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Ovchinnikov A, Potekhina A, Arefieva T, Filatova A, Ageev F, Belyavskiy E. Use of Statins in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Current Evidence and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4958. [PMID: 38732177 PMCID: PMC11084261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation and coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction are essential pathophysiological factors in heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) that support the use of statins. The pleiotropic properties of statins, such as anti-inflammatory, antihypertrophic, antifibrotic, and antioxidant effects, are generally accepted and may be beneficial in HF, especially in HFpEF. Numerous observational clinical trials have consistently shown a beneficial prognostic effect of statins in patients with HFpEF, while the results of two larger trials in patients with HFrEF have been controversial. Such differences may be related to a more pronounced impact of the pleiotropic properties of statins on the pathophysiology of HFpEF and pro-inflammatory comorbidities (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, chronic kidney disease) that are more common in HFpEF. This review discusses the potential mechanisms of statin action that may be beneficial for patients with HFpEF, as well as clinical trials that have evaluated the statin effects on left ventricular diastolic function and clinical outcomes in patients with HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Ovchinnikov
- Laboratory of Myocardial Fibrosis and Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, Academician Chazov St., 15a, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (A.P.); (A.F.)
- Department of Clinical Functional Diagnostics, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Delegatskaya St., 20, p. 1, 127473 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra Potekhina
- Laboratory of Myocardial Fibrosis and Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, Academician Chazov St., 15a, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (A.P.); (A.F.)
| | - Tatiana Arefieva
- Laboratory of Cell Immunology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, Academician Chazov St., 15a, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiia Filatova
- Laboratory of Myocardial Fibrosis and Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, Academician Chazov St., 15a, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (A.P.); (A.F.)
- Laboratory of Cell Immunology, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, Academician Chazov St., 15a, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Fail Ageev
- Out-Patient Department, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology Named after Academician E.I. Chazov, Academician Chazov St., 15a, 121552 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Evgeny Belyavskiy
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum des Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charite, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
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2
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Zhang S, Ren X, Zhang B, Lan T, Liu B. A Systematic Review of Statins for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Safety, Efficacy, and Mechanism of Action. Molecules 2024; 29:1859. [PMID: 38675679 PMCID: PMC11052408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the liver component of a cluster of conditions, while its subtype, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), emerges as a potentially progressive liver disorder that harbors the risk of evolving into cirrhosis and culminating in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NASH and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have common risk factors, but compared to liver-related causes, the most common cause of death in NASH patients is CVD. Within the pharmacological armamentarium, statins, celebrated for their lipid-modulating prowess, have now garnered attention for their expansive therapeutic potential in NASH. Evidence from a plethora of studies suggests that statins not only manifest anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties but also impart a multifaceted beneficial impact on hepatic health. In this review, we used "statin", "NAFLD", "NASH", and "CVD" as the major keywords and conducted a literature search using the PubMed and Web of Science databases to determine the safety and efficacy of statins in patients and animals with NASH and NAFLD, and the mechanism of statin therapy for NASH. Simultaneously, we reviewed the important role of the intestinal microbiota in statin therapy for NASH, as it is hoped that statins will provide new insights into modulating the harmful inflammatory microbiota in the gut and reducing systemic inflammation in NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.Z.); (X.R.); (B.Z.)
| | - Xiaoling Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.Z.); (X.R.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bingzheng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.Z.); (X.R.); (B.Z.)
| | - Tian Lan
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.Z.); (X.R.); (B.Z.)
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Bing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (S.Z.); (X.R.); (B.Z.)
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Somers T, Siddiqi S, Morshuis WJ, Russel FGM, Schirris TJJ. Statins and Cardiomyocyte Metabolism, Friend or Foe? J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:417. [PMID: 37887864 PMCID: PMC10607220 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, and are the cornerstone of lipid-lowering treatment. They significantly reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, musculoskeletal symptoms are observed in 7 to 29 percent of all users. The mechanism underlying these complaints has become increasingly clear, but less is known about the effect on cardiac muscle function. Here we discuss both adverse and beneficial effects of statins on the heart. Statins exert pleiotropic protective effects in the diseased heart that are independent of their cholesterol-lowering activity, including reduction in hypertrophy, fibrosis and infarct size. Adverse effects of statins seem to be associated with altered cardiomyocyte metabolism. In this review we explore the differences in the mechanism of action and potential side effects of statins in cardiac and skeletal muscle and how they present clinically. These insights may contribute to a more personalized treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Somers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sailay Siddiqi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J. Morshuis
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G. M. Russel
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J. J. Schirris
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Shafik MS, El-Tanbouly DM, Bishr A, Attia AS. Insights into the role of PHLPP2/Akt/GSK3β/Fyn kinase/Nrf2 trajectory in the reno-protective effect of rosuvastatin against colistin-induced acute kidney injury in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2023:7140447. [PMID: 37095069 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxidative stress-mediated colistin's nephrotoxicity is associated with the diminished activity of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) that is primarily correlated with cellular PH domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP2) levels. This study investigated the possible modulation of PHLPP2/protein kinase B (Akt) trajectory as a critical regulator of Nrf2 stability by rosuvastatin (RST) to guard against colistin-induced oxidative renal damage in rats. METHODS Colistin (300,000 IU/kg/day; i.p.) was injected for 6 consecutive days, and rats were treated simultaneously with RST orally at 10 or 20 mg/kg. KEY FINDINGS RST enhanced renal nuclear Nrf2 translocation as revealed by immunohistochemical staining to boost the renal antioxidants, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) along with a marked reduction in caspase-3. Accordingly, rats treated with RST showed significant restoration of normal renal function and histological features. On the molecular level, RST effectively decreased the mRNA expression of PHLPP2 to promote Akt phosphorylation. Consequently, it deactivated GSK-3β and reduced the gene expression of Fyn kinase in renal tissues. CONCLUSIONS RST could attenuate colistin-induced oxidative acute kidney injury via its suppressive effect on PHLPP2 to endorse Nrf2 activity through modulating Akt/GSK3 β/Fyn kinase trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marihan S Shafik
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Dalia M El-Tanbouly
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abeer Bishr
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Amina S Attia
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Protective effects of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced spatial learning and memory impairment. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:1807-1818. [PMID: 34780009 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00891-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or "Ecstasy", which has been used for recreational purposes, is shown to impair memory and brain functions. Statins, beyond their efficient cholesterol-lowering impact through inhibition of HMG-COA reductase enzyme, possess multiple actions referred to as pleiotropic effects. In this regard, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin on MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. Adult male Wistar rats received atorvastatin (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg; orally) and rosuvastatin (5, 10, 20 mg/kg; orally) for 21 consecutive days. Then, spatial memory and learning were evaluated by Morris water maze (MWM) test. Rats were intraperitoneally injected with MDMA (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) 30 min before the first training session in 4 training days of MWM task. Afterward, rats were euthanized and their hippocampuses were dissected to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and caspase-3 and -9 activities. Our findings showed that MDMA (5 and 10 mg/kg) significantly impaired spatial memory functions and dramatically increased ROS production, LPO, and caspase-3 and -9 activities compared to control. Also, atorvastatin (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) and rosuvastatin (20 mg/kg) significantly improved memory performances and inhibited the elevation of ROS, LPO, and caspase-3 and -9 activities induced by MDMA. In conclusion, the results indicated that MDMA-induced cognitive impairment is followed by oxidative stress and activation of apoptotic pathways in the hippocampus. However, atorvastatin and rosuvastatin suppressed these deleterious consequences of MDMA and revealed protective effects against activation of pathways leading to cell damage.
