de Química y Biología - CICA, Universidade da Coruña, As Carballeiras, S/N. Campus de Elviña, 15071 A, Coruña, Spain
| | - Federica Ponti
- genT_LΛB, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico Di Milano, 20131, Milan, Italy
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Canada Research Chair I in Biomaterials and Bioengineering for the Innovation in Surgery, Department of Min-Met-Materials Engineering & Research Center of CHU de Quebec, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Junquera Lopez-Seijas
- Gene & Cell Therapy Research Group (G-CEL). Centro Interdisciplinar de Química y Biología - CICA, Universidade da Coruña, As Carballeiras, S/N. Campus de Elviña, 15071 A, Coruña, Spain
| | - Diego Miranda-Balbuena
- Gene & Cell Therapy Research Group (G-CEL). Centro Interdisciplinar de Química y Biología - CICA, Universidade da Coruña, As Carballeiras, S/N. Campus de Elviña, 15071 A, Coruña, Spain
| | - Nina Bono
- genT_LΛB, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico Di Milano, 20131, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Candiani
- genT_LΛB, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico Di Milano, 20131, Milan, Italy.
| | - Ana Rey-Rico
- Gene & Cell Therapy Research Group (G-CEL). Centro Interdisciplinar de Química y Biología - CICA, Universidade da Coruña, As Carballeiras, S/N. Campus de Elviña, 15071 A, Coruña, Spain.
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6
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Polyethyleneimine-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Theranostics. J Funct Biomater 2022; 14:jfb14010012. [PMID: 36662059 PMCID: PMC9862060 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of nanotechnology, various types of polymer-based drug delivery systems have been designed for biomedical applications. Polymer-based drug delivery systems with desirable biocompatibility can be efficiently delivered to tumor sites with passive or targeted effects and combined with other therapeutic and imaging agents for cancer theranostics. As an effective vehicle for drug and gene delivery, polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been extensively studied due to its rich surface amines and excellent water solubility. In this work, we summarize the surface modifications of PEI to enhance biocompatibility and functionalization. Additionally, the synthesis of PEI-based nanoparticles is discussed. We further review the applications of PEI-based drug delivery systems in cancer treatment, cancer imaging, and cancer theranostics. Finally, we thoroughly consider the outlook and challenges relating to PEI-based drug delivery systems.
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7
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Recent Advances in the Biomedical Applications of Functionalized Nanogels. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122832. [PMID: 36559325 PMCID: PMC9782855 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials have been extensively used in several applications in the past few decades related to biomedicine and healthcare. Among them, nanogels (NGs) have emerged as an important nanoplatform with the properties of both hydrogels and nanoparticles for the controlled/sustained delivery of chemo drugs, nucleic acids, or other bioactive molecules for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. In the recent past, significant research efforts have been invested in synthesizing NGs through various synthetic methodologies such as free radical polymerization, reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer method (RAFT) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), as well as emulsion techniques. With further polymeric functionalizations using activated esters, thiol-ene/yne processes, imines/oximes formation, cycloadditions, nucleophilic addition reactions of isocyanates, ring-opening, and multicomponent reactions were used to obtain functionalized NGs for targeted delivery of drug and other compounds. NGs are particularly intriguing for use in the areas of diagnosis, analytics, and biomedicine due to their nanodimensionality, material characteristics, physiological stability, tunable multi-functionality, and biocompatibility. Numerous NGs with a wide range of functionalities and various external/internal stimuli-responsive modalities have been possible with novel synthetic reliable methodologies. Such continuous development of innovative, intelligent materials with novel characteristics is crucial for nanomedicine for next-generation biomedical applications. This paper reviews the synthesis and various functionalization strategies of NGs with a focus on the recent advances in different biomedical applications of these surface modified/functionalized single-/dual-/multi-responsive NGs, with various active targeting moieties, in the fields of cancer theranostics, immunotherapy, antimicrobial/antiviral, antigen presentation for the vaccine, sensing, wound healing, thrombolysis, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.
