1
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Zhao Y, Li J, Yang Y, Bi Y, Cai C, Ke Y. Pseudomorphic synthesis of pore size-tunable mesoporous silica spherical particles and their application for the fraction of low-molecular-weight heparin. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2400367. [PMID: 39210554 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202400367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
In this study, spherical silica with pore size varied from 30 to 200 Å was synthesized by pseudomorphic transformation at atmospheric pressure. 40-80 Å silica particles with a narrow pore distribution were obtained by using quaternary amine cationic surfactants and different kinds of swelling agents, including polypropylene glycol, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, alkanes, and alkanols. Alkyl imidazolium ionic liquid surfactants were used to synthesize large pore size distribution silica spheres with pore sizes in the range of 110-200 Å. All these silica particles can be synthesized under mild conditions within 12 h, which provides a facile synthesis method for the preparation of a chromatographic matrix with tunable pore size. The method is reproducible and the relative standard deviation of silica sphere pore structure parameters in scaled-up preparations is less than 6%. The pore size on the fraction of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) was investigated in size exclusion chromatography. Matrixes with different pore size distributions have various size exclusion regions. By using UPS-60-Diol columns in a twin-column recirculation separation process, LMWH with >85% heparin with molecular weight within the range of 3000-8000 Da were separated in five-column volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Li
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Bi
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Changyu Cai
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxiong Ke
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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2
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Zhang B, Bu C, Wang Q, Chen Q, Shi D, Qiu H, Wang Z, Liu J, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Chi L. Low molecular weight heparin promotes the PPAR pathway by protecting the glycocalyx of cells to delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107493. [PMID: 38925330 PMCID: PMC11301383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most important comorbidities for diabetic patients, which is the main factor leading to end-stage renal disease. Heparin analogs can delay the progression of DN, but the mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we found that low molecular weight heparin therapy significantly upregulated some downstream proteins of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway by label-free quantification of the mouse kidney proteome. Through cell model verification, low molecular weight heparin can protect the heparan sulfate of renal tubular epithelial cells from being degraded by heparanase that is highly expressed in a high-glucose environment, enhance the endocytic recruitment of fatty acid-binding protein 1, a coactivator of the PPAR pathway, and then regulate the activation level of intracellular PPAR. In addition, we have elucidated for the first time the molecular mechanism of heparan sulfate and fatty acid-binding protein 1 interaction. These findings provide new insights into understanding the role of heparin in the pathogenesis of DN and developing corresponding treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Changkai Bu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qingchi Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Deling Shi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hongyan Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Zhangjie Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China; Department of Endocrinology & Geriatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qunye Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Innovation and Transformation of Luobing Theory, Jinan, Shandong, China; The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Lianli Chi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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3
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Wu X, Yun Z, Su N, Zhao L, Zhang H, Zhang M, Wu Q, Zhang C, Xing XH. Characterization of maltose-binding protein-fused heparinases with enhanced thermostability by application of rigid and flexible linkers. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024. [PMID: 39072851 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Heparinases, including heparinases I-III (HepI, HepII, and HepIII, respectively), are important tools for producing low-molecular-weight heparin, an improved anticoagulant. The poor thermostability of heparinases significantly hinders their industrial and laboratory applications. To improve the thermostability of heparinases, we applied a rigid linker (EAAAK)5 (R) and a flexible linker (GGGGS)5 (F) to fuse maltose-binding protein (MBP) and HepI, HepII, and HepIII from Pedobacter heparinus, replacing the original linker from the plasmid pMAL-c2X. Compared with their parental fusion protein, MBP-fused HepIs, HepIIs, and HepIIIs with linkers (EAAAK)5 or (GGGGS)5 all displayed enhanced thermostability (half-lives at 30°C: 242%-464%). MBP-fused HepIs and HepIIs exhibited higher specific activity (127%-324%), whereas MBP-fused HepIIIs displayed activity similar to that of their parental fusion protein. Kinetics analysis revealed that MBP-fused HepIIs showed a significantly decreased affinity toward heparin with increased Km values (397%-480%) after the linker replacement, whereas the substrate affinity did not change significantly for MBP-fused HepIs and HepIIIs. Furthermore, it preliminarily appeared that the depolymerization mechanism of these fusion proteins may not change after linker replacement. These findings suggest the superior enzymatic properties of MBP-fused heparinases with suitable linker designs and their potential for the bioproduction of low-molecular-weight heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wu