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Viswanadha VP, Dhivya V, Beeraka NM, Huang CY, Gavryushova LV, Minyaeva NN, Chubarev VN, Mikhaleva LM, Tarasov VV, Aliev G. The protective effect of piperine against isoproterenol-induced inflammation in experimental models of myocardial toxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 885:173524. [PMID: 32882215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) eventually exacerbates inflammatory response due to the release of inflammatory and pro-inflammatory factors. The aim of this study is to explore the protective efficacy of piperine supplementation against the inflammatory response in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced MI. Masson Trichome staining was executed to determine myocardial tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry was performed for IL-6, TNF-α. RT-PCR studies were performed to ascertain the gene expression of IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, eNOS, MMP-2, MMP-9, and collagen-III. Western blotting was performed to determine expression of HIF-1α, VEGF, Nrf-2, NF-ƙB, Cox-2, p-38, phospho-p38, ERK-1/2, phospho-ERK-1/2, and collagen-I. HIF-1α, VEGF, and iNOS expression were significantly upregulated with concomitant decline in eNOS expression in the heart myocardial tissue of rats received ISO alone whereas piperine pretreatment prevented these changes in ISO administered rats. Current results revealed ROS-mediated activation of MAPKs, namely, p-p38, p-ERK1/2 in the heart tissue of ISO administered group. Piperine pretreatment significantly prevented these changes in ISO treated group. NF-κB is involved in the modulation of gene expressions responsible for tissue repair. ISO-induced NF-κB-p65 expression was significantly reduced in the group pretreated with piperine and mitigated extent of myocardial inflammation. A significant increase in cardiac fibrosis upon ISO treatment was reported due to the increased hydroxyproline content, MMP-2 & 9 and upregulation of collagen-I protein compared to control group. All these cardiac hypertrophy markers were decreased in 'piperine pretreated ISO administered group' compared to group received ISO injection. Current findings concluded that piperine as a nutritional intervention could prevent inflammation of myocardium in ISO-induced MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Padma Viswanadha
- Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India; China Medical University, Lifu Teaching Building 12F, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Velumani Dhivya
- Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Narasimha Murthy Beeraka
- Translational Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- China Medical University, Lifu Teaching Building 12F, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Liliya V Gavryushova
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Saratov State Medical University named after V.I. Razumovsky, 410012, Saratov, Russia
| | - Nina N Minyaeva
- National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya Street, Moscow, 101000, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Liudmila M Mikhaleva
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Science, Street Tsyurupa 3, Moscow, 117418, Russia
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Research Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Science, Street Tsyurupa 3, Moscow, 117418, Russia; Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia; GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Hu Y, Wang X, Ye L, Li C, Chen W, Cheng H. Rosuvastatin Alleviates Intestinal Injury by Down-Regulating the CD40 Pathway in the Intestines of Rats Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:816. [PMID: 32849246 PMCID: PMC7431906 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins have been reported to suppress CD40 expression and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation, which are both up-regulated in the intestines following traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced intestinal injury. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the statin rosuvastatin on post-TBI jejunal injury in rats, focusing on potential mechanisms involving the CD40/NF-κB signaling pathway. The jejunal CD40 expression was determined by western blotting. The DNA-binding activity of NF-κB was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs). The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The severity of the jejunal mucosal injury was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and histopathological evaluation. We found that the post-TBI upregulation of both CD40 expression and NF-κB activity in the jejunal tissues were significantly inhibited by rosuvastatin, while the post-TBI expression of TNF-α and IL-1β was significantly suppressed by rosuvastatin. In addition, rosuvastatin significantly ameliorated TBI-induced effects on the villus height, crypt depth, and villous surface area. Rosuvastatin suppressed TBI-induced intestinal injury in rats, which may be associated with the blockade of the CD40/NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangchun Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaojian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Kuo KL, Zhao JF, Huang PH, Guo BC, Tarng DC, Lee TS. Indoxyl sulfate impairs valsartan-induced neovascularization. Redox Biol 2020; 30:101433. [PMID: 31972507 PMCID: PMC6974788 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies revealed that the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system antagonism is not associated with a statistically significant reduction in the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared with that in the general population. We tested the hypothesis that indoxyl sulfate (IS) can interfere with the protective effect of valsartan-mediated on endothelial function in vitro and neovascularization in mice underwent subtotal nephrectomy. In human aortic endothelial cells, we first demonstrated that IS impaired the valsartan-mediated phosphorylation of eNOSThr495, nitric oxide production and tube formation via NADPH oxidase (NOX) and protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation, but this effect was suppressed by cotreatment with apocynin and calphostin C. In vivo, IS attenuated valsartan-induced angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs in mice. Moreover, in subtotal nephrectomy mice who underwent hindlimb ischemic surgery, valsartan significantly increased the mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells in circulation as well as the reperfusion of blood flow and density of CD31+ capillaries in ischemic limbs. However, IS attenuated the protective effect of valsartan-induced neovascularization and increased the expression of p-PKCαSer657 and p-eNOSThr497 in ischemic limbs. Cotreatment of apocynin and calphostin C reversed the IS impaired-neovascularization and decreased the expression of p-PKCαSer657 and p-eNOSThr497 in ischemic limbs. Our study suggests that the NOX/PKC/eNOS signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in the IS-mediated inhibition of valsartan-conferred beneficial effects on endothelial function in vitro and neovascularization in subtotal nephrectomy mice. We proposed a novel causative role for IS in cardiovascular complications in CKD patients. The use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system antagonism fails to reduce in the risk cardiovascular events in patients with CKD. Indoxyl sulfate interferes with the protective effect of angiotensin II receptor blocker-mediated neovascularization in CKD mice. Indoxyl sulfate interferes with the beneficial effect of of valsartan on endothelial function by activating the NOX/PKC signaling pathway. This article proposed a novel causative role for indoxyl sulfate in cardiovascular complications in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Lin Kuo
- Division of Nephrology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Feng Zhao
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Institutes of Clinical Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Divisions of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bei-Chia Guo
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Der-Cherng Tarng
- Institutes of Clinical Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Immunology Research Centre, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tzong-Shyuan Lee
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan.
