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Kawalerczyk J, Walkiewicz J, Sedliačik J, Dukarska D, Woźniak M, Mirski R. Modified Buckwheat Husk as a Filler for Urea-Formaldehyde Resin in Plywood Production. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1350. [PMID: 38794543 PMCID: PMC11124799 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the presented research was to determine the suitability of both non-modified and modified buckwheat husk (BH) as a filler for urea-formaldehyde adhesive in plywood production. The effect of two modification methods, acetylation and silanization, was investigated. Infrared spectroscopy outcomes confirmed that both acetylation and silanization of the filler had occurred. Based on the results, it was found that the introduction of BH had a significant effect on both the adhesive properties and the characteristics of the manufactured plywood. The application of non-modified husks led to a reduction in viscosity and an extension of the gelation time, and the produced plywood boards were characterized by reduced bonding quality and increased delamination. Modification of the husk surface by acetylation and silanization with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane contributed to the noticeable improvement in the resin properties. On the other hand, the improvement in plywood properties, consisting of the increase in bonding quality and reduced delamination, was observed only in the case of the silanized husk. Furthermore, the use of non-modified and acetylated husk did not significantly influence the formaldehyde emission. The reduction in the investigated emission of formaldehyde was observed only in the case of variants containing 15 and 20% of silanized buckwheat husk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kawalerczyk
- Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-627 Poznań, Poland; (J.W.); (D.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Joanna Walkiewicz
- Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-627 Poznań, Poland; (J.W.); (D.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Ján Sedliačik
- Department of Furniture and Wood Products, Faculty of Wood Science and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96053 Zvolen, Slovakia;
| | - Dorota Dukarska
- Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-627 Poznań, Poland; (J.W.); (D.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Magdalena Woźniak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-627 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Radosław Mirski
- Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-627 Poznań, Poland; (J.W.); (D.D.); (R.M.)
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Vithya B, Saravanakumar SS, Senthamaraikannan P, Murugan R. Extraction and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from Vachellia nilotica plant leaves: A biomass waste to wealth approach. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14368. [PMID: 38837358 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Biobased waste utilization is an intriguing area of research and an ecologically conscious approach. Plant-based materials can be used to render cellulose, which is an eco-friendly material that can be used in numerous aspects. In the current investigation, cellulose was extracted from the leaves of the Vachellia nilotica plant via acid hydrolysis. The application of this research is specifically directed toward the utilization of undesirable plant sources. To validate the extracted cellulose, FT-IR spectroscopy was applied. The cellulose was measured to have a density of 1.234 g/cm3. The crystallinity index (58.93%) and crystallinity size (11.56 nm) of cellulose are evaluated using X-ray diffraction spectroscopy analysis. The highest degradation temperature (320.8°C) was observed using thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry curve analysis. The analysis of particle size was conducted utilizing images captured by scanning electron microscopy. Particle size of less than 30 μm was found and they exhibit non-uniform orientation. Additionally, atomic force microscopy analysis shows an improved average surface roughness (Ra), which increases the possibility of using extracted cellulose as reinforcement in biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vithya
- Department of Civil Engineering, Seikaluthur Kamatchi Amman Polytechnic College, Manamadurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S S Saravanakumar
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, K.S.Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Senthamaraikannan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K.S.R College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Murugan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Panimalar Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Samyn P, Cosemans P. Nanocellulose Grades with Different Morphologies and Surface Modification as Additives for Waterborne Epoxy Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1095. [PMID: 38675014 PMCID: PMC11054773 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While adding different micro- and nanocellulose types into epoxy coating formulations with waterborne phenalkamine crosslinker, effects on processing conditions and coating performance were systematically investigated. The variations in viscosity, thermal and thermomechanical properties, mechanical behavior, abrasive wear, water contact angles, and coating morphologies were evaluated. The selected additives include microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) at 1 to 10 wt.% and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibers (CNF), cellulose microfibers (CMF), and hydrophobically modified cellulose microfibers (mCMF) at 0.1 to 1.5 wt.