1
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Jing Q, Lu Y, Liu K, Yan Y, Zhang G. Evaluating the fire resistance and durability of cotton textiles treated with a phosphoramide phosphorus ester phosphate ammonium flame retardant. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130144. [PMID: 38360228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The phosphoramide phosphorus ester phosphate ammonium (PPEPA) flame retardant was synthesized by phosphorus oxychloride and ethanolamine, and its structure was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Cotton textiles treated with 20 wt% PPEPA (CT-PPEPA3) would have high durability and flame retardance. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of CT-PPEPA3 was found to be 46.5 %, while after undergoing 50 laundering cycles (LCs) following the AATCC 61-2013 3 A standard, the LOI only decreased to 31.4 %. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses suggested the penetration of PPEPA molecules into the interior of cotton fibers, resulting in a minor alteration of the cellulose crystal structure. The excellent durability, FTIR, and energy-dispersive X-ray of CT-PPEPA3 provided evidence for the formation of -N-P(=O)-O-C- and -O-P(=O)-O-C- covalent bonds between the PPEPA molecules and cellulose. The -N-P(=O)-O-C- bond exhibited a p-π conjugation effect, leading to enhanced stability and improved durability of the flame-retardant cotton textiles. Vertical flame, thermogravimetric, and cone calorimetry tests demonstrated that the CT-PPEPA3 underwent condensed-phase and synergistic flame retardation. Additionally, these finished cotton textiles retained adequate breaking strength and softness, making them suitable for various applications. In conclusion, the incorporation of the -N-P(=O)-ONH4 group into the phosphorus ester phosphate ammonium flame retardant demonstrated effective enhancement of the fire resistance and durability of treated cotton textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yonghua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Kunling Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Guangxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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2
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Zhou H, Lu Y, Liang M, Jin Q, Yang Y, Tang Q, Diao S, Cheng Y, Liu K, Li J, Zhang G. A cationic, durable, P/N-containing starch-based flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129543. [PMID: 38246451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A cationic, durable flame retardant for cotton fabrics, 6-(2-(dimethoxy phosphoryl)-2-(trimethyl ammonium)) methoxy-2-methoxy-polysaccharide ammonium phosphate (DTPAP), was synthesized. Its structure was verified by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. According to the FTIR spectra and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), DTPAP formed P(=O)-O-C bonds with cellulose molecules and firmly grafted to cotton fabrics, giving the fabric a high durability. DTPAP-25-treated fabrics passed the vertical flame test (VFT), and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was 43.9 %. After 50 laundering cycles (LCs), the DTPAP-25-treated fabrics had an LOI of 29.9 %, passed the VFT, and retained their flame retardancy. EDS data showed that, compared with engrafted cationic ammonium phosphate flame retardants, the DTPAP-treated fabrics contained fewer metal ions. Cone calorimetry data showed that DTPAP-25-treated fabrics did not display concentrated heat release. The results suggested that DTPAP exhibited a condensed-phase flame retardant mechanism, and the introduction of cations into the ammonium phosphate flame retardant reduced ion exchange, which improved the durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yonghua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Mengxiao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Qing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Qian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Shuo Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Institute of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Kunling Liu
- Institute of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jinhao Li
- Institute of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Guangxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, College of Sericulture Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Street, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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3
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Song WM, Zhang LY, Li P, Ni YP, Liu Y. The fabrication of flame-retardant viscose fabrics with phytic acid-based flame retardants: Balancing efficient flame retardancy and tensile strength. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129596. [PMID: 38253158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Viscose fabrics have been widely used in various applications, but their potential fire hazard has been a concern. To address this issue, improving the flame retardancy of viscose fabrics has become a significant priority. Phytic acid (PA) and xylitol were used to create a novel flame retardant, PAXY. PAXY was finished on viscose fabrics by pad-dry-curing process, and the performance of coated viscose fabrics was investigated. The results showed that the limiting oxygen index value of PAXY13-100 (fabrics finished with a 100 g/L flame-retardant solution and the flame retardant synthesized by a 1: 3 M ratio of PA to xylitol) reached 32.8 % and the heat release rate value was decreased by 77 %. Based on the findings from the analysis of both the gas phase and condensed phase products, PAXY promoted the dehydration of viscose fabrics to produce a denser char layer, which inhibited the production of flammable gases. Surprisingly, the breaking force retention of PAXY13-100 reached 90 % in warp and 114 % in weft. Compared with that of 100 g/L PA-treated fabrics, the breaking force of PAXY13-100 increased by nearly 400 %. This work provides a new strategy for PA-based flame-retardant finishing with the synergy of flame retardancy and breaking force retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Meng Song
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Li-Yao Zhang
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan-Peng Ni
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yun Liu
