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Ren H, Huang Y, Yang W, Ling Z, Liu S, Zheng S, Li S, Wang Y, Pan L, Fan W, Zheng Y. Emerging nanocellulose from agricultural waste: Recent advances in preparation and applications in biobased food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134512. [PMID: 39111480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
With the increasing emphasis on sustainability and eco-friendliness, a novel biodegradable packaging materials has received unprecedented attention. Nanocellulose, owing to its high crystallinity, degradability, minimal toxicity, and outstanding biocompatibility, has gained considerable interest in the field of sustainable packaging. This review provided a comprehensive perspective about the recent advances and future development of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). We first introduced the utilization of agricultural waste for nanocellulose production, such as straw, bagasse, fruit byproducts, and shells. Next, we discussed the preparation process of nanocellulose from various agricultural wastes and expounded the advantages and shortcomings of different methods. Subsequently, this review offered an in-depth investigation on the application of nanocellulose in food packaging, especially the function and packaged form of nanocellulose on food preservation. Finally, the safety evaluation of nanocellulose in food packaging is conducted to enlighten and promote the perfection of relevant regulatory documents. In short, this review provided valuable insights for potential research on the biobased materials utilized in future food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Ren
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, 287 Langongping Road, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050, PR China; China Northwest Collaborative Innovation Center of Low-carbon Unbanization Technologies of Gansu and MOE, 287 Langongping Road, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050, PR China
| | - Yu Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, 287 Langongping Road, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050, PR China
| | - Weixia Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, 287 Langongping Road, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050, PR China; China Northwest Collaborative Innovation Center of Low-carbon Unbanization Technologies of Gansu and MOE, 287 Langongping Road, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050, PR China.
| | - Zhe Ling
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Sifan Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, 287 Langongping Road, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050, PR China
| | - Shiyu Zheng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, 287 Langongping Road, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050, PR China
| | - Siqi Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, 287 Langongping Road, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- China Northwest Collaborative Innovation Center of Low-carbon Unbanization Technologies of Gansu and MOE, 287 Langongping Road, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050, PR China
| | - Lichao Pan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, 287 Langongping Road, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050, PR China
| | - Wenguang Fan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, 287 Langongping Road, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730050, PR China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, 101C BIVAP, 1980 Kimball Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
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Kim H, Dutta SD, Randhawa A, Patil TV, Ganguly K, Acharya R, Lee J, Park H, Lim KT. Recent advances and biomedical application of 3D printed nanocellulose-based adhesive hydrogels: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130732. [PMID: 38479658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Nanocellulose-based tissue adhesives show promise for achieving rapid hemostasis and effective wound healing. Conventional methods, such as sutures and staples, have limitations, prompting the exploration of bioadhesives for direct wound adhesion and minimal tissue damage. Nanocellulose, a hydrolysis product of cellulose, exhibits superior biocompatibility and multifunctional properties, gaining interest as a base material for bioadhesive development. This study explores the potential of nanocellulose-based adhesives for hemostasis and wound healing using 3D printing techniques. Nanocellulose enables the creation of biodegradable adhesives with minimal adverse effects and opens avenues for advanced wound healing and complex tissue regeneration, such as skin, blood vessels, lungs, cartilage, and muscle. This study reviews recent trends in various nanocellulose-based 3D printed hydrogel patches for tissue engineering applications. The review also introduces various types of nanocellulose and their synthesis, surface modification, and bioadhesive fabrication techniques via 3D printing for smart wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojin Kim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Aayushi Randhawa
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tejal V Patil
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Rumi Acharya
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonseo Park
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Kangwon University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea; Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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Cai C, Wang G, Xu D, Yan C, Wang L. Oxidation of p-toluenesulfonic acid fractionated hybrid Pennisetum by different methods for carboxylated nanocellulose preparation: The evaluation of efficiency and sustainability. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 395:130401. [PMID: 38286170 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
