1
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Hu N, Qi W, Zhu J, Li S, Zheng M, Zhao C, Liu J. Postharvest ripening of newly harvested corn: Weakened interactions between starch and protein. Food Chem 2024; 451:139450. [PMID: 38670018 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The effects of postharvest ripening of corn on the mechanisms of starch and protein interactions were investigated using molecular dynamics and several chemical substances. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) treatment all significantly affected the starch content, molecular weight of proteins, relative crystallinity, pasting characteristics and dynamic viscoelasticity in samples before and after postharvest ripening. In the corn that had not undergone postharvest ripening, there were also significant electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds between starch and protein. In addition, molecular dynamics had demonstrated that the forces between starch and protein in corn were mainly hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interaction, and hydrogen bonds. Compared with zein, corn glutelin was more tightly bound to starch. The binding energy of starch to both proteins was reduced in after postharvest-ripened corn. This study laid a rationale for investigating the change mechanism of corn postharvest ripening quality and improving processing property and edible quality of corn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China; School of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, Jilin 130600, China; National Engineering Research Center for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Weihua Qi
- School of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, Jilin 130600, China
| | - Jinying Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China; National Engineering Research Center for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Sheng Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Mingzhu Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China; National Engineering Research Center for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China
| | - Chengbin Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China; National Engineering Research Center for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
| | - Jingsheng Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China; National Engineering Research Center for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing, Changchun, Jilin 130118, China.
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2
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Cai C, Wang G, Bai X, Xu D, Yan C, Yang Y. Optimizing carboxylated nanocellulose preparation: A kinetic and mechanistic study on the enhancement of TEMPO-mediated oxidation via swelling treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133342. [PMID: 38908641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
This study explored the application of swelling pretreatment as a solution to the high cost and contamination associated with the process of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation for nanocellulose preparation. The results demonstrated that swelling significantly expanded the fibers while preserving the degree of polymerization (DP) of cellulose (approximately 95 %). The native crystal structure and hydrogen bonding of cellulose were disrupted after swelling, leading to a reduction in crystallinity and crystallite size, and the decrease of bonding energy and content of intermolecular O6-H⋯O3'. The TEMPO-mediated oxidation processes of cellulose fibers with or without swelling were successfully fitted using a consecutive first-order reaction kinetic model. The fitting results indicated that swelling significantly reduced the activation energy of TEMPO-mediated oxidation and enhanced the reaction rate. Among three swelling systems, the NaOH/thiourea/water system exhibited the optimal promotion effect. Consequently, the swelling treatment enables a significant reduction of 30 % in the catalyst dose for the TEMPO-mediated oxidation while preserving a competitive reaction rate, yield, and product performance. Lower catalyst dosage helps to reduce cost and environmental impact, facilitating the industrial application of the TEMPO-mediated oxidation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cai
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Bai
- School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dongfei Xu
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cuiqiang Yan
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yifei Yang
- School of Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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3
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Kwakye AO, Fukada K, Ishii T, Ogawa M. Impact of Rare Sugar D-Allulose on Hardening of Starch Gels during Refrigerated Storage. Foods 2024; 13:2183. [PMID: 39063268 PMCID: PMC11275381 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The rare sugar D-allulose (Alu), with ca. 10% calories of sucrose (Suc), is a promising alternative sugar that can be used to improve the quality of starch gels in storage. The effects of Alu (compared to Suc) on the hardening and microstructural and molecular order of amylopectin-rich (glutinous rice (GR) and corn amylopectin (CAP)) and amylose-rich (corn (C)) starch gels were investigated. Alu and Suc both suppressed hardening in C gels, while Alu but not Suc was effective in GR and CAP gels. SEM results showed that Alu-containing GR and CAP maintained a relatively large pore size compared to Suc-containing gels. The deconvolution of FTIR spectra revealed that Alu-containing GR and CAP gels had lower ratios of intermolecular hydrogen bonds and higher ratios of loose hydrogen bonds than Suc-containing gels. For amylose-rich C gels, on the other hand, such tendencies were not observed. The influence of Alu on amylopectin-rich gels could be because Alu reduced the ratio of intermolecular hydrogen bonds, which might be involved in amylopectin recrystallization, and increased that of loose hydrogen bonds. The results suggest that Alu is more effective than Suc in inhibiting the hardening of amylopectin-rich starch gels during refrigerated storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Obenewaa Kwakye
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki 761-0795, Kagawa, Japan; (A.O.K.); (K.F.); (T.I.)