%. The viscosity profiles are determined by the inherent additive characteristics with strong shear thinning effects for epoxy/CNF, while the epoxy/mCMF provides lower viscosity and better matrix compatibility owing to the lubrication of encapsulated wax. The crosslinking of epoxy/CNF is favored and postponed for epoxy/(CNC, CMF, mCMF), as the stronger interactions between epoxy and CNF are confirmed by an increase in the glass transition temperature and reduction in the dampening factor. The mechanical properties indicate the highest hardness and impact strength for epoxy/CNF resulting in the lowest abrasion wear rates, but ductility enhances and wear rates mostly reduce for epoxy/mCMF together with hydrophobic protection. In addition, the mechanical reinforcement owing to the specific organization of a nanocellulose network at percolation threshold concentrations of 0.75 wt.% is confirmed by microscopic analysis: the latter results in a 2.6 °C (CNF) or 1.6 °C (CNC) increase in the glass transition temperature, 50% (CNF) or 20% (CNC) increase in the E modulus, 37% (CNF) or 32% (CNC) increase in hardness, and 58% (CNF) or 33% (CNC) lower abrasive wear compared to neat epoxy, while higher concentrations up to 1.5 wt.% mCMF can be added. This research significantly demonstrates that nanocellulose is directly compatible with a waterborne phenalkamine crosslinker and actively contributes to the crosslinking of waterborne epoxy coatings, changing the intrinsic glass transition temperatures and hardness properties, to which mechanical coating performance directly relates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Samyn
- Department of Innovations in Circular Economy and Renewable Materials, SIRRIS, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
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Zhang T, Tan J, Li S. Functional cellulose-derived epoxy cross-linked with BADGE resin to construct high-performance epoxy composites. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130569. [PMID: 38553394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The development of equipped bio-based epoxy materials has been gaining much attention recently. Nevertheless, finding the balance between the structure and properties of materials remains a significant challenge. In this work, cellulose-based epoxy (PHPCEP) with "soft" and "hard" cooperative structures was designed and demonstrated to endow bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) with excellent toughness, heat resistance, mechanical strength, glass transition temperature, thermal stability, and solvent resistance. When 5 wt% PHPCEP was incorporated into BADGE composites, the resulting materials exhibited the maximum flexural strength (121.9 MPa) and tensile strength (71.4 MPa), a high glass transition temperature (148.3 °C), and 10 wt% PHPCEP/BADGE demonstrated the highest impact strength (70.5 kJ/m2). These figures are 18.8 %, 16.1 %, 21.5 %, and 254.3 % higher than the corresponding values of neat BADGE. The results of dynamic mechanical properties and heat degradation of the cured specimens also suggest that PHPCEP/BADGE materials have superior stiffness and toughness than neat BADGE, which could be attributed to the strong interaction between PHPCEP and BADGE, delivering better thermal stability for the composites compared to the pristine resin. Considering the remarkable effect, this work provides an effective way of highly efficient utilization of abundant cellulose and a high-performance additive for composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Materials Engineering Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, PR China.
| | - Jihuai Tan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shaochuan Li
- School of Chemistry & Materials Engineering Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, PR China
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Yun L, He J, Cheng X. Synthesis of organic-solvent-soluble cellulose and preparation of fluorescent polyurethanes for the detection and removal of Hg + ions. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127727. [PMID: 38287586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Modifying cellulose to obtain materials with favorable processing properties and functions is highly significant, especially, for the detection and removal of heavy metal ions. In this study, fluorescent cellulose-based polyurethane (PU) films containing naphthalimide fluorophore were synthesized and could use for the convenient detection and removal of Hg+ ions. Firstly, the microcrystalline cellulose was treated with SOCl2 to convert some -OH groups into -Cl. Simultaneously, a naphthalimide derivative (NAN) with -NH- groups was synthesized. Subsequently, a fluorescent cellulose-based probe (Cel-NAN) was prepared by utilizing the substitution reaction between -Cl on cellulose and -NH- on NAN. Finally, two cellulose-based fluorescent PU films (Cel-NAN-PU1 and Cel-NAN-PU2) were successfully synthesized by reacting the unreacted -OH groups on Cel-NAN with PEG-1000 and HDI/IPDI. These as-prepared PU films could serve as portable fluorescence test papers to Hg+ ions in aqueous solutions. Upon contact with Hg+ ions, the fluorescence was quenched, acting as a "turn-off" probe. Simultaneously, these films could serve as adsorbents for the removal of Hg+ ions from aqueous systems. Cel-NAN-PU1 film exhibited a removal efficiency over 80 % and an adsorption capacity of 8.4 mg·cm-2 for Hg+. These cellulose-based fluorescent PU films possess promising potential in the field of mercury pollution control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yun
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Jiao He
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Xinjian Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
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6