An innovative two-step process with p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) and oxidation treatment was proposed for the efficient preparation of carboxylated nanocellulose from hybrid Pennisetum. Approximately 90 % of lignin was dissolved by p-TsOH acid under the optimal condition (80 °C, 20 min). Near-complete delignification (down to 0.5 %) and introduction of carboxylate groups (up to 1.48 mmol/g) could be achieved simultaneously during cellulose oxidation treatments without the requirement for bleaching. However, different oxidation methods expressed different efficiency and sustainability. 2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) oxidation has higher selectivity for the carboxylation reaction but with detriment to the aquatic environment. Fenton oxidation is more energy-consuming due to the lower carboxylate contents of products (maximum 188 μmol/g), with the carboxylic groups present as carboxylic acids, but competitive in terms of environmental sustainability, especially when renewable energy sources are available. The nanocelluloses obtained by the two oxidation methods differ in morphology and have different application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cai
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Dongfei Xu
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cuiqiang Yan
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liuqing Wang
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Mirzaee N, Nikzad M, Battisti R, Araghi A. Isolation of cellulose nanofibers from rapeseed straw via chlorine-free purification method and its application as reinforcing agent in carboxymethyl cellulose-based films. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126405. [PMID: 37597636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were successfully isolated from rapeseed straw (RS) whose valorization has been rarely investigated to date. A combined bleaching method without chlorine was applied for the purification of cellulose fibers, previously unexplored for RS. Chemical composition analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that the purification method eliminated hemicellulose and reduced lignin content from 24.4 % to 1.8 %. The isolation of CNFs was performed using sulfuric acid hydrolysis under different acid concentrations (55 and 60 % v/v) and hydrolysis times (15, 30, and 45 min). The isolated CNFs were characterized by FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The formation of CNFs was confirmed by a significant increase in crystallinity index from 46.45 % of RS to >79.41 % of CNFs, depending on acid concentration and isolation duration. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) films with different contents of CNFs were prepared by casting method. The mechanical properties and cytotoxicity of the prepared films were investigated. The CNFs obtained from RS via a chlorine-free purification method showed promising results for their usage as reinforcement in CMC matrix and film fabrication for various applications such as transdermal medicine and food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Mirzaee
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
| | - Maryam Nikzad
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran.
| | - Rodrigo Battisti
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Santa Catarina, Criciúma Campus, 88813-600, Brazil
| | - Atefeh Araghi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol, Iran
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Yang J, Han X, Yang W, Hu J, Zhang C, Liu K, Jiang S. Nanocellulose-based composite aerogels toward the environmental protection: Preparation, modification and applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116736. [PMID: 37495064 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose aerogel has the advantages of porosity, low density and high specific surface area, which can effectively realize the adsorption and treatment of wastewater waste gas. The methods of preparing nanocellulose mainly include mechanical, chemical and biological methods. Nanocellulose is formed into nanocellulose aerogel after gelation, solvent replacement and drying processes. Based on the advantages of easy modification of nanocellulose aerogels, nanocellulose aerogels can be functionalized with conductive fillers, reinforcing fillers and other materials to give nanocellulose aerogels in electrical, mechanical and other properties. Through functionalization, the properties of nanocellulose composite aerogel such as hydrophobicity and adsorption are improved, and the aerogel is endowed with the ability of electrical conductivity and electromagnetic shielding. Through functionalization, the applicability and general applicability of nanocellulose composite aerogel in the field of environmental protection are improved. In this paper, the preparation and functional modification methods of nanocellulose aerogels are reviewed, and the application prospects of nanocellulose composite aerogels in common environmental protection fields such as dye adsorption, heavy metal ion adsorption, gas adsorption, electromagnetic shielding, and oil-water separation are specifically reviewed, and new solutions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjiang Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International In-novation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International In-novation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Weisen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Fujian Province University, College of Ecological and Resources Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, 354300, China.
| | - Jiapeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Fujian Province University, College of Ecological and Resources Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, 354300, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Institute of Materials Science and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Kunming Liu
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Shaohua Jiang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International In-novation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China; Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Fujian Province University, College of Ecological and Resources Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, 354300, China.