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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4
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Sharif R, Qutab HG, Mahmood K, Gul S, Ramzan N, Mohsin M, Wahlah A, Nasir R, Fazal P, Ali B. One pot application of a green chemistry-based finish for cotton fabric, providing hydrophobic, flame retardant, and antimicrobial properties. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6146-6155. [PMID: 38375009 PMCID: PMC10875413 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07931g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorinated and formaldehyde-based compounds impart excellent hydrophobicity and flame-retardant properties to cotton fabrics. However, they come with various health and environmental risks. A novel hydrophobic, flame retardant, and antimicrobial finishing agent free from fluorine and formaldehyde was synthesized. The diammonium phosphate octadecyl citrate (DAPOC) was synthesized by using stearic acid (octadecanoic acid), citric acid (propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid), and diammonium hydrogen phosphate. It was grafted onto the cotton fabrics by employing the conventional pad-dry-cure method. The results indicated that this newly developed finish could be chemically bonded to cotton fabrics through C-O-C covalent bonds. The contact angle of the cotton fabric finished with a 12% concentration of the finishing agent reached 151.9°. Additionally, the finished cotton fabrics displayed evident flame-retardant properties. After undergoing 20 laundering cycles, DAPOC maintained strong hydrophobic and flame-retardant characteristics, demonstrating its durability. The chemical structure of DAPOC was verified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). The thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the flame-retardant nature of the treated cotton fabric samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results demonstrated the successful grafting of the newly created finish onto the cotton fiber. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra depicted that the crystalline structure of finished cotton fabric remained mostly unaltered. Furthermore, the finished cotton fabric exhibited commendable antimicrobial properties due to the inclusion of citric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Sharif
- Department of Chemical, Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Faisalabad Campus Lahore Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Haji Ghulam Qutab
- Department of Chemical, Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Faisalabad Campus Lahore Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Department of Chemical, Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Faisalabad Campus Lahore Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Saba Gul
- Department of Chemical, Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Faisalabad Campus Lahore Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ramzan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mohsin
- Department of Textile Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus Faisalabad Pakistan
| | | | - Rizwan Nasir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Jeddah Asfan Road Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Palwasha Fazal
- Department of Chemical, Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Faisalabad Campus Lahore Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Barkat Ali
- Department of Chemical, Polymer and Process Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Faisalabad Campus Lahore Faisalabad Pakistan
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5
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Liu K, Cheng Y, Li J, Ding D, Liu Y, Zhang G, Zhang F. Synthesis and evaluation of an eco-friendly and durable flame-retardant cotton fabrics based on a high-phosphorous-content. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 640:688-697. [PMID: 36893535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.02.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Cotton fabrics are extremely flammable. Therefore, ammonium salt of dipentaerythritol hexaphosphoric acid (ADPHPA), a novel reactive phosphorus flame retardant without halogen and formaldehyde, was synthesized by solvent-free synthesis method. Surface chemical graft modification was chosen to introduce flame retardant, imparting its flame retardancy and washability. SEM indicated that ADPHPA entered the interior of cotton fiber, which was grafted with OH of control cotton fabrics (CCF) by forming POC covalent bonds to obtain treated cotton fabrics (TCF). There were no apparent differences in the fiber morphology and crystal structure after treatment according to SEM and XRD analysis. TG analysis demonstrated that the decomposition process of TCF was changed compared with CCF, while lower heat release rate and total heat release of TCF indicated its combustion efficiency was also reduced based on cone calorimetry test. Meanwhile, in the durability test, TCF had undergone 50 laundering cycles (LCs) in accordance with AATCC-61-2013 3A standard and had a short vertical combustion charcoal length, which were able to be regard as durable flame-retardant fabrics. The mechanical properties of TCF decreased to a degree, but did not affect the actual use of cotton fabrics. Taken as a whole, ADPHPA has research significance and development potential as a durable phosphorus-based flame retardant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunling Liu
- Institute of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Street, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- Institute of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Street, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jinhao Li
- Institute of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Street, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dan Ding
- Institute of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Street, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yunlan Liu
- Institute of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Street, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guangxian Zhang
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fengxiu Zhang
- Institute of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Street, Chongqing 400715, China.