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Fukada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki 761-0795, Kagawa, Japan; (A.O.K.); (K.F.); (T.I.)
| | - Toya Ishii
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki 761-0795, Kagawa, Japan; (A.O.K.); (K.F.); (T.I.)
| | - Masahiro Ogawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki 761-0795, Kagawa, Japan; (A.O.K.); (K.F.); (T.I.)
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4
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Shen K, Xia L, Jiao K, Pan F, Xiang B, Zhou W, Shou Y, Gao X, Hu S, Fang H, Xia C, Jiang X, Gao X, Li C, Sun P, Lu G, Fan H, Sun T. Characterization techniques for tobacco and its derivatives: a systematic review. Front Chem 2024; 12:1402502. [PMID: 39036657 PMCID: PMC11257895 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1402502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomass and its derivatives have broad applications in the fields of bio-catalysis, energy storage, environmental remediation. The structure and components of biomass, which are vital parameters affecting corresponding performances of derived products, need to be fully understood for further regulating the biomass and its derivatives. Herein, tobacco is taken as an example of biomass to introduce the typical characterization techniques in unraveling the structural information, chemical components, and properties of biomass and its derivatives. Firstly, the structural information, chemical components and application for biomass are summarized. Then the characterization techniques together with the resultant structural information and chemical components are introduced. Finally, to promote a wide and deep study in this field, the perspectives and challenges concerning structure and composition charaterization in biomass and its derivatives are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shen
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liwei Xia
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaixuan Jiao
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fanda Pan
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Boka Xiang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuedian Shou
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuefeng Gao
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shihao Hu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haoyu Fang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Xia
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinru Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cuiyu Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangzheng Lu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hu Fan
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tulai Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Wei J, Long Y, Li T, Gao H, Nie Y. Exploring hydrogen-bond structures in cellulose during regeneration with anti-solvent through two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131204. [PMID: 38556242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose, renowned for its excellent biocompatibility, finds extensive applications in both industrial and laboratory settings. However, few studies have specifically addressed the mechanistic evolution of hydrogen bond networks in cellulose during the dissolution and regeneration processes. In this research, the regeneration mechanism of cellulose in water and ethanol is investigated through molecular dynamics simulations. The results indicate that the ability of water molecules to disrupt hydrogen bonds between cellulose and ionic liquids is stronger than that of ethanol, which is more conducive to promoting the regeneration of cellulose. Besides, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy coupled with two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy techniques are employed to unveil the evolution sequence of hydrogen bonds during dissolution and regeneration: ν(OH) (absorbed water) → ν(O3-H3···O5) (intrachain) → ν(O6-H6···O3') (interchain) → ν(O2-H2···O6) (intrachain) → ν(OH) (free). This study not only enhances our understanding of the intricate hydrogen bond dynamics in cellulose dissolution and regeneration but also provides a foundation for the expanded application of cellulose in diverse fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS State Key Laboratory of Mesoscience and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Long
- Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Tiancheng Li
- Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Hongshuai Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS State Key Laboratory of Mesoscience and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
| | - Yi Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, CAS State Key Laboratory of Mesoscience and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
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6
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Li X, Xiang Z, Dang W, Lin Z, Wang H, Wang H, Ye D, Yao R. High-yield and scalable cellulose nanomesh preparation via dilute acid vapor and enzymatic hydrolysis-mediated nanofabrication. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121370. [PMID: 37940267 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose has received considerable attention in diverse research fields owing to its unique nanostructure-mediated physicochemical properties. However, classical acid hydrolysis usually destroys the microstructural integrity of cellulose, leading to the violent dissociation of cellulose into low-dimensional nanofibers and limiting the formation of intact structures with high specific surface areas. Herein, we have optimized the methodology of dilute acid vapor hydrolysis combined with the enzymatic hydrolysis (DAVE) method and investigated the pore formation mechanism of cellulose nanomesh (CNM). Benefiting from the selective nano-engraving effect of hydrochloric acid vapor on the amorphous region of cellulose followed by widening of the three-dimensional nanopores using enzymatic hydrolysis, confirmed by topographic, spectroscopic, and crystallographic tests, the as-prepared CNM, significantly different from the existing nanocellulose, exhibited improved specific surface area (98.37 m2/g), high yield (88.5 %), high crystallinity (73.4 %), and excellent thermal stability (375.4 °C). The proposed DAVE approach may open a new avenue for nanocellulose manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Zhongrun Xiang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Wanting Dang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Zewan Lin
- College of Light Textile Engineering and Art, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Biomass Molecular Engineering Centre, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Huai Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Huiqing Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China.