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Ngasotter S, Xavier KAM, Porayil L, Balange A, Nayak BB, Eapen S, Adarsh KJ, Sreekala MS, Sharma R, Ninan G. Optimized high-yield synthesis of chitin nanocrystals from shrimp shell chitin by steam explosion. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 316:121040. [PMID: 37321734 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study attempted for the first time to prepare chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) from shrimp shell chitin using steam explosion (SE) method. Response surface methodology (RSM) approach was used to optimize the SE conditions. Optimum SE conditions to acquire a maximum yield of 76.78 % were acid concentration (2.63 N), time (23.70 min), and chitin to acid ratio (1:22). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the ChNCs produced by SE had an irregular spherical shape with an average diameter of 55.70 ± 13.12 nm. FTIR spectra showed ChNCs were slightly different than chitin due to a shift in peak positions to higher wavenumber and higher peak intensities. XRD patterns indicated ChNCs were a typical α-chitin structure. Thermal analysis revealed ChNCs were less thermally stable than chitin. Compared to conventional acid hydrolysis, the SE approach described in this study is simple, fast, easy, and requires less acid concentration and acid quantity, making it more scalable and efficient for synthesizing ChNCs. Furthermore, the characteristics of the ChNCs will shed light on the potential industrial uses for the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soibam Ngasotter
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - K A Martin Xavier
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Layana Porayil
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Amjad Balange
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Binaya Bhusan Nayak
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shibu Eapen
- STIC, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala 682022, India
| | - K J Adarsh
- STIC, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala 682022, India
| | - M S Sreekala
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India
| | - Rupam Sharma
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - George Ninan
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Kerala 682029, India
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Zambrano-Mite LF, Villasana Y, Bejarano ML, Luciani C, Niebieskikwiat D, Álvarez W, Cueva DF, Aguilera-Pesantes D, Orejuela-Escobar LM. Optimization of microfibrillated cellulose isolation from cocoa pod husk via mild oxalic acid hydrolysis: A response surface methodology approach. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17258. [PMID: 37389052 PMCID: PMC10300216 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Theobroma cacao L. species, cultivated worldwide for its valuable beans, generates up to 72% weight of the fruit as waste. The lack of reutilization technologies in the cocoa agroindustry has hindered the exploitation of valuable bio-components applicable to the generation of high value added bioproducts. One such bioproduct is microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), a biopolymer that stands out for its desirable mechanical properties and biocompatibility in biomedical, packing, 3D printing, and construction applications. In this study, we isolated microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) from cocoa pod husk (CPH) via oxalic acid hydrolysis combined with a steam explosion. MFC isolation started with the Solid/Liquid extraction via Soxhlet, followed by mild citric acid hydrolysis, diluted alkaline hydrolysis, and bleaching pre-treatments. A Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the hydrolysis reaction at levels between 110 and 125 °C, 30-90 min at 5-10% (w/v) oxalic acid concentration. The cellulose-rich fraction was characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses. Characterization analyses revealed a cellulose-rich polymer with fibers ranging from 6 to 10 μm, a maximum thermal degradation temperature of 350 °C, and a crystallinity index of 63.4% (peak height method) and 29.0% (amorphous subtraction method). The optimized hydrolysis conditions were 125 °C, 30 min, at 5% w/v oxalic acid: with a 75.7% yield. These results compare with MFC obtained through highly concentrated inorganic acid hydrolysis from different biomass sources. Thus, we show a reliable and greener alternative chemical treatment for the obtention of MFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Fernando Zambrano-Mite
- Biomass Laboratory, Biomass to Resources Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena 096975, Ecuador
| | - Yanet Villasana
- Biomass Laboratory, Biomass to Resources Group, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena 096975, Ecuador
| | - M. Lorena Bejarano
- Institute of Energy and Materials, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
| | - Christian Luciani
- Departamento de Física, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
| | - Dario Niebieskikwiat
- Departamento de Física, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
| | - Willin Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida. Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena 096975, Ecuador
| | - Dario F. Cueva