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Vemuri SK, Nethi SK, Banala RR, Goli PVS, Annapareddy VGR, Patra CR. Europium Hydroxide Nanorods (EHNs) Ameliorate Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction: An in Vitro and in Vivo Investigation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:1078-1087. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susheel Kumar Nethi
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | | | | | | | - Chitta Ranjan Patra
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
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10
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Cheng Y, Sun T, Yin C, Wang S, Li Z, Tao Y, Zhang J, Li Z, Zhang H. Downregulation of PTEN by sodium orthovanadate protects the myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury after chronic atorvastatin treatment. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:3709-3715. [PMID: 30368869 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute statin treatment has been reported to be critical in protecting the cardiac cells against ischemia/reperfusion injury by activating PI3K/Akt signal pathway. In vitro rat myocardial ischemia/reperfusion model, chronic statin treatment led to upregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). This has been potentially indicated the correlation in PTEN and protective effect of statin on myocardium. In this current study, we evaluated the role of sodium orthovanadate a nonspecific inhibitor to PTEN and its correlation with atorvastatin on protecting myocardium against ischemia/reperfusion injury. We found a long-term statin treatment could increase the PTEN level, and this process was counteracted in the presence of sodium orthovanadate. However, the phosphotyrosine level was not affected by this statin. Besides, this process was mediated by Akt signaling since phosphorylated Akt level was altered by statin and sodium orthovanadate treatment. In a conclusion, this study showed a potential mechanism underlying PTEN-induced attenuation in long-term statin's therapeutic effect, which provided the new insight into the synergic role of PTEN and atorvastatin in protecting cardiac cells against ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengqian Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Su Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingmei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhizhong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongju Zhang
- Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
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11
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Kazemirad H, Kazerani HR. Nitric oxide plays a pivotal role in cardioprotection induced by pomegranate juice against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Phytother Res 2018; 32:2069-2077. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Kazemirad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Kazerani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; Mashhad Iran
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12
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Li Y, Jiang T, Fu X, Xu H, Ji J. Atorvastatin protects cardiomyocytes against OGD/R‑induced apoptosis by inhibiting miR‑199a‑5p. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3807-3816. [PMID: 28765953 PMCID: PMC5646958 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of atorvastatin against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in cardiomyocytes and its underlying mechanisms. The direct cytotoxic effects of oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) on cardiomyocytes with and without atorvastatin pretreatment were evaluated. The effects of atorvastatin on the expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and microRNA (miR)-199a-5p were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analyses. In addition, the expression levels of GSK-3β in cells with miR-199a-5p upregulation and downregulation were detected using RT-qPCR, western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Pretreatment with atorvastatin significantly improved the recovery of cell viability from OGD/R (P<0.05). In addition, atorvastatin pretreatment significantly increased the expression of GSK-3β at the mRNA and protein levels, and the expression of miR-199a-5p at the mRNA level (all P<0.05). The upregulation and downregulation of miR-199a-5p respectively decreased and increased the expression of GSK-3β at the mRNA and protein levels. These results suggested that atorvastatin provided cardioprotective effects against I/R injury via increasing the expression of GSK-3β through the inhibition of miR-199a-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Wujin Hospital of Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213017, P.R. China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xingli Fu
- Health Science Center of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Wujin Hospital of Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213017, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Ji
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Wujin Hospital of Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213017, P.R. China
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13
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Moris D, Spartalis M, Spartalis E, Karachaliou GS, Karaolanis GI, Tsourouflis G, Tsilimigras DI, Tzatzaki E, Theocharis S. The role of reactive oxygen species in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases and the clinical significance of myocardial redox. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:326. [PMID: 28861423 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.06.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Acute and chronic excessive intracellular increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. ROS are by-products of various oxidative physiological and biochemical processes. Sources of ROS are mitochondrial respiration, NADH/NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase or the uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in vascular cells. ROS mediate various signaling pathways that underlie cardiovascular pathophysiology. The delicate equilibrium between free-radical generation and antioxidant defense is altered in favor of the former, thus leading to redox imbalance, oxidative stress, and increased cellular injury. An understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms mediated by oxidative stress is crucial to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrios Moris
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael Spartalis
- Division of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Spartalis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia-Sofia Karachaliou
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios I Karaolanis
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Tsourouflis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Tzatzaki
- Division of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
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14
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Oesterle A, Laufs U, Liao JK. Pleiotropic Effects of Statins on the Cardiovascular System. Circ Res 2017; 120:229-243. [PMID: 28057795 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 728] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The statins have been used for 30 years to prevent coronary artery disease and stroke. Their primary mechanism of action is the lowering of serum cholesterol through inhibiting hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis thereby upregulating the hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors and increasing the clearance of LDL-cholesterol. Statins may exert cardiovascular protective effects that are independent of LDL-cholesterol lowering called pleiotropic effects. Because statins inhibit the production of isoprenoid intermediates in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, the post-translational prenylation of small GTP-binding proteins such as Rho and Rac, and their downstream effectors such as Rho kinase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases are also inhibited. In cell culture and animal studies, these effects alter the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, the stability of atherosclerotic plaques, the production of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, the reactivity of platelets, and the development of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. The relative contributions of statin pleiotropy to clinical outcomes, however, remain a matter of debate and are hard to quantify because the degree of isoprenoid inhibition by statins correlates to some extent with the amount of LDL-cholesterol reduction. This review examines some of the currently proposed molecular mechanisms for statin pleiotropy and discusses whether they could have any clinical relevance in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Oesterle
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, IL (A.O., J.K.L.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany (U.L.)
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, IL (A.O., J.K.L.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany (U.L.)
| | - James K Liao
- From the Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, IL (A.O., J.K.L.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany (U.L.).
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15
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MacDougall DA, Pugh SD, Bassi HS, Lotteau S, Porter KE, Calaghan S. Simvastatin Promotes Cardiac Myocyte Relaxation in Association with Phosphorylation of Troponin I. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:203. [PMID: 28469574 PMCID: PMC5395572 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of people taking statins is set to increase across the globe due to recent changes in prescription guidelines. For example, half the US population over 40 is now eligible for these drugs, whether they have high serum cholesterol or not. With such development in policy comes a stronger need for understanding statins’ myriad of effects. Surprisingly little is known about possible direct actions of statins on cardiac myocytes, although claims of a direct myocardial toxicity have been made. Here, we determine the impact of simvastatin administration (40 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks in normocholesterolemic rats on cardiac myocyte contractile function and identify an underlying mechanism. Under basal conditions, statin treatment increased the time to half (t0.5) relaxation without any effect on the magnitude of shortening, or the magnitude/kinetics of the [Ca2+]i transient. Enhanced myocyte lusitropy could be explained by a corresponding increase in phosphorylation of troponin I (TnI) at Ser23,24. Statin treatment increased expression of eNOS and Ser1177 phosphorylated eNOS, decreased expression of the NOS-inhibitory proteins caveolins 1 and 3, and increased (P = 0.06) NO metabolites, consistent with enhanced NO production. It is well-established that NO stimulates protein kinase G, one of the effectors of TnI phosphorylation at Ser23,24. Trends for parallel changes in phospho-TnI, phospho-eNOS and caveolin 1 expression were seen in atrial muscle from patients taking statins. Our data are consistent with a mechanism whereby chronic statin treatment enhances TnI phosphorylation and myocyte lusitropy through increased NO bioavailability. We see no evidence of impaired function with statin treatment; the changes we document at the level of the cardiac myocyte should facilitate diastolic filling and cardiac performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara D Pugh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
| | | | - Sabine Lotteau
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
| | - Karen E Porter
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
| | - Sarah Calaghan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
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16
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Messora MR, Apolinário Vieira GH, Vanderlei JMTMM, Mariguela VC, Fernandes PG, Palioto DB, Scombatti de Souza SL, Novaes AB, Furlaneto F, Taba M. Rosuvastatin promotes benefits on induced periodontitis in hypertensive rats. J Periodontal Res 2017; 52:734-744. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Messora