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Laomeephol C, Areecheewakul S, Tawinwung S, Suppipat K, Chunhacha P, Neves NM, Luckanagul JA. Potential roles of hyaluronic acid in in vivo CAR T cell reprogramming for cancer immunotherapy. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:17821-17840. [PMID: 36472072 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05949e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has recently shown unprecedented clinical efficacy for cancer treatment, particularly of hematological malignancies. However, the complex manufacturing processes that involve ex vivo genetic modification of autologous T cells limits its therapeutic application. CAR T cells generated in vivo provide a valid alternative immunotherapy, "off-the-shelf", for cancer treatment. This approach requires carriers for the delivery of CAR-encoding constructs, which are plasmid DNA or messenger RNA, to T cells for CAR expression to help eradicate the tumor. As such, there are a growing number of studies reporting gene delivery systems for in vivo CAR T cell therapy based on viral vectors and polymeric nanoparticles. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a natural biopolymer that can serve for gene delivery, because of its inherent properties of cell recognition and internalization, as well as its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and presence of functional groups for the chemical conjugation of targeting ligands. In this review, the potential of HA in the delivery of CAR constructs is discussed on the basis of previous experience of HA-based nanoparticles for gene therapy. Furthermore, current studies on CAR carriers for in vivo-generated CAR T cells are included, giving an idea of a rational design of HA-based systems for the more efficient delivery of CAR to circulating T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chavee Laomeephol
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Sudartip Areecheewakul
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Supannikar Tawinwung
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Chulalongkorn University Cancer Immunology Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Koramit Suppipat
- Chulalongkorn University Cancer Immunology Excellence Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Chulalongkorn University Stem Cell and Cell Therapy Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Preedakorn Chunhacha
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nuno M Neves
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark - Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jittima Amie Luckanagul
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Plant-produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Hwang J, Kiick KL, Sullivan MO. Modified hyaluronic acid-collagen matrices trigger efficient gene transfer and prohealing behavior in fibroblasts for improved wound repair. Acta Biomater 2022; 150:138-153. [PMID: 35907557 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Growth factor therapy has demonstrated great promise for chronic wound repair, but controlling growth factor activity and cell phenotype over desired time frames remains a critical challenge. In this study, we developed a gene-activated hyaluronic acid-collagen matrix (GAHCM) comprising DNA/polyethylenimine (PEI) polyplexes retained on hyaluronic acid (HA)-collagen hydrogels using collagen mimetic peptides (CMPs). We hypothesized that manipulating both the number of CMP-collagen tethers and the ECM composition would provide a powerful strategy to control growth factor gene transfer kinetics while regulating cell behavior, resulting in enhanced growth factor activity for wound repair. We observed that polyplexes with 50% CMP-modified PEI (50 CP) showed enhanced retention of polyplexes in HCM hydrogels by 2.7-fold as compared to non-CMP modified polyplexes. Moreover, the incorporation of HA in the hydrogel promoted a significant increase in gene transfection efficiency based upon analysis of Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) reporter gene expression, and gene expression could be attenuated by blocking HA-CD44 signaling. Furthermore, when fibroblasts were exposed to vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A)-GAHCM, the 50 CP matrix facilitated sustained VEGF-A production for up to 7 days, with maximal expression at day 5. Application of these VEGF-A-50 CP samples stimulated prolonged pro-healing responses, including the TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast-like phenotypes and enhanced closure of murine splinted wounds. Overall, these findings demonstrate the use of ECM-based materials to stimulate efficient gene transfer and regulate cellular phenotype, resulting in improved control of growth factor activity for wound repair. GAHCM have significant potential to overcome key challenges in growth factor therapy for regenerative medicine. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Despite great promise for growth factor therapies in wound treatment, controlling growth factor activity and providing a microenvironment for cells that maximizes growth factor signaling have continued to limit the success of existing formulations. Our GAHCM strategy, combining CMP gene delivery and hyaluronic acid-collagen matrix, enabled enhanced wound healing efficacy via the combination of controlled and localized growth factor expression and matrix-mediated regulation of cell behavior. Incorporation of CMPs and HA in the same matrix synergistically enhanced VEGF activity as compared with simpler matrices. Accordingly, GAHCM will advance our ability to leverage growth factor signaling for wound healing, resulting in new long-term treatments for recalcitrant wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Kristi L Kiick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
| | - Millicent O Sullivan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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10
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Mansoor S, Kondiah PPD, Choonara YE. Advanced Hydrogels for the Controlled Delivery of Insulin. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2113. [PMID: 34959394 PMCID: PMC8703368 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a peptide hormone that is key to regulating physiological glucose levels. Its molecular size and susceptibility to conformational change under physiological pH make it challenging to orally administer insulin in diabetes. The most effective route for insulin delivery remains daily injection. Unfortunately, this results in poor patient compliance and increasing the risk of micro- and macro-vascular complications and thus rising morbidity and mortality rates in diabetics. The use of 3D hydrogels has been used with much interest for various biomedical applications. Hydrogels can mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) and retain large quantities of water with tunable properties, which renders them suitable for administering a wide range of sensitive therapeutics. Several studies have demonstrated the fixation of insulin within the structural mesh of hydrogels as a bio-scaffold for the controlled delivery of insulin. This review provides a concise incursion into recent developments for the safe and effective controlled delivery of insulin using advanced hydrogel platforms with a special focus on sustained release injectable formulations. Various hydrogel platforms in terms of their methods of synthesis, properties, and unique features such as stimuli responsiveness for the treatment of Type 1 diabetes mellitus are critically appraised. Key criteria for classifying hydrogels are also outlined together with future trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yahya E. Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa; (S.M.); (P.P.D.K.)