- Applied Circular Engineering & Simulation Group (GICAS), Chemical Engineering Department, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
| | | | - Lourdes M. Orejuela-Escobar
- Institute of Energy and Materials, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
- Applied Circular Engineering & Simulation Group (GICAS), Chemical Engineering Department, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Ambientales (Biósfera), Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (IBioMed), Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito 170901, Ecuador
- Geocircular Consulting Group LLC, Temple Terrace, FL 33617, USA
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Ma Q, Bu X, Nie C, Li W, Zhang X, Liu B, Ma S, Li J, Fan G, Wang J. Impact of interactions between peanut protein isolate and cellulose nanocrystals on the properties of Pickering emulsions: Rheological properties and physical stabilities. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123527. [PMID: 36740108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between cellulose nanocrystals and proteins can regulate the interfacial properties of Pickering emulsions, which plays a leading role in the stabilities of Pickering emulsions. In this work, oil-in-water (O/W) Pickering emulsions with different oil-water ratios were prepared using peanut protein isolate modified by cellulose nanocrystals (PPI/CL-CNCs). The distributions of PPI/CL-CNCs at the oil-water interfaces and the microstructures of Pickering emulsions were observed by CLSM and cryo-SEM. The results showed that stable complexes PPI/CL-CNCs formed thick and dense interface layers on the surface of oil droplets. The results of rheological tests clarified that the Pickering emulsions showed an elastic and gel texture, and their gel strength could be enhanced by regulating the oil-water ratios from 3:7 to 7:3. In addition, after one month of storage, the EI of all emulsions remained above 92 % with no obvious phase separation or demulsification. These results suggested that the PPI/CL-CNCs-stabilized Pickering emulsions showed good physical stabilities. The study on the rheological properties and physical stabilities of PPI/CL-CNCs-based Pickering emulsions provided novel insights on developing highly stable Pickering emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xianpan Bu
- Ankang R&D Center for Se-enriched Products, Ankang, Shaanxi, 725000, China
| | - Chunling Nie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weilong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaowan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bingqian Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sihong Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guangseng Fan
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Jianguo Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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9
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Jerez F, Ramos PB, Córdoba VE, Ponce MF, Acosta GG, Bavio MA. Yerba mate: From waste to activated carbon for supercapacitors. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 330:117158. [PMID: 36603253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Developing technological solutions that use yerba mate waste as precursors is key to reducing the environmental impact caused by the lack of treatment and its accumulation in landfills. Due to their physicochemical properties, these residues can be used to develop activated carbons. Activated carbon is a versatile material with a high surface area that can be used for energy storage. In this work, yerba mate residues were valued by producing chemically activated carbon to be used as electrode material in supercapacitors. Activated carbons were developed through chemical activation in two steps with KOH. Variables such as impregnation ratio and activation temperature are studied. The developed carbons were characterized by physicochemical and electrochemical techniques. They were found to have high surface areas, up to 1800 m2 g-1, with a hierarchical porous distribution. A maximum specific capacitance of 644 F g-1 at 0.1 A g-1, and power values of ca 32,000 W kg-1, at 33 A g-1 were found. All the synthesized carbons have excellent electrochemical properties and are suitable for use as active material in supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Jerez
- CIFICEN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Olavarría, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National University of the Center of the Province of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Engineering, INTELYMEC, Avda. Del Valle 5737, B7400JWI, Olavarría, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Pamela B Ramos
- CIFICEN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Olavarría, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National University of the Center of the Province of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Engineering, INMAT, Avda. Del Valle 5737, B7400JWI, Olavarría, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica E Córdoba
- CIFICEN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Olavarría, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National University of the Center of the Province of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Engineering, INTELYMEC, Avda. Del Valle 5737, B7400JWI, Olavarría, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Federico Ponce