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6
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Zhong F, Lu M, Chen C, Liu L, Yang X. Phytic acid cross-linked copper ions anchored to BN surface to enhance the fire performance of waterborne epoxy intumescent coatings. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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7
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Rahman MZ, Wang X, Song L, Hu Y. A novel green phosphorus-containing flame retardant finishing on polysaccharide-modified polyamide 66 fabric for improving hydrophilicity and durability. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124252. [PMID: 36996951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Rising concerns about the toxic effects and environmental issues associated with various fireproof treatments on textiles have led to a demand for "green" materials. Chitosan (CS) is an amino polysaccharide green, recyclable, and non-toxic highly biocompatible biopolymer that consists of multiple hydroxyl groups and has a wide range of applications, including as a flame retardant additive. In this study, an eco-friendly bio-based formaldehyde-free flame retardant containing a higher level of phosphorus and nitrogen in phytic acid ammonia (PAA) was synthesized to amplify the most plentiful green chitosan (CS)-modified polyamide 66 (PA66) fabric surface through a simple pad-dry-cure technique for the improvement of durable flame retardancy with hydrophilicity. The findings revealed that each UV-grafted CS fabric could entirely stop the melt-dripping tendency during the vertical burning (UL-94) test and reached a V-1 rating. Meanwhile, limiting oxygen index (LOI) testing showed a rapid increase from 18.5 % to 24 % for the PA66 control and the PAA-treated (i.e., PA66-g-5CS-PAA) fabric samples, respectively. Moreover, compared to the PA66 control sample, a dramatic decrease in the peak heat release rate (PHRR), fire growth rate (FGR), and total heat release (THR) by approximately over 52 %, 0.63 %, and 19.7 %, respectively, was observed for the PA66-g-5CS-PAA fabric sample. Additionally, this arrangement of PAA catalyzed the charring of grafted CS and acted as a condensed phase flame retardant, resulting in a significant improvement in char yield% in both air and N2 atmospheres for the PA66-g-5CS-PAA fabric sample in TGA. In addition, only the lower grafting ratio of CS with PAA-treated fabric sample (i.e., PA66-g-2CS-PAA) could encourage it to gain its lowest water contact angle of 00, as well as impersonating a positive effect in improving the flame retardant coating durability in washing and sustaining even after 10 home laundering cycles. This phenomenon suggests that an actual hydrophilic and durable flame retardant finishing procedure for polyamide 66 fabrics might be applied with the novel, plentiful, sustainable, and environmentally friendly bio-based green PAA ingredient.
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8
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Liang Y, Jian H, Deng C, Xu J, Liu Y, Park H, Wen M, Sun Y. Research and Application of Biomass-Based Wood Flame Retardants: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040950. [PMID: 36850233 PMCID: PMC9966695 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Wood is widely used as a construction material due to its many advantages, such as good mechanical properties, low production costs, and renewability. However, its flammability limits its use in construction. To solve the problem of wood flammability, the most common method to improve the fire safety of wood is to modify the wood by deep impregnation or surface coating with flame retardants. Therefore, many researchers have found that environmentally friendly and low-cost biomass materials can be used as a source of green flame retardants. Two aspects of biomass-based intumescent flame retardants are summarized in this paper. On the one hand, biomass is used as one of the three sources or as a flame-retardant synergist in combination with other flame retardants, which are called composite biomass intumescent flame retardants. On the other hand, biomass is used alone as a feedstock to produce all-biomass intumescent flame retardants. In addition, the potential of biomass-based materials as an environmentally friendly and low-cost FR source to produce high-performance biomass-based flame retardants with improved technology was also discussed in detail. The development of biomass-based intumescent flame retardants represents a viable and promising approach for the efficient and environmentally friendly production of biomass-based flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Liang
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Hao Jian
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Junxian Xu
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
| | - Heejun Park
- Department of Housing Environmental Design, and Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyu Wen
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yaoxing Sun
- Department of Wood Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Jilin 132013, China
- Correspondence: (M.W.); (Y.S.)
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9
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Singh A, Khan MD, Sheikh J. In-situ synthesis of a novel acid dye based on phosphonitrilic chloride trimer to develop coloured and flame-retardant wool. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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10
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High-Efficient Flame-Retardant Finishing of Cotton Fabrics Based on Phytic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021093. [PMID: 36674614 PMCID: PMC9865254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, an efficient phosphorus-containing flame retardant, PAPBTCA, was synthesized from phytic acid, pentaerythritol, and 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid, and its structure was characterized. PAPBTCA was finished on cotton fabrics by the pad-dry-curing process, and the flame retardancy, flame-retardant durability, and wrinkle resistance of the obtained flame-retardant fabrics were investigated. It should be noted that the heat release rate value of the flame-retardant cotton fabrics treated with 200 g/L PAPBTCA decreased by 90% and its excellent flame retardancy was maintained after 5 washing cycles. Meanwhile, the wrinkle resistance of flame-retardant cotton fabrics has been significantly improved. In addition, compared with the control, the breaking force loss of PAPBTCA-200 in the warp and weft directions was 24% and 21%, respectively. This study provides a new way to utilize natural phosphorus-based flame retardants to establish multifunctional finishing for cotton fabrics.
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11
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Vishwakarma A, Singh M, Weclawski B, Reddy VJ, Kandola BK, Manik G, Dasari A, Chattopadhyay S. Construction of hydrophobic fire retardant coating on cotton fabric using a layer-by-layer spray coating method. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1653-1666. [PMID: 36354078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional cotton fabric was prepared through a two-step layer-by-layer spray coating method, where the first layer of the coating comprising chitosan and ammonium phytate provided fire retardancy, and the second one with PDMS-ZnO composite imparted hydrophobicity to the fabric. A molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study was carried out to calculate interfacial adhesion of different components of the coating, based on which the sequencing of the coating layers was determined and used to prepare coated samples. The coated fabric demonstrated a significant improvement in fire retardancy through an increase in LOI from 18 % in control to 30 %, a reduction in char length from 30 cm to 7 cm, and a decrease in peak and total heat release rate values by 75 % and 33 %, respectively. The hydrophobicity of coated fabric was tested via water drop test where coated sample maintained a contact angle of 148° for up to 120 s, while the control sample showed 0°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Vishwakarma
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India
| | - Manjinder Singh
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India
| | - Bartosz Weclawski
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Bolton, Deane Road, Bolton BL3 5AB, UK
| | | | - Baljinder K Kandola
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Bolton, Deane Road, Bolton BL3 5AB, UK.
| | - Gaurav Manik
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India
| | - Aravind Dasari
- School of Materials Science and Engineering (Blk. N4.1), Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639789, Singapore
| | - Sujay Chattopadhyay
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, India.