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Barkane A, Jurinovs M, Briede S, Platnieks O, Onufrijevs P, Zelca Z, Gaidukovs S. Biobased Resin for Sustainable Stereolithography: 3D Printed Vegetable Oil Acrylate Reinforced with Ultra-Low Content of Nanocellulose for Fossil Resin Substitution. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 10:1272-1286. [PMID: 38116215 PMCID: PMC10726172 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of biobased materials in additive manufacturing is a promising long-term strategy for advancing the polymer industry toward a circular economy and reducing the environmental impact. In commercial 3D printing formulations, there is still a scarcity of efficient biobased polymer resins. This research proposes vegetable oils as biobased components to formulate the stereolithography (SLA) resin. Application of nanocellulose filler, prepared from agricultural waste, remarkably improves the printed material's performance properties. The strong bonding of nanofibrillated celluloses' (NFCs') matrix helps develop a strong interface and produce a polymer nanocomposite with enhanced thermal properties and dynamical mechanical characteristics. The ultra-low NFC content of 0.1-1.0 wt% (0.07-0.71 vol%) was examined in printed samples, with the lowest concentration yielding some of the most promising results. The developed SLA resins showed good printability, and the printing accuracy was not decreased by adding NFC. At the same time, an increase in the resin viscosity with higher filler loading was observed. Resins maintained high transparency in the 500-700 nm spectral region. The glass transition temperature for the 0.71 vol% composition increased by 28°C when compared to the nonreinforced composition. The nanocomposite's stiffness has increased fivefold for the 0.71 vol% composition. The thermal stability of printed compositions was retained after cellulose incorporation, and thermal conductivity was increased by 11%. Strong interfacial interactions were observed between the cellulose and the polymer in the form of hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl and ester groups, which were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. This research demonstrates a great potential to use acrylated vegetable oils and nanocellulose fillers as a feedstock to produce high-performance resins for sustainable SLA 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda Barkane
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Maksims Jurinovs
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Sabine Briede
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Oskars Platnieks
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Pavels Onufrijevs
- Institute of Technical Physics, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Zane Zelca
- Institute of Design Technologies, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Sergejs Gaidukovs
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
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7
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Wang DC, Lei SN, Zhong S, Xiao X, Guo QH. Cellulose-Based Conductive Materials for Energy and Sensing Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4159. [PMID: 37896403 PMCID: PMC10610528 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellulose-based conductive materials (CCMs) have emerged as a promising class of materials with various applications in energy and sensing. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis methods and properties of CCMs and their applications in batteries, supercapacitors, chemical sensors, biosensors, and mechanical sensors. Derived from renewable resources, cellulose serves as a scaffold for integrating conductive additives such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, metal particles, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), carbides and nitrides of transition metals (MXene), and conductive polymers. This combination results in materials with excellent electrical conductivity while retaining the eco-friendliness and biocompatibility of cellulose. In the field of energy storage, CCMs show great potential for batteries and supercapacitors due to their high surface area, excellent mechanical strength, tunable chemistry, and high porosity. Their flexibility makes them ideal for wearable and flexible electronics, contributing to advances in portable energy storage and electronic integration into various substrates. In addition, CCMs play a key role in sensing applications. Their biocompatibility allows for the development of implantable biosensors and biodegradable environmental sensors to meet the growing demand for health and environmental monitoring. Looking to the future, this review emphasizes the need for scalable synthetic methods, improved mechanical and thermal properties, and exploration of novel cellulose sources and modifications. Continued innovation in CCMs promises to revolutionize sustainable energy storage and sensing technologies, providing environmentally friendly solutions to pressing global challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan-Chao Wang
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Lei
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Shenjie Zhong
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311231, China
| | - Xuedong Xiao
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Qing-Hui Guo
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
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8