- Department of Oral Surgery and Periodontology; Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo - USP; Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - G. H. Apolinário Vieira
- Department of Oral Surgery and Periodontology; Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo - USP; Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - J. M. T. M. M. Vanderlei
- Department of Oral Surgery and Periodontology; Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo - USP; Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - V. C. Mariguela
- Department of Oral Surgery and Periodontology; Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo - USP; Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - P. G. Fernandes
- Department of Oral Surgery and Periodontology; Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo - USP; Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - D. B. Palioto
- Department of Oral Surgery and Periodontology; Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo - USP; Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - S. L. Scombatti de Souza
- Department of Oral Surgery and Periodontology; Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo - USP; Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - A. B. Novaes
- Department of Oral Surgery and Periodontology; Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo - USP; Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - F. Furlaneto
- Department of Oral Surgery and Periodontology; Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo - USP; Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
| | - M. Taba
- Department of Oral Surgery and Periodontology; Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry; University of São Paulo - USP; Ribeirão Preto São Paulo Brazil
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17
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Rohilla A, Rohilla S, Kumar A, Khan M, Deep A. Pleiotropic effects of statins: A boulevard to cardioprotection. ARAB J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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18
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Heeba GH, Hamza AA. Rosuvastatin ameliorates diabetes-induced reproductive damage via suppression of oxidative stress, inflammatory and apoptotic pathways in male rats. Life Sci 2015; 141:13-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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19
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Prevention of ischemia-reperfusion injury in cardiac surgery: Therapeutic strategies targeting signaling pathways. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 149:910-1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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20
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Elhemely MA, Omar HA, Ain-Shoka AA, Abd El-Latif HA, Abo-youssef AM, El Sherbiny GA. Rosuvastatin and ellagic acid protect against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in hyperlipidemic rats. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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21
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Matsuo S, Saiki Y, Adachi O, Kawamoto S, Fukushige S, Horii A, Saiki Y. Single-dose rosuvastatin ameliorates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury via upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and inhibition of macrophage infiltration in rats with pulmonary hypertension. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 149:902-9. [PMID: 25454916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lung ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury during cardiopulmonary surgery is associated with postoperative morbidity and mortality, particularly in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). Using a rat model for monocrotaline-induced PH, we investigated the protective effect of rosuvastatin against IR injury in lungs affected by PH and attempted to elucidate its mechanism of action. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley monocrotaline-treated rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 8-9): sham, control + IR, statin + IR, and statin + mevalonolactone + IR. Lung ischemia was induced by left pulmonary artery occlusion (1 hour), followed by reperfusion (4 hours). Rosuvastatin (2 mg/kg) was injected 18 hours before reperfusion and mevalonolactone (1 mg/kg) was injected immediately before reperfusion. The arterial oxygen tension/inspired oxygen fraction ratio was used as a measure of lung oxygenation. Left lung tissue was analyzed for the wet-to-dry lung weight ratio and protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and phospho-eNOS. Macrophage recruitment was assessed by CD68 immunostaining. RESULTS Our results showed that rosuvastatin decreased IR lung injury (control + IR vs statin + IR) in terms of the arterial oxygen tension/inspired oxygen fraction ratio (272 ± 43 vs 442 ± 13), wet-to-dry ratio (5.7 ± 0.7 vs 4.8 ± 0.6), and macrophage infiltration (8.0 ± 0.6/field vs 4.0 ± 0.5/field) (P < .05 for all). eNOS and phospho-eNOS were downregulated by IR, which was blocked by rosuvastatin. Effects of rosuvastatin were blunted by mevalonolactone. CONCLUSIONS Single-dose rosuvastatin decreased IR injury in lungs affected by PH via 2 anti-inflammatory mechanisms: preserving eNOS function and inhibiting macrophage infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Matsuo
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuriko Saiki
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Osamu Adachi
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kawamoto
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinichi Fukushige
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Horii
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Saiki
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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22
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Lee CH, Lee SH, Park JS, Kim YJ, Kim KS, Chae SC, Kim HS, Choi DJ, Cho MC, Rha SW, Jeong MH. Impact of statin usage patterns on outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction: Korea Working Group on Myocardial Infarction registry (KorMI) study. JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC CARDIOLOGY : JGC 2014; 11:93-9. [PMID: 25009557 PMCID: PMC4076447 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-5411.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The benefit of statin use after acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been well established, however, the influence of the timing of statin administration has not been elucidated. The objective of this study focused on early clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods This analysis of the Korea Working Group on Myocardial Infarction registry (KorMI) study included 3,584 STEMI patients (mean age, 63 ± 13 years; male, 2,684, 74.9%) undergoing PCI from January 2008 to June 2009. Rates of major adverse cardiac events (MACE: all-cause death, recurrent MI, and target lesion revascularization) were compared among patients grouped according to statin therapy timing: I, both during and after hospitalization (n = 2,653, 74%); II, only during hospitalization (n = 309, 8.6%); III, only after discharge (n = 157, 4.4%); and IV, no statin therapy (n = 465, 13%). Mean follow-up duration was 234 ± 113 days. Results Multivariate factors of statin use during hospitalization included prior statin use, multiple diseased vessels, final thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow grade III, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. At 6-month follow-up, groups III and IV had the highest MACE rates (2.3%, 3.9%, 5.1%, and 4.9% for groups I-IV, respectively, P = 0.004). After adjusting for confounders, groups II-IV had a higher MACE risk than group I [hazard ratio (HR): 3.20, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.31–7.86, P = 0.011; HR: 3.84, 95%CI: 1.47–10.02, P = 0.006; and HR: 3.17, 95%CI: 1.59–6.40, P = 0.001; respectively]. Conclusions This study, based on the national registry database, shows early and continuous statin therapy improvs early outcomes of STEMI patients after PCI in real-world clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Hee Lee
- Department of Cardiology, Yeungnam University Hospital, 170, Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Lee
- Department of Cardiology, Yeungnam University Hospital, 170, Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seon Park
- Department of Cardiology, Yeungnam University Hospital, 170, Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea
| | - Young-Jo Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Yeungnam University Hospital, 170, Hyeonchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea
| | - Kee-Sik Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, 33, Duryugongwon-ro 17-gil, Nam-gu, Daegu, 705-718, South Korea
| | - Shung-Chull Chae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130, Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu, 700-721, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, South Korea
| | - Dong-Ju Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82, Gumi-ro 173-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707, South Korea
| | - Myeong-Chan Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, 776, 1sunhwan-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, 361-711, South Korea
| | - Seung-Woon Rha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, 148, Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea
| | - Myung-Ho Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Hospital, 42, Jebong-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea
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Wang B, Yang Q, Bai WW, Xing YF, Lu XT, Sun YY, Zhao YX. Tongxinluo protects against pressure overload-induced heart failure in mice involving VEGF/Akt/eNOS pathway activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98047. [PMID: 24887083 PMCID: PMC4041651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It has been demonstrated that Tongxinluo (TXL), a traditional Chinese medicine compound, improves ischemic heart disease in animal models via vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The present study aimed to investigate whether TXL protects against pressure overload–induced heart failure in mice and explore the possible mechanism of action. Methods and Results Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery was performed in mice to induce heart failure. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. Myocardial pathology was detected using hematoxylin and eosin or Masson trichrome staining. We investigated cardiomyocyte ultrastructure using transmission electron microscopy. Angiogenesis and oxidative stress levels were determined using CD31 and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine immunostaining and malondialdehyde assay, respectively. Fetal gene expression was measured using real-time PCR. Protein expression of VEGF, phosphorylated (p)-VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), p–phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), p-Akt, p-eNOS, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) were measured with western blotting. Twelve-week low- and high-dose TXL treatment following TAC improved cardiac systolic and diastolic function and ameliorated left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, and myocardial ultrastructure derangement. Importantly, TXL increased myocardial capillary density significantly and attenuated oxidative stress injury in failing hearts. Moreover, TXL upregulated cardiac nitrite content and the protein expression of VEGF, p-VEGFR2, p-PI3K, p-Akt, p-eNOS, and HO-1, but decreased Nox4 expression in mouse heart following TAC. Conclusion Our findings indicate that TXL protects against pressure overload–induced heart failure in mice. Activation of the VEGF/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway might be involved in TXL improvement of the failing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-wu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yi-fan Xing
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-ting Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuan-yuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu-xia Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
- * E-mail:
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24