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12
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Lu Y, Zhao P, Chen Y, Lu Y, Zhang G. A novel polymer reactive flame retardant for the preparation of highly durable cotton fabrics. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1394-1404. [PMID: 36356873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A novel polymer ammonium salt of polyethyleneimine phosphate phosphonic acid (APEMPPA) flame retardant for cotton fabrics was synthesized and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), in which some ammonium phosphoric acid groups were replaced by phosphate ester groups to decrease the phenomena that the ammonium ions in flame retardant would exchange with metal ions such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ in washing water to keep flame retardance well after washing. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results, and durability of treated cotton fabrics suggested that APEMPPA was grafted onto the cellulose. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 40 wt% APEMPPA-treated cotton fabric was 44.5 %, which was still 34.7 % after 50 LCs according to AATCC 61-2013 3A standard. Cone calorimetric and thermogravimetric (TG) results showed the treated cotton fabrics had excellent flame retardancy. TG-FTIR and Raman test results proposed that APEMPPA mainly played a condensed phase flame retardant. EDX results indicated that replacing some ammonium phosphate groups with phosphate ester groups was effective in maintaining flame retardancy during washing. All results showed that increasing the molecular weight and introducing phosphonate group in ammonium phosphorus acid flame retardant can effectively improve flame retardancy and durability. APEMPPA-treated cotton fabrics maintained good tensile strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genomic Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Peiyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genomic Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Sichuan EM Technology Co., Ltd, Mianyang, 621000, China
| | - Yajun Chen
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China; Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Yonghua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genomic Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guangxian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genomic Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, Chongqing 400715, China.
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13
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Cheng B, Zhou Q, Chen J, Zhang X, Zhu C, Wu M. Vinylated Modification of Biophytic Acid and Flame-Retardant/Crease-Proofing Finishing of Cotton Fabrics via In Situ Copolymerization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:286. [PMID: 36614625 PMCID: PMC9821944 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The vinyl phytic acid (GPA) was prepared using biophytic acid (PA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), in which double bonds were introduced into the phytic acid molecule to increase the active groups in the phytic acid molecule. Furthermore, itaconic acid (IA) containing two unsaturated double bonds and GPA was polymerized in situ and crosslinked on the surface of cotton fabrics, and flame retardant and crease-proofed fabrics were obtained. The effects of GPA, IA, and the initiator on the flame-retardant and crease-proofing properties of the fabrics were analyzed by a single-factor and double-dip double-nip experiment. A flame-retardant and wrinkle-resistant fabric was obtained when the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) were 28% and 270°, respectively. During combustion, the thermal properties of the fabrics changed; typically, the extrapolated initial temperature (Te) decreased, and moisture release increased. After burning, the fabrics had good shape retention, and the carbon residue content increased to 48%, which effectively inhibited or slowed down the combustion and heat release of the textiles. However, the whiteness, mechanical properties, and washability of the products need to be further improved.
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14
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Bio-inspired one-dimensional based textile fabric coating for integrating high flame retardancy, antibacterial, toxic gases suppression, antiviral and reinforcement properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Fang Y, Wu J, Sun W, Liu X. Pyrolysis of Precious Chinese Xuan Paper Containing Ammonium Phytate as a Flame Retardant. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:37971-37979. [PMID: 36312357 PMCID: PMC9608409 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Xuan paper with outstanding cultural and artistic values is one of the most precious Chinese handmade papers and is widely used in traditional calligraphy and painting. However, the highly combustible cellulosic raw materials of Xuan paper present potential fire hazards. Ammonium phytate (AP) originating from biosourced phytic acid has been used for the flame-retardant treatment of Chinese Xuan paper by facile spray coating. The limiting oxygen index value of the treated Xuan paper increased to higher than 40%, demonstrating that the flammability of Xuan paper was greatly reduced by this treatment. The excellent flame retardancy afforded by this treatment was confirmed by cone calorimetry. TGA was used to demonstrate that the presence of AP changed the thermal decomposition process to promote char formation during the degradation of Xuan paper. The flame-retardant mode of action of phytate-coated Xuan paper was investigated using TG-FTIR, SEM, and XPS spectra. A P-N cooperative effect was proposed to account for both the condensed phase and gas-phase flame-retardant actions. The phosphorus component promotes char formation in the condensed phase, while the nitrogen component releases inert species to dilute the fuel load in the gas phase. The ink-wetting property of the coated Xuan paper was influenced negligibly by the coating process. The development of fire-resistant Xuan paper using ecofriendly flame retardants through simple and convenient spray coating has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinchun Fang
- School
of Textile and Garment, Anhui Polytechnic
University, Wuhu241000, China
- Technology
Public Service Platform for Textile Industry of Anhui Province, Wuhu241000, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- School
of Textile and Garment, Anhui Polytechnic
University, Wuhu241000, China
| | - Weihao Sun
- School
of Textile and Garment, Anhui Polytechnic
University, Wuhu241000, China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- School
of Textile and Garment, Anhui Polytechnic
University, Wuhu241000, China
- Technology
Public Service Platform for Textile Industry of Anhui Province, Wuhu241000, China
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16
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Latifi S, Boukhriss A, Saoiabi S, Saoiabi A, Gmouh S. Flame retardant coating of textile fabrics based on ionic liquids with self-extinguishing, high thermal stability and mechanical properties. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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17