- CIFICEN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Olavarría, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National University of the Center of the Province of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Engineering, INTELYMEC, Avda. Del Valle 5737, B7400JWI, Olavarría, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo G Acosta
- CIFICEN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Olavarría, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National University of the Center of the Province of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Engineering, INTELYMEC, Avda. Del Valle 5737, B7400JWI, Olavarría, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela A Bavio
- CIFICEN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Olavarría, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National University of the Center of the Province of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Engineering, INTELYMEC, Avda. Del Valle 5737, B7400JWI, Olavarría, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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10
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Muthusamy VP, Krishnakumar V. Tensile performance of NCC and lignin reinforcements in PAN matrix. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03300-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Pickering emulsions synergistically stabilized by cellulose nanocrystals and peanut protein isolate. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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12
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Rimpy, Ahuja M. Fluconazole-loaded TEOS-modified nanocellulose 3D scaffolds – Fabrication, characterization and its application as vaginal drug delivery system. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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13
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Brombilla VDL, Sarmento Lazarotto J, Silvestri S, Anschau KF, Dotto GL, Foletto EL. Biochar derived from yerba-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) as an alternative TiO2 support for enhancement of photocatalytic activity toward Rhodamine-B degradation in water. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2021.1966423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Siara Silvestri
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Luiz Dotto
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Edson Luiz Foletto
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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14
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Li M, He B, Chen Y, Zhao L. Physicochemical Properties of Nanocellulose Isolated from Cotton Stalk Waste. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:25162-25169. [PMID: 34632175 PMCID: PMC8495699 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, nanocellulose has become an attractive and high-value-added product. The cotton stalk is a waste product with a high cellulose content. Therefore, nanocellulose can be isolated from the cotton stalk. Properties of nanocellulose are affected by its nanoscale. In this study, the characteristics of cellulose in nanoscale were investigated. A series of cotton stalk nanocelluloses were prepared by sulfuric acid hydrolysis to study their physicochemical properties and the differences of nanocelluloses on different nanoscales. The obtained nanocelluloses were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TA), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). From the morphology analysis, the mean length and width of nanocelluloses were decreased to 90.5 and 7.0 nm, respectively. From the FTIR analysis, with the particle size decreasing, hydrogen bonds were broken and recombined. Acid hydrolysis mainly acted on intramolecular hydrogen bonds of cellulose macromolecules, especially on O(3)H···O(5) bonds. The crystal arrangement model of nanocellulose was investigated. From the TA analysis, the thermal property was decreased with a reduction of nanocellulose particle size. The CrI of the cotton stalk nanocellulose was the highest at up to 87.10%. The differences of cotton stalk nanocelluloses give significant changes to physicochemical behaviors at the nanoscale. The research would provide a theoretical basis for the future application of nanocelluloses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Printing
& Packaging of China National Light Industry, Key Laboratory of
Printing & Packaging Materials and Technology of Shandong Province,
School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Daxue Road, Changqing District, Ji’nan City, Shandong Province 250353, P.R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Beihai He
- State
Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- Hubei
Province Fibre Inspection Bureau, Wuhan 430000, P.R. China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
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15
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Borsoi C, Hansen B, Gemmer RE, Dahlem Júnior MA, Francisquetti EL, Zattera AJ, Santana RMC, Catto AL. Effect of different surface treatments on polypropylene composites reinforced with yerba mate fibers: Physical, mechanical, chemical, and morphological properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cleide Borsoi
