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Begum F, Chutia H, Bora M, Deb P, Mahanta CL. Characterization of coconut milk waste nanocellulose based curcumin-enriched Pickering nanoemulsion and its application in a blended beverage of defatted coconut milk and pineapple juice. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129305. [PMID: 38262827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to develop a blended beverage enriched with curcumin. The curcumin was incorporated within a Pickering nanoemulsion that was stabilized with nanocellulose. The nanocellulose was synthesized from coconut milk waste residue using 38 %-42 % sulfuric acid (AC) and 5 and 10 min ultrasound (UL) separately and in combination (ACU). While combined treatment showed an increase in particle size with ultrasonication time, PDI was observed to decrease. ACU with 10 min ultrasonication was further used at 0.05 %, 0.1 %, 0.2 %, and 0.3 % for stabilization of curcumin enriched Pickering nanoemulsion. The curcumin in Pickering nanoemulsion fabricated with 0.1 % of nanocellulose with an average particle size and PDI value of 259.6 nm and 0.284, respectively was found to be the most stable as compared to other Pickering nanoemulsions at different pH levels and temperatures. RP-HPLC analysis revealed that with 0.1 % of nanocellulose, the Pickering nanoemulsion was most stable at 2 pH and 63 °C temperatures. The in vitro release of curcumin from Pickering nanoemulsion added to a blended beverage in intestinal phase was 51.58 %, which was higher than the stomach phase (38.19 %). The outcomes clearly showed Pickering nanoemulsion to be a promising carrier for curcumin encapsulation in beverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fogila Begum
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Engineering, Tezpur University, 784028, India
| | - Hemanta Chutia
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Engineering, Tezpur University, 784028, India
| | - Mayuri Bora
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences, Tezpur University, 784028, India.
| | - Pritam Deb
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences, Tezpur University, 784028, India.
| | - Charu Lata Mahanta
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Engineering, Tezpur University, 784028, India.
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Sabaruddin FA, Megashah LN, Shazleen SS, Ariffin H. Emerging trends in the appliance of ultrasonic technology for valorization of agricultural residue into versatile products. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 99:106572. [PMID: 37696213 PMCID: PMC10498174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of agricultural residues to obtain biocompounds of high-added value has significantly increased in the past decades. The conversion of agro-based residues into valuable products appears to be an economically efficient, environment-friendly, and protracted waste management practice. The implementation of ultrasonic technologies in the conversion of value-added goods from agricultural waste materials through pre-treatment and valorization processes has imparted many advantageous effects including rapid processing, effective process performance, minimization of processing steps, minimal dependency on harmful chemicals, and an increased yield and properties of bio-products. To further enliven the literature and inspire new research investigations, this review covers the comprehensive work including theoretical principles, processes, and potential benefits of ultrasonic treatment technologies to assist the production of bio-products which emphasize the extraction yield and the characteristic of the end-product extracted from agriculture residues. A detailed evaluation of these methods and key aspects impacting their performance as well as the features and shortcomings of each ultrasound-assisted approach is also discussed. This review also addressed some of the challenges associated with using ultrasonic irradiation and proposed several potential techniques to maximize productivity. Understanding the concept of ultrasonication technique allow the academician and industrial practitioners to explore the possibility of applying a greener and sustainable approach of biomass extraction to be translated into higher scale production of commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Athiyah Sabaruddin
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Liana Noor Megashah
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Shazra Shazleen
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hidayah Ariffin
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Biopolymer and Derivatives, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Nugroho RWN, Tardy BL, Eldin SM, Ilyas RA, Mahardika M, Masruchin N. Controlling the critical parameters of ultrasonication to affect the dispersion state, isolation, and chiral nematic assembly of cellulose nanocrystals. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 99:106581. [PMID: 37690260 PMCID: PMC10498310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are typically extracted from plants and present a range of opto-mechanical properties that warrant their use for the fabrication of sustainable materials. While their commercialization is ongoing, their sustainable extraction at large scale is still being optimized. Ultrasonication is a well-established and routinely used technology for (re-) dispersing and/or isolating plant-based CNCs without the need for additional reagents or chemical processes. Several critical ultrasonication parameters, such as time, amplitude, and energy input, play dominant roles in reducing the particle size and altering the morphology of CNCs. Interestingly, this technology can be coupled with other methods to generate moderate and high yields of CNCs. Besides, the ultrasonics treatment also has a significant impact on the dispersion state and the surface chemistry of CNCs. Accordingly, their ability to self-assemble into liquid crystals and subsequent superstructures can, for example, imbue materials with finely tuned structural colors. This article gives an overview of the primary functions arising from the ultrasonication parameters for stabilizing CNCs, producing CNCs in combination with other promising methods, and highlighting examples where the design of photonic materials using nanocrystal-based celluloses is substantially impacted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertus Wahyu N Nugroho
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Nanocellulose between BRIN and Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia.