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11
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Nanogels: An overview of properties, biomedical applications, future research trends and developments. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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12
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Valachová K, Šoltés L. Hyaluronan as a Prominent Biomolecule with Numerous Applications in Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7077. [PMID: 34209222 PMCID: PMC8269271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is a natural glycosaminoglycan present in many tissues of all vertebrates. HA has various biological functions, which are dependent on its molar mass. High-molar-mass HA has anti-angiogenic, immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties, while low-molar-mass HA has opposite effects. HA has also antioxidative properties, however on the other hand it can be readily degraded by reactive oxygen species. For many years it has been used in treatment of osteoarthritis, cosmetics and in ophthalmology. In the last years there has been a growing interest of HA to also be applied in other fields of medicine such as skin wound healing, tissue engineering, dentistry and gene delivery. In this review we summarize information on modes of HA administration, properties and effects of HA in various fields of medicine including recent progress in the investigation of HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Valachová
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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13
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Liu L, Chen Y, Liu C, Yan Y, Yang Z, Chen X, Liu G. Effect of Extracellular Matrix Coating on Cancer Cell Membrane-Encapsulated Polyethyleneimine/DNA Complexes for Efficient and Targeted DNA Delivery In Vitro. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2803-2822. [PMID: 34086466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyethyleneimine (PEI) has a good spongy proton effect and is an excellent nonviral gene vector, but its high charge density leads to the instability and toxicity of PEI/DNA complexes. Cell membrane (CM) capsules provide a universal and natural solution for this problem. Here, CM-coated PEI/DNA capsules (CPDcs) were prepared through extrusion, and the extracellular matrix was coated on CPDcs (ECM-CPDcs) for improved targeting. The results showed that compared with PEI/DNA complexes, CPDcs had core-shell structures (PEI/DNA complexes were coated by a 6-10 nm layer), lower cytotoxicity, and obvious homologous targeting. The internalization and transfection efficiency of 293T-CM-coated PEI70k/DNA capsules (293T-CP70Dcs) were 91.8 and 74.5%, respectively, which were higher than those of PEI70k/DNA complexes. Then, the internalization and transfection efficiency of 293T-CP70Dcs were further improved by ECM coating, which were 94.7 and 78.9%, respectively. Then, the internalization and transfection efficiency of 293T-CP70Dcs were further improved by ECM coating, which were 94.7 and 78.9%, respectively. Moreover, the homologous targeting of various CPDcs was improved by ECM coating, and other CPDcs also showed similar effects as 293T-CP70Dcs after ECM coating. These findings suggest that tumor-targeted CPDcs may have considerable advantages in gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yiran Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Chaobing Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yujian Yan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Zhaojun Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Gang Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
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14
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Geskovski N, Matevska-Geshkovska N, Dimchevska Sazdovska S, Glavas Dodov M, Mladenovska K, Goracinova K. The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:375-401. [PMID: 33981532 PMCID: PMC8093552 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine has emerged as a novel cancer treatment and diagnostic modality, whose design constantly evolves towards increasing the safety and efficacy of the chemotherapeutic and diagnostic protocols. Molecular diagnostics, which create a great amount of data related to the unique molecular signatures of each tumor subtype, have emerged as an important tool for detailed profiling of tumors. They provide an opportunity to develop targeting agents for early detection and diagnosis, and to select the most effective combinatorial treatment options. Alongside, the design of the nanoscale carriers needs to cope with novel trends of molecular screening. Also, multiple targeting ligands needed for robust and specific interactions with the targeted cell populations have to be introduced, which should result in substantial improvements in safety and efficacy of the cancer treatment. This article will focus on novel design strategies for nanoscale drug delivery systems, based on the unique molecular signatures of myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors, and the impact of novel discoveries in molecular tumor profiles on future chemotherapeutic protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Geskovski
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biomolecular Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Marija Glavas Dodov
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Kristina Mladenovska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Katerina Goracinova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
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15