| | - Dongdong Ye
- College of Light Textile Engineering and Art, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China; Biomass Molecular Engineering Centre, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China.
| | - Risheng Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China.
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7
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Zhao H, Xu Q, Yan T, Zhang H, Yang Y. Effect of Bletilla Striata Polysaccharide on the Pasting, Rheological and Adhesive Properties of Wheat Starch. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4721. [PMID: 38139972 PMCID: PMC10747244 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A combination of starch and hydrocolloids is a facile method for physically modifying native starch. Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) is a glucomannan with various applications in the food and cosmetic industries as a thickening agent. This study focused on investigating the impact of BSP on the pasting, rheological and adhesive properties of wheat starch (WS). Results from a Rapid Visco-Analyzer (RVA) revealed that the addition of BSP (below 0.2%) resulted in increases in peak viscosity, breakdown and setback values. However, for the addition of BSP at a higher concentration (0.3%), the opposite trend was observed. Rheological measurements indicated that the presence of BSP increased the viscoelastic properties of WS-BSP gels. TGA results demonstrated that the presence of BSP promoted the thermal stability of starch. FTIR results indicated the short-range order structure decreased at low addition concentrations of BSP (0.05% and 0.1%) and increased with higher BSP addition concentrations (0.2% and 0.3%). SEM observation showed that the BSP improved the hydrophilic property of starch gels and decreased the size of pores in the starch gels. Further, the mechanical properties of paper samples unveiled that the present of BSP in starch gels obviously increased its bonding strength as an adhesive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhao
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (H.Z.); (Q.X.)
| | - Qiang Xu
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (H.Z.); (Q.X.)
| | - Tianlan Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China;
| | - Hongdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuliang Yang
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (H.Z.); (Q.X.)