- Sub-Institute of Agriculture and Food Standardization, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Yun
- Sub-Institute of Agriculture and Food Standardization, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Su
- MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Sub-Institute of Agriculture and Food Standardization, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyan Zhang
- Sub-Institute of Agriculture and Food Standardization, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Sub-Institute of Agriculture and Food Standardization, China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Hui Xing
- MOE Key Lab of Industrial Biocatalysis, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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4
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Moyen Uddin Pk M, O'Sullivan J, Sayful Islam M, Shahangir Biswas M, Arbia L, Pervin R, Rahman M. Investigating the Anticancer Effects of Pleurotus ostreatus Polysaccharide on G0/G1 Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cells. Chem Biodivers 2024:e202400897. [PMID: 38970566 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Despite the advancement of cancer treatment by various means including surgery, chemotherapy etc, cancer is still a challenging disease to manage. This study was undertaken to investigate extraction, purification, structural elucidation, and the potential anti-cancer effects of Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharide (POP). The anti-cancer activities were performed on the Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma Cell Line. The results demonstrated that the MW of POP was154649.8 Da with homopolysaccharide composed of D-glucose units, featuring (1→6)-α-D-Glcp backbone with O-6 branches and T-α-D-Glcp terminations. and the yield was 6.27 %. The antitumor activity assessment demonstrated significant cytotoxicity of POP against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) cells, with an IC50 of 121.801 μg mL, supported by LDH release analysis. POP inhibited cell migration, invasion, and colony formation, indicating its potential as an anti-cancer agent. POP elicited the apoptotic activity with the upregulation of Caspase-9 and Bax, and downregulation of Bcl-2. The DNA fragmentation assay further confirmed apoptosis-mediated DNA degradations. Additionally, POP-induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, by altering the expression of p53, Cyclin D, and Cdk4 proteins. So, Pleurotus ostreatus polysaccharide (POP) showed significant cytotoxicity on Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma cells, indicating potential as an anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Moyen Uddin Pk
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Jane O'Sullivan
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mohammad Sayful Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail-1902, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shahangir Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Khwaja Yunus Ali University, Sirajganj, 6751, Bangladesh
| | - Lubatul Arbia
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Primeasia University, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh
| | - Rumana Pervin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Matiar Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
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5
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An Z, Bu C, Shi D, Chen Q, Zhang B, Wang Q, Jin L, Chi L. Structurally defined heparin octasaccharide domain for binding to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/BA.5/BA.5.2 spike protein RBD. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129032. [PMID: 38159696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Heparin, a bio-molecule with the highest negative charge density, is pharmaceutically important to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection due to its strong competitive binding to spike protein compared with cellular heparan sulfate, which was confirmed as a co-receptor for virus-host cell interaction. Hence, the refined structural characterization of heparin targeting viral protein-HS interaction was significant for developing antiviral pharmaceuticals. In our study, heparin oligomers (dp ≥ 4) were prepared using heparinase I. The affinity oligosaccharides binding to Omicron spike protein RBD were separated by affinity chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. HILIC-ESI-FTMS was used for chain mapping analysis. The basic building blocks were analyzed and the binding domain sequence was produced by Seq-GAG software and further measured by SAX chromatography. As results, heparin octasaccharide was found with significantly higher binding ability than hexasaccharide and tetrasaccharide, and the octasaccharide [ΔUA-GlcNS6S-GlcA-GlcNS6S-IdoA2S-GlcNS6S-IdoA2S-GlcNS6S] with 12 sulfate groups showed high binding to RBD. The mechanism of this structurally well-defined octasaccharide binding to RBD was further investigated by molecular docking. The affinity energy of optimal pose was -6.8 kcal/mol and the basic amino acid residues in RBD sequence (Arg403, Arg452, Arg493 and His505) were identified as the major contribution factor to interacting with sulfate/carboxyl groups on saccharide chain. Our study demonstrated that heparin oligosaccharide with well-defined structure could be potentially developed as anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhe An
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China
| | - Changkai Bu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China
| | - Deling Shi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China
| | - Qingchi Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China
| | - Lan Jin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China.
| | - Lianli Chi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, No. 72, Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China.