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He WL, Huang YT, Gu L, Shen JC, Cheng XW, Guan JP. Fabrication of P/N/B-Based Intumescent Flame-Retardant Coating for Polyester/Cotton Blend Fabric. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6420. [PMID: 36143732 PMCID: PMC9501000 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Polyester/cotton (T/C) blend fabrics are highly flammable due to the particular "scaffolding effect". In this work, an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) agent containing P, N, and B was designed and synthesized using bio-based phytic acid, pentaerythritol, boric acid, and urea. The IFR compounds were deposited onto a T/C blend fabric by the surface-coating route. The chemical structure of IFR agent and its potential cross-linking reactions with T/C fibers were characterized. The morphology, thermal stability, heat-release ability, flame retardancy, and mechanism of coated T/C blend fabrics were explored. The self-extinguishing action was observed for the coated T/C blend fabric with a weight gain of 13.7%; the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value increased to 27.1% versus 16.9% for a pristine one. Furthermore, the intumescent flame retardant (IFR) coating imparted T/C blend fabrics with high thermal stability and significantly suppressed heat release by nearly 50%. The char residue analyses on morphology and element content confirmed the intumescent FR action for coated T/C blend fabrics. The prepared IFR coating has great potential to serve as an eco-friendly approach for improving the flame retardancy of T/C blend textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lin He
- Key Laboratory of Flame Retardancy Finishing of Textile Materials (CNTAC), College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yi-Ting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flame Retardancy Finishing of Textile Materials (CNTAC), College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Liang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Flame Retardancy Finishing of Textile Materials (CNTAC), College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ji-Cheng Shen
- Suzhou Haitai Textile Co., Ltd., Suzhou Knitting Industrial Park, Suzhou 215228, China
| | - Xian-Wei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Flame Retardancy Finishing of Textile Materials (CNTAC), College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jin-Ping Guan
- Key Laboratory of Flame Retardancy Finishing of Textile Materials (CNTAC), College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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18
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A bio-based flame retardant coating for improving flame retardancy and anti-dripping performance of polyamide 6 fabric. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Mokhena TC, Sadiku ER, Ray SS, Mochane MJ, Matabola KP, Motloung M. Flame retardancy efficacy of phytic acid: An overview. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Rotimi Sadiku
- Institute of Nano Engineering Research (INER), Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (Polymer Technology Division) Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
| | | | | | - Mpho Motloung
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
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20
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Cheng X, Shi L, Fan Z, Yua N, Liu R. Bio-based coating of phytic acid, chitosan, and biochar for flame-retardant cotton fabrics. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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21
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Yang G, Zhang Q. In-situ Polymerization and Flame Retardant Mechanism of Bio-based Nitrogen and Phosphorus Macromolecular Flame Retardant in Plywood. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200018. [PMID: 35212435 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To improve the flame retardant performance of the plywood and reduce the reagent loss and moisture absorption of the flame retardant, the bio-based supramolecular flame retardant has been prepared by vacuum-pressure impregnation and high-temperature in-situ polymerization in plywood. The best value of bonding strength appears at 170 ℃, and the LOI of 170BF-B plywood is 42.3%. After hot pressing, the moisture absorption rate of 170BF-B veneer is only 18.51%, while the loss resistance rate achieves 83.45%. Its residue at 700 ℃ is 91.36% higher than that of poplar veneer. In the combustion process, the PHRR and HRR of 170BF-B plywood are only 10.69% and 37.11% of that of untreated plywood. After combustion, an intumescent flame retardant layer exhibits a graphitization trend. In the flame retardant layer, there are not only functional groups, such as P = O, PO4 3- , P-O-C decomposed by flame retardant but also characteristic functional groups of wood fiber, like C = O, C-H, etc. The prepolymer BF-B, which is composed of phytic acid, urea and, dicyandiamide polymerized with chitosan or lignocellulose to form a supramolecular flame retardant connected with P-O-C and P-O-N functional groups, thus improving the flame retardant and anti-loss property by in-situ polymerization. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Qiuhui Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35, Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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22
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Yin L, Gong K, Zhou K, Qian X, Shi C, Gui Z, Qian L. Flame-retardant activity of ternary integrated modified boron nitride nanosheets to epoxy resin. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:853-863. [PMID: 34785460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve the fire safety of epoxy resin, ZIF-8 nanoparticle in-situ decorated boron nitride nanosheet (BN-OH/ZIF-8) is fabricated via self-assembly method and then ternary integrated BN-OH/ZIF-8/PA hybrids are prepared through the chemical etching effect of phytic acid. FTIR, XRD, XPS, TEM and TGA measurements are used to characterize the structure and morphology of the nanohybrids. The researches show that BN-OH/ZIF-8/PA not only uniformly distributed in EP matrix, but also improve the thermal stability of EP. The peak heat release rate, peak smoke production rate, total smoke production values, the fire growth index and peak CO production rate obtained from cone test are significantly decreased, demonstrating the reduction of the fire hazards of EP composites containing BN-OH/ZIF-8/PA. The nano barrier effect and catalytic activity of BN-OH/ZIF-8/PA may be conducive to suppress the release of combustible volatile products and heat, facilitate the formation of graphitized carbon layer, and protect matrix from flame damage. The ternary integrated method developed in this study explores a new way to improve the flame retardant properties of EP, thereby promoting its application range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Yin
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, Hubei 430074 PR China
| | - Kaili Gong
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, Hubei 430074 PR China
| | - Keqing Zhou
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, Hubei 430074 PR China; State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong Qian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metro Fire and Passenger Transportation Safety, China Academy of Safety Science and Technology, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Congling Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metro Fire and Passenger Transportation Safety, China Academy of Safety Science and Technology, Beijing 100012, PR China.