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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8
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Chen Z, Xie Z, Jiang H. Extraction of the cellulose nanocrystals via ammonium persulfate oxidation of beaten cellulose fibers. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 318:121129. [PMID: 37479458 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The effect of beating starting pulp was investigated on the oxidation efficiency of ammonium persulfate (APS), the yield, and the properties of the CNCs. The beaten pulp and the subsequent CNCs were characterized, respectively, by different techniques. The CNCs were classified as CNC1 and CNC2, dependent on ultrasonication. It showed that the beating exposed more free OH groups in the pulp and enhanced the yield and surface charges of CNCs. Compared to the CNC2, the CNC1 had a higher surface charge, higher crystallinity, higher thermal stability, shorter length, smaller length distribution, and slightly larger width. The CNC1 and CNC2 had similar rheological properties. For the beaten pulp with a beating degree of 25°SR, the yields of the CNC1 and the total CNCs reached the maximum, 42.65 and 34.11 %, respectively. The surface charges of the CNC1 and the CNC2 also reached the maximum, -44.5 and - 33.6 mV, respectively. Their crystallinity indexes were 80.07 and 75.42 %, respectively. The lengths of the CNC1 and the CNC2 were 157.31 ± 30.61 and 214.92 ± 65.52 nm, and their widths were 10.13 ± 2.74 and 9.43 ± 2.99 nm, respectively. Therefore, proper beating enhanced the APS oxidation efficiency and influenced the CNCs properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyun Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhongyuan Xie
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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9
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Zhao H, Zhang H, Xu Q, Zhang H, Yang Y. Thermal, Rheological, Structural and Adhesive Properties of Wheat Starch Gels with Different Potassium Alum Contents. Molecules 2023; 28:6670. [PMID: 37764445 PMCID: PMC10534481 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat starch (WS) is a common adhesive material used in mounting of calligraphy and paintings. Potassium alum (PA) has indeed been used for many centuries to modify the physicochemical properties of starch. Thermal analysis revealed that the presence of PA led to an increase in the gelatinization temperature and enthalpy of the starch gels. The leached amylose and the swelling power of the starch gels exhibited a maximum at the ratio of 100:6.0 (WS:PA, w/w). The rheological properties of starch gels were consistent with changes in the swelling power of starch granules. SEM observations confirmed that the gel structure became more regular, and the holes grew larger with the addition of PA below the ratio of 100:6.0 (WS:PA, w/w). The short-range molecular order in the starch gels was enhanced by the addition of PA, confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Mechanical experiments demonstrated that the binding strength of the starch gels increased with higher PA concentrations and decreased significantly after the aging process. TGA results revealed that PA promoted the acid degradation of starch molecules. This study provides a detailed guide for the preparation of starch-based adhesive and its applications in paper conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhao
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongdong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuliang Yang
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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10
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Zhao M, An X, Fan Z, Nie S, Cheng Z, Cao H, Zhang X, Mian MM, Liu H, Liu L. A feruloyl esterase/cellulase integrated biological system for high-efficiency and toxic-chemical free isolation of tobacco based cellulose nanofibers. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 313:120885. [PMID: 37182973 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco based cellulose nanofiber (TCNF) is a novel nanocellulose that has recently been used to replace undesirable wood pulp fibers in the preparation of reconstructed tobacco sheets (RTS). However, given the strict requirements for controlling toxic chemical content in tobacco products, there is a global interest in developing a green, efficient, and toxic-chemical free approach to isolate TCNF from tobacco stem as a bioresource. In this study, we propose a creative and environmentally friendly method to efficiently and safely isolate TCNF from tobacco stem pulp, which involves integrated biological pretreatment followed by a facile mechanical defibrillation process. Feruloyl esterase is used to pretreat the stem pulp by disrupting the ether and ester bonds between lignin and polysaccharide carbohydrates within the fiber wall, which effectively facilitates cellulase hydrolysis and swelling of the stem pulp fiber, as well as the following mechanical shearing treatment for TCNF isolation. The results demonstrate that TCNF obtained by the comprehensive feruloyl esterase/cellulase/mechanical process exhibit uniform and well-dispersed nanofiber morphology, higher crystallinity, and stronger mechanical properties than those of the control. The addition of 0.5 % TCNF can replace wood pulp by 18 wt% ~ 25 wt% in the production of RTS samples while maintaining their reasonable strength properties.