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Strategies to load therapeutics into polysaccharide-based nanogels with a focus on microfluidics: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 266:118119. [PMID: 34044935 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays nanoparticles are increasingly investigated for the targeted and controlled delivery of therapeutics, as suggested by the high number of research articles (2400 in 2000 vs 8500 in 2020). Among them, almost 2% investigated nanogels in 2020. Nanogels or nanohydrogels (NGs) are nanoparticles formed by a swollen three-dimensional network of synthetic polymers or natural macromolecules such as polysaccharides. NGs represent a highly versatile nanocarrier, able to deliver a number of therapeutics. Currently, NGs are undergoing clinical trials for the delivery of anti-cancer vaccines. Herein, the strategies to load low molecular weight drugs, (poly)peptides and genetic material into polysaccharide NGs as well as to formulate NGs-based vaccines are summarized, with a focus on the microfluidics approach.
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16
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Kim YS, Mikos AG. Emerging strategies in reprogramming and enhancing the fate of mesenchymal stem cells for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. J Control Release 2021; 330:565-574. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Yang R, Chen F, Guo J, Zhou D, Luan S. Recent advances in polymeric biomaterials-based gene delivery for cartilage repair. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:990-1003. [PMID: 32671293 PMCID: PMC7338882 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Untreated articular cartilage damage normally results in osteoarthritis and even disability that affects millions of people. However, both the existing surgical treatment and tissue engineering approaches are unable to regenerate the original structures of articular cartilage durably, and new strategies for integrative cartilage repair are needed. Gene therapy provides local production of therapeutic factors, especially guided by biomaterials can minimize the diffusion and loss of the genes or gene complexes, achieve accurate spatiotemporally release of gene products, thus provideing long-term treatment for cartilage repair. The widespread application of gene therapy requires the development of safe and effective gene delivery vectors and supportive gene-activated matrices. Among them, polymeric biomaterials are particularly attractive due to their tunable physiochemical properties, as well as excellent adaptive performance. This paper reviews the recent advances in polymeric biomaterial-guided gene delivery for cartilage repair, with an emphasis on the important role of polymeric biomaterials in delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
- College of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
| | - Fei Chen
- Center for Materials Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Jinshan Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Dongfang Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, PR China
| | - Shifang Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, PR China
- College of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, PR China
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18
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Xia X, Pollock N, Zhou J, Rossi J. Tissue-Specific Delivery of Oligonucleotides. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2036:17-50. [PMID: 31410789 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9670-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
From the initial discovery of short-interfering RNA (siRNA) and antisense oligonucleotides for specific gene knockdown at the posttranscriptional level to the current CRISPR-Cas9 system offering gene editing at the genomic level, oligonucleotides, in addition to their biological functions in storing and conveying genetic information, provide the most prominent solutions to targeted gene therapies. Nonetheless, looking into the future of curing cancer and acute diseases, researchers are only cautiously optimistic as the cellular delivery of these polyanionic biomacromolecules is still the biggest hurdle for their therapeutic realization. To overcome the delivery obstacle, oligonucleotides have been encapsulated within or conjugated with delivery vehicles for enhanced membrane penetration, improved payload, and tissue-specific delivery. Such delivery systems include but not limited to virus-based vehicles, gold-nanoparticle vehicles, formulated liposomes, and synthetic polymers. In this chapter, delivery challenges imposed by biological barriers are briefly discussed; followed by recent advances in tissue-specific oligonucleotide delivery utilizing both viral and nonviral delivery vectors, discussing their advantages, and how judicious design and formulation could improve and expand their potential as delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Nicolette Pollock
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jiehua Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - John Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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19
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Stanislawska I, Liwinska W, Lyp M, Stojek Z, Zabost E. Recent Advances in Degradable Hybrids of Biomolecules and NGs for Targeted Delivery. Molecules 2019; 24:E1873. [PMID: 31096669 PMCID: PMC6572277 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the fast development of hybrid nanogels dedicated to various applications has been seen. In this context, nanogels incorporating biomolecules into their nanonetworks are promising innovative carriers that gain great potential in biomedical applications. Hybrid nanogels containing various types of biomolecules are exclusively designed for: improved and controlled release of drugs, targeted delivery, improvement of biocompatibility, and overcoming of immunological response and cell self-defense. This review provides recent advances in this rapidly developing field and concentrates on: (1) the key physical consequences of using hybrid nanogels and introduction of biomolecules; (2) the construction and functionalization of degradable hybrid nanogels; (3) the advantages of hybrid nanogels in controlled and targeted delivery; and (4) the analysis of the specificity of drug release mechanisms in hybrid nanogels. The limitations and future directions of hybrid nanogels in targeted specific- and real-time delivery are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Stanislawska
