1
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Tamo AK. Nanocellulose-based hydrogels as versatile materials with interesting functional properties for tissue engineering applications. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:7692-7759. [PMID: 38805188 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00397g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Tissue engineering has emerged as a remarkable field aiming to restore or replace damaged tissues through the use of biomimetic constructs. Among the diverse materials investigated for this purpose, nanocellulose-based hydrogels have garnered attention due to their intriguing biocompatibility, tunable mechanical properties, and sustainability. Over the past few years, numerous research works have been published focusing on the successful use of nanocellulose-based hydrogels as artificial extracellular matrices for regenerating various types of tissues. The review emphasizes the importance of tissue engineering, highlighting hydrogels as biomimetic scaffolds, and specifically focuses on the role of nanocellulose in composites that mimic the structures, properties, and functions of the native extracellular matrix for regenerating damaged tissues. It also summarizes the types of nanocellulose, as well as their structural, mechanical, and biological properties, and their contributions to enhancing the properties and characteristics of functional hydrogels for tissue engineering of skin, bone, cartilage, heart, nerves and blood vessels. Additionally, recent advancements in the application of nanocellulose-based hydrogels for tissue engineering have been evaluated and documented. The review also addresses the challenges encountered in their fabrication while exploring the potential future prospects of these hydrogel matrices for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Kamdem Tamo
- Institute of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, CNRS, UMR 5223, 69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France
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2
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Tagliaro I, Mariani M, Akbari R, Contardi M, Summa M, Saliu F, Nisticò R, Antonini C. PFAS-free superhydrophobic chitosan coating for fabrics. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 333:121981. [PMID: 38494233 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
In view of health and environmental concerns, together with the upcoming restrictive regulations on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), less impactful materials must be explored for the hydrophobization of surfaces. Polysaccharides, and especially chitosan, are being explored for their desirable properties of film formation and ease of modification. We present a PFAS-free chitosan superhydrophobic coating for textiles deposited through a solvent-free method. By contact angle analysis and drop impact, we observe that the coating imparts hydrophobicity to the fabrics, reaching superhydrophobicty (θA = 151°, θR = 136°) with increased amount of coating (from 1.6 g/cm2). This effect is obtained by the combination of chemical water repellency of the modified chitosan and the nano- and micro-roughness, assessed by SEM analysis. We perform a comprehensive study on the durability of the coatings, showing good results especially for acidic soaking where the hydrophobicity is maintained until the 8th cycle of washing. We assess the degradation of the coating by a TGA-IR investigation to define the compounds released with thermal degradation, and we confirm the coating's biodegradability by biochemical oxygen consumption. Finally, we demonstrate its biocompatibility on keratinocytes (HaCaT cell line) and fibroblasts (HFF-1 cell line), confirming that the coating is safe for human skin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Tagliaro
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20131 Milano, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Mariani
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Raziyeh Akbari
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Contardi
- Earth and Environmental Science Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy; MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Center), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll 12030, Maldives; Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Summa
- Translational Pharmacology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Saliu
- Earth and Environmental Science Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Nisticò
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20131 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Antonini
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, via Cozzi 55, 20131 Milano, Italy.
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3
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Fleetwood SK, Bell S, Jetter R, Foster EJ. Water-Repellent Spray for Textiles Using Plant Waste from Conifer Trees. ACS APPLIED ENGINEERING MATERIALS 2024; 2:1288-1297. [PMID: 38808266 PMCID: PMC11129697 DOI: 10.1021/acsaenm.4c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
A superhydrophobic textile coating, applied by using a home drying machine, was developed as an aqueous dispersion of waxes that were extracted from recycled Christmas trees. Because the bulk extraction of waxes yielded a mixture of hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds, a purification process was tested to determine if removing noncrystallizing wax components would enhance the performance of the coating. The performances of coatings created from the crude and enriched extracts were compared, and no significant difference in hydrophobicity was found. Moreover, although the enriched coating was slightly more breathable, there was not enough of an improvement to justify the additional purification steps, rendering the crude extract more industrially viable. Overall, Christmas tree waxes are readily sourced and are capable of producing superhydrophobic coatings without the need for a costly purification step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K. Fleetwood
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering 421, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sydney Bell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Department
of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - E. Johan Foster
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering 421, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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4
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Lee I, Kim J, Yun S, Jang J, Cho SY, Cho JS, Ryu JH, Choi D, Cho C. Synergistic Combination of Dual Clays in Multilayered Nanocomposites for Enhanced Flame Retardant Properties. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:6606-6615. [PMID: 38371790 PMCID: PMC10870267 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
In an effort to reduce the flammability of synthetic polymeric materials such as cotton fabrics and polyurethane foam (PUF), hybrid nanocoatings are prepared by layer-by-layer assembly. Multilayered nanocomposites of a cationic polyelectrolyte, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA), are paired with two kinds of clay nanoplatelets, montmorillonite (MMT) and vermiculite (VMT). The physical properties such as thickness and mass and thermal behaviors in clay-based nanocoatings with and without incorporation of tris buffer are compared to assess the effectiveness of amine salts on flame retardant (FR) performances. A PDDA-tris/VMT-MMT system, in which tris buffer is introduced into the cationic PDDA aqueous solution, produces a thicker and heavier coating. Three different systems, including PDDA/MMT, PDDA/VMT-MMT, and PDDA-tris/VMT-MMT, result in conformal coating, retaining the weave structure of the fabrics after being exposed to a vertical and horizontal flame test, while the uncoated sample is completely burned out. The synergistic effects of dual clay-based hybrid nanocoatings are greatly improved by adding amine salts. Cone calorimetry reveals that the PDDA-tris/VMT-MMT-coated PUF eliminates a second peak heat release rate and significantly reduces other FR performances, compared to those obtained from the clay-based multilayer films with no amine salts added. Ten bilayers of PDDA-tris/VMT-MMT (≈250 nm thick) maintain the shape of foam after exposure to a butane torch flame for 12 s. As for practical use of these nanocomposites in real fire disasters, spray-assisted PDDA-tris/VMT-MMT multilayers on woods exhibit high resistance over flammability. Improved fire resistance in PDDA-tris/VMT-MMT is believed to be due to the enhanced char yield through the addition of tris buffer that promotes the deposition of more clay particles while retaining a highly ordered deposition of a densely packed nanobrick wall structure. This work demonstrates the ability to impart significant fire resistance to synthetic polymer materials in a fully renewable nanocoating that uses environmentally benign chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inyoung Lee