| | - Blaise L Tardy
- Khalifa University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Research and Innovation Center on CO(2) and Hydrogen, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Sayed M Eldin
- Center of Research, Faculty of Engineering, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt.
| | - R A Ilyas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor 81310, Malaysia; Center for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor 81310, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia; Center of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia.
| | - Melbi Mahardika
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Nanocellulose between BRIN and Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia
| | - Nanang Masruchin
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong 16911, Indonesia; Collaborative Research Center for Nanocellulose between BRIN and Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia
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Shao B, Han Z, Pang R, Wu D, Xie B, Su Y. The crystalline structure transition and hydrogen bonds shift determining enhanced enzymatic digestibility of cellulose treated by ultrasonication. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162631. [PMID: 36894093 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Global energy issue raised the necessity to develop second-generation biofuels, and biorefinery of cellulosic biomass becomes a promising solution. Various pretreatments were used to overcome the cellulose nature of recalcitrance and improve the enzymatic digestibility, but the lack of mechanism understanding hindered the development of efficient and cost-effective technologies of cellulose utilization. Using structure-based analysis, we demonstrate that the improved hydrolysis efficiency caused by ultrasonication was ascribed to the changed cellulose properties rather than the increased dissolubility. Further, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analysis suggested that enzymatic digestion of cellulose is an entropically favored reaction driven by hydrophobic forces other than an enthalpically favored reaction. The changes in cellulose properties and thermodynamic paramenters due to ultrasonication accounted for the improved accessibility. Ultrasonication-treated cellulose showed porous, rough and disordered morphology, accompanying with the loss of crystalline structure. Despite the unaffected unit cell structure, ultrasonication expanded the crystalline lattice by increasing grain sizes and average cross-sectional area, resulting in the transformation from cellulose I to cellulose II, with the decreased crystallinity, better hydrophilicity and increased enzymatic bioaccessibility. Furthermore, FTIR combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-CoS) verified that the sequential shift of hydroxyl group and intramolecular/intermolecular hydrogen bonds, the functional groups governing cellulose crystal structure and stability, accounted for the ultrasonication-induced transition of cellulose crystalline structure. This study provides a comprehensive picture of cellulose structure and property response caused by mechanistic treatments and will open up avenues to develop novel pretreatments for efficient utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boqun Shao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhibang Han
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ruirui Pang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bing Xie
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yinglong Su
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics & Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Batista MJ, Torres SS, Franca AS, Oliveira LS. Effect of Zinc Chloride Solution Assisted by Ultrasound on Polysaccharides of Spent Coffee Grounds. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2023.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
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Hafid HS, Omar FN, Bahrin EK, Wakisaka M. Extraction and surface modification of cellulose fibers and its reinforcement in starch-based film for packaging composites. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:7. [PMID: 38647891 PMCID: PMC10992750 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00631-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulose extraction from gloss art paper (GAP) waste is a recycling strategy for the abundance of gloss art paper waste. Here, a study was conducted on the impact of ultrasonic homogenization for cellulose extraction from GAP waste to improve the particle size, crystallinity, and thermal stability. RESULTS At treatment temperature of 75.8 °C, ultrasonic power level of 70.3% and 1.4 h duration, cellulose with properties of 516.4 nm particle size, 71.5% crystallinity, and thermal stability of 355.2 °C were extracted. Surface modification of cellulose GAP waste with H3PO4 hydrolysis and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO) oxidation was done followed by starch reinforcement. Surface hydrophobicity and mechanical strength were increased for H3PO4 hydrolysis and TEMPO oxidation starch-cellulose. No reduction of thermal properties observed during the treatment, while increment of crystallinity index up to 47.65-59.6% was shown. Neat starch film was more transparent, followed by starch-TEMPO film and starch-H3PO4 film, due to better homogeneity. CONCLUSIONS The cellulose GAP reinforced starch film shows potential in developing packaging materials and simultaneously provide an alternative solution of GAP waste recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halimatun Saadiah Hafid
- Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Farah Nadia Omar