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Fan Y, Yang S, Cao Y, Huang Y. Effects of acute and chronic atorvastatin on cardioprotection of ischemic postconditioning in isolated rat hearts. Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 31:187-92. [PMID: 22954178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2012.00318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial reperfusion therapy remains the most effective strategy to limit infarct size and improve clinical outcome. However, reperfusion injury is still inevitable, and a number of strategies have been developed to ameliorate its lethal outcome. The beneficial roles of ischemic postconditioning (Ipost) have regained more interest in targeting myocardial reperfusion phase to improve cardioprotection. AIMS This study was to determine whether acute or chronic treatment with atorvastatin affects cardioprotection when it was combined with Ipost. RESULTS Acute or chronic atorvastatin treatment significantly reduced infarct size and recovered contractile dysfunction during reperfusion. When Ipost was combined with atorvastatin treatment, chronic, but not acute, atorvastatin therapy attenuated the cardioprotective effects of Ipost. Chronic, but not acute, atorvastatin treatment also abolished Ipost-induced phosphorylation level of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). CONCLUSIONS Chronic atorvastatin treatment could interfere with cardioprotective effects of Ipost on limiting infarct size and contractile dysfunction, possibly via inhibition of Akt and eNOS activity. This study suggests that Ipost should be used carefully when atorvastatin is taken by patients with AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
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25
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Ching LC, Zhao JF, Su KH, Shyue SK, Hsu CP, Lu TM, Lin SJ, Lee TS. Activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 decreases endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation at Thr497 by protein phosphatase 2B-dependent dephosphorylation of protein kinase C. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 209:124-35. [PMID: 24028645 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated the effects and underlying molecular mechanism of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a calcium (Ca(2+) )-permeable non-selective cation channel, on phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) at threonine 497 (Thr497) in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) and in mice. METHODS Western blotting and immunoprecipitation were used for the evaluation of protein phosphorylation; protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B) activity was assessed by convention kit; Griess assay was for NO production; tube formation and Matrigel plug assay were used for angiogenesis. RESULTS In BAECs, treatment with the TRPV1 ligand evodiamine decreased the phosphorylation of eNOS at Thr497, protein kinase Cα (PKCα) at Serine 657 (Ser657) and PKCβ2 at Ser660. Evodiamine increased protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B) activity and promoted the formation of a PP2B-PKC complex. Inhibition of TRPV1 activation by the pharmacological antagonists, removal of extracellular Ca(2+) or pharmacological inhibition of PI3K/Akt/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II/AMP-activated protein kinase signalling pathway abolished the evodiamine-induced alterations in phosphorylation of eNOS at Thr497, PKCα at Ser657, PKCβ2 at Ser660 and PP2B activity, as well as the formation of a PP2B-PKC complex. Inhibition of PP2B activation partially reduced the evodiamine-induced NO bioavailability and tube formation in endothelial cells (ECs) and angiogenesis in mice. Moreover, evodiamine decreased the phosphorylation of eNOS at Thr497, PKCα at Ser657 and PKCβ2 at Ser660 in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mouse aortas but not TRPV1-deficient or ApoE/TRPV1 double-knockout mice. CONCLUSION TRPV1 activation in ECs may elicit a Ca(2+) -dependent effect on PP2B-PKC signalling, which leads to dephosphorylation of eNOS at Thr497 in ECs and in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.-C. Ching
- Department of Physiology; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - J.-F. Zhao
- Department of Physiology; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - K.-H. Su
- Department of Physiology; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - S.-K. Shyue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - C.-P. Hsu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery; Department of Surgery; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - T.-M. Lu
- Division of Cardiology; Department of Internal Medicine; Taipei Veterans General Hospital; Taipei; Taiwan
| | | | - T.-S. Lee
- Department of Physiology; National Yang-Ming University; Taipei; Taiwan
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Abstract
Statins are widely prescribed cholesterol-lowering drugs that are a first-line treatment of coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis, reducing the incidence of thrombotic events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Statins have been shown to reduce platelet activation, although the mechanism(s) through which this occurs is unclear. Because several of the characteristic effects of statins on platelets are shared with those elicited by the inhibitory platelet adhesion receptor PECAM-1 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1), we investigated a potential connection between the influence of statins on platelet function and PECAM-1 signaling. Statins were found to inhibit a range of platelet functional responses and thrombus formation in vitro and in vivo. Notably, these effects of statins on platelet function in vitro and in vivo were diminished in PECAM-1(-/-) platelets. Activation of PECAM-1 signaling results in its tyrosine phosphorylation, the recruitment and activation of tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2, the subsequent binding of phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and diminished PI3K signaling. Statins resulted in the stimulation of these events, leading to the inhibition of Akt activation. Together, these data provide evidence for a fundamental role of PECAM-1 in the inhibitory effects of statins on platelet activation, which may explain some of the pleiotropic actions of these drugs.
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Fan Y, Yang S, Zhang X, Cao Y, Huang Y. Comparison of cardioprotective efficacy resulting from a combination of atorvastatin and ischaemic post-conditioning in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 39:938-43. [PMID: 23106693 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the combination of acute or chronic atorvastatin treatment with ischaemic post-conditioning (IPost) exerts differential effects within the hearts of diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Diabetic and non-diabetic rats were randomly assigned to one of six groups: (i) a non-conditioned group; (ii) a group subjected to IPost; (iii) acute statin treatment (50 μmol/L atorvastatin during reperfusion) without IPost; (iv) acute statin treatment plus IPost; (v) chronic statin treatment (10 mg/kg atorvastatin per day for 2 weeks) without IPost; and (vi) chronic statin treatment plus IPost. The hearts from rats in each group were subjected to 30 min global ischaemia, followed by 120 min reperfusion. Infarct size, haemodynamics and Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression were examined. In hearts from diabetic rats, IPost did not limit infarct size or recover contractile dysfunction. Acute atorvastatin treatment with IPost limited infarct size and recovered contractile dysfunction in hearts from both diabetic and non-diabetic rats and further activated Akt and eNOS signalling pathways to enhance these protective effects in hearts from diabetic rats. Chronic statin treatment with IPost neither reduced infarct size nor increased recovery of myocardial dysfunction in hearts from both diabetic and non-diabetic rats; this may be associated with inhibition of Akt and eNOS phosphorylation. The combination of acute atorvastatin treatment with IPost had a greater protective effect within hearts from diabetic rats, but chronic statin treatment with IPost failed to protect against reperfusion injury in hearts from either diabetic or non-diabetic rats. These findings will be important for the design of future clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China.
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Kuhn EW, Liakopoulos OJ, Deppe AC, Slottosch I, Neef K, Sterner-Kock A, Madershahian N, Choi YH, Wahlers T. Rosuvastatin Reloading before Cardiac Surgery with Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Eur Surg Res 2013; 50:1-13. [DOI: 10.1159/000345448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nam HK, Lee SJ, Kim MH, Rho JH, Son YK, Lee SM, Kim SE, Kim KH, An WS. Rosuvastatin attenuates inflammation, apoptosis and fibrosis in a rat model of cyclosporine-induced nephropathy. Am J Nephrol 2012; 37:7-15. [PMID: 23258196 DOI: 10.1159/000345990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Cyclosporine (CsA)-induced kidney injury is characterized by renal dysfunction with inflammatory cell infiltrations, apoptosis and fibrosis. Pleiotropic effects of statins may exert anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and antifibrotic actions beyond lipid control. The aim of this study is to investigate whether rosuvastatin (RUS) has anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and antifibrotic effects on chronic CsA-induced nephropathy in a rat model. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats fed a low-sodium diet were divided into three treatment groups: control (0.9% saline injection), CsA (15 mg/kg/day by subcutaneous injection), CsA + RUS (10 mg/kg/day by gastric gavage). Renal function, CsA level and lipid levels were measured at the end of 4 weeks. The expression of ED-1, transforming growth factor-β(1) (TGF-β(1)) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) for inflammation and fibrosis were examined by Western blot analysis. The expression levels of apoptosis-associated factors were examined by Western blot analysis. Apoptosis was evaluated using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method. RESULTS Kidney function was decreased in CsA-treated rats compared with controls, which was attenuated by RUS. RUS did not affect the lipid level or the blood CsA level. TUNEL staining showed that RUS inhibited CsA-induced tubular apoptosis. RUS decreased CsA-induced increased expression of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. The expressions of ED-1, α-SMA, TGF-β(1), Smad2/3, Smad4 and p-JNK were increased in CsA-treated rats, which were attenuated by RUS. Tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis in CsA-treated rats were attenuated by RUS supplementation. CONCLUSION RUS supplementation attenuates proinflammatory and apoptosis-related factors and inhibits the fibrotic pathways including the smad-dependent and smad-independent pathways in a rat model of CsA-induced nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyung Nam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Busan Medical Center, Busan, Republic of Korea
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30
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Abstract
Hydroxy methyl glutaryl CoA inhibitors (statins) are the agents most frequently used to reduce elevated serum cholesterol. In addition to their cholesterol lowering effects, statins also have nonlipid lowering pleiotropic properties. These include reducing oxidative stress, renin-angiotensin and endothelin synthesis and activity, and improving nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and availability. Thus, one would predict that statins might be able to exert an antihypertensive effect. Experimental models bear out the blood pressure lowering effects but the data from clinical trials have been inconsistent perhaps due to inappropriate experimental designs, sample size, blood pressure measurement techniques etc. Moreover, although experimental models strongly suggest a role for salt intake in the potential antihypertensive responses to statins, available clinical trials fail to report salt intake in the studied populations. The statins' antihypertensive effects remain an unsettled hypothesis and calls for a large clinical trial at a wide range of doses and a controlled salt intake. Statins meanwhile remain as a excellent option to control high cholesterol and in tissue injury prevention.