- Department
of Carbon Convergence Engineering, College of Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhong Kim
- Department
of Carbon Convergence Engineering, College of Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehui Yun
- Department
of Carbon Convergence Engineering, College of Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Jang
- Wearable
Platform Materials Technology Center (WMC), Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Youn Cho
- Carbon
Composite Materials Research Center, Korea
Institute of Science and Technology, 92 Chudong-ro Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Sang Cho
- Department
of Engineering Chemistry, Chungbuk National
University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Ryu
- Department
of Carbon Convergence Engineering, College of Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwhi Choi
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic
of Korea
| | - Chungyeon Cho
- Department
of Carbon Convergence Engineering, College of Engineering, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
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5
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Fleetwood SK, Bell S, Jetter R, Foster EJ. Plant-based, aqueous, water-repellent sprays for coating textiles. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:7020-7032. [PMID: 37676239 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00720k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Novel superhydrophobic coatings, that are both biodegradable and biosourced, have the potential to revolutionize the water-repellent coating industry. Here, water-repellent coatings were prepared from commercially unavailable plant waxes, isolated using solvent extraction and characterized using DSC, GC-MS and DLS. In the first stage, a plant survey was conducted to identify an ideal plant source for the final spray, in which Whatman filter paper was submerged in a wax-solvent solution with recrystallization occurring upon air-drying. In the second stage, aqueous, PFC-free wax dispersions were prepared, coated onto textiles (cotton and polyester), and heat-treated with a home drying machine to allow for the spreading and recrystallization of the waxes. In both stages, SEM visualization verified the coating's morphology, and contact angle measurements showed them to be superhydrophobic. It was concluded that, using less coating material than commercial coatings, high-performing petroleum-free coatings could be made and applied onto textiles of various polarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara K Fleetwood
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering 421, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Sydney Bell
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - E Johan Foster
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering 421, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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6
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Cui C, Gao L, Dai L, Ji N, Qin Y, Shi R, Qiao Y, Xiong L, Sun Q. Hydrophobic Biopolymer-Based Films: Strategies, Properties, and Food Applications. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-023-09342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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7
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Österberg M, Henn KA, Farooq M, Valle-Delgado JJ. Biobased Nanomaterials─The Role of Interfacial Interactions for Advanced Materials. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2200-2241. [PMID: 36720130 PMCID: PMC9999428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review presents recent advances regarding biomass-based nanomaterials, focusing on their surface interactions. Plant biomass-based nanoparticles, like nanocellulose and lignin from industry side streams, hold great potential for the development of lightweight, functional, biodegradable, or recyclable material solutions for a sustainable circular bioeconomy. However, to obtain optimal properties of the nanoparticles and materials made thereof, it is crucial to control the interactions both during particle production and in applications. Herein we focus on the current understanding of these interactions. Solvent interactions during particle formation and production, as well as interactions with water, polymers, cells and other components in applications, are addressed. We concentrate on cellulose and lignin nanomaterials and their combination. We demonstrate how the surface chemistry of the nanomaterials affects these interactions and how excellent performance is only achieved when the interactions are controlled. We furthermore introduce suitable methods for probing interactions with nanomaterials, describe their advantages and challenges, and introduce some less commonly used methods and discuss their possible applications to gain a deeper understanding of the interfacial chemistry of biobased nanomaterials. Finally, some gaps in current understanding and interesting emerging research lines are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Österberg
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150Espoo, Finland
| | - K Alexander Henn
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150Espoo, Finland
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150Espoo, Finland
| | - Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 02150Espoo, Finland
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8
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Sun Y, Liu R, Xu J, Sun Y, Gong J, Long L. A durable and environmental friendly superhydrophobic coatings with
self‐cleaning
,
anti‐fouling
performance for liquid‐food residue reduction. POLYM ENG SCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Sun
- Research Institute of Wood Industry Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China
| | - Ru Liu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China
| | - Yuhui Sun
- Research Institute of Wood Industry Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China
| | - Jingya Gong
- Research Institute of Wood Industry Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China
| | - Ling Long
- Research Institute of Wood Industry Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China
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9
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Fabrication and Properties of Hydrophobically Modified ZnO–SiO2 Nanocomposite with Polysiloxane. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-023-02571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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10
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Kawano T, Wang MJ, Andou Y. Surface Modification of a Regenerated Cellulose Film Using Low-Pressure Plasma Treatment with Various Reactive Gases. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:44085-44092. [PMID: 36506144 PMCID: PMC9730310 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the fabrication of membranes and packaging materials from natural resources for a sustainable society. A regenerated cellulose (RC) film composed solely of cellulose has outstanding advantages including biodegradability, transparency, mechanical strength, and thermal stability. To expand the application of the RC film, various surface modification methods have been proposed. However, conventional chemical methods have disadvantages such as environmental burden and difficulty in controlling the reaction. In this work, low-pressure plasma treatment, a green, solvent-free, and easily controllable approach, was performed for surface modification of the RC film. The effects of three different plasma species (O2, N2, and CF4) and treatment conditions on the surface properties of RC films were investigated based on water contact angle measurements, chemical composition analysis, and surface topography. O2 and N2 plasma treatment slightly enhanced the surface wettability of RC films due to the etching by the plasma reactive species and the formation of new hydrophilic functional groups. In CF4 plasma treatments, the hydrophobic surface with a contact angle of 120.6° was obtained in a short treatment time (60 s) owing to the deposition of fluorocarbon groups on the surface. However, the treated surface in a longer reaction time resulted in increased wettability due to the diffusion and degradation of fluorine-containing bonds. The new insights could be valuable for further studies of surface modification and functionalization of RC films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessei Kawano