- Preparatory Center for Science and Technology (PPST), Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Ezyana Kamal Bahrin
- Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre of Foundation Studies for Agricultural Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Minato Wakisaka
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu-Ku, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
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Nanocrystalline cellulose derived from spruce wood: Influence of process parameters. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:426-434. [PMID: 36084872 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were produced from spruce wood using less hazardous and toxic reagents with understanding of influence of process parameters on CNCs properties. This study employed acetosolv pulping followed by alkaline-peroxide bleaching, eliminating highly reactive chemicals such as Na-chlorites and Na-sulfite for cellulose pulp extraction from spruce wood. Cellulose pulp yield of 41.5 ± 0.7 wt% of dry wood was obtained from pulping followed by bleaching treatment. Cellulose pulp was hydrolyzed with 59.0-65.0 wt% sulfuric acid followed by ultrasonic treatment to produce CNCs. CNCs yield of 8.0 ± 3.2 wt% of dry wood was obtained at 65 wt% acid concentration and yield of 25.1 ± 0.7 wt% at 62 wt% acid concentration. The optimization of acid hydrolysis and ultrasonic treatment resulted in CNCs with high aspect ratios (length/width) up to 48.1. It was demonstrated that higher acid concentration requires lower intensity of ultrasonic treatment for CNCs dispersion, and that higher intensity could enhance aspect ratio without impacting the crystallinity index. However, ultrasonic treatment for longer than 5 min led to destruction of the whisker morphology of CNCs. The extracted CNCs possess high crystallinity index of 80.8 ± 1.7 %, low residual hemicellulose (<2.0 %) and lignin (<0.7 %), and high-char content of 26.7 wt% from thermal degradation.
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Rai R, Dhar P. Biomedical engineering aspects of nanocellulose: a review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:362001. [PMID: 35576914 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac6fef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is one of the most abundant renewable biopolymer in nature and is present as major constituent in both plant cell walls as well as synthesized by some microorganisms as extracellular products. In both the systems, cellulose self-assembles into a hierarchical ordered architecture to form micro to nano-fibrillated structures, on basis of which it is classified into various forms. Nanocellulose (NCs) exist as rod-shaped highly crystalline cellulose nanocrystals to high aspect ratio cellulose nanofibers, micro-fibrillated cellulose and bacterial cellulose (BC), depending upon the origin, structural and morphological properties. Moreover, NCs have been processed into diversified products ranging from composite films, coatings, hydrogels, aerogels, xerogels, organogels, rheological modifiers, optically active birefringent colored films using traditional-to-advanced manufacturing techniques. With such versatility in structure-property, NCs have profound application in areas of healthcare, packaging, cosmetics, energy, food, electronics, bioremediation, and biomedicine with promising commercial potential. Herein this review, we highlight the recent advancements in synthesis, fabrication, processing of NCs, with strategic chemical modification routes to tailor its properties for targeted biomedical applications. We also study the basic mechanism and models for biosynthesis of cellulose in both plant and microbial systems and understand the structural insights of NC polymorphism. The kinetics study for both enzymatic/chemical modifications of NCs and microbial growth behavior of BC under various reactor configurations are studied. The challenges associated with the commercial aspects as well as industrial scale production of pristine and functionalized NCs to meet the growing demands of market are discussed and prospective strategies to mitigate them are described. Finally, post chemical modification evaluation of biological and inherent properties of NC are important to determine their efficacy for development of various products and technologies directed for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Rai
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
| | - Prodyut Dhar
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India
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Recent advancement in isolation, processing, characterization and applications of emerging nanocellulose: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:954-976. [PMID: 35304199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of nanocellulose from various natural resources as a promising nanomaterial has been gaining interest for a wide range application. Nanocellulose serves as an excellent candidate since it contributes numerous superior properties and functionalities. In this review, details of the three main nanocellulose categorised: cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), cellulose nanofibril (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) have been described. We focused on the preparation and isolation techniques to produce nanocellulose including alkaline pre-treatment, acid hydrolysis, TEMPO-mediated oxidation, and enzymatic hydrolysis. The surface modification of nanocellulose through esterification, silylation, amidation, phosphorylation, and carboxymethylation to improve the diverse applications has also been reviewed. Some invigorating perspectives on the applications, challenges, and future directions on the relevant issues regarding nanocellulose are also presented.