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D’Annunzio V, Donato M, Buchholz B, Pérez V, Miksztowicz V, Berg G, Gelpi RJ. High cholesterol diet effects on ischemia–reperfusion injury of the heart. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2012; 90:1185-96. [DOI: 10.1139/y2012-085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of morbi-mortality in developed countries. Both ischemia–reperfusion injury and mechanisms of cardioprotection have been studied for more than 50 years. It is known that the physiopathological mechanism of myocardial ischemia involves several factors that are closely related to its development, of which hypercholesterolemia is one of the main ones. Therefore, the objective of this review was to elucidate the effects of a high-cholesterol diet on normal ventricular function and ischemia–reperfusion injury associated phenomenon such as post-ischemic ventricular dysfunction (stunned myocardium). Although there exist many studies considering several aspects of this physiopathological entity, the majority were carried out on normal animals. Thus, experiments carried out on hypercholesterolemic models are controversial, in particular those evaluating different mechanisms of cardioprotection such as ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning, and cardioprotection granted by drugs such as statins, which apart from exerting a lipid-lowering effect, exert pleiotropic effects providing cardioprotection against ischemia–reperfusion injury. These controversial results concerning the mechanisms of cardioprotection vary according to quality, composition, and time of administration of the high-cholesterol diet, as well as the species used in each experiment. Thus, to compare the results it is necessary to take all of these variables into account, since they can change the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica D’Annunzio
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 2nd floor – 950 J.E Uriburu, Buenos Aires 1114, Argentina
| | - Martín Donato
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 2nd floor – 950 J.E Uriburu, Buenos Aires 1114, Argentina
| | - Bruno Buchholz
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 2nd floor – 950 J.E Uriburu, Buenos Aires 1114, Argentina
| | - Virginia Pérez
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 2nd floor – 950 J.E Uriburu, Buenos Aires 1114, Argentina
| | - Verónica Miksztowicz
- Institute of Physiopathology and Clinical Biochemistry, Lipids and Lipoproteins Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Berg
- Institute of Physiopathology and Clinical Biochemistry, Lipids and Lipoproteins Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Ricardo J. Gelpi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiopathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, 2nd floor – 950 J.E Uriburu, Buenos Aires 1114, Argentina
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32
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Abstract
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) are established first line treatments for hypercholesterolaemia. In addition to the direct effects of statins in reducing concentrations of atherogenic low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), several studies have indicated that the beneficial effects of statins may be due to some of their cholesterol-independent, multiple (pleiotropic) effects which may differ between different members of the class. Pitavastatin is a novel synthetic lipophilic statin that has a number of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties distinct from those of other statins, which may underlie its potential pleiotropic benefits in reducing cardiovascular risk factors. This review examines the principal pleiotropic effects of pitavastatin on endothelial function, vascular inflammation, oxidative stress and thrombosis. The article is based on a systematic literature search carried out in December 2010, together with more recent relevant publications where appropriate. The available data from clinical trials and in vitro and animal studies suggest that pitavastatin is not only effective in reducing LDL-C and triglycerides, but also has a range of other effects. These include increasing high density lipoprotein cholesterol, decreasing markers of platelet activation, improving cardiac, renal and endothelial function, and reducing endothelial stress, lipoprotein oxidation and, ultimately, improving the signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis. It is concluded that the diverse pleiotropic actions of pitavastatin may contribute to reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality beyond that achieved through LDL-C reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Davignon
- Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis Research Group, Clinical Research Institute of Montréal (IRCM) and University of Montréal, QC, Canada.
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33
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Pinheiro LF, França CN, Izar MC, Barbosa SP, Bianco HT, Kasmas SH, Mendes GD, Povoa RM, Fonseca FA. Pharmacokinetic interactions between clopidogrel and rosuvastatin: Effects on vascular protection in subjects with coronary heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2012; 158:125-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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The Effect of Statins and Other Cardiovascular Medication on Ischemia-Reperfusion Damage in a Human DIEP Flap Model: Theoretical and Epidemiological Considerations. J Transplant 2012; 2012:504081. [PMID: 22649712 PMCID: PMC3357555 DOI: 10.1155/2012/504081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Statins and other cardiovascular medication possess antioxidant capacity. It was examined whether chronic use of these medications protects from the development of ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) related complications after DIEP (Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Free Flap) surgery. This paper contains a literature study on the antioxidant working mechanisms of these drugs. Methods. Medical information of 134 DIEP patients (173 flaps) was studied from their medical files. Patient and operative characteristics were registered, as well as I/R related complications. Results. Of the group that didnot use statins, 16.3% developed complications versus 30.8% amongst patients that did use these drugs (P = 0.29). Amongst patients that chronically use other cardiovascular medication, 26.8% developed I/R related complications versus 14.4% of the patients without medication (P = 0.10). Conclusions. Chronic use of statins or other cardiovascular medication didnot decrease the occurrence of I/R related complications after DIEP surgery. Therefore, research should be aimed at evaluating short-term pre-treatment with statins.