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Solhi L, Guccini V, Heise K, Solala I, Niinivaara E, Xu W, Mihhels K, Kröger M, Meng Z, Wohlert J, Tao H, Cranston ED, Kontturi E. Understanding Nanocellulose-Water Interactions: Turning a Detriment into an Asset. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1925-2015. [PMID: 36724185 PMCID: PMC9999435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Modern technology has enabled the isolation of nanocellulose from plant-based fibers, and the current trend focuses on utilizing nanocellulose in a broad range of sustainable materials applications. Water is generally seen as a detrimental component when in contact with nanocellulose-based materials, just like it is harmful for traditional cellulosic materials such as paper or cardboard. However, water is an integral component in plants, and many applications of nanocellulose already accept the presence of water or make use of it. This review gives a comprehensive account of nanocellulose-water interactions and their repercussions in all key areas of contemporary research: fundamental physical chemistry, chemical modification of nanocellulose, materials applications, and analytical methods to map the water interactions and the effect of water on a nanocellulose matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Solhi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Valentina Guccini
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Iina Solala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wenyang Xu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, TurkuFI-20500, Finland
| | - Karl Mihhels
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Marcel Kröger
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Zhuojun Meng
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou325001, China
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Han Tao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
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Kerche EF, Kairytė A, Członka S, da Silva VD, Salles NA, Schrekker HS, Amico SC. Imidazolium Ionic Liquids as Compatibilizer Agents for Microcrystalline Cellulose/Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020333. [PMID: 36679214 PMCID: PMC9865422 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Four imidazolium-based ionic liquids (IL; 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1,3-dicarboxymethylimidazolium chloride and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl) -3-methylimidazolium chloride) were tested as compatibilizers of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Subsequently, ethanolic IL solutions were prepared; MCC was mixed, and the mixtures were left to evaporate the ethanol at ambient conditions. These modified MCC were characterized and applied as reinforcements (5.0 and 10 phr) in an epoxy resin aiming to manufacture biobased composites with enhanced performances. The IL did not significantly modify the morphological and structural characteristics of such reinforcements. Regarding the thermal stability, the slight increase was associated with the MCC-IL affinity. The IL-modified MCC-epoxy composites presented improved mechanical responses, such as flexural strength (≈22.5%) and toughness behavior (≈18.6%), compared with pure epoxy. Such improvement was also obtained for the viscoelastic response, where the storage modulus at the glassy state depended on the MCC amount and IL type. These differences were associated with stronger hydrogen bonding between IL and epoxy hardener or the IL with MCC, causing a "bridging" effect between MCC and epoxy matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fischer Kerche
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Minas, Metalúrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Vinícius Demétrio da Silva
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Alves Salles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Minas, Metalúrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Henri Stephan Schrekker
- Laboratory of Technological Processes and Catalysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Sandro Campos Amico
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Minas, Metalúrgica e de Materiais (PPGE3M), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
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APTES-Modified Nanocellulose as the Formaldehyde Scavenger for UF Adhesive-Bonded Particleboard and Strawboard. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225037. [PMID: 36433163 PMCID: PMC9698025 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This work examines the possibility of applying non-modified nanocellulose and nanocellulose functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as a formaldehyde scavenger for commonly used urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesive. The effect of silanization was determined with the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), and elemental analysis. Moreover, the ability of cellulosic nanoparticles to absorb the formaldehyde from an aqueous solution was investigated. After homogenization, cured UF adhesives were examined with the use of FTIR, energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and the perforator method to determine the content of formaldehyde. Manufactured boards made of rape straw particles and wood particles were tested in terms of their physico-mechanical properties and formaldehyde emission. Studies have shown that the applied method of silanization was effective. Furthermore, in the case of non-modified nanocellulose, no sign of formaldehyde scavenging ability was found. However, the functionalization of cellulosic nanoparticles with APTES containing an amino group led to the significant reduction of formaldehyde content in both the aqueous solution and the UF adhesive. The mechanical properties of both strawboards and particleboards were improved due to the nanocellulose reinforcement; however, no effect of silanization was found. Nevertheless, functionalization with APTES contributed to a decrease in formaldehyde emission from boards, which was not found in the case of the introduction of non-modified cellulosic nanoparticles.