- Department of Nutrition, College of Rehabilitation, Kasprzaka 49, 01-234 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Wioletta Liwinska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marek Lyp
- Department of Nutrition, College of Rehabilitation, Kasprzaka 49, 01-234 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Zbigniew Stojek
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Zabost
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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20
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Huang RY, Lin YH, Lin SY, Li YN, Chiang CS, Chang CW. Magnetic ternary nanohybrids for nonviral gene delivery of stem cells and applications on cancer therapy. Theranostics 2019; 9:2411-2423. [PMID: 31149052 PMCID: PMC6531296 DOI: 10.7150/thno.29326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer toxic agent-expressing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which possess inherent tumor migration and penetration capabilities, have received increasing attention in cancer therapy. To ensure that this approach is successful, safe and efficient gene delivery methods for stem cell engineering must be developed. Methods: In this study, a magnetic ternary nanohybrid (MTN) system comprising biodegradable cationic materials, nucleic acids, and hyaluronic acid-decorated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles was proposed to construct stem cells expressing the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) via magnetic force and receptor dual targeting. Results: The CD44/magnetic force-mediated enhanced cellular uptake of MTNs by human mesenchymal cells (hMSCs) was confirmed in vitro. Highly efficient transfection was attained using MTNs without having any detrimental effect on the tumor migration and penetration capabilities of hMSCs. TRAIL expressed by the MTN-transfected hMSCs displayed strong anticancer effects through the activation of caspase-3 apoptotic signaling. The MTN-transfected hMSCs can be clearly imaged using magnetic resonance imaging techniques in vivo. In an orthotopic xenograft cancer model, MTN-transfected TRAIL-expressing hMSCs significantly suppressed the progression of human glioma (U87MG) and prolonged the survival of the animal. Conclusions: These findings suggest the considerable potential of utilizing MTNs for effectively constructing tumor toxic agent-expressing stem cells for treating malignant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chien-Wen Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan R.O.C
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21
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Evaluation of siRNA and cationic liposomes complexes as a model for in vitro siRNA delivery to cancer cells. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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23
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Kim HJ, Park JS, Yi SW, Oh HJ, Kim JH, Park KH. Sequential transfection of RUNX2/SP7 and ATF4 coated onto dexamethasone-loaded nanospheresenhances osteogenesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1447. [PMID: 29362501 PMCID: PMC5780485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19824-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The timing of gene transfection greatly influences stem cell differentiation. Sequential transfection is crucial for regulation of cell behavior. When transfected several days after differentiation initiation, genes expressed at the late stage of differentiation can regulate cell behaviors and functions. To determine the optimal timing of key gene delivery, we sequentially transfected human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). This method can easily control osteogenesis of stem cells. hMSCs were first transfected with RUNX2 and SP7 using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles to induce osteogenesis, and then with ATF4 after 5, 7, and 14 days. Prior to transfecting hMSCs with all three genes, each gene was individually transfected and its expression was monitored. Transfection of these genes was confirmed by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and confocal microscopy. The pDNAs entered the nuclei of hMSCs, and RUNX2 and SP7 proteins were translated and triggered osteogenesis. Second, the ATF4 gene was delivered when cells were at the pre-osteoblasts stage. To induce the osteogenesis of hMSCs, the optimal timing of ATF4 gene delivery was 14 days after RUNX2/SP7 transfection. Experiments in 2- and 3-dimensional culture systems confirmed that transfection of ATF4 at 14 days after RUNX2/SP7 promoted osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, 6F, CHA Biocomplex, 689 Sampyeong-dong Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 134-88, Korea
| | - Ji Sun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, 6F, CHA Biocomplex, 689 Sampyeong-dong Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 134-88, Korea
| | - Se Won Yi
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, 6F, CHA Biocomplex, 689 Sampyeong-dong Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 134-88, Korea
| | - Hyun Jyung Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, 6F, CHA Biocomplex, 689 Sampyeong-dong Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 134-88, Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, 6F, CHA Biocomplex, 689 Sampyeong-dong Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 134-88, Korea.
| | - Keun-Hong Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, 6F, CHA Biocomplex, 689 Sampyeong-dong Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 134-88, Korea.