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11
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Jia Y, Zhang Z, Li M, Ji N, Qin Y, Wang Y, Shi R, Wang T, Xiong L, Sun Q. The effect of hydroxypropyl starch on the improvement of mechanical and cooking properties of rice noodles. Food Res Int 2022; 162:111922. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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12
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Han Z, Hu J, Huang H, Han X, Ke Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Song D, Xu W. Effect of in situ deposition of calcium carbonate in cotton fiber on its mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongbao Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco‐Dyeing & Finishing Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Jinbang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco‐Dyeing & Finishing Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Hongbo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco‐Dyeing & Finishing Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Yushi Ke
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco‐Dyeing & Finishing Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Zhujun Li
- College of Textiles, Guangdong Polytechnic Guangzhou China
| | - Yunli Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco‐Dyeing & Finishing Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Dengpeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Weilin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
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Evaluation and characterization of starch nanoparticles for adsorption of urea from dialysates. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:965-975. [PMID: 36113595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Starch nanoparticles (SNPs) was produced from type-A, B and C native starches (corn, potato and Trichosanthes kirilowii pulp starches respectively), via the nanoprecipitation method. The SNPs showed different amylose contents, water contact angles, surface morphologies and urea clearance performances. In this work, to examine the parameters of SNPs that may change the urea adsorption capacity, urea adsorption performance in adsorption environments with different pH values, urea concentrations, and adsorption times was examined. Thereafter, the characteristics of SNPs were tested by water contact angle measurements (WCA), transmission electron microscopy, specific surface area measurements, gel permeation chromatography, and zeta potential analysis. The results showed that the Trichosanthes kirilowii pulp (C) SNPs show better adsorption than the corn (A) and potato (B) SNPs. The hydrophobicity of SNPs promotes the urea adsorption of the SNPs. Using grey relational analysis, it was found that WCA and Mn are the critical parameter affecting the adsorption performance, with WCA and Mn within the ranges of 31-33° and 1900-2100 kDa, respectively, were found to be the conditions for optimal urea adsorption.
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14
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Fan X, Zi W, Ao J, Li B, Qiao J, Wang Y, Nong Y. Analysis and application evaluation of the flavour-precursor and volatile-aroma-component differences between waste tobacco stems. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10658. [PMID: 36164536 PMCID: PMC9508418 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and utilization of waste resources have important scientific significance and social value. As a renewable and clean resource, the flavour components of waste tobacco stems (WTS) make a significant contribution to the development of waste resources. To evaluate the industrial applicability of the different WTS as raw materials, the present study systematically examined the differences in flavour precursors and volatile aroma components in tobacco stems (TS) from typical tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) growing areas in Yunnan Province through HPLC and GC‒MS analysis. Meanwhile, the contribution to improving the quality of cigarette products is discussed accordingly. The results showed that the contents of flavour precursors, carotenoid and hexane degradation products, neophydiene and total volatile aroma substances in TS were the highest in the Dianxi area, Yun 87 variety and the upper part of Yunnan Province, while the contents of Maillard reaction products and phenylalanine degradation products were the highest in the Diandong area and middle part. The aroma components and sensory quality of TS have obvious regional characteristics in Yunnan. Accordingly, the higher flavour components improve cigarette quality. Most importantly, the middle and upper TS should be preferred to use and classified to process according to the tobacco growing areas, which is beneficial for promoting industrial applicability in cigarette preparation. This study provides a theoretical reference for the industrial value-added applicability of TS in the aspects of flavour extraction and cigarette preparation. Differences in flavour precursors and aroma components in tobacco stems were systematically studied. Flavour precursors and total volatile substances were the highest in the Dianxi area, Yun 87 variety and upper parts. The aroma components and sensory quality of tobacco stems have obvious regional characteristics. Higher flavour components in tobacco stems provide a better contribution to improving cigarette quality. The use of middle and upper tobacco stems are preferred and classify to process to promote industrial applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Fan
- Faculty of Energy and Environment Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Wenhua Zi
- Faculty of Energy and Environment Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Rural Energy Engineering, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Jincheng Ao
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, PR China