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6
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Shi D, Sheng A, Bu C, An Z, Cui X, Sun X, Li H, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Zhang T, Jin L, Chi L. A Cluster Sequencing Strategy To Determine the Consensus Affinity Domains in Heparin for Its Binding to Specific Proteins. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13987-13994. [PMID: 36183273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have high negative charge and are biologically and pharmaceutically important because their high charge promotes a strong interaction with many proteins. Due to the inherent heterogeneity of GAGs, multiple oligosaccharides, containing certain common domains, often can interact with clusters of basic amino acid residues on a target protein. The specificity of many GAG-protein interactions remains undiscovered since there is insufficient structural information on the interacting GAGs. Herein, we establish a cluster sequencing strategy to simultaneously deduce all major sequences of the affinity GAG oligosaccharides, leading to a definition of the consensus sequence they share that corresponds to the specific binding domain for the target protein. As a proof of concept, antithrombin III-binding oligosaccharides were examined, resulting in a heptasaccharide domain containing the well-established anticoagulant pentasaccharide sequence. Repeating this approach, a new pentasaccharide domain was discovered corresponding to the heparin motif responsible for binding interferon-γ (IFNγ). Our strategy is fundamentally important for the discovery of saccharide sequences needed in the development of novel GAG-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deling Shi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China.,Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Anran Sheng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China.,Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Changkai Bu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China
| | - Zizhe An
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China
| | - Xueying Cui
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China
| | - Xiaojun Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong Province 250022, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Tianji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lan Jin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China
| | - Lianli Chi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266237, China
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7
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Lu S, Na K, Wei J, Zhang L, Guo X. Alginate oligosaccharides: The structure-function relationships and the directional preparation for application. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 284:119225. [PMID: 35287920 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) are degradation products of alginate extracted from brown algae. With low molecular weight, high water solubility, and good biological activity, AOS present anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. They also exert growth-promoting effects in animals and plants. Three types of AOS, mannuronate oligosaccharides (MAOS), guluronate oligosaccharides (GAOS), and heterozygous mannuronate and guluronate oligosaccharides (HAOS), can be produced from alginate by enzymatic hydrolysis. Thus far, most studies on the applications and biological activities of AOS have been based mainly on a hybrid form of HAOS. To improve the directional production of AOS for practical applications, systematic studies on the structures and related biological activities of AOS are needed. This review provides a summary of current understanding of structure-function relationships and advances in the production of AOS. The current challenges and opportunities in the application of AOS is suggested to guide the precise application of AOS in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Lu
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Kai Na
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Jiani Wei
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China
| | - Xiaohua Guo
- College of Life Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, No. 182, Minyuan Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province 430074, China.
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8
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Production, characteristics and applications of microbial heparinases. Biochimie 2022; 198:109-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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9
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Analysis of heparinase derived LMWH products using a MHC 2D LC system linked to Q-TOF MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 212:114616. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Recent advances on the one-pot synthesis to assemble size-controlled glycans and glycoconjugates and polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 258:117672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Zhang Q, Cao HY, Wei L, Lu D, Du M, Yuan M, Shi D, Chen X, Wang P, Chen XL, Chi L, Zhang YZ, Li F. Discovery of exolytic heparinases and their catalytic mechanism and potential application. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1263. [PMID: 33627653 PMCID: PMC7904915 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparinases (Hepases) are critical tools for the studies of highly heterogeneous heparin (HP)/heparan sulfate (HS). However, exolytic heparinases urgently needed for the sequencing of HP/HS chains remain undiscovered. Herein, a type of exolytic heparinases (exoHepases) is identified from the genomes of different bacteria. These exoHepases share almost no homology with known Hepases and prefer to digest HP rather than HS chains by sequentially releasing unsaturated disaccharides from their reducing ends. The structural study of an exoHepase (BIexoHep) shows that an N-terminal conserved DUF4962 superfamily domain is essential to the enzyme activities of these exoHepases, which is involved in the formation of a unique L-shaped catalytic cavity controlling the sequential digestion of substrates through electrostatic interactions. Further, several HP octasaccharides have been preliminarily sequenced by using BIexoHep. Overall, this study fills the research gap of exoHepases and provides urgently needed tools for the structural and functional studies of HP/HS chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingdong Zhang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hai-Yan Cao