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Tominaga R, Takeda Y, Kotera M, Suzuki Y, Matsumoto A. Non-destructive observation of internal structures of epoxy monolith and co-continuous network polymer using X-ray CT imaging for elucidation of their unique mechanical features and fracture mechanism. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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13
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Han X, Wang J, Wang X, Tian W, Dong Y, Jiang S. Finite Element Analysis of Strengthening Mechanism of Ultrastrong and Tough Cellulosic Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4490. [PMID: 36365485 PMCID: PMC9654337 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Superior strong and tough structural materials are highly desirable in engineering applications. However, it remains a big challenge to combine these two mutually exclusive mechanical properties into one body. In the work, an ultrastrong and tough cellulosic material was fabricated by a two-step process of delignification and water molecule-induced hydrogen bonding under compression. The strong and tough cellulosic material showed enhanced tensile strength (352 MPa vs. 56 MPa for natural wood) and toughness (4.1 MJ m-3 vs. 0.42 MJ m-3 for natural wood). The mechanical behaviors of ultrastrong and tough bulk material in a tensile state were simulated by finite element analysis (FEA) using mechanical parameters measured in the experiment. FEA results showed that the tensile strength and toughness gradually simultaneously improved with the increase in moisture content, demonstrating that water molecules played an active role in fabricating strong and tough materials, by plasticizing and forming hydrogen bonding among cellulose nanofibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuai Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yanyan Dong
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shaohua Jiang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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14
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Dorieh A, Ayrilmis N, Farajollah Pour M, Ghafari Movahed S, Valizadeh Kiamahalleh M, Shahavi MH, Hatefnia H, Mehdinia M. Phenol formaldehyde resin modified by cellulose and lignin nanomaterials: Review and recent progress. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1888-1907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Toward millimeter thick cellulose nanofiber/epoxy laminates with good transparency and high flexural strength. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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A Systematic Review of New Trends in Ionic Liquids Applied to Electrolytes on Polysaccharides. POLYSACCHARIDES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides3030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are formed by a long chain of monosaccharides, with the main function of promoting energetic and structural reserves for plants and animals. They can be applied as a base of electrolytes, using ionic liquids (ILs) as a solvent base. The study of electrolytes is an emerging field, as they are applied as secondary batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, supercapacitors and chemical sensors. They operate stably under extreme conditions, maintaining their high thermal stability. Furthermore, their low cost and environmentally safe character, compared to conventional electrolytes, have attracted considerable attention in the scientific field. ILs are composed entirely of ions and could be potentially applied as solvents. As electrolytes, ILs are environmentally friendly, and their use in combination with polysaccharides leads to a synergic effect. In the present study, a systematic review was performed of all papers published from 2014 to 2022 regarding ILs and polysaccharides through a search of three databases. Due to the large number of results found, only papers about electrolytes were considered and the main findings described. This study allows for easy identification of the most relevant fields of study with respect to ILs and polysaccharides, as well as the main gaps to be explored in the literature.
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17
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A self-assembled nanostructure from an amphiphilic aromatic polyester containing siloxane and poly(phenylene oxide) in epoxy resin. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Busiak R, Masek A, Węgier A, Rylski A. Accelerated Aging of Epoxy Biocomposites Filled with Cellulose. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093256. [PMID: 35591590 PMCID: PMC9104355 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presented research concerns the mechanochemical modification of a snap-cure type of epoxy resin, A.S. SET 1010, with the addition of different amounts of cellulose (0, 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 per 100 resin), for a novel, controlled-degradation material with possible application in the production of passenger seats in rail transport. Composite samples were prepared on a hydraulic press in ac-cordance with the resin manufacturer’s recommendations, in the form of tiles with dimensions of 80 × 80 × 1 mm. The prepared samples were subjected to thermo-oxidative aging and weathering for a period of 336 h. Changes in the color and surface defects in the investigated composites were evaluated using UV-Vis spectrophotometry (Cie-Lab). The degree of degradation by changes in the chemical structure of the samples was analyzed using FTIR/ATR spectroscopy. Differential scan-ning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) tests were performed, and the sur-face energy of the samples was determined by measuring the contact angle of droplets. Tests were performed to determine changes in cellulose-filled epoxy resin composites after thermo-oxidative aging and weathering. It was found out that the addition of cellulose did not inflict sufficient changes to the properties within tested parameters. In the tested case, cellulose acted as a natural active biofiller. Our research is in line with the widespread pursuit of pro-ecological solutions in industry and the creation of materials with a positive impact on the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Busiak
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (R.B.); (A.W.)
| | - Anna Masek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (R.B.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksandra Węgier
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (R.B.); (A.W.)