| | - Zhou Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Lijun Qian
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China; Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, PR China
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23
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Chen Y, Liao Y, Wan C, Zhang G, Zhang F. Synthesis of a novel P-N reactive ammonium phosphate-based flame retardant for durable finishing of cotton fabric. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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A biological reactive flame retardant for flame retardant modification of cotton fabric. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Guo Q, Yang Y, Li L, Sun J, Liu W, Gu X, Li H, Zhang S. Construction of bio‐safety flame retardant coatings on polyethylene terephthalate fabric with ammonium phytate and cyclodextrin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yufan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Wei Liu
- Sichuan Fire Science and Technology Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management Chengdu China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Hongfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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26
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De Smet D, Wéry M, Bader M, Stachel I, Meyer M, Vanneste M. Green Sorbitol- and Isosorbide-Based Flame Retardants for Cotton Fabrics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6375. [PMID: 34771901 PMCID: PMC8585382 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flame retardancy is often required in various textile applications. Halogenated flame retardants (FR) are commonly used since they have good FR performance. Several of these components are listed under REACH. Halogen-free FR compounds have been developed as alternatives. So far, not many biobased FR have made it to the market and are being applied in the textile sector, leaving great opportunities since biobased products are experiencing a renaissance. In this study, renewable FR based on sorbitol and isosorbide were synthesised. The reaction was performed in the melt. The resulting biobased FR were characterised via FT-IR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Cotton fabrics functionalized with the developed biobased FR passed ISO 15025 FR test. After washing, the FR properties of the fabrics decreased (longer afterflame and afterglow time) but still complied with ISO 15025, indicating the biobased FR were semi-permanent. The amount of residue of modified sorbitol and isosorbide measured at 600 °C in air was 31% and 27%, respectively. Cotton treated with biobased modified FR showed no ignition during cone calorimetry experiments, indicating a flame retardancy. Furthermore, a charring of the FR containing samples was observed by means of cone calorimetry and TGA measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- David De Smet
- Centexbel, Technologiepark 70, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (M.W.); (M.V.)
| | - Madeleine Wéry
- Centexbel, Technologiepark 70, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (M.W.); (M.V.)
| | - Miriam Bader
- FILK Freiberg Institute gGmbH, Meißner Ring 1-5, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (M.B.); (I.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Ines Stachel
- FILK Freiberg Institute gGmbH, Meißner Ring 1-5, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (M.B.); (I.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Michael Meyer
- FILK Freiberg Institute gGmbH, Meißner Ring 1-5, 09599 Freiberg, Germany; (M.B.); (I.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Myriam Vanneste
- Centexbel, Technologiepark 70, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium; (M.W.); (M.V.)