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China ,grid.4422.00000 0001 2152 3263College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China ,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Wei
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Danrong Lu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Du
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Yuan
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Deling Shi
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Peng Wang
- grid.4422.00000 0001 2152 3263College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China ,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Chen
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China ,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Lianli Chi
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- grid.4422.00000 0001 2152 3263College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China ,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Fuchuan Li
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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12
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Sheng A, Chen Q, Yu M, Xiao R, Zhang T, Wang Z, Linhardt RJ, Sun X, Jin L, Chi L. Coupling Liquid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry to Electrophoresis for In-Depth Analysis of Glycosaminoglycan Drugs: Heparin and the Multicomponent Sulodexide. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1433-1442. [PMID: 33369405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) contribute to the treatment of many human diseases, especially in the field of thrombosis, because of their anticoagulant activity. GAGs interrupt the coagulation process by interacting with multiple coagulation factors through defined sequences within their linear and negatively charged chains, which are not fully elucidated. Numerous methods have been developed to characterize the structure of pharmaceutical GAGs, including intravenously or subcutaneously administered heparin and orally administered sulodexide. However, most currently available methods only focus on the oligosaccharide portion or analyze the whole mixture because longer-chain polysaccharides are extremely difficult to resolve by chromatographic separation. We have established two novel electrophoresis-mass spectrometry methods to provide a panoramic view of the structures of pharmaceutical GAGs. In the first method, an in-gel digestion procedure was developed to recover GAGs from the polyacrylamide gels, while in the second method, a strong anion exchange ultrafiltration procedure was developed to extract multiple GAG species from the agarose gels. Both procedures are compatible with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and structural information, such as disaccharide composition and chain length, can be revealed for each GAG fraction. The applications of these two methods on analysis of two different GAG drugs, heparin and sulodexide, were demonstrated. The current study offers the first robust tool to directly elucidate the structure of larger GAG chains with more biological importance rather than obtaining a vague picture of all chains as a mixture, which is fundamental for better understanding the structure-activity relationship and quality control of the GAG drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Sheng
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Mengqi Yu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ruiqi Xiao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Tianji Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.,Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhiyu Wang
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of Biology, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Xiaojun Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Chemical Manufacturing and Accurate Detection, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Lan Jin
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lianli Chi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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13
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Qiao M, Lin L, Xia K, Li J, Zhang X, Linhardt RJ. Recent advances in biotechnology for heparin and heparan sulfate analysis. Talanta 2020; 219:121270. [PMID: 32887160 PMCID: PMC7474733 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a class of linear, sulfated, anionic polysaccharides, called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which present on the mammalian cell surfaces and extracellular matrix. HS GAGs display a wide range of critical biological functions, particularly in cell signaling. HS is composed of repeating units of 1 → 4 glucosidically linked uronic acid and glucosamine residues. Heparin, a pharmacologically important version of HS, having higher sulfation and a higher content of iduronic acid than HS, is a widely used clinical anticoagulant. However, due to their heterogeneity and complex structure, HS and heparin are very challenging to analyze, limiting biological studies and even resulting in safety concerns in their therapeutic application. Therefore, reliable methods of structural analysis of HS and heparin are critically needed. In addition to the structural analysis of heparin, its concentration in blood needs to be closely monitored to avoid complications such as thrombocytopenia or hemorrhage caused by heparin overdose. This review summarizes the progress in biotechnological approaches in the structural characterization of HS and heparin over the past decade and includes the development of the ultrasensitive approaches for detection and measurement in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qiao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lei Lin
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Jun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Wenyuan Road 1, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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14