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates Lajeado Brazil
| | - Betina Hansen
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates Lajeado Brazil
| | - Ruan Ezequiel Gemmer
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates Lajeado Brazil
| | - Marcos Aurélio Dahlem Júnior
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS Escola de Engenharia, Laboratório de Materiais Poliméricos – LAPOL Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Edson Luiz Francisquetti
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul – IFRS Farroupilha Brazil
| | - Ademir José Zattera
- Universidade de Caxias do Sul – UCS Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Engenharia de Processos e Tecnologias (PGEPROTEC) Caxias do Sul Brazil
| | - Ruth Marlene Campomanes Santana
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS Escola de Engenharia, Laboratório de Materiais Poliméricos – LAPOL Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - André Luis Catto
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas Universidade do Vale do Taquari – Univates Lajeado Brazil
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16
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Picot-Allain MCN, Emmambux MN. Isolation, Characterization, and Application of Nanocellulose from Agro-industrial By-products: A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1928689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Neves RM, Vanzetto AB, Lazzari LK, Zattera AJ. Thermal and dynamic mechanical behavior of epoxy composites reinforced with post‐consumed yerba mate. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Motta Neves
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Andrielen Braz Vanzetto
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Engineering and Technology Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Lídia Kunz Lazzari
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Ademir José Zattera
- Postgraduate Program in Engineering of Processes and Technologies (PGEPROTEC) University of Caxias do Sul (UCS) Caxias do Sul Brazil
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18
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Controlled release of fertilizers from Ca(II)-alginate matrix modified by yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) waste. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Beltrán FR, Arrieta MP, Gaspar G, de la Orden MU, Martínez Urreaga J. Effect of Iignocellulosic Nanoparticles Extracted from Yerba Mate ( Ilex paraguariensis) on the Structural, Thermal, Optical and Barrier Properties of Mechanically Recycled Poly(lactic acid). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081690. [PMID: 32751154 PMCID: PMC7463788 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, yerba mate nanoparticles (YMNs) were extracted from Ilex paraguairiencis yerba mate wastes and further used to improve the overall performance of mechanically recycled PLA (PLAR). Recycled PLA was obtained by melt reprocessing PLA subjected to an accelerated ageing process, which involved photochemical, thermal and hydrothermal ageing steps, as well as a final demanding washing step. YMNs (1 and 3 wt. %) were added to the PLAR during the melt reprocessing step and further processed into films. The main goal of the development of PLAR-YMNs bionanocomposites was to increase the barrier properties of recycled PLA, while showing good overall performance for food packaging applications. Thus, optical, structural, thermal, mechanical and barrier properties were evaluated. The incorporation of YMNs led to transparent greenish PLAR-based films with an effective blockage of harmful UV radiation. From the backbone FTIR stretching region (bands at 955 and 920 cm−1), it seems that YMNs favor the formation of crystalline domains acting as nucleating agents for PLAR. The morphological investigations revealed the good dispersion of YMNs in PLAR when they are used in the lowest amount of 1 wt. %, leading to bionanocomposites with improved mechanical performance. Although the addition of high hydrophilic YMNs increased the water vapor transmission, the addition of 1 wt. % of YMNs enhanced the oxygen barrier performance of the produced bionanocomposite films. These results show that the synergistic revalorization of post-consumer PLA and nanoparticles obtained from agri-food waste is a potential way for the production of promising packaging materials that meet with the principles of the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddys R. Beltrán
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
- Grupo de Investigación: Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (F.R.B.); (M.P.A.)
| | - Marina P. Arrieta
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
- Grupo de Investigación: Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (F.R.B.); (M.P.A.)
| | - Gerald Gaspar
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
| | - María U. de la Orden
- Grupo de Investigación: Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Dpto. Química Orgánica, Facultad de Óptica y Optometría, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28037 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Martínez Urreaga
- Dpto. Ingeniería Química Industrial y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, E.T.S.I. Industriales, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (G.G.); (J.M.U.)