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27
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Wang L, Wei Y, Deng H, Lyu R, Zhu J, Yang Y. Synergistic Flame Retardant Effect of Barium Phytate and Intumescent Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2900. [PMID: 34502940 PMCID: PMC8434477 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, widespread concern has been aroused on environmentally friendly materials. In this article, barium phytate (Pa-Ba) was prepared by the reaction of phytic acid with barium carbonate in deionized water, which was used to blend with intumescent flame retardant (IFR) as a flame retardant and was added to epoxy resin (EP). Afterward, the chemical structure and thermal stability of Pa-Ba were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. On this basis, the flammability and flame retardancy of EP composites were researched. It is shown that EP/14IFR/2Ba composite has the highest limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 30.7%. Moreover, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of EP/14IFR/2Ba decreases by 69.13% compared with pure EP. SEM and Raman spectra reveal the carbonization quality of EP/14IFR/2Ba is better than that of other composites. The results prove that Pa-Ba can cooperate with IFR to improve the flame retardancy of EP, reducing the addition amount of IFR in EP, thus expanding the application range of EP. In conclusion, adding Pa-Ba to IFR is a more environmentally friendly and efficient method compared with others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyuan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (Y.W.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yue Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (Y.W.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Hongbo Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (Y.W.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Ruiqi Lyu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (Y.W.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jiajie Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China; (Y.W.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yabing Yang
- Petroleum Engineering Design Co., Ltd., China Petrochemical Corporation, Dongying 257026, China;
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28
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Shi J, Zeng W, Yang Z, Li J, Zhao P, Li H, Yan X, Wen N, Lei Z, Chen D, Guan J. Effect of particle size on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of hydroxyethyl diphosphate modified aluminum hydroxide intrinsic polyethylene terephthalate. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Shi
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Zhiwang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Ju Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Pufang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Hongtao Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Xingxing Yan
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Na Wen
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Ziqiang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Eco‐Environment Polymer Materials of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou China
| | - Denglong Chen
- Quangang Petrochemical Research Institute Fujian Normal University Quanzhou China
| | - Jie Guan
- Lanzhou Fire and Rescue Division Gansu Fire and Rescue Brigade Lanzhou China
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29
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Chen Y, Liu S, Wan C, Zhang G. Facile synthesis of a high efficiency and durability L-citrulline flame retardant for cotton. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 166:1429-1438. [PMID: 33171180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel flame retardant (FR), the ammonium salt of citrulline-penta (methylphosphonic acid) (ACPMPA) based on L-citrulline was synthesized, and its structure was characterized by 13C, 1H, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The ACPMPA flame retardant molecule contains five ammonium salts of phosphorus acid and one ammonium salt of carboxylic acid, which allowed the covalent attachment of ACPMPA onto cellulose via -P=O(-O-C) and -COOC bonds. The results showed that the treated cotton fabrics had very high flame retardance and excellent durability. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of cotton fabric treated with 35%-ACPMPA reached 49.2% and only decreased to 34.2% after 50 laundry cycles. Vertical flame tests also demonstrated that the treated cotton fabric acquired good flame retardance. The thermogravimetry (TG) and TG-IR results showed that the treated cotton left more residues and released almost no flammable volatiles at high temperatures. The cone calorimetry results showed that the treated cotton released less heat than pure cotton. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results demonstrated that the structure of the treated cotton fabric was almost unchanged, and no free formaldehyde was detected, indicating that the treated cotton was safe. The treated cotton fabric also retained good tensile strength and whiteness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- College of Textile and Garments, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Shidong Liu
- College of Textile and Garments, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Caiyan Wan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Guangxian Zhang
- College of Textile and Garments, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Development of Novel Polyamide 11 Multifilaments and Fabric Structures Based on Industrial Lignin and Zinc Phosphinate as Flame Retardants. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25214963. [PMID: 33121036 PMCID: PMC7663702 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobased lignin represents one of the possible materials for next-generation flame retardant additives due to its sustainability, environmental benefits and comparable efficiency to other flame retardant (FR) additives. In this context, this study presents the development of FR polyamide 11 (PA11) multifilament yarns and fabric structures containing different industrial lignins (i.e., lignosulfonate lignin (LL), and Kraft lignin (KL)) and zinc phosphinate (ZnP). The combination of ZnP and lignin (KL or LL) at different weight ratios were used to prepare flame retarded PA11 blends by melt mixing using a twin-screw extruder. These blends were transformed into continuous multifilament yarns by the melt-spinning process even at a high concentration of additives as 20 wt%. The mechanical test results showed that the combination of KL and ZnP achieved higher strength and filaments showed regularity in structure as compared to the LL and ZnP filaments. Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis showed the incorporation of lignin induces the initial decomposition (T5%) at a lower temperature; at the same time, maximum decomposition (Tmax) shifts to a higher temperature region and a higher amount of char residue is reported at the end of the test. Further, the TGA-FTIR study revealed that the ternary blends (i.e., the combination of LL or KL, ZnP, and PA11) released mainly the phosphinate compound, hydrocarbon species, and a small amount of phosphinic acid during the initial decomposition stage (T5%), while hydrocarbons, carbonyls, and phenolic compounds along with CO2 are released during main decomposition stage (Tmax). The analysis of decomposition products suggests the stronger bonds formation in the condensed phase and the obtainment of a stable char layer. Cone calorimetry exploited to study the fire behavior on sheet samples (polymer bulk) showed an improvement in flame retardant properties with increasing lignin content in blends and most enhanced results were found when 10 wt% of LL and ZnP were combined such as a reduction in heat release rate (HRR) up to 64% and total heat release (THR) up to 22%. Besides, tests carried out on knitted fabric structure showed less influence on HRR and THR but the noticeable effect on postponing the time to ignition (TTI) and reduction in the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) value during combustion.
