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Giraldo JD, García Y, Vera M, Garrido-Miranda KA, Andrade-Acuña D, Marrugo KP