- Department
of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science
and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute
of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan
| | - Meng-Jiy Wang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan
University of Science and Technology, 43, Keelung Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yoshito Andou
- Department
of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Life Science
and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute
of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0196, Japan
- Collaborative
Research Centre for Green Materials on Environmental Technology, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 1-1 Sensui-chou, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-8550, Japan
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11
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de Souza G, Belgacem MN, Gandini A, Carvalho AJF. Synthesis and characterization of nanofibrilated cellulose films modified with blocked isocyanates in aqueous media and their barrier properties to water vapor and oxygen. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
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12
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Ning L, Zhang L, Zhang S, Wang W. How does surfactant affect the hydrophobicity of wax-coated wood? Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Sfameni S, Lawnick T, Rando G, Visco A, Textor T, Plutino MR. Functional Silane-Based Nanohybrid Materials for the Development of Hydrophobic and Water-Based Stain Resistant Cotton Fabrics Coatings. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193404. [PMID: 36234532 PMCID: PMC9565586 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The textile-finishing industry, is one of the main sources of persistent organic pollutants in water; in this regard, it is necessary to develop and employ new sustainable approaches for fabric finishing and treatment. This research study shows the development of an efficient and eco-friendly procedure to form highly hydrophobic surfaces on cotton fabrics using different modified silica sols. In particular, the formation of highly hydrophobic surfaces on cotton fabrics was studied by using a two-step treatment procedure, i.e., first applying a hybrid silica sol obtained by hydrolysis and subsequent condensation of (3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxy silane with different alkyl(trialkoxy)silane under acid conditions, and then applying hydrolyzed hexadecyltrimethoxysilane on the treated fabrics to further improve the fabrics' hydrophobicity. The treated cotton fabrics showed excellent water repellency with a water contact angle above 150° under optimum treatment conditions. The cooperative action of rough surface structure due to the silica sol nanoparticles and the low surface energy caused by long-chain alkyl(trialkoxy)silane in the nanocomposite coating, combined with the expected roughness on microscale due to the fabrics and fiber structure, provided the treated cotton fabrics with excellent, almost super, hydrophobicity and water-based stain resistance in an eco-sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Sfameni
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Contrada di Dio, S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN–CNR, Palermo, c/o Department ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Tim Lawnick
- TEXOVERSUM School of Textiles, Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Giulia Rando
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN–CNR, Palermo, c/o Department ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Annamaria Visco
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Contrada di Dio, S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials CNR IPCB, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, 95126 Catania, Italy
| | - Torsten Textor
- TEXOVERSUM School of Textiles, Reutlingen University, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Maria Rosaria Plutino
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN–CNR, Palermo, c/o Department ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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14
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Abstract
Particle coating is one of the oldest pharmaceutical processes that is still in existence. It is the process of applying a thin polymer-based film to a particle or granule containing the active pharmaceutical ingredient. The widely used methods for particle coating are sugar coating, film coating, and enteric coating and the techniques are pan coating, fluidized bed coating, and compression coating. Sugar coating was the earlier coating method, and it was gradually replaced by film coating because it required skilled manipulation. With the technology developing, enteric coating draws more attention. Pan coating is the most classic coating technique, which is applied to sugar coating, film coating and enteric coating. Fluid bed coating is used for a mixture of multiple materials and medicines and keeps the bioavailability high. Compression coating can avoid the harmful effects of moisture and high temperature, while it requires highly accurate machinery.
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15
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Beluns S, Platnieks O, Sevcenko J, Jure M, Gaidukova G, Grase L, Gaidukovs S. Sustainable Wax Coatings Made from Pine Needle Extraction Waste for Nanopaper Hydrophobization. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050537. [PMID: 35629863 PMCID: PMC9145576 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We combine renewable and waste materials to produce hydrophobic membranes in the present work. Cellulose nanopaper prepared from paper waste was used as a structural component for the membrane. The pine wax was reclaimed from pine needle extraction waste and can be regarded as a byproduct. The dip-coating and spray-coating methods were comprehensively compared. In addition, the solubility of wax in different solvents is reported, and the concentration impact on coating quality is presented as the change in the contact angle value. The sensile drop method was used for wetting measurements. Spray-coating yielded the highest contact angle with an average of 114°, while dip-coating reached an average value of 107°. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for an in-depth comparison of surface morphology. It was observed that coating methods yield significantly different microstructures on the surface of cellulose fibers. The wax is characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Pine wax has a melting temperature of around 80 °C and excellent thermal stability in oxygen, with a degradation peak above 290 °C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to identify characteristic groups of components and show the changes on coated nanopaper. Overall, the results of this work yield important insight into wax-coated cellulose nanopapers and a comparison of spray- and dip-coating methods. The prepared materials have a potential application as membranes and packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergejs Beluns
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (O.P.); (G.G.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Oskars Platnieks
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (O.P.); (G.G.); (S.G.)
| | - Jekaterina Sevcenko
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (J.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Mara Jure
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (J.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Gerda Gaidukova
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (O.P.); (G.G.); (S.G.)
| | - Liga Grase
- Institute of Materials and Surface Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Sergejs Gaidukovs
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (O.P.); (G.G.); (S.G.)