- S.Z.T.K. “TAPS”—Maciej Kowalski, ul. Borowa 4, 94-247 Lodz, Poland
| | - Adam Rylski
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
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19
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Bio-composites from spent hen derived lipids grafted on CNC and reinforced with nanoclay. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 281:119082. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.119082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Azman Mohammad Taib MN, Hamidon TS, Garba ZN, Trache D, Uyama H, Hussin MH. Recent progress in cellulose-based composites towards flame retardancy applications. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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21
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Al-Qahtani SD, Snari RM, Alkhamis K, Alatawi NM, Alhasani M, Al-Nami SY, El-Metwaly NM. Development of silica-coated rare-earth doped strontium aluminate toward superhydrophobic, anti-corrosive and long-persistent photoluminescent epoxy coating. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:479-489. [PMID: 35043557 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Long-persistent phosphorescent smart paints have the ability to continue glowing in the dark for a prolonged time period to function as energy-saving products. Herein, new epoxy/silica nanocomposite paints were prepared with different concentrations of lanthanide-doped aluminate nanoparticles (LAN; SrAl2 O4 : Eu2+ , Dy3+ ). The LAN pigment was firstly coated with SiO2 utilizing the heterogeneous precipitation technique to provide LAN-encapsulated between SiO2 nanoparticles (LAN@SiO2 ). The epoxy/silica/lanthanide-doped aluminate nanoparticles (ESLAN) nanocomposite paints were coated on steel. The prepared ESLAN paints were studied by transmission electron microscope (TEM), infrared spectra (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDS). The transparency and coloration properties of the nanocomposite coated films were explored by CIE Lab parameters and photoluminescence spectra. The ultraviolet-induced luminescence properties of the transparent coated films demonstrated greenish phosphorescence at 518 nm upon excitation at 368 nm. Both hardness and hydrophobic activities were investigated. The anticorrosion activity of the nanocomposite films coated onto mild steel substrates immersed in NaCl(aq) (3.5%) was studied by the electrochemical impedance spectral (EIS) analysis. The silica-containing coatings were monitored to exhibit anticorrosion properties. Additionally, the nanocomposite films with LAN@SiO2 (25%) exhibited the optimized long-lasting luminescence properties in the dark for 90 minutes. The nanocomposite films showed highly reversible and durable long-lived phosphorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salhah D Al-Qahtani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan M Snari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kholood Alkhamis
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada M Alatawi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Alhasani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar Y Al-Nami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia, Abha
| | - Nashwa M El-Metwaly
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm-Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Egypt
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22
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Komartin RS, Balanuca B, Necolau MI, Cojocaru A, Stan R. Composite Materials from Renewable Resources as Sustainable Corrosion Protection Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13213792. [PMID: 34771350 PMCID: PMC8588247 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and kraft lignin (LnK) were used to obtain new sustainable composites as corrosion protection layers through a double-curing procedure involving UV radiation and thermal curing to ensure homogeneous distribution of the filler. The crosslinked structures were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), by comparative monitorization of the absorption band at 825 cm-1, attributed to the stretching vibration of epoxy rings. Thermal degradation behavior under N2 gas indicates that the higher LnK content, the better thermal stability of the composites (over 30 °C of Td10% for ELO + 15% LnK), while for the experiment under air-oxidant atmosphere, the lower LnK content (5%) conducted to the more thermo-stable material. Dynamic-mechanic behavior and water affinity of the new materials were also investigated. The increase of the Tg values with the increase of the LnK content (20 °C for the composite with 15% LnK) denote the reinforcement effect of the LnK, while the surface and bulk water affinity were not dramatically affected. All the obtained composites were tested as carbon steel corrosion protection coatings, resulting in significant increase of corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE) of 140-380%, highlighting the great potential of the bio-based ELO-LnK composites as a future perspective for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Sanda Komartin
- Department of Organic Chemistry “C. Nenitescu”, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (R.S.K.); (B.B.)
| | - Brindusa Balanuca
- Department of Organic Chemistry “C. Nenitescu”, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (R.S.K.); (B.B.)