- Grupo de Investigación: Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
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20
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Arserim-Uçar DK, Korel F, Liu L, Yam KL. Characterization of bacterial cellulose nanocrystals: Effect of acid treatments and neutralization. Food Chem 2020; 336:127597. [PMID: 32763732 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, bacterial cellulose nanocrystals (BCNCs) were obtained from bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCNFs) by controlled hydrolysis of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. The influence of hydrolysis temperature and acid type with the addition of the post-treatment step was studied. The obtained BCNCs were analyzed based on the structural characterization and the properties of the nanocrystals. The BCNCs crystallinity increased, and the size of nanocrystals decreased with increasing 10 °C hydrolysis temperature for both acid hydrolysis conditions. Hydrolysis conditions with neutralization post-treatment did not alter the thermal stability of nanocrystals, and BCNCs had high thermal stability like raw BCNFs. Elemental analysis results indicated that sulfur content (S %) was very low for sulfuric acid hydrolyzed samples, and X-ray results did not show any sulfate salt peaks. Thermal stable BCNCs with high crystallinity were successfully produced to meet the process requirements in various applications, especially in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dılhun Keriman Arserim-Uçar
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Urla, İzmir, Turkey; Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Eastern Regional Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, USA.
| | - Figen Korel
- Food Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Urla, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - LinShu Liu
- Eastern Regional Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, USA.
| | - Kit L Yam
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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21
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Zhang H, Chen Y, Wang S, Ma L, Yu Y, Dai H, Zhang Y. Extraction and comparison of cellulose nanocrystals from lemon (Citrus limon) seeds using sulfuric acid hydrolysis and oxidation methods. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 238:116180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Ewulonu CM, Chukwuneke JL, Nwuzor IC, Achebe CH. Fabrication of cellulose nanofiber/polypyrrole/polyvinylpyrrolidone aerogels with box-Behnken design for optimal electrical conductivity. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 235:116028. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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Jin C, Yang M, E S, Liu J, Zhang S, Zhang X, Sheng K, Zhang X. Corn stover valorization by one-step formic acid fractionation and formylation for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and high guaiacyl lignin production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 299:122586. [PMID: 31865154 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
One-step fractionation with concentrated formic acid at elevated temperatures with short retention time was investigated for corn stover valorization. Crude pulp (CP) with high purity of cellulose and FA-lignin (FAL) with high guaiacyl content were fractionated through one-step mild pretreatment. Formylation reaction on both CP and FAL fractions occurred during the pretreatment and improved the hydrophobicity and thermal stability of CPs and FALs. The presence of formyl group on CPs significantly inhibited the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency for sugar production, however, the formylated cellulose showed super high reactivity and selectivity for HMF production through catalysis by maleic acid and aluminum chloride in acetonitrile-water co-solvent system. In addition, the fractionated FAL fraction exhibited a loose structure which is prominent for its further catalytic conversion into chemicals and energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caidi Jin
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ming Yang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuang E
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianglong Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoliang Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kuichuan Sheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ximing Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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24
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Effects of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Cellulose Nanofibers on the Structure and Properties of Polyhydroxybutyrate Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122063. [PMID: 31835805 PMCID: PMC6960622 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major obstacles for polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer, in commercial applications is its poor elongation at break (~3%). In this study, the effects of nanocellulose contents and their types, including cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) on the crystallization, thermal, and mechanical properties of PHB composites were systematically compared. We explored the toughening mechanisms of PHB by adding CNCs and cellulose CNFs. The results showed that when the morphology of bagasse nanocellulose was rod-like and its content was 1 wt %, the toughening modification of PHB was the best. Compared with pure PHB, the elongation at break and Young’s modulus increased by 91.2% and 18.4%, respectively. Cellulose nanocrystals worked as heterogeneous nucleating agents in PHB and hence reduced its crystallinity and consequently improved the toughness of PHB. This simple approach could potentially be explored as a strategy to extend the possible applications of this biopolymer in packaging fields.
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