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16
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Patil TV, Patel DK, Dutta SD, Ganguly K, Santra TS, Lim KT. Nanocellulose, a versatile platform: From the delivery of active molecules to tissue engineering applications. Bioact Mater 2022; 9:566-589. [PMID: 34820589 PMCID: PMC8591404 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocellulose, a biopolymer, has received wide attention from researchers owing to its superior physicochemical properties, such as high mechanical strength, low density, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Nanocellulose can be extracted from wide range of sources, including plants, bacteria, and algae. Depending on the extraction process and dimensions (diameter and length), they are categorized into three main types: cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). CNCs are a highly crystalline and needle-like structure, whereas CNFs have both amorphous and crystalline regions in their network. BNC is the purest form of nanocellulose. The nanocellulose properties can be tuned by chemical functionalization, which increases its applicability in biomedical applications. This review highlights the fabrication of different surface-modified nanocellulose to deliver active molecules, such as drugs, proteins, and plasmids. Nanocellulose-mediated delivery of active molecules is profoundly affected by its topographical structure and the interaction between the loaded molecules and nanocellulose. The applications of nanocellulose and its composites in tissue engineering have been discussed. Finally, the review is concluded with further opportunities and challenges in nanocellulose-mediated delivery of active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejal V. Patil
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh K. Patel
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuhin Subhra Santra
- Deptarment of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, 600036, India
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
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17
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Evaluating the X-ray-Shielding Performance of Graphene-Oxide-Coated Nanocomposite Fabric. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041441. [PMID: 35207983 PMCID: PMC8875570 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) during diagnostic medical procedures brings certain risks, especially when experiencing recurrent exposures. The fabrication of nano-based composites, doped with different nanoparticles, have been suggested as effective shielding materials to replace conventional lead-based ones in material sciences and nanotechnology. In this study, commercially available fabrics, used to produce scrubs and gowns for clinical staff, are modified utilizing graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles using a layer-by-layer (LBL) technique. GO was obtained from graphite through environmentally friendly technology by using a modified-improved Hummers' method without NaNO3. Lightweight, flexible, air- and water-permeable shielding materials are produced that are wearable in all-day clinical practice. The nanoparticles are kept to a minimum at 1 wt%; however, utilizing the LBL technique they are distributed evenly along the fibers of the fabrics to achieve as much shielding effect as possible. The evaluation of samples is accomplished by simulating real-time routine clinical procedures and the radiographic programs and devices used daily. The GO-coated nanocomposite fabrics demonstrated promising results for X-ray shielding.
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Xiao R, Yu G, Xu BB, Wang N, Liu X. Fiber Surface/Interfacial Engineering on Wearable Electronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102903. [PMID: 34418304 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface/interfacial engineering is an essential technique to explore the fiber materials properties and fulfil new functionalities. An extensive scope of current physical and chemical treating methods is reviewed here together with a variety of real-world applications. Moreover, a new surface/interface engineering approach is also introduced: self-assembly via π-π stacking, which has great potential for the surface modification of fiber materials due to its nondestructive working principle. A new fiber family member, metal-oxide framework (MOF) fiber shows promising candidacy for fiber based wearable electronics. The understanding of surface/interfacial engineering techniques on fiber materials is advanced here and it is expected to guide the rational design of future fiber based wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Xiao
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Guiqin Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui Southern Road, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Ben Bin Xu
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Nan Wang
- The Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FF, UK
| | - Xuqing Liu
- Department of Materials, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd., Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Syrlybayev D, Zharylkassyn B, Seisekulova A, Perveen A, Talamona D. Optimization of the Warpage of Fused Deposition Modeling Parts Using Finite Element Method. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213849. [PMID: 34771405 PMCID: PMC8587906 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most affordable and widespread additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. Despite its simplistic implementation, the physics behind this FDM process is very complex and involves rapid heating and cooling of the polymer feedstock. As a result, highly non-uniform internal stresses develop within the part, which can cause warpage deformation. The severity of the warpage is highly dependent on the process parameters involved, and therefore, currently extensive experimental studies are ongoing to assess their influence on the final accuracy of the part. In this study, a thermomechanical Finite Element model of the 3D printing process was developed using ANSYS. This model was compared against experimental results and several other analytical models available in the literature. The developed Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model demonstrated a good qualitative and quantitative correlation with the experimental results. An L9 orthogonal array, from Taguchi Design of Experiments, was used for the optimization of the warpage based on experimental results and numerical simulations. The optimum process parameters were identified for each objective and parts were printed using these process parameters. Both parts showed an approximately equal warpage value of 320 μm, which was the lowest among all 10 runs of the L9 array. Additionally, this model is extended to predict the warpage of FDM printed multi-material parts. The relative percentage error between the numerical and experimental warpage results for alternating and sandwich specimens are found to be 1.4% and 9.5%, respectively.