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Madalina Ioana Necolau
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Anca Cojocaru
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Raluca Stan
- Department of Organic Chemistry “C. Nenitescu”, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (R.S.K.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence:
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23
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Xue Y, Qi L, Lin Z, Yang G, He M, Chen J. High-Strength Regenerated Cellulose Fiber Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofibril and Nanosilica. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102664. [PMID: 34685105 PMCID: PMC8539181 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel type of high-strength regenerated cellulose composite fiber reinforced with cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and nanosilica (nano-SiO2) was prepared. Adding 1% CNF and 1% nano-SiO2 to pulp/AMIMCl improved the tensile strength of the composite cellulose by 47.46%. The surface of the regenerated fiber exhibited a scaly structure with pores, which could be reduced by adding CNF and nano-SiO2, resulting in the enhancement of physical strength of regenerated fibers. The cellulose/AMIMCl mixture with or without the addition of nanomaterials performed as shear thinning fluids, also known as "pseudoplastic" fluids. Increasing the temperature lowered the viscosity. The yield stress and viscosity sequences were as follows: RCF-CNF2 > RCF-CNF2-SiO22 > RCF-SiO22 > RCF > RCF-CNF1-SiO21. Under the same oscillation frequency, G' and G" decreased with the increase of temperature, which indicated a reduction in viscoelasticity. A preferred cellulose/AMIMCl mixture was obtained with the addition of 1% CNF and 1% nano-SiO2, by which the viscosity and shear stress of the adhesive were significantly reduced at 80 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China;
| | - Letian Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (L.Q.); (Z.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Zhaoyun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (L.Q.); (Z.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Guihua Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (L.Q.); (Z.L.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (M.H.); Tel.: +86-531-8963-1884 (G.Y.); +86-531-8963-1861 (M.H.)
| | - Ming He
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (L.Q.); (Z.L.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: (G.Y.); (M.H.); Tel.: +86-531-8963-1884 (G.Y.); +86-531-8963-1861 (M.H.)
| | - Jiachuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; (L.Q.); (Z.L.); (J.C.)
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24
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Peng S, Luo Q, Zhou G, Xu X. Recent Advances on Cellulose Nanocrystals and Their Derivatives. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3247. [PMID: 34641062 PMCID: PMC8512496 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocellulose, typically cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), has excellent properties and is widely used. In particular, CNC has a small dimension, high chemical reactivity, and high sustainability, which makes it an excellent candidate as a starting material to be converted into nanocellulose derivatives. Chemical modification is essential for obtaining the desired products; the modifications create different functional attachment levels and generate novel microstructures. Recent advances on nanocellulose derivatives have not yet been reviewed and evaluated for the last five years. Nanocellulose derivative materials are being used in a wide variety of high-quality functional applications. To meet these requirements, it is essential for researchers to fully understand CNCs and derivative materials, precisely their characteristics, synthesis methods, and chemical modification approaches. This paper discusses CNC and its derivatives concerning the structural characteristics, performance, and synthesis methods, comparing the pros and cons of these chemical modification approaches reported in recent years. This review also discusses the critical physicochemical properties of CNC derivative products, including solubility, wetting performance, and associated impacts on properties. Lastly, this paper also comments on the bottlenecks of nanocellulose derivatives in various applications and briefly discusses their future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.P.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qiguan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.P.); (Q.L.)
| | - Guofu Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.P.); (Q.L.)
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518110, China
- Academy of Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics, Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Xuezhu Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology and Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.P.); (Q.L.)