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Preparation and separation of pure spherical cellulose nanocrystals from microcrystalline cellulose by complex enzymatic hydrolysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 202:1-10. [PMID: 35031311 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spherical cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), as a new and high value cellulose derivative, shows excellent application potential in many fields due to its special structure. The accurate and effective separation of pure spherical CNCs lays foundation for its further application. In this work, spherical CNCs were prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) with complex enzymes. In order to determine the optimal separation conditions of pure spherical CNCs, turbidity and Zeta potential were used to analyze the influence of pH on system stability, and the size and morphology of samples were characterized by DLS, AFM and SEM. The results showed that spherical CNCs with particle size of 24-76 nm can be separated from large particles with the help of alkali (pH = 9) dispersion and centrifugation speed of 3000 rpm. After three acid (pH = 4) washes, pure spherical CNCs were extracted and reducing sugars and enzyme proteins were removed. Compared with MCC, spherical CNCs had lower crystallinity but stronger reactivity and higher heat transfer. DTG results showed that the maximum weight loss temperature of spherical CNCs prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis was 309 °C.
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Holilah H, Bahruji H, Ediati R, Asranudin A, Jalil AA, Piluharto B, Nugraha RE, Prasetyoko D. Uniform rod and spherical nanocrystalline celluloses from hydrolysis of industrial pepper waste (Piper nigrum L.) using organic acid and inorganic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:593-605. [PMID: 35157900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of lignocellulosic biowastes from agricultural industry into nanocrystalline cellulose provides pathway to reduce environmental pollution while enhancing the economic value of biowastes. Nanocellulose (NCC) with uniform morphology was isolated from pepper (Piper nigrum L.) stalk waste (PW) using acid hydrolysis method. The role of inorganic acids (sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid), organic acids (oxalic acid, citric acid, acetic acid) and variation of sonication times were investigated on the physicochemical characteristics, self-assembled structure, crystallinity, particle size, zeta potential and thermal stability of the isolated nanocellulose. Hydrolysis using inorganic acids transformed cellulose from PW into a spherical shaped NCC at ~33-67 nm of average diameter. Meanwhile hydrolysis in organic acids produced rod-shaped NCC at 210-321 nm in length. This study highlighted the role of acidity strength for organic acid and inorganic acid in controlling the level of hydrogen bond dissociation and the dissolution of amorphous fragments, which consequently directing the morphology and the physicochemical properties of NCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holilah Holilah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - Hasliza Bahruji
- Centre of Advanced Material and Energy Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jl. Tungku Link, BE 1410, Brunei
| | - Ratna Ediati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
| | - Asranudin Asranudin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, Kendari, Indonesia
| | - Aishah Abdul Jalil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Bambang Piluharto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Jember, Indonesia
| | - Reva Edra Nugraha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur, Surabaya 60294, Indonesia
| | - Didik Prasetyoko
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia.
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