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24
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Feng CL, Han YX, Guo HH, Ma XL, Wang ZQ, Wang LL, Zheng WS, Jiang JD. Self-assembling HA/PEI/dsRNA-p21 ternary complexes for CD44 mediated small active RNA delivery to colorectal cancer. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:1537-1548. [PMID: 28994324 PMCID: PMC8240987 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1386732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work proved that sequence specific double strand RNA (dsRNA-p21) effectively activated p21 gene expression of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and consequently suppressed CRC growth. However, efficient delivery system is a significant challenge to achieve sufficient therapy. In this study, a self-assembled HA/PEI/dsRNA-p21 ternary complex (TC-dsRNA-p21) was developed for the tumor-target delivery of dsRNA-p21 into CRC cells. Hyaluronic acid (HA) was introduced to shield the PEI/dsRNA-p21 binary complexes (BC-dsRNA-p21) for reducing the cytotoxicity of PEI and for increasing the tumor-targeted intracellular uptake by cancer cells through HA-CD44 mediated endocytosis. Comparing to the BC-dsRNA-p21, the TC-dsRNA-p21 showed increase in size, decrease in zeta potential, low cytotoxicity as well as high stability in physiological conditions due to the anionic shielding. Confocal microscopy analysis and flow cytometry confirmed that TC-dsRNA-p21 had high transfection efficiency in the CD44-abundant Lovo cells, as compared with binary complex. In vitro physiological experiment showed that, comparing to the control group, the TC-dsRNA-p21 effectively activated the expression of p21 mRNA and P21 protein, causing blockage of cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and suppression of cancer cell proliferation as well as colony formation. Furthermore, in vivo distribution experiment demonstrated that the TC-dsRNA-p21 could effectively accumulate at rectal wall for up to 10 h, following in situ application. These findings indicated that TC-dsRNA-p21 might hold great potential for delivering dsRNA-p21 to treat CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yan-Xing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hui-Hui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiao-Lei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lu-Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wen-Sheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jian-Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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25
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Neamtu I, Rusu AG, Diaconu A, Nita LE, Chiriac AP. Basic concepts and recent advances in nanogels as carriers for medical applications. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:539-557. [PMID: 28181831 PMCID: PMC8240973 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1276232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanogels in biomedical field are promising and innovative materials as dispersions of hydrogel nanoparticles based on crosslinked polymeric networks that have been called as next generation drug delivery systems due to their relatively high drug encapsulation capacity, uniformity, tunable size, ease of preparation, minimal toxicity, stability in the presence of serum, and stimuli responsiveness. Nanogels show a great potential in chemotherapy, diagnosis, organ targeting and delivery of bioactive substances. The main subjects reviewed in this article concentrates on: (i) Nanogel assimilation in the nanomedicine domain; (ii) Features and advantages of nanogels, the main characteristics, such as: swelling capacity, stimuli sensitivity, the great surface area, functionalization, bioconjugation and encapsulation of bioactive substances, which are taken into account in designing the structures according to the application; some data on the advantages and limitations of the preparation techniques; (iii) Recent progress in nanogels as a carrier of genetic material, protein and vaccine. The majority of the scientific literature presents the multivalency potential of bioconjugated nanogels in various conditions. Today's research focuses over the overcoming of the restrictions imposed by cost, some medical requirements and technological issues, for nanogels' commercial scale production and their integration as a new platform in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iordana Neamtu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Alina Diaconu
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
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26
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Ohta S, Hiramoto S, Amano Y, Emoto S, Yamaguchi H, Ishigami H, Kitayama J, Ito T. Intraperitoneal Delivery of Cisplatin via a Hyaluronan-Based Nanogel/in Situ Cross-Linkable Hydrogel Hybrid System for Peritoneal Dissemination of Gastric Cancer. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3105-3113. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiichi Ohta
- Center for Disease
Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shota Hiramoto
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuki Amano
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Emoto
- Department of Surgical
Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hironori Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hironori Ishigami
- Department of Surgical
Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Joji Kitayama
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Taichi Ito
- Center for Disease
Biology and Integrative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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27