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Zhang C, Wang W, Zhao X, Wang H, Yin H. Preparation of alginate oligosaccharides and their biological activities in plants: A review. Carbohydr Res 2020; 494:108056. [PMID: 32559511 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) is the degradation product of alginates extracted from brown algae. As a multifunctional oligomer, it has attracted widespread attention in plant research. Different methods of preparation generate AOS possessing diverse structural properties, and result in differences in AOS activity. In this review, the methods of preparation and characterization of AOS are briefly summarized, followed by a systematic introduction to the activity and mechanisms of AOS in plants. AOS can act as a growth promoter at different growth stages of plants. AOS also enhances resistance to pathogens, drought, salt, heavy metals and other stressors by triggering plant immunity, exerting bioactivity just like a pathogen-associated molecular pattern. In addition, AOS can regulate ABA biosynthesis and metabolite to preserve fruit quality and enhance shelf life. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the biological activity of AOS in plants, which will support research and the application of AOS treatments for plants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China; Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Wenxia Wang
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hongying Wang
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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15
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Liu D, Zhang J, Zhu H, Wang M, Polizzi SJ, Jones MT, Li L, Gadi MR, Wang PG, Ma C, Huang W. Enzymatic depolymerization of streptococcus pneumoniae type 8 polysaccharide. Carbohydr Res 2020; 495:108024. [PMID: 32688016 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although there have been decades of research on streptococcus pneumoniae, it is still among the leading cause of infectious disease in the world. As a type of capsular polysaccharide (CPS) of streptococcus pneumoniae, pneumococcal polysaccharides are essential components for colonization and virulence in mammalian hosts. This study aimed to characterize the CPS structure of type 8 streptococcus pneumoniae, which is one of the most fatal serotypes. In this work, heparinase I&III was used to successfully digest pneumococcal type 8 polysaccharide (Pn8P). We characterized the oligosaccharide generated from the enzymatic depolymerization of Pn8P by size exclusion chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. This is the first study to enzymatically depolymerize and characterize Pn8P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | - Jiabin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | - Mingzhang Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., 875 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, United States
| | - Samuel Justin Polizzi
- Georgia Highlands College, 5901 Stewart Pkwy, Douglasville, GA, 30135, United States
| | - Michael T Jones
- Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., 875 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | | | - Peng George Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | - Cheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States.
| | - Wei Huang
- Analytical Research and Development, BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Inc., 875 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, United States.
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16
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Ramírez Sánchez K, Ledezma-Espinoza A, Sánchez-Kopper A, Avendaño-Soto E, Prado M, Starbird Perez R. Polysaccharide κ-Carrageenan as Doping Agent in Conductive Coatings for Electrochemical Controlled Release of Dexamethasone at Therapeutic Doses. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092139. [PMID: 32375224 PMCID: PMC7249122 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Smart conductive materials are developed in regenerative medicine to promote a controlled release profile of charged bioactive agents in the vicinity of implants. The incorporation and the active electrochemical release of the charged compounds into the organic conductive coating is achieved due to its intrinsic electrical properties. The anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone was added during the polymerization, and its subsequent release at therapeutic doses was reached by electrical stimulation. In this work, a Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): κ-carrageenan: dexamethasone film was prepared, and κ-carrageenan was incorporated to keep the electrochemical and physical stability of the electroactive matrix. The presence of κ-carrageenan and dexamethasone in the conductive film was confirmed by µ-Raman spectroscopy and their effect in the topographic was studied using profilometry. The dexamethasone release process was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and High-Resolution mass spectrometry. In conclusion, κ-carrageenan as a doping agent improves the electrical properties of the conductive layer allowing the release of dexamethasone at therapeutic levels by electrochemical stimulation, providing a stable system to be used in organic bioelectronics systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Ramírez Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación y de Servicios Químicos y Microbiológicos (CEQIATEC), School of Chemistry, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, 159-7050 Cartago, Costa Rica; (A.L.-E.); (A.S.-K.)
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Faculty of Microbiology, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica;
- Correspondence: (K.R.S.); (R.S.P.); Tel.: +506-25502731 (R.S.P.)
| | - Aura Ledezma-Espinoza
- Centro de Investigación y de Servicios Químicos y Microbiológicos (CEQIATEC), School of Chemistry, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, 159-7050 Cartago, Costa Rica; (A.L.-E.); (A.S.-K.)
| | - Andrés Sánchez-Kopper
- Centro de Investigación y de Servicios Químicos y Microbiológicos (CEQIATEC), School of Chemistry, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, 159-7050 Cartago, Costa Rica; (A.L.-E.); (A.S.-K.)
| | - Esteban Avendaño-Soto
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales (CICIMA), Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica;
- School of Physics, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Mónica Prado
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Faculty of Microbiology, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica;
| | - Ricardo Starbird Perez
- Centro de Investigación y de Servicios Químicos y Microbiológicos (CEQIATEC), School of Chemistry, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, 159-7050 Cartago, Costa Rica; (A.L.-E.); (A.S.-K.)