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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25
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Motta Neves R, Zattera AJ, Campos Amico S. Enhancing thermal and dynamic‐mechanical properties of epoxy reinforced by amino‐functionalized microcrystalline cellulose. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Motta Neves
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Ademir José Zattera
- Postgraduate Program in Engineering of Processes and Technologies (PGEPROTEC) University of Caxias do Sul (UCS) Caxias do Sul Brazil
| | - Sandro Campos Amico
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) Porto Alegre Brazil
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26
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Roszowska-Jarosz M, Masiewicz J, Kostrzewa M, Kucharczyk W, Żurowski W, Kucińska-Lipka J, Przybyłek P. Mechanical Properties of Bio-Composites Based on Epoxy Resin and Nanocellulose Fibres. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133576. [PMID: 34206754 PMCID: PMC8269635 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of our research was to investigate the effect of a small nanocellulose (NC) addition on an improvement of the mechanical properties of epoxy composites. A procedure of chemical extraction from pressed lignin was used to obtain nanocellulose fibers. The presence of nanoparticles in the cellulose pulp was confirmed by FTIR/ATR spectra as well as measurement of nanocellulose particle size using a Zetasizer analyzer. Epoxy composites with NC contents from 0.5% to 1.5% w/w were prepared. The obtained composites were subjected to strength tests, such as impact strength (IS) and resistance to three-point bending with a determination of critical stress intensity factor (Kc). The impact strength of nanocellulose composites doubled in comparison to the unmodified epoxy resin (EP 0). Moreover, Kc was increased by approximately 50% and 70% for the 1.5 and 0.5% w/w NC, respectively. The maximum value of stress at break was achieved at 1% NC concentration in EP and it was 15% higher than that for unmodified epoxy resin. The highest value of destruction energy was characterized by the composition with 0.5% NC and corresponds to the increase of 102% in comparison with EP 0. Based on the analysis of the results it was noted that satisfactory improvement of the mechanical properties of the composite was achieved with a very small addition of nanofiller while other research indicates the need to add much more nanocellulose. It is also expected that this kind of use of raw materials will allow increasing the economic efficiency of the nanocomposite preparation process. Moreover, nanocomposites obtained in this way can be applied as elements of machines or as a modified epoxy matrix for sandwich composites, enabling production of the structure material with reduced weight but improved mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Roszowska-Jarosz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, E. Stasieckiego 54B Str., 26-600 Radom, Poland; (M.R.-J.); (W.K.); (W.Ż.)
| | - Joanna Masiewicz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, E. Stasieckiego 54B Str., 26-600 Radom, Poland; (M.R.-J.); (W.K.); (W.Ż.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marcin Kostrzewa
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Commodity Science, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, B. Chrobrego 27 Str., 26-600 Radom, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Kucharczyk
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, E. Stasieckiego 54B Str., 26-600 Radom, Poland; (M.R.-J.); (W.K.); (W.Ż.)
| | - Wojciech Żurowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, E. Stasieckiego 54B Str., 26-600 Radom, Poland; (M.R.-J.); (W.K.); (W.Ż.)
| | - Justyna Kucińska-Lipka
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Paweł Przybyłek
- Faculty of Aviation, Military University of Aviation, Dywizjonu 303/35 Str., 08-521 Dęblin, Poland;
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Qin X, Ge W, Mei H, Li L, Zheng S. Toughness improvement of epoxy thermosets with cellulose nanocrystals. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulian Qin
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Wenming Ge
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Honggang Mei
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Sixun Zheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
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28
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Bang J, Lee H, Yang Y, Oh JK, Kwak HW. Nano/Micro Hybrid Bamboo Fibrous Preforms for Robust Biodegradable Fiber Reinforced Plastics. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040636. [PMID: 33672667 PMCID: PMC7924370 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus on high-strength and functional natural fiber-based composite materials is growing as interest in developing eco-friendly plastics and sustainable materials increases. An eco-friendly fibrous composite with excellent mechanical properties was prepared by applying the bamboo-derived nano and microfiber multiscale hybridization phenomenon. As a result, the cellulose nanofibers simultaneously coated the micro-bamboo fiber surface and adhered between them. The multiscale hybrid phenomenon implemented between bamboo nano and microfibers improved the tensile strength, elongation, Young’s modulus, and toughness of the fibrous composite. The enhancement of the fibrous preform mechanical properties also affected the reinforcement of biodegradable fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP). This eco-friendly nano/micro fibrous preform can be extensively utilized in reinforced preforms for FRPs and other green plastic industry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsik Bang
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National Universtiy, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.B.); (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.-K.O.)
| | - Hyunju Lee
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National Universtiy, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.B.); (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.-K.O.)
| | - Yemi Yang
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National Universtiy, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.B.); (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.-K.O.)
| | - Jung-Kwon Oh
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National Universtiy, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.B.); (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.-K.O.)
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyo Won Kwak
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National Universtiy, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.B.); (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.-K.O.)
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence:
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