| | - Boyu Li
- Faculty of Energy and Environment Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Junfeng Qiao
- Faculty of Energy and Environment Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- Faculty of Energy and Environment Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Yonghong Nong
- Faculty of Energy and Environment Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, PR China
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15
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Singh A, Sheikh J. Preparation of mosquito repellent, antibacterial and UV protective cotton using a novel, chitosan-based polymeric dye. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 290:119466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Xu Y, Gao M, Zhang Y, Ning L, Zhao D, Ni Y. Cellulose Hollow Annular Nanoparticles Prepared from High-Intensity Ultrasonic Treatment. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8928-8938. [PMID: 35687786 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials, such as cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), have received enormous attention in various material research fields due to their unique properties and green/sustainable nature, among other qualities. Herein, we report hollow-type annular cellulose nanocrystals (HTA-CNCs), which are generated by following a high-intensity ultrasonic treatment. The advanced aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy results reveal that HTA-CNCs exhibit ring structures with a typical diameter of 10.0-30.0 nm, a width of 3.0-4.0 nm, and a thickness of 2.0-5.0 nm, similar to those of elementary crystallites. The X-ray diffraction measurements show that the as-prepared HTA-CNCs maintain the cellulose I structure. The changes in structure and hydrogen-bonding characteristics of HTA-CNCs are further determined based on the FT-IR results after deconvolution fitting, showing that three types of hydrogen bonds decrease and the content of free OH increases in HTA-CNCs compared with those in the original CNCs. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation is carried out to support the experimental study. The formation of HTA-CNCs might be attributed to the structural change and entropy increase. The hollow-type annular CNCs may have broad value-added applications as cellulose nanomaterials in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Xu
- College of Light Industry and Energy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Minlan Gao
- College of Light Industry and Energy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Yongqi Zhang
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, YiBin 644000, China
| | - Lulu Ning
- College of Light Industry and Energy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, China
| | - Deqing Zhao
- College of Bioengineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, YiBin 644000, China
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
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17
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Green Extraction of Cellulose Nanocrystals of Polymorph II from Cynara scolymus L.: Challenge for a “Zero Waste” Economy. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12050672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The increase of agri-food wastes by agriculture and industries is one of the main causes of environmental pollution. Here we propose the recycling of Cynara scolymus L. wastes to obtain polymorph II cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Two different extraction procedures are compared: (i) Soxhlet extraction in an ethanol/toluene mixture, and (ii) water boiling of the agricultural waste. Both procedures were followed by purification of cellulose fibers through bleaching treatments and extraction of cellulose nanocrystals by acid hydrolysis. CNCs have been extensively characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, electrophoretic light scattering measurements, X-ray powder diffraction methods, transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analyses. Extracted CNC are rod-like-shaped polymorph IIs with a good crystallinity index, and they are characterized by high hydrogen bonding intensity. The ELS measurements on samples from both procedures show good results regarding the stability of the CNC II sol (ζ < −40 ± 5 mV), comparable to that of the CNC polymorph I. Both polymorph II CNCs show better thermal stability, compared to CNC I. The results show that the easy extraction procedure from agricultural Cynara scolymus L. waste can be used to produce high-quality cellulose nanocrystals as a green alternative to the commonly used synthetic route.
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18
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Ding Z, Tang Y, Zhu P. Reduced graphene oxide/cellulose nanocrystal composite films with high specific capacitance and tensile strength. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:574-582. [PMID: 35077747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to the environmental degradation and energy depletion, the strategy for fabricating high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials based on graphene and nanocellulose has received great attention. Herein, an environmentally friendly reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) composite conductive film was prepared using L-ascorbic acid (L-AA) as the reductant of graphene oxide (GO). Based on chemical structure analysis, L-AA was proved to be an effective reductant to remove oxygen containing groups of GO. Through microstructure observation, a unique stacking structure of CNC and RGO was observed, which could be largely attributed to the hydrogen bond interaction. Furthermore, the effect of CNC amount on the performance of RGO/CNC composite films was also systematically investigated. Particularly, the addition of CNC was found to exert a positive effect on the tensile strength, which might be mainly due to a mass of hydrogen bonds between the CNCs. Meanwhile, the RGO/CNC composite conductive film featured ideal electrical double-layer capacitive (EDLC) behavior, exhibiting a gravity specific capacitance of 222.5 F/g and tensile strength of 32.17 MPa at 20 wt% CNC content. Therefore, the RGO/CNC composite conductive films may hold great promise for environmentally friendly electrode materials of supercapacitors and flexible electrical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory of Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yanjun Tang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Pulp and Papermaking Center, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Peng Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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20