- Correspondence: (K.R.S.); (R.S.P.); Tel.: +506-25502731 (R.S.P.)
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17
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Miller RL, Guimond SE, Schwörer R, Zubkova OV, Tyler PC, Xu Y, Liu J, Chopra P, Boons GJ, Grabarics M, Manz C, Hofmann J, Karlsson NG, Turnbull JE, Struwe WB, Pagel K. Shotgun ion mobility mass spectrometry sequencing of heparan sulfate saccharides. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1481. [PMID: 32198425 PMCID: PMC7083916 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite evident regulatory roles of heparan sulfate (HS) saccharides in numerous biological processes, definitive information on the bioactive sequences of these polymers is lacking, with only a handful of natural structures sequenced to date. Here, we develop a “Shotgun” Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Sequencing (SIMMS2) method in which intact HS saccharides are dissociated in an ion mobility mass spectrometer and collision cross section values of fragments measured. Matching of data for intact and fragment ions against known values for 36 fully defined HS saccharide structures (from di- to decasaccharides) permits unambiguous sequence determination of validated standards and unknown natural saccharides, notably including variants with 3O-sulfate groups. SIMMS2 analysis of two fibroblast growth factor-inhibiting hexasaccharides identified from a HS oligosaccharide library screen demonstrates that the approach allows elucidation of structure-activity relationships. SIMMS2 thus overcomes the bottleneck for decoding the informational content of functional HS motifs which is crucial for their future biomedical exploitation. Heparan sulfates (HS) contain functionally relevant structural motifs, but determining their monosaccharide sequence remains challenging. Here, the authors develop an ion mobility mass spectrometry-based method that allows unambiguous characterization of HS sequences and structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Miller
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, N 2200, Denmark. .,Centre for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK. .,Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Scott E Guimond
- Centre for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.,Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Ralf Schwörer
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Lower Hutt, 5010, New Zealand
| | - Olga V Zubkova
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Lower Hutt, 5010, New Zealand
| | - Peter C Tyler
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Lower Hutt, 5010, New Zealand
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Márkó Grabarics
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Manz
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Hofmann
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niclas G Karlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeremy E Turnbull
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, N 2200, Denmark.,Centre for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Kevin Pagel
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Takustrasse 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.,Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Heparanase as an Additional Tool for Detecting Structural Peculiarities of Heparin Oligosaccharides. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234403. [PMID: 31810297 PMCID: PMC6930493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the biological properties of heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), continuous advances in elucidation of their microheterogeneous structure and discovery of novel structural peculiarities are crucial. Effective strategies for monitoring manufacturing processes and assessment of more restrictive specifications, as imposed by the current regulatory agencies, need to be developed. Hereby, we apply an efficient heparanase-based strategy to assert the structure of two major isomeric octasaccharides of dalteparin and investigate the tetrasaccharides arising from antithrombin binding region (ATBR) of bovine mucosal heparin. Heparanase, especially when combined with other sample preparation methods (e.g., size exclusion, affinity chromatography, heparinase depolymerization), was shown to be a powerful tool providing relevant information about heparin structural peculiarities. The applied approach provided direct evidence that oligomers bearing glucuronic acid–glucosamine-3-O-sulfate at their nonreducing end represent an important structural signature of dalteparin. When extended to ATBR-related tetramers of bovine heparin, the heparanase-based approach allowed for elucidation of the structure of minor sequences that have not been reported yet. The obtained results are of high importance in the view of the growing interest of regulatory agencies and manufacturers in the development of low-molecular-weight heparin generics as well as bovine heparin as alternative source.