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Biomolecules as Flame Retardant Additives for Polymers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040849. [PMID: 32272648 PMCID: PMC7240707 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological molecules can be obtained from natural sources or from commercial waste streams and can serve as effective feedstocks for a wide range of polymer products. From foams to epoxies and composites to bulk plastics, biomolecules show processability, thermal stability, and mechanical adaptations to fulfill current material requirements. This paper summarizes the known bio-sourced (or bio-derived), environmentally safe, thermo-oxidative, and flame retardant (BEST-FR) additives from animal tissues, plant fibers, food waste, and other natural resources. The flammability, flame retardance, and—where available—effects on polymer matrix’s mechanical properties of these materials will be presented. Their method of incorporation into the matrix, and the matrices for which the BEST-FR should be applicable will also be made known if reported. Lastly, a review on terminology and testing methodology is provided with comments on future developments in the field.
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Hao S, Zhu W, Huang H, Yang M, Zhang J. A Phosphorous‐Aluminium‐Nitride Synergistic Flame Retardant to Enhance Durability and Flame Retardancy of Cotton. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201903370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane ProcessesTianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process EngineeringSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringTiangong University, No.399 Binshui West Road, Xiqing District Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Wenju Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane ProcessesTianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process EngineeringSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringTiangong University, No.399 Binshui West Road, Xiqing District Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane ProcessesTianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process EngineeringSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringTiangong University, No.399 Binshui West Road, Xiqing District Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Mingyang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane ProcessesTianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process EngineeringSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringTiangong University, No.399 Binshui West Road, Xiqing District Tianjin 300387 China
| | - Jimei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane ProcessesTianjin Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology and Process EngineeringSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringTiangong University, No.399 Binshui West Road, Xiqing District Tianjin 300387 China
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Zhang Z, Ma Z, Leng Q, Wang Y. Eco-friendly flame retardant coating deposited on cotton fabrics from bio-based chitosan, phytic acid and divalent metal ions. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:303-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Li S, Zhong L, Huang S, Wang D, Zhang F, Zhang G. A novel flame retardant with reactive ammonium phosphate groups and polymerizing ability for preparing durable flame retardant and stiff cotton fabric. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Geng C, Zhao Z, Xue Z, Xu P, Xia Y. Preparation of Ion-Exchanged TEMPO-Oxidized Celluloses as Flame Retardant Products. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101947. [PMID: 31117205 PMCID: PMC6571781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose, as one of the most abundant natural biopolymers, has been widely used in textile industry. However, owing to its drawbacks of flammability and ignitability, the large-scale commercial application of neat cellulose is limited. This study investigated some TEMPO-oxidized cellulose (TOC) which was prepared by selective TEMPO-mediated oxidation and ion exchange. The prepared TOC was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and solid-state 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) spectroscopy. The thermal stability and combustion performance of TOC were investigated by thermogravimetry analysis (TG), microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) and limiting oxygen index (LOI). The results demonstrated that the thermal stability of TOC was less than that of the pristine material cellulose, but the peak of heat release rate (pHHR) and the total heat release (THR) of all TOC were significantly reduced. Additionally, the LOI values of all TOC products were much higher 25%. In summary, the above results indicated that the modified cellulose with carboxyl groups and metal ions by selective oxidation and ion exchange endows efficient flame retardancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunzhen Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zhixin Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Peilong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yanzhi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Institute of Marine Biobased Materials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Gao D, Zhang Y, Lyu B, Wang P, Ma J. Nanocomposite based on poly(acrylic acid) / attapulgite towards flame retardant of cotton fabrics. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 206:245-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cheng XW, Guan JP, Kiekens P, Yang XH, Tang RC. Preparation and evaluation of an eco-friendly, reactive, and phytic acid-based flame retardant for wool. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Liu Z, Li J, Zhao X, Li Z, Li Q. Surface Coating for Flame Retardancy and Pyrolysis Behavior of Polyester Fabric Based on Calcium Alginate Nanocomposites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E875. [PMID: 30366406 PMCID: PMC6267167 DOI: 10.3390/nano8110875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A polyester fabric, coated with calcium alginate and nano-calcium borate composites (CAB-PL), was fabricated by a post-cross-linking method, with remarkable improvement of flame retardancy and thermal stability, as compared with the original polyester fabric (PL). The mechanical properties of CAB-PL and PL were studied, and characterizations and tests including Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimetry (CONE) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to evaluate the flame retardancy and thermostability. The test results of CAB-PL showed excellent mechanical strength and anti-dripping properties. In comparison with PL, TGA results indicate that the presence of surface-coated composites produced more char residue and can effectively inhibit the heat transmission, and the LOI value of CAB-PL was improved from 25 to 33. Moreover, CONE results show that 88.65% reduction of total smoke release (TSR) values was induced by the presence of CAB. In addition, the possible pyrolysis mechanisms for CAB-PL have been proposed based on the results of pyrolysis-gas chromatography⁻mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) analysis. The combined results can provide useful information for understanding the flame retardant mechanisms of alginates as well. In summary, polyester fabric was upgraded by coating it with the calcium alginate/nano-calcium borate, thus achieving extraordinary flame retardancy and thermal stability for various applications within the textile industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jiao Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xihui Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zichao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Qun Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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