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20
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Saedi S, Shokri M, Kim JT, Shin GH. Semi-transparent regenerated cellulose/ZnONP nanocomposite film as a potential antimicrobial food packaging material. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Henn KA, Forsman N, Zou T, Österberg M. Colloidal Lignin Particles and Epoxies for Bio-Based, Durable, and Multiresistant Nanostructured Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:34793-34806. [PMID: 34261310 PMCID: PMC8397241 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for safe and sustainable alternatives in the coating industry. Bio-based coatings are interesting in this perspective. Although various oils and waxes have been used as traditional wood coatings, they often lack sufficient durability. Lignin is an abundant natural polyphenol that can be used to cure epoxies, but its poor water solubility has impeded the use of unmodified lignin in coatings in the past. To address this issue, water-dispersible colloidal lignin particles (CLPs) and an epoxy compound, glycerol diglycidyl ether (GDE), were used to prepare multiprotective bio-based surface coatings. With the GDE/CLP ratios of 0.65 and 0.52 g/g, the cured CLP-GDE films became highly resistant to abrasion and heat. When applied as a coating on wooden substrates, the particulate morphology enabled effective protection against water, stains, and sunlight with very thin layers (less than half the weight of commercial coatings) while retaining the wood's breathability excellently. Optimal hydrophobicity was reached with a coat weight of 6.9 g(CLP)/m2, resulting in water contact angle values of up to 120°. Due to their spherical shape and chemical structure, the CLPs acted as both a hardener and a particulate component in the coating, which removed the need for an underlying binding polymer matrix. Light interferometry measurements showed that while commercial polymeric film-forming coatings smoothened the substrate noticeably, the particulate morphology retained the substrate's roughness in lightweight coatings, allowing for a high water contact angle. This work presents new strategies for lignin applications in durable particulate coatings and their advantages compared to both currently used synthetic and bio-based coatings.
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22
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Yang X, Biswas SK, Han J, Tanpichai S, Li MC, Chen C, Zhu S, Das AK, Yano H. Surface and Interface Engineering for Nanocellulosic Advanced Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002264. [PMID: 32902018 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
How do trees support their upright massive bodies? The support comes from the incredibly strong and stiff, and highly crystalline nanoscale fibrils of extended cellulose chains, called cellulose nanofibers. Cellulose nanofibers and their crystalline parts-cellulose nanocrystals, collectively nanocelluloses, are therefore the recent hot materials to incorporate in man-made sustainable, environmentally sound, and mechanically strong materials. Nanocelluloses are generally obtained through a top-down process, during or after which the original surface chemistry and interface interactions can be dramatically changed. Therefore, surface and interface engineering are extremely important when nanocellulosic materials with a bottom-up process are fabricated. Herein, the main focus is on promising chemical modification and nonmodification approaches, aiming to prospect this hot topic from novel aspects, including nanocellulose-, chemistry-, and process-oriented surface and interface engineering for advanced nanocellulosic materials. The reinforcement of nanocelluloses in some functional materials, such as structural materials, films, filaments, aerogels, and foams, is discussed, relating to tailored surface and/or interface engineering. Although some of the nanocellulosic products have already reached the industrial arena, it is hoped that more and more nanocellulose-based products will become available in everyday life in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianpeng Yang
- Laboratory of Active Bio-Based Materials, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Subir Kumar Biswas
- Laboratory of Active Bio-Based Materials, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Jingquan Han
- College of Materials science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Supachok Tanpichai
- Learning Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
| | - Mei-Chun Li
- College of Materials science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Chuchu Chen
- College of Materials science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Sailing Zhu
- College of Materials science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Atanu Kumar Das
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, SE-90183, Sweden
| | - Hiroyuki Yano
- Laboratory of Active Bio-Based Materials, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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23
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Wulz P, Waldner C, Krainer S, Kontturi E, Hirn U, Spirk S. Surface hydrophobization of pulp fibers in paper sheets via gas phase reactions. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 180:80-87. [PMID: 33722621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobization of cellulosic materials and particularly paper products is a commonly used procedure to render papers more resistant to water and moisture. Here, we explore the hydrophobization of unsized paper sheets via the gas phase. We employed three different compounds, namely palmitoyl chloride (PCl), trifluoroacetic anhydride/acetic anhydride (TFAA/Ac2O)) and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) which were vaporized and allowed to react with the paper sheets via the gas phase. All routes yielded hydrophobic papers with static water contact angles far above 90° and indicated the formation of covalent bonds. The PCl and TFAA approach negatively impacted the mechanical and optical properties of the paper leading to a decrease in tensile strength and yellowing of the sheets. The HMDS modified papers did not exhibit any differences regarding relevant paper technological parameters (mechanical properties, optical properties, porosity) compared to the non-modified sheets. XPS studies revealed that the HMDS modified samples have a rather low silicon content, pointing at the formation of submonolayers of trimethylsilyl groups on the fiber surfaces in the paper network. This was further investigated by penetration dynamic analysis using ultrasonication, which revealed that the whole fiber network has been homogeneously modified with the silyl groups and not only the very outer surface as for the PCl and the TFAA modified papers. This procedure yields a possibility to study the influence of hydrophobicity on paper sheets and their network properties without changing structural and mechanical paper parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wulz
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria; CD Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Carina Waldner
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria; CD Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sarah Krainer
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria; CD Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems (BIO), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Ulrich Hirn
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria; CD Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria; CD Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
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24
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Khakalo A, Mäkelä T, Johansson LS, Orelma H, Tammelin T. High-Throughput Tailoring of Nanocellulose Films: From Complex Bio-Based Materials to Defined Multifunctional Architectures. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:7428-7438. [PMID: 33225237 PMCID: PMC7673207 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates a high-throughput approach to fabricate nanocellulose films with multifunctional performance using conventionally existing unit operations. The approach comprises cast-coating and direct interfacial atmospheric plasma-assisted gas-phase modification along with the microscale patterning technique (nanoimprint lithography, NIL), all applied in roll-to-roll mode, to introduce organic functionalities in conjunction with structural manipulation. Our strategy results in multifunctional cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) films in which the high optical transmittance (∼90%) is retained while the haze can be adjusted (2-35%). Concomitantly, the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance can be tuned (50-21 mJ/m2 with the water contact angle ranging from ∼20 up to ∼120°), while intrinsic hygroscopicity of CNF films is not significantly compromised. Therefore, a challenge to produce multifunctional bio-based materials with properties defined by various high-performance applications conjoined to the lack of efficient processing strategies is elucidated. Overall, economically and ecologically viable strategy, which was realized by facile and upscalable unit operations using the R2R technology, is introduced to expand the properties' spaces and thus offer a vast variety of interesting applications for CNF films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Khakalo