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Yan H, Song J, Jia X, Zhang Z. Hyaluronic acid-modified didecyldimethylammonium bromide/ d-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate mixed micelles for delivery of baohuoside I against non-small cell lung cancer: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:30-39. [PMID: 28155337 PMCID: PMC8244624 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1228713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Baohuoside I is an effective but a poorly soluble antitumor drug. In this study, we prepared baohuoside I-loaded mixed micelles with didecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) and d-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) (DTBM) and active targeting mixed micelles (HDTBM) with hyaluronic acid (HA) as the targeting ligand on the surface of the mixed micelles. We performed a systematic comparative evaluation of the antiproliferative effect, cellular uptake, antitumor efficacy, and in vivo tumor targeting of these micelles using A549 cells. HDTBM showed improved cellular uptake and had a greater hypersensitizing effect on A549 cell lines than baohuoside I; half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 8.86 versus 20.42 μg/mL, respectively. Results of the antitumor efficacy study and the imaging study for in vivo targeting showed that the mixed-micelle formulation had higher antitumor efficacy and achieved effective and targeted drug delivery. Therefore, our results indicate that HA/baohuoside I-M may be used as a potential antitumor formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Yan
- a College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , PR China and.,b Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Third School of Clinical Medical of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Jie Song
- a College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , PR China and.,b Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Third School of Clinical Medical of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- a College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , PR China and.,b Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Third School of Clinical Medical of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- b Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Third School of Clinical Medical of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing , PR China
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Park JS, Yi SW, Kim HJ, Kim SM, Kim JH, Park KH. Construction of PLGA Nanoparticles Coated with Polycistronic SOX5, SOX6, and SOX9 Genes for Chondrogenesis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:1361-1372. [PMID: 28005327 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Transfection of a cocktail of genes into cells has recently attracted attraction in stem cell differentiation. However, it is not easy to control the transfection rate of each gene. To control and regulate gene delivery into human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), we employed multicistronic genes coupled with a nonviral gene carrier system for stem cell differentiation. Three genes, SOX5, SOX6, and SOX9, were successfully fabricated in a single plasmid. This multicistronic plasmid was complexed with the polycationic polymer polyethylenimine, and poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles were coated with this complex. The uptake of PLGA nanoparticles complexed with the multicistronic plasmid was tested first. Thereafter, transfection of SOX5, SOX6, and SOX9 was evaluated, which increased the potential for chondrogenesis of hMSCs. The expression of specific genes triggered by transfection of SOX5, SOX6, and SOX9 was tested by RT-PCR and real-time qPCR. Furthermore, specific proteins related to chondrocytes were investigated by a glycosaminoglycan/DNA assay, Western blotting, histological analyses, and immunofluorescence staining. These methods demonstrated that chondrogenesis of hMSCs treated with PLGA nanoparticles carrying this multicistronic genes was better than that of hMSCs treated with other carriers. Furthermore, the multicistronic genes complexed with PLGA nanoparticles were more simple than that of each single gene complexation with PLGA nanoparticles. Multicistronic genes showed more chondrogenic differentiation than each single gene transfection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University , 6F, CHA Bio-complex, 689 Sampyeong-dong Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 134-88, Korea
| | - Se Won Yi
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University , 6F, CHA Bio-complex, 689 Sampyeong-dong Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 134-88, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University , 6F, CHA Bio-complex, 689 Sampyeong-dong Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 134-88, Korea
| | - Seong Min Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University , 6F, CHA Bio-complex, 689 Sampyeong-dong Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 134-88, Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University , 6F, CHA Bio-complex, 689 Sampyeong-dong Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 134-88, Korea
| | - Keun-Hong Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University , 6F, CHA Bio-complex, 689 Sampyeong-dong Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 134-88, Korea
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Dong S, Zhou X, Yang J. TAT modified and lipid - PEI hybrid nanoparticles for co-delivery of docetaxel and pDNA. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 84:954-961. [PMID: 27764758 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-delivery of anticancer drugs and gene is promising to generate synergistic anticancer effects. Surface modification of nanocarriers with specific ligands could further assist in targeting and internalization of the nanocarriers into specific cell populations, such as cancers and disease organs. PURPOSE The aim of the study reported here is to develop Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) modified lipid - PEI hybrid nanoparticles (LPNs) for effective co-delivery of docetaxel (DTX) and plasmid DNA (pDNA) for combination chemotherapy. METHODS RKKRRQRRR peptide (TAT) modified, DTX and pDNA loaded LPNs (TAT-DTX/pDNA LPNs) were prepared and evaluated in PC3 cancer cells (in vitro) and in a murine prostate cancer model (in vivo). RESULTS The results illustrated that the in vitro anticancer effect, in vitro transfection efficiency, in vivo antitumor and gene delivery efficacy of TAT-DTX/pDNA LPNs have advantages over other formulation tested. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that TAT-DTX/pDNA LPNs could be a promising co-delivery nano-system to achieve therapeutic efficacy for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Linyi Cancer Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jiying Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, PR China.