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19
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Liu H, Joshi A, Chopra P, Liu L, Boons GJ, Sharp JS. Salt-free fractionation of complex isomeric mixtures of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides compatible with ESI-MS and microarray analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16566. [PMID: 31719635 PMCID: PMC6851191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53070-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate (Hp/HS) are linear complex glycosaminoglycans which are involved in diverse biological processes. The structural complexity brings difficulties in separation, making the study of structure-function relationships challenging. Here we present a separation method for Hp/HS oligosaccharide fractionation with cross-compatible solvent and conditions, combining size exclusion chromatography (SEC), ion-pair reversed phase chromatography (IPRP), and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) as three orthogonal separation methods that do not require desalting or extensive sample handling. With this method, the final eluent is suitable for structure-function relationship studies, including tandem mass spectrometry and microarray printing. Our data indicate that high resolution is achieved on both IPRP and HILIC for Hp/HS isomers. In addition, the fractions co-eluted in IPRP could be further separated by HILIC, with both separation dimensions capable of resolving some isomeric oligosaccharides. We demonstrate this method using both unpurified reaction products from isomeric synthetic hexasaccharides and an octasaccharide fraction from enoxaparin, identifying isomers resolved by this multi-dimensional separation method. We demonstrate both structural analysis by MS, as well as functional analysis by microarray printing and screening using a prototypical Hp/HS binding protein: basic-fibroblast growth factor (FGF2). Collectively, this method provides a strategy for efficient Hp/HS structure-function characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Apoorva Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua S Sharp
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) mediates a wide range of protein binding interactions key to normal and pathological physiology. Though liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based disaccharide composition analysis is able to profile changes in HS composition, the heterogeneity of modifications and the labile sulfate group present major challenges for liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) sequencing of the HS oligosaccharides that represent protein binding determinants. Here, we report online LC-MS/MS sequencing of HS oligosaccharides using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD). A series of synthetic HS oligosaccharides varying in chain length (tetramers and hexamers), number of sulfate groups (3-7), sulfate patterns (sulfate positional isomers), and uronic acid epimerization (epimers) were separated and sequenced. The LC elution order of isomeric compounds was associated with their fine structure. The application of an online cation exchange device (ion suppressor) enhanced the precursor charge states, and the subsequent NETD produced abundant glycosidic fragments, allowing the characterization of both lowly sulfated and highly sulfated HS oligosaccharides. Furthermore, the diagnostic cross-ring ions differentiated the 6-O sulfation and 3-O sulfation, allowing unambiguous structural assignment. Collectively, this LC-NETD-MS/MS method is a powerful tool for sequencing of heterogeneous HS mixtures and is applicable for the differentiation of both isomers and epimers, for the characterization of saccharide mixtures with a varying extent of sulfation and even for the determination of both predominant and rare modification motifs. Thus, LC-NETD-MS/MS has great potential for further application to biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Juan Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Pradeep Chopra
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CG, Netherlands
| | - Cheng Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
- Corresponding Author: Tel.: 617-358-2429.
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21
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Qualitative and quantitative analysis of 2, 5-anhydro-d-mannitol in low molecular weight heparins with high performance anion exchange chromatography hyphenated quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:160-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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22
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Gupta R, Ponnusamy MP. Analysis of sulfates on low molecular weight heparin using mass spectrometry: structural characterization of enoxaparin. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:503-513. [PMID: 29782806 PMCID: PMC10134193 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1480110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Structural characterization of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is critical to meet biosimilarity standards. In this context, the review focuses on structural analysis of labile sulfates attached to the side-groups of LMWH using mass spectrometry. A comprehensive review of this topic will help readers to identify key strategies for tackling the problem related to sulfate loss. At the same time, various mass spectrometry techniques are presented to facilitate compositional analysis of LMWH, mainly enoxaparin. Areas covered: This review summarizes findings on mass spectrometry application for LMWH, including modulation of sulfates, using enzymology and sample preparation approaches. Furthermore, popular open-source software packages for automated spectral data interpretation are also discussed. Successful use of LC/MS can decipher structural composition for LMWH and help evaluate their sameness or biosimilarity with the innovator molecule. Overall, the literature has been searched using PubMed by typing various search queries such as 'enoxaparin', 'mass spectrometry', 'low molecular weight heparin', 'structural characterization', etc. Expert commentary: This section highlights clinically relevant areas that need improvement to achieve satisfactory commercialization of LMWHs. It also primarily emphasizes the advancements in instrumentation related to mass spectrometry, and discusses building automated software for data interpretation and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohitesh Gupta
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska , USA
| | - Moorthy P Ponnusamy
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska , USA.,b Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases and Buffett Cancer Center , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , Nebraska , USA
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