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Abstract
Saponins, as secondary metabolites in terrestrial plants and marine invertebrate, constitute one of the largest families of natural products. The long history of folk medicinal applications of saponins makes them attractive candidates for innovative drug design and development. Chemical synthesis has become a practical alternative to the availability of the natural saponins and their modified analogs, so as to facilitate SAR studies and the discovery of optimal structures for clinical applications. The recent achievements in the synthesis of these complex saponins reflect the advancements of both steroid/triterpene chemistry and carbohydrate chemistry. This chapter provides an updated review on the chemical synthesis of natural saponins, covering the literature from 2014 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Biao Yu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Sylla B, Lavoie S, Legault J, Gauthier C, Pichette A. Synthesis, cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of rhamnose-containing ursolic and betulinic acid saponins. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39743-39757. [PMID: 35541393 PMCID: PMC9076072 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09389c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid and ursolic acid are ubiquitous, naturally-occurring triterpenoids exhibiting various pharmacological activities including cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities. However, these triterpenoids display unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties as well as low aqueous solubility. It has been shown that the presence of α-l-rhamnose moieties positively modulates the anticancer activity of secondary metabolites. Herein we report the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities of a series of rhamnose-containing ursolic and betulinic acid saponins. Relying on Schmidt's normal and inverse procedures, monorhamnosides, (1→4)-linked dirhamnosides as well as branched trirhamnosides and tetrarhamnosides were synthesized in high yields with full control of stereoselectivity. A betulinic acid saponin bearing a 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl residue was found to be a potent cytotoxic agent against human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells without damaging the healthy cells (selectivity ratio > 20) whereas rhamnose-containing ursolic acid saponins potently inhibited NO overproduction induced by LPS-stimulated macrophages. Our results reveal that rhamnose-containing ursolic and betulinic acid saponins represent promising therapeutic agents. Rhamnose-containing saponins featuring betulinic and ursolic acid as aglycones were synthesized using both Schmidt's normal and inverse procedures. Some of these synthetic saponins exhibited selective cytotoxic and/or anti-inflammatory activities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Balla Sylla
- Centre de Recherche sur La Boréalie (CREB)
- Chaire de Recherche sur Les Agents Anticancéreux D'origine Naturelle
- Laboratoire LASEVE
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales
- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi
| | - Serge Lavoie
- Institut des Sciences de la Forêt Tempérée
- Université du Québec en Outaouais
- Canada
| | - Jean Legault
- Centre de Recherche sur La Boréalie (CREB)
- Chaire de Recherche sur Les Agents Anticancéreux D'origine Naturelle
- Laboratoire LASEVE
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales
- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi
| | - Charles Gauthier
- Centre de Recherche sur La Boréalie (CREB)
- Chaire de Recherche sur Les Agents Anticancéreux D'origine Naturelle
- Laboratoire LASEVE
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales
- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi
| | - André Pichette
- Centre de Recherche sur La Boréalie (CREB)
- Chaire de Recherche sur Les Agents Anticancéreux D'origine Naturelle
- Laboratoire LASEVE
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales
- Université du Québec à Chicoutimi
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3
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Liu Q, Guo T, Li D, Li W. Concise synthesis of two natural steroidal glycosides isolated from Allium schoenoprasum. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lee CL, Hwang TL, Yang JC, Cheng HT, He WJ, Yen CT, Kuo CL, Chen CJ, Chang WY, Wu YC. Anti-Inflammatory Spirostanol and Furostanol Saponins from Solanum macaonense. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:1770-1783. [PMID: 25036668 DOI: 10.1021/np500057b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Eight new spirostanol saponins, macaosides A-H (1-8), and 10 new furostanol saponins, macaosides I-R (9-18), together with six known spirostanol compounds (19-24) were isolated from Solanum macaonense. The structures of the new compounds were determined from their spectroscopic data, and the compounds were tested for in vitro antineutrophilic inflammatory activity. It was found that both immediate inflammation responses including superoxide anion generation and elastase release were significantly inhibited by treatment with compounds 20, 21, and 24 (superoxide anion generation: IC50 7.0, 7.6, 4.0 μM; elastase release: IC50 3.7, 4.4, 1.0 μM, respectively). However, compounds 1 and 4 exhibited effects on the inhibition of elastase release only, with IC50 values of 3.2 and 4.2 μM, respectively, while 19 was active against superoxide anion generation only, with an IC50 value of 6.1 μM. Accordingly, spirostanols may be promising lead compounds for further neutrophilic inflammatory disease studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lin Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, and Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Juan-Cheng Yang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ting Cheng
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Jung He
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Ting Yen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lin Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Jung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, and Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology , Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University , Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 40447, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Wang YH, Yeh HW, Wang HW, Yu CC, Guh JH, Liu DZ, Liang PH. Synthesis of a chlorogenin glycoside library using an orthogonal protecting group strategy. Carbohydr Res 2013; 375:118-35. [PMID: 23707361 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring spirostanol saponins bear a chacotriose, α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-glucopyranose residue as the oligosaccharide moiety which is believed to be important for biological activity. Herein the development of a concise, combinatorial method for the synthesis of two series of glycan variants at the 2' and/or 4' positions of chacotriose is described and the structure-activity relationships of the glycone part at 3-OH of chlorogenin investigated. These compounds were found to be weakly-cytotoxic toward leukemia cell lines CCRF and HL-20, indicating that the chacotriose moiety is important for anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hsin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Pérez-Labrada K, Brouard I, Morera C, Estévez F, Bermejo J, Rivera DG. ‘Click’ synthesis of triazole-based spirostan saponin analogs. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Kaskiw MJ, Tassotto ML, Mok M, Tokar SL, Pycko R, Th'ng J, Jiang ZH. Structural analogues of diosgenyl saponins: synthesis and anticancer activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7670-9. [PMID: 19819703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Saponins display various biological activities including anti-tumor activity. Recently intensive research has been focused on developing saponins for tumor therapies. The diosgenyl saponin dioscin is one of the most common steroidal saponins and exhibits potent anticancer activity in several human cancer cells through apoptosis-inducing pathways. In this paper, we describe the synthesis of several diosgenyl saponin analogues containing either a 2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranosyl residue or an alpha-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-d-glucopyranosyl residue with different acyl substituents on the amino group. The cytotoxic activity of these compounds was evaluated in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and HeLa cervical cancer cells. Structure-activity relationship studies show that the disaccharide saponin analogues are in general less active than their corresponding monosaccharide analogues. The incorporation of an aromatic nitro functionality into these saponin analogues does not exhibit significant effect on their cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kaskiw
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5E1
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Song G, Yang S, Zhang W, Cao Y, Wang P, Ding N, Zhang Z, Guo Y, Li Y. Discovery of the First Series of Small Molecule H5N1 Entry Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7368-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900275m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaopeng Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical College of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yingli Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zaihong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yingxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Liu Q, Wang P, Zhang L, Guo T, Lv G, Li Y. Concise synthesis of two natural triterpenoid saponins, oleanolic acid derivatives isolated from the roots of Pulsatilla chinensis. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1276-81. [PMID: 19524216 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of two natural triterpenoid saponins, which were isolated from the roots of Pulsatilla chinensis and exhibited excellent in vitro cytotoxic activity against HL-60 cells, was concisely achieved in a convergent approach. We employed an odourless 2-methyl-5-tert-butylphenyl (Mbp) thioglycoside and trichloroacetimidate donors in one-pot reaction as a key step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Guo T, Liu Q, Wang P, Zhang L, Zhang W, Li Y. Facile synthesis of three bidesmosidic oleanolic acid saponins with strong inhibitory activity on pancreatic lipase. Carbohydr Res 2009; 344:1167-74. [PMID: 19463989 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2009.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of scabiosaponins E (1), F (2), and G (3), three new oleanolic acid saponins with strong inhibitory activity on pancreatic lipase isolated from the Chinese traditional medicinal herb Scabiosa tschiliensis, was efficiently achieved in an one-pot strategy under the combined use of glycosyl trichloroacetimidates and p-toluene 1-thioglycosides (STol) as donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Gauthier C, Legault J, Piochon M, Lavoie S, Tremblay S, Pichette A. Synthesis, cytotoxicity, and haemolytic activity of chacotrioside lupane-type neosaponins and their germanicane-type rearrangement products. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2310-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 02/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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12
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Efficient synthesis of α- and β-chacotriosyl glycosides using appropriate donors, and their cytotoxic activity. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:1309-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Miyashita H, Ikeda T, Nohara T. Synthesis of neosaponins and neoglycolipids containing a chacotriosyl moiety. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:2182-91. [PMID: 17655835 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 06/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->4)-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)]-beta-D-glucopyranose (chacotriose) is the oligosaccharide moiety of dioscin. Chacotriosyl trichloroacetimidate was synthesized from d-glucose and l-rhamnose, and glycosylated to mevalonate (diosgenin, cholesterol, and glycyrrhetic acid) to yield dioscin and neosaponins. In order to simplify the structure of the aglycone part, the mevalonate moiety was replaced with double-chain neoglycolipids that mimicked glycosyl ceramides. A cytotoxicity test revealed the importance of the glycosidic linkage of the naturally occurring beta-form and that dioscin and the neoglycolipid with the longest chain showed a moderate activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Miyashita
- Faculty of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio‐organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China., Fax: +86‐21‐64166128
| | - Yichun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio‐organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China., Fax: +86‐21‐64166128
| | - Pingping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio‐organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China., Fax: +86‐21‐64166128
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Li W, Qiu Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Li M, Yu J, Zhang L, Zhu Z, Yu B. Synthesis, cytotoxicity, and hemolytic activity of 6'-O-substituted dioscin derivatives. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:2705-15. [PMID: 17945208 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dioscin derivatives (1-12) with a variety of substitutions at the 6'-OH of the chacotriosyl residue and the 3',6'-anhydrosaponin derivatives (26, 30, and 32) were synthesized. All these derivatives showed much lower cytotoxicity than that of the parent dioscin, while their hemolytic activities were partially retained depending on the various 6'-O-substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Zhu S, Li Y, Li M, Yu B. Exploration of the correlation between the structure, hemolytic activity, and cytotoxicity of steroid saponins. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2528-32. [PMID: 17306549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hemolytic activity of a collection of 63 steroid saponins was determined. The correlations between these structures and their hemolytic and cytotoxic activities are discussed. It has been demonstrated that the hemolytic activity of steroid saponins is highly dependent on their structures, that is, the sugar length, the sugar linkage, the substitutes on the sugar, as well as the aglycone. It has also been disclosed that the hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity of steroid saponins are not correlated. These results suggest that steroid saponins execute hemolysis and cytotoxic activity in different mechanisms, and encourage to develop steroid saponins into potent antitumor agents devoid of the detrimental effect of hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yu B. The Cytotoxicity of Saponins Correlates with Their Cellular Internalization. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:288-91. [PMID: 17200998 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Li CX, Guo TT, Wang P, Guan HS, Li YX. Semi-synthesis of Several Stigmasterol Saponins. CHINESE J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200690174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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