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Yu D, Li W, Zhang Y, Zhang B. Anti-tumor efficiency of paclitaxel and DNA when co-delivered by pH responsive ligand modified nanocarriers for breast cancer treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:1428-1435. [PMID: 27592131 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Combination of chemotherapy and nucleic acid therapy generally take advantage of drugs anti-tumor activity together with DNA capacity to transfect cancer cells, showing great promise in cancer treatment. However, effective co-delivery of drugs and DNA in a single carrier for cancer treatment remains a challenge. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to design a tumor targeted, pH sensitive nanocarriers for the co-delivery of gene and drug. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hyaluronic acid - acid sensitive linker - 1,2-distearoyl phosphatideylethanolamine copolymers (HA-as-DSPE) were synthesized. HA-as-DSPE modified, paclitaxel and pDNA loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (HA-PTX/pDNA SLN) was prepared. The physicochemical properties like morphology, size, and zeta potential as well as release properties were evaluated. The ability and therapeutic effects of the novel system for the co-delivery of PTX and pDNA were demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS In vitro experiments and in vivo animal studies both confirmed that the HA-PTX/pDNA SLN system could promote the inhibition of tumor, at the same time deliver and transfect gene into the cancer cells. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Highest efficiency achieved by HA-PTX/pDNA SLN might result from the HA ligands that targeted the receptors on the cancer cells, the enhanced cellular uptake by the SLN formulations and also the pH sensitive bound of the carriers let the drug release more in the tumor cells. It could be concluded that HA-PTX/pDNA SLN could be used as a promising delivery system for drug and gene combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongMei Yu
- Department of Public Health, Shandong Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, 272011, Shandong, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Science Research, Shandong Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, 272011, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yueying Zhang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, Shandong, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Jining No. 1 People's Hospital, Jining, 272011, Shandong, PR China.
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Xia J, Tian H, Chen J, Lin L, Guo Z, Han B, Yang H, Feng Z. pH-Triggered Sheddable Shielding System for Polycationic Gene Carriers. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E141. [PMID: 30979234 PMCID: PMC6432142 DOI: 10.3390/polym8040141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For improving the therapeutic efficiency of tumors and decreasing undesirable side effects, ternary complexes were developed by coating pH-sensitive PEG-b-PLL-g-succinylsulfathiazole (hereafter abbreviated as PPSD) with DNA/PEI polyplexes via electrostatic interaction. PPSD can efficiently shield the surface charge of DNA/PEI. The gene transfection efficiency of ternary complexes was lower than that of DNA/PEI at pH 7.4; however, it recovered to the same level as that of DNA/PEI at pH 6.0, attributed to the pH-triggered release of DNA/PEI from ternary complexes. Cell uptake results also exhibited the same trend as transfection at different pH values. The suitable ability for pH-triggered shielding/deshielding estimated that PPSD demonstrates potential as a shielding system for use in in vivo gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, 29 Cunjin Road, Zhanjiang 524048, China.
- Development Center for New Materials Engineering & Technology in Universities of Guangdong, Zhanjiang 524048, China.
| | - Huayu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Lin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Zhaopei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Bing Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, 29 Cunjin Road, Zhanjiang 524048, China.
| | - Hongyan Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, 29 Cunjin Road, Zhanjiang 524048, China.
| | - Zongcai Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, 29 Cunjin Road, Zhanjiang 524048, China.
- Development Center for New Materials Engineering & Technology in Universities of Guangdong, Zhanjiang 524048, China.
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