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Balakumar P, Kathuria S, Taneja G, Kalra S, Mahadevan N. Is targeting eNOS a key mechanistic insight of cardiovascular defensive potentials of statins? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 52:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Liuni A, Luca MC, Gori T, Parker JD. Loss of the preconditioning effect of rosuvastatin during sustained therapy: a human in vivo study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H153-8. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00083.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that the acute administration of 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors has protective effects in the setting of ischemia-reperfusion (IR). Previously, we demonstrated that a single dose of rosuvastatin prevented IR-induced endothelial dysfunction in humans through a cyclooxygenase-2-dependent mechanism. Whether the chronic administration of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors provides similar protection remains controversial and is unknown in humans. Eighteen male volunteers were randomized to receive a single dose of rosuvastatin (20 mg) or placebo. Twenty-four hours later, endothelium-dependent, radial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured before and after IR (15 min of upper arm ischemia followed by 15 min of reperfusion). In a separate protocol, 30 healthy volunteers were randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive oral rosuvastatin (20 mg/day) and placebo, rosuvastatin, and celecoxib (100 mg bid) or placebo alone, all for 21 days. Twenty-four hours after the final administration of study medication, FMD was measured before and after IR. Pre-IR FMD was similar between groups in both protocols. In the acute administration protocol, rosuvastatin significantly prevented the blunting of FMD associated with IR (FMD pre-IR: 8.4 ± 1.3%; post-IR: 6.2 ± 1.3%; P = 0.01 ANOVA, treatment group interaction). In the daily administration protocol, IR significantly blunted FMD in the placebo group (FMD pre-IR: 7.5 ± 0.9%; post-IR: 3.3 ± 0.7%; P < 0.001). Chronic treatment with rosuvastatin did not modify this ischemic injury (FMD pre-IR: 6.9 ± 0.4%; post-IR: 1.6 ± 1.0%; P < 0.001; P = NS ANOVA, treatment group interaction). Similarly, FMD responses post-IR in volunteers receiving rosuvastatin and celecoxib did not significantly differ from placebo (FMD pre-IR: 8.3 ± 0.9%; post-IR: 2.1 ± 0.8%; P < 0.001; P = NS ANOVA, treatment group interaction). In contrast to acute administration, chronic rosuvastatin does not prevent the development of IR-induced endothelial dysfunction in normal humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Liuni
- Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai and University Health Network Hospitals
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and
| | - Mary Clare Luca
- Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai and University Health Network Hospitals
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and
| | - Tommaso Gori
- Department of Cardiology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - John D. Parker
- Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai and University Health Network Hospitals
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and
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In vivo cardioprotection by pitavastatin from ischemic-reperfusion injury through suppression of IKK/NF-κB and upregulation of pAkt-e-NOS. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2011; 58:199-206. [PMID: 21654332 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31822002a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have uncovered the beneficial effects of statin in cardiovascular diseases; however, the role of pitavastatin in ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced apoptosis and myocardial damage is not established. Therefore, in this study, we aim to investigate whether pitavastatin treatment attenuates myocardial IR injury via regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and phosphorylated protein kinase B (pAkt) endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS) pathways. After the 14-day treatment with pitavastatin (0.16-0.64 mg·kg·d, po) or saline, rats were subjected to 45 minutes of ischemia by occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery and to 60 minutes of reperfusion to induce myocardial damage. Pitavastatin at a dose of 0.32 and 0.64 mg/kg significantly improved cardiac function as evidenced by the normalization of the mean arterial pressure, heart rate, ±LVdP/dtmax, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure as compared with the IR control. Additionally, pitavastatin dose-dependently normalized myocardial antioxidants, lactate dehydrogenase, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances along with decreased serum tumor necrosis factor-α level and creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB activity. Furthermore, pitavastatin enhanced pAkt, (p) e-NOS, Bcl-2, and suppressed IκB kinase/nuclear factor-kappa B, nitrotyrosine (NO inactivation product), Bax, and capases-3 protein expression in the heart. Morphological assessments of the IR-challenged myocardium showed that 0.32 and 0.64 mg/kg of pitavastatin decrease myocardial necrosis and inflammatory changes. Thus, pitavastatin reduced IR-induced infarction and dysfunction via the augmentation of endogenous antioxidant, suppression of IκB kinase/nuclear factor-kappa B, activation of pAkt-e-NOS, and/or decreased NO inactivation and apoptosis.
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38
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Speranza L, Pesce M, Franceschelli S, Mastrangelo F, Patruno A, De Lutiis MA, Tetè S, Felaco M, Grilli A. The role of inducible nitric oxide synthase and haem oxygenase 1 in growth and development of dental tissue'. Cell Biochem Funct 2011; 30:217-23. [PMID: 22147556 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the activity of the antioxidant enzyme network was assessed spectrophotometrically in samples of dental pulp and dental papilla taken from third-molar gem extracts. The production of nitric oxide by the conversion of l-(2,3,4,5)-[3H] arginine to l-(3H) citrulline, the activity of haem oxygenase 1 (HO-1) through bilirubin synthesis and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), HO-1 proteins and messenger RNA by Western blot and reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction were also tested. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of two proteins, iNOS and HO-1, which are upregulated by a condition of oxidative stress present during dental tissue differentiation and development. This is fundamental for guaranteeing proper homeostasis favouring a physiological tissue growth. The results revealed an over-expression of iNOS and HO-1 in the papilla, compared with that in the pulp, mediated by the nuclear factor kappa B transcription factor activated by the reactive oxygen species that acts as scavengers for the superoxide radicals. HO-1, a metabolically active enzyme in the papilla, but not in the pulp, seems to inhibit the iNOS enzyme by a crosstalk between the two proteins. We suggest that the probable mechanism through which this happens is the interaction of HO-1 with haem, a cofactor dimer indispensible for iNOS, and the subsequent suppression of its metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Speranza
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
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39
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Ucak A, Onan B, Güler A, Sahin MA, Kılıçkaya O, Oztaş E, Uysal B, Arslan S, Yılmaz AT. Rosuvastatin, a new generation 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor, reduces ischemia/reperfusion-induced spinal cord tissue injury in rats. Ann Vasc Surg 2011; 25:686-95. [PMID: 21724106 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 01/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe neurological injury still represents one of the most devastating complications occurring after surgical repair of thoracoabdominal aneurysms. We aimed to investigate the role of rosuvastatin (RSV) against ischemia/reperfusion injury in an experimental model of spinal cord ischemia in rats. METHODS Experimental groups included control group (n = 8), ischemia/reperfusion group (n = 8) undergoing aortic occlusion without pharmacologic treatment, and RSV-treated group (n = 8) receiving 10 mg/kg/day of RSV orally for 3 days before spinal cord ischemia. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by occlusion of the abdominal aorta between the left renal artery and aortic bifurcation for 45 minutes, followed by reperfusion. Neurological status was assessed before spinal ischemia and at 48 hours postoperatively. Spinal cords were harvested for histopathologic examination with hematoxylin-eosin staining and biochemical analysis for tissue malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase levels. RESULTS Decreased spinal cord tissue malondialdehyde levels (p = .01) and increased tissue superoxide dismutase (p = .01) and glutathione peroxidase (p = .09) levels were observed in the RSV-treated group, as compared with the ischemia group. Histopathologic analyses demonstrated typical changes of ischemic necrosis in the ischemia group; however, RSV attenuated tissue necrosis. Total injury score in the RSV-treated group was significantly decreased, as compared with the ischemia group (p < .05). The Tarlov scores at 48 hours postoperatively were higher in the RSV group as compared with the ischemia group. CONCLUSION RSV administration before spinal cord ischemia reduces spinal cord tissue injury by increasing antioxidant enzyme levels and may reduce the incidence of associated neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Ucak
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Istanbul, Turkey
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40
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Tuuminen R, Syrjälä S, Krebs R, Keränen MA, Koli K, Abo-Ramadan U, Neuvonen PJ, Tikkanen JM, Nykänen AI, Lemström KB. Donor Simvastatin Treatment Abolishes Rat Cardiac Allograft Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Chronic Rejection Through Microvascular Protection. Circulation 2011; 124:1138-50. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.005249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raimo Tuuminen
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
| | - Simo Syrjälä
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
| | - Rainer Krebs
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
| | - Mikko A.I. Keränen
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
| | - Katri Koli
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
| | - Usama Abo-Ramadan
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
| | - Pertti J. Neuvonen
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
| | - Jussi M. Tikkanen
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
| | - Antti I. Nykänen
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
| | - Karl B. Lemström
- From the Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.T., S.S., R.K., M.A.I.K., J.M.T., A.I.N., K.B.L.); Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki and HUSLAB, Helsinki University Central Hospital (P.J.N.); Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital (A.I.N., K.B.L.); Departments of Virology and Pathology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki (K.K.); and Experimental