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 4E, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tapio Mäkelä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 3, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Leena-Sisko Johansson
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Hannes Orelma
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 4E, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tekla Tammelin
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie 4E, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, Finland
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26
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Effect of laminin, polylysine and cell medium components on the attachment of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to cellulose nanofibrils analyzed by surface plasmon resonance. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 584:310-319. [PMID: 33069029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of in vitro cell models that mimic cell behavior in organs and tissues is an approach that may have remarkable impact on drug testing and tissue engineering applications in the future. Plant-based, chemically unmodified cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) hydrogel is a natural, abundant, and biocompatible material that has attracted great attention for biomedical applications, in particular for three-dimensional cell cultures. However, the mechanisms of cell-CNF interactions and factors that affect these interactions are not yet fully understood. In this work, multi-parametric surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was used to study how the adsorption of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells on CNF films is affected by the different proteins and components of the cell medium. Both human recombinant laminin-521 (LN-521, a natural protein of the extracellular matrix) and poly-l-lysine (PLL) adsorbed on CNF films and enhanced the attachment of HepG2 cells. Cell medium components (glucose and amino acids) and serum proteins (fetal bovine serum, FBS) also adsorbed on both bare CNF and on protein-coated CNF substrates. However, the adsorption of FBS hindered the attachment of HepG2 cells to LN-521- and PLL-coated CNF substrates, suggesting that serum proteins blocked the formation of laminin-integrin bonds and decreased favorable PLL-cell electrostatic interactions. This work sheds light on the effect of different factors on cell attachment to CNF, paving the way for the utilization and optimization of CNF-based materials for different tissue engineering applications.
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27
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Gonçalves J, Torres N, Silva S, Gonçalves F, Noro J, Cavaco-Paulo A, Ribeiro A, Silva C. Zein impart hydrophobic and antimicrobial properties to cotton textiles. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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28
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Jannatun N, Taraqqi-A-Kamal A, Rehman R, Kuker J, Lahiri SK. A facile cross-linking approach to fabricate durable and self-healing superhydrophobic coatings of SiO2-PVA@PDMS on cotton textile. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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29
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Achagri G, Essamlali Y, Amadine O, Majdoub M, Chakir A, Zahouily M. Surface modification of highly hydrophobic polyester fabric coated with octadecylamine-functionalized graphene nanosheets. RSC Adv 2020; 10:24941-24950. [PMID: 35517480 PMCID: PMC9055142 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02655g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the design of highly hydrophobic polyester fabrics (PET) coated with organophilic graphene nanosheets (G-ODA) through a simple, cost-effective and scalable coating method. The organophilic graphene oxide was successfully synthesized by covalently grafting a long chain fatty amine on its surface and was fully characterized by various physicochemical techniques. G-ODA was coated at different loadings onto the PET fabric ranging from 1 to 7 wt% to produce uniformly dispersed PET@G-ODA fabrics with multifunctional performances. FTIR has confirmed the formation of strong interfacial interaction between the PET and G-ODA functional groups. Moreover, the produced PET@G-ODA fabrics resulted in achieving enhanced thermal stability as well as excellent water repellency compared to the pristine PET. Water contact angle measurements showed a tremendous enhancement of surface hydrophobicity up to 148° with 7 wt% loading of G-ODA. Tensile strength tests revealed that our fabric exhibited excellent mechanical properties compared to neat PET. In addition, the designed PET@G-ODA fabrics demonstrated excellent oil/water separation efficiency for different oil/water mixtures. The obtained results are very promising in terms of designing and producing functional PET fabrics with improved thermal and surface proprieties. This study focuses on the design of highly hydrophobic polyester fabrics (PET) coated with organophilic graphene nanosheets (G-ODA) through a simple, cost-effective and scalable coating method.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghizlane Achagri
- Laboratoire de Matériaux, Catalyse et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, URAC 24, FST, University Hassan II-Casablanca Morroco
| | - Younes Essamlali
- VARENA Center, MAScIR Foundation, Rabat Design Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Medinat El Irfane 10100-Rabat Morroco
| | - Othmane Amadine
- VARENA Center, MAScIR Foundation, Rabat Design Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Medinat El Irfane 10100-Rabat Morroco
| | - Mohamed Majdoub
- VARENA Center, MAScIR Foundation, Rabat Design Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Medinat El Irfane 10100-Rabat Morroco
| | - Achraf Chakir
- Laboratoire de Matériaux, Catalyse et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, URAC 24, FST, University Hassan II-Casablanca Morroco
| | - Mohamed Zahouily
- Laboratoire de Matériaux, Catalyse et Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles, URAC 24, FST, University Hassan II-Casablanca Morroco.,VARENA Center, MAScIR Foundation, Rabat Design Rue Mohamed El Jazouli, Medinat El Irfane 10100-Rabat Morroco
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30
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Improved Water Repellency and Dimensional Stability of Wood via Impregnation with an Epoxidized Linseed Oil and Carnauba Wax Complex Emulsion. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11030271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural wood is susceptible to moisture during its practical use, limiting not only service life but also the range of uses. In this study, plant extracts, specifically linseed oil and carnauba wax (both environmentally friendly and water-repellent substances), were examined as a means to mitigate limitations of natural wood. Stable and homogenous epoxidized linseed oil/carnauba wax emulsions with an average particle size less than 230 nm were used as a modifier to enhance the performance of wood. Weight percentage gain, bulking coefficient, micromorphology, chemical structure, moisture adsorption, contact angle, water repellency, and dimensional stability of treated wood were measured. Using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), it was observed that carnauba wax and epoxidized linseed oil acted as a mechanical barrier and could partially cover or block vessels, pits, and wood rays. Furthermore, the hydrophobicity of wood increased significantly after emulsion impregnation. However, there was no obvious chemical reaction between epoxidized linseed oil and the main components of wood in the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results. The combined effect of epoxidized linseed oil and carnauba wax was apparent in both decreased water absorption and dimensional deformation. Poplar wood impregnated with an epoxidized linseed oil/carnauba wax complex emulsion shows potential for improving water-related properties. Thus, the complex emulsion modification can improve the inherent shortcoming of poplar wood effectively.
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Ouadil B, Amadine O, Essamlali Y, Cherkaoui O, Zahouily M. A new route for the preparation of hydrophobic and antibacterial textiles fabrics using Ag-loaded graphene nanocomposite. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Forsman N, Johansson LS, Koivula H, Tuure M, Kääriäinen P, Österberg M. Open coating with natural wax particles enables scalable, non-toxic hydrophobation of cellulose-based textiles. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 227:115363. [PMID: 31590853 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental benign cellulosic textiles are hampered by their tendency to absorb water, which restricts their use in functional clothing. Herein we describe a method to functionalize textile surfaces using thin, open coatings based on natural wax particles and natural polymers rendering cellulosic fabrics water-repellent while retaining their feel and breathability. The impact of curing temperature, cationic polymer and fabric properties on wetting and long-term water-repellency were studied using contact angle measurements and scanning electron microscopy. The wetting properties were correlated to roughness of the textiles using white light interferometer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed the surface chemical composition, leading to fundamental understanding of the effect of annealing on the wax layer. Breathability was evaluated by water vapor permeability. The optimal curing temperature was 70 °C. The developed coating performed well on different natural textiles, and better than commercial alternatives. A set of garment prototypes were produced using the coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Forsman
- Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Leena-Sisko Johansson
- Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Hanna Koivula
- University of Helsinki, Department of Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 66, FI-00014 Helsingin Yliopisto, Finland
| | - Matilda Tuure
- Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture, P.O. Box 31000, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Pirjo Kääriäinen
- Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture, P.O. Box 31000, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Monika Österberg
- Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
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Wang J, Ye X, Ni H, Zhang J, Ju S, Ding W. Transfection Efficiency Evaluation and Endocytosis Exploration of Different Polymer Condensed Agents. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:1048-1055. [PMID: 31433200 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA condensed agents can improve the transfection efficiency of the cationic liposome delivery system. However, various condensed agents have distinct transfection efficiency and cellular cytotoxicity. The object of this study was to screen the optimal agents with the high transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity from four polymer compressive materials, polyethylenimine (PEI), chitosan, poly-l-lysine (PLL), and spermidine. DNA was precompressed with these four agents and then combined to cationic liposomes. Subsequently, the entrapment and transfection efficiency of the obtained complexes were investigated. Finally, the particle sizes, cytotoxicity, and endocytosis fashion of these copolymers (Lipo-PEI, Lipo-chitosan, Lipo-PLL, and Lipo-spermidine) were examined. It was found that these four copolymers had significantly lower cytotoxicity and higher transfection efficiency (45.5%, 42.4%, 36.8%, and 47.4%, respectively) than those in the control groups. The transfection efficiency of Lipo-PEI and Lipo-spermidine copolymers were better than the other two copolymers. In 293T cells, nystatin significantly inhibited the transfection efficiency of Lipo-PEI-DNA and Lipo-spermidine-DNA (51.88% and 46.05%, respectively), which suggest that the endocytosis pathway of Lipo-spermidine and Lipo-PEI copolymers was probably caveolin dependent. Our study indicated that these dual-degradable copolymers especially liposome-spermidine copolymer could be used as the potential biocompatible gene delivery carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China.,Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolei Ye
- Ningbo Institute of Medical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
| | - Hongbing Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Shaoqing Ju
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, P.R. China.,Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, P.R. China
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Zahid M, Mazzon G, Athanassiou A, Bayer IS. Environmentally benign non-wettable textile treatments: A review of recent state-of-the-art. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 270:216-250. [PMID: 31277037 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Among superhydrophobic materials, non-wettable textiles are probably the ones that come in contact or interact with the human body most frequently. Hence, textile treatments for water or oil repellency should be non-toxic, biocompatible, and comply with stringent health standards. Moreover, considering the volume of the worldwide textile industry, these treatments should be scalable, sustainable, and eco-friendly. Due to this awareness, more and more non-wettable textile treatments with eco-friendly processes and green or non-toxic chemicals are being adopted and reported. Although fluorinated alkylsilanes or fluorinated polymers with C8 chemistry (with ≥ 8 fluorinated carbon atoms) are the best performing materials to render textiles water or oil repellent, they pose substantial health and environmental problems and are being banned. For this reason, water/solvent-borne, C8-free vehicles for non-wettable treatment formulations are probably the only ones that can have commercialization prospects. Hence, researchers have come up with a variety of new, non-toxic, green formulations and materials to render fabrics liquid repellent that constitute the focus of this review paper. As such, this review article discusses and summarizes recent developments and techniques on various sustainable superhydrophobic treatments for textiles, with comparable performance and durability to formulations based on fluorinated C8 compounds. The current state-of-the-art technologies, potential commercialization prospects, and relevant limitations are discussed and summarized with examples. The review also attempts to indicate promising future strategies and new materials that can transform the process for non-wettable textiles into an all-sustainable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Technologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Giulia Mazzon
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Technologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Informatica e Statistica (DAIS), Università Ca' Foscari, Dorsoduro 3246, 30123 Venezia, Italy
| | | | - Ilker S Bayer
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Technologia, Via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
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Yang M, Liu W, Jiang C, Xie Y, Shi H, Zhang F, Wang Z. Facile construction of robust superhydrophobic cotton textiles for effective UV protection, self-cleaning and oil-water separation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Mattinen ML, Riviere G, Henn A, Nugroho RWN, Leskinen T, Nivala O, Valle-Delgado JJ, Kostiainen MA, Österberg M. Colloidal Lignin Particles as Adhesives for Soft Materials. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8121001. [PMID: 30513957 PMCID: PMC6315807 DOI: 10.3390/nano8121001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lignin has interesting functionalities to be exploited in adhesives for medicine, foods and textiles. Nanoparticles (NPs) < 100 nm coated with poly (L-lysine), PL and poly(L-glutamic acid) PGA were prepared from the laccase treated lignin to coat nanocellulose fibrils (CNF) with heat. NPs ca. 300 nm were prepared, β-casein coated and cross-linked with transglutaminase (Tgase) to agglutinate chamois. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to characterize polymerized lignin, while zeta potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS) to ensure coating of colloidal lignin particles (CLPs). Protein adsorption on lignin was studied by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was exploited to examine interactions between different polymers and to image NPs with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Tensile testing showed, when using CLPs for the adhesion, the stress improved ca. 10 and strain ca. 6 times compared to unmodified Kraft. For the β-casein NPs, the values were 20 and 8, respectively, and for the β-casein coated CLPs between these two cases. When NPs were dispersed in adhesive formulation, the increased Young’s moduli confirmed significant improvement in the stiffness of the joints over the adhesive alone. Exploitation of lignin in nanoparticulate morphology is a potential method to prepare bionanomaterials for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija-Liisa Mattinen
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Guillaume Riviere
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Alexander Henn
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Robertus Wahyu N Nugroho
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Timo Leskinen
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Outi Nivala
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland.
| | - Juan José Valle-Delgado
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Monika Österberg
- Bioproduct Chemistry, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland.
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37
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Cunha AG, Lundahl M, Ansari MF, Johansson LS, Campbell JM, Rojas OJ. Surface Structuring and Water Interactions of Nanocellulose Filaments Modified with Organosilanes toward Wearable Materials. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2018; 1:5279-5288. [PMID: 30320301 PMCID: PMC6167725 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.8b01268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal dispersions of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are viable alternatives to cellulose II dissolutions used for filament spinning. The porosity and water vapor affinity of CNF filaments make them suitable for controlled breathability. However, many textile applications also require water repellence. Here, we investigated the effects of postmodification of wet-spun CNF filaments via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Two organosilanes with different numbers of methyl substituents were considered. Various surface structures were achieved, either as continuous, homogeneous coating layers or as three-dimensional, hairy-like assemblies. Such surface features reduced the surface energy, which significantly affected the interactions with water. Filaments with water contact angles of up to 116° were obtained, and surface energy measurements indicated the possibility of developing amphiphobicity. Dynamic vapor sorption and full immersion experiments were carried out to inquire about the interactions with water, whether in the liquid or gas forms. Mechanical tests revealed that the wet strength of the modified filaments were almost 3 times higher than that of the unmodified precursors. The hydrolytic and mechanical stabilities of the adsorbed layers were also revealed. Overall, our results shed light on the transformation of aqueous dispersions of CNFs into filaments that are suited for controlled interactions with water via concurrent hydrolysis and condensation reactions in CVD, while maintaining the moisture buffering capacity and breathability of related structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G. Cunha
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto 00076, Finland
- E-mail: (A.G.C.). Phone: +46 73 059 7910
| | - Meri Lundahl
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Mohd Farhan Ansari
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology and Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Leena-Sisko Johansson
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Joseph M. Campbell
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto 00076, Finland
- E-mail: (O.J.R.). Phone: +358 50 512 4227
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A fast method to prepare mechanically strong and water resistant lignocellulosic nanopapers. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 203:148-156. [PMID: 30318198 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study covers a green method to prepare hybrid lignocellulosic nanopapers by combining wood nanofibres (WNFs) and cellulose nanofibres (CNFs). The WNFs and CNFs behave synergistically to compensate for the drawbacks of each other resulting in enhanced hybrid nanopapers. The draining time of hybrid nanopapers was improved by up to 75% over CNF nanopaper, and the mechanical properties, modulus, strength and elongation, were respectively improved up to 35%, 90% and 180% over WNF nanopaper. Additionally, the water resistance of hybrid nanopapers was considerably improved with a water contact angle of 95°; the neat CNF nanopaper had a contact angle of 52°. The morphology of nanopapers, studied by electron microscopy, indicated that lignin acts as a matrix, which binds the nanofibres together and makes them impervious to external environmental factors, such as high humidity. The reported hybrid nanopapers are 100% bio-based, prepared by a simple and environmentally friendly processing route. Reported hybrid nanopapers can be used in novel applications such as gas barrier membranes and printable electronics.
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