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Gu J, Yan X, Li J, Qian Y, Zhu C, Qi D. Durable flame-retardant behavior of cotton textile with a water-based ammonium vinyl phosphonate. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Sankar Panda S, Kumar Bisaria S, Singh M. The spectroscopic and microscopic evaluation of cellulose used in conservation of archival materials. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Li K, Zhao L, He B. Probing Effect of Papirindustriens Forskningsinstitut (PFI) Refining on Aggregation Structure of Cellulose: Crystal Packing and Hydrogen-Bonding Network. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2912. [PMID: 33291740 PMCID: PMC7761889 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular structure is the critical factor that affects the properties of cellulosic fibers. This article studied the action of Papirindustriens forskningsinstitut (PFI) refining on the molecular aggregation and hydrogen bonding network, and tried to explore the relationship between the crystal packing and hydrogen-bonding network in cellulosic fibers. The results showed that the polymorph, H-bonding distance, and H-bonding energy of various H-bonds remained almost unchanged, while the crystalline index, crystallite size, and content of various H-bonds changed with refining. Therein, the content of the inter-molecular O(6)H⋯O(3') H-bonds was significantly correlated with the crystalline index that was obtained in intensities of the XRD peaks. The Pearson correlation coefficient between them was 0.888 (p < 0.05) for softwood fibers and 0.889 (p < 0.05) for hardwood fibers, respectively. It can be concluded that the variations of accessibility, swelling, and fibrillation were closely related to the supramolecular structure and the intermolecular H-bonds play an important role in the crystal packing of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Rd., Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.L.); (B.H.)
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Zhang DY, Zhang XQ, Yao XH, Wan Y, Song P, Liu ZY, Fu YJ. Microwave-assisted synthesis of PdNPs by cellulose solution to prepare 3D porous microspheres applied on dyes discoloration. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 247:116569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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24
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Sun Y, Wang Y, Li L, Li M, Fu Y, Zheng J, Chen D, Zhang Y, Zhou H. Direct thermoforming manufacture of cellulose transparent products employing nanospheres. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 247:116668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Zi W, Chen Y, Pan Y, Zhang Y, He Y, Wang Q. Pyrolysis, morphology and microwave absorption properties of tobacco stem materials. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:341-350. [PMID: 31132713 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of microwave radiation technology has increased the application possibilities of waste tobacco stems (WTSs). In this study, the morphology and microwave absorption properties of tobacco stem materials as well as the pyrolysis of the resultant biomass (BMTS) were studied via thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and a vector network analysis (VNA). The results show that the BMTS pyrolysis involves four stages in air: dehydration, heat transfer, pyrolysis, and carbonisation, and it involves three stages in N2: moisture evaporation, de-volatilization, and charring. The microwave-assisted expansion of WTSs can improve the pore diameter and total porosity of the expanded tobacco stems (ETSs) and BMTS. The latter is a macroporous material with a total porosity of 78.2% and a probable pore size of 29.5 μm. Its pore size distribution ranges from 10.7 nm to 227 μm. The microwave absorption properties of the WTSs are affected by the moisture content, bulk density, and grain size; the properties can be enhanced by decreasing the grain size and increasing the moisture content and bulk density within the experimental range. The 3 dB bandwidth and amplitude vary by 0.45 MHz and - 0.406 dB per 1% increase in the moisture content of the materials, respectively. Our results demonstrate that tobacco stem materials with different moisture contents and grain sizes should be classified before the expansion or re-drying steps to ensure heating uniformity and product quality during the microwave radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Zi
- College of Energy and Environment Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yubao Chen
- College of Energy and Environment Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yihong Pan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Yougang Zhang
- College of Energy and Environment Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yufeng He
- Yunnan Lian-Da Science & Technology Development Co., Ltd., Kunming 650599, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Energy and Environment Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China.
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