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Xu Q, Guan YQ, Zhang D, Su GH. The effects of statin on atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of published data from randomized controlled trials. Curr Med Res Opin 2011; 27:1771-9. [PMID: 21806315 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2011.605785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some clinical and experimental studies have shown the use of statins could protect against AF, but there are not adequate data at present. OBJECTIVES We performed a meta-analysis of randomized trials with statins on the endpoint of incidence of AF to estimate the impact of statin use on AF development. METHODS We searched PUBMED, EMBASE and the Cochrane controlled Trials Register (Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2010) up to November 2010 to identify studies covering the use of statins on atrial fibrillation. RESULTS In published data from nine short term trials (1044 patients, 421 AF), the effect of statins was significantly associated with a decreased risk of recurrence of AF (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.73, P = 0.002). The result of OR was higher when studies with Jadad score ≤3 were excluded (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.54, P ≤ 0.0001). Among four long term trials (12,442 patients, 618 AF), the effect of statins was associated with a decreased risk of recurrence of AF (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.97, P = 0.02). In three long term trials of more intensive versus standard statin (9130 patients, 188 AF), there was no evidence of a reduction in the risk of AF (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.40, P= 0.74). CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis suggests that the use of statins may be associated with preventing AF in short term trials and long term trials, but in the long term trials of more intensive versus standard statin, there was no evidence of a reduction in the risk of AF. However, we still need large-scale randomized double blind statin trials with AF occurrence as the main endpoint in order to finally confirm the benefits of statin in AF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xu
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong Province, China
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Atorvastatin Protects against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Fructose-Induced Insulin Resistant Rats. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2011; 25:285-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-011-6312-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Blanco-Rivero J, de las Heras N, Martín-Fernández B, Cachofeiro V, Lahera V, Balfagón G. Rosuvastatin restored adrenergic and nitrergic function in mesenteric arteries from obese rats. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:271-85. [PMID: 20840472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We investigated whether high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity was associated with changed function of components of the mesenteric innervation (adrenergic, sensory and nitrergic), the mechanisms involved and the possible effects of rosuvastatin on these changes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. (i) rats fed a standard diet (control group); (ii) rats fed a HFD (33.5% fat) for 7 weeks; and (iii) rats fed a HFD and treated with rosuvastatin (15 mg·kg(-1) ·day(-1) ) for 7 weeks. Segments of isolated mesenteric arteries were exposed to electric field stimulation (EFS) with or without tetrodotoxin, phentolamine, 7-nitroindazole (7NI) or N(ω) nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Noradrenaline, ATP and NO release, and nNOS expression were also measured. KEY RESULTS EFS induced a greater frequency-dependent contraction in obese than in control rats. In HFD rats, phentolamine reduced contractions elicited by EFS, but noradrenaline release was greater and ATP release decreased. L-NAME and 7NI increased contractions to EFS in segments from control rats, but not in those from HFD rats. NO release and nNOS expression were lower in arterial segments from HFD rats than in control rats. All these changes in HFD rats were reversed by treatment with rosuvastatin. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Neural control of mesenteric vasomotor tone was altered in HFD rats. Enhanced adrenergic and diminished nitrergic components both contributed to increased vasoconstrictor responses to EFS. All these changes were reversed by rosuvastatin, indicating novel mechanisms of statins in neural regulation of vascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Blanco-Rivero
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Girardi JM, Farias RE, Ferreira AP, Raposo NRB. Rosuvastatin prevents proteinuria and renal inflammation in nitric oxide-deficient rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:1457-62. [PMID: 21915500 PMCID: PMC3161228 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000800025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of rosuvastatin on renal injury and inflammation in a model of nitric oxide deficiency. METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10/group) and treated for 28 days with saline (CTRL); 30 mg/kg/day L-NAME (L-name); L-NAME and 20 mg/kg/day rosuvastatin (L-name+ROS-20); or L-NAME and 2 mg/kg/day rosuvastatin (L-name+ROS-2). Systolic blood pressure was measured by plethysmography in the central artery of the tail. The serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were analyzed. Urine samples were taken to measure the albumin: urinary creatinine ratio. Kidneys were sectioned and stained with hematoxylin/eosin and Masson's trichrome. Immunohistochemical analysis of the renal tissue was performed to detect macrophage infiltration of the glomeruli. RESULTS The systolic blood pressure was elevated in the L-name but not the L-name+rosuvastatin-20 and L-name+rosuvastatin-2 groups. The L-name group had a significantly reduced nitric oxide level and an increased interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha level, albumin: urinary creatinine ratio and number of macrophages in the renal glomeruli. Rosuvastatin increased the nitric oxide level in the L-name+rosuvastatin-2 group and reduced the interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels, glomerular macrophage number and albumin:urinary creatinine ratio in the L-name+rosuvastatin-20 and L-name+rosuvastatin-2 groups. CONCLUSION Rosuvastatin treatment reduced glomerular damage due to improvement in the inflammatory pattern independent of the systolic blood pressure and serum lipid level. These effects may lead to improvements in the treatment of kidney disease.
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Die J, Wang K, Fan L, Jiang Y, Shi Z. Rosuvastatin preconditioning provides neuroprotection against spinal cord ischemia in rats through modulating nitric oxide synthase expressions. Brain Res 2010; 1346:251-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Impact of lipid-lowering therapy on outcomes in atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2010; 105:1768-72. [PMID: 20538128 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.01.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) decreases mortality in select patient populations. LLT has also been shown to have antiarrhythmic effects, thus favorably influencing the incidence and recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, data are lacking regarding the effect of LLT on mortality in patients with AF. The Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) study was the one of the largest multicenter trials comprising of 4,060 patients with AF at high risk for stroke and death. This is a post hoc analysis of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute limited-access dataset of AFFIRM patients who were on LLT at the time of randomization (n = 913). The control group consisted of AFFIRM patients who were not on LLT (n = 3,147). Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed controlling for baseline differences. The end point was all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and ischemic stroke. A separate analysis was carried out for the combined end point of death, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, cardiac arrest, ischemic stroke, major bleeding, systemic embolism, pulmonary embolism, and myocardial infarction. Patients on LLT were younger and on more cardioactive medications but also had more cardiovascular morbidities. On multivariate analysis, LLT use was associated with lower all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62 to 0.95, p = 0.01), cardiovascular mortality (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.95, p = 0.02), ischemic stroke (HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.89, p = 0.01), and combined end point (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.96, p = 0.01). In conclusion, a decrease in mortality and adverse cardiovascular events was observed using LLT in AF.
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Abstract
Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, which are widely used to lower serum cholesterol levels in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Recent experimental and clinical evidence suggests that the beneficial effects of statins may extend beyond their cholesterol-lowering effects, to include so-called pleiotropic effects. These cholesterol-independent effects include improving endothelial function, attenuating vascular and myocardial remodeling, inhibiting vascular inflammation and oxidation, and stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques. The mechanism underlying some of these pleiotropic effects is the inhibition of isoprenoid synthesis by statins, which leads to the inhibition of intracellular signaling molecules Rho, Rac and Cdc42. In particular, inhibition of Rho and one of its downstream targets, Rho kinase, may be a predominant mechanism contributing to the pleiotropic effects of statins. The aim of the present review is to provide an update on the non-cholesterol-dependent statin effects in the cardiovascular system and highlight some of the recent findings from bench to bedside to support the concept of statin pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- Vascular Medicine Research Unit, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA
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Awad AS, Kamel R. Effect of rosuvastatin on cholestasis-induced hepatic injury in rat livers. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 24:89-94. [PMID: 20146376 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies reported that 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors have pleotropic effects independent of their lipid-lowering properties. The present study was undertaken to determine whether treatment with rosuvastatin (RO) would be beneficial in a rat model of bile duct ligation (BDL). Animals were divided into three groups: a sham group (group I), a BDL group treated with vehicle (group II), and a BDL group treated with RO (10 mg/kg) (group III). Serum levels of total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase decreased significantly in group III when compared to group II. Lipid peroxides and NO levels of group III were found to be significantly lower than those of group II. Antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, and catalase) activity in liver tissues markedly decreased in group II, whereas treatment with RO preserved antioxidant enzyme activity. DT-diaphorase activity in group II was significantly higher than that in group III. The histopathological results showed multiple numbers of newly formed bile ductules with inflammatory cells infiltration in group II. These pathological changes were improved in group III. Our data indicate that RO ameliorates hepatic injury, inflammation, lipid peroxidation and increases antioxidant enzymes activity in rats subjected to BDL. RO may have a beneficial effect on treatment of cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza S Awad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University (Girls), Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt
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Awad AS, Sharif AE. Immunomodulatory effects of rosuvastatin on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion induced injury. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2010; 32:555-61. [DOI: 10.3109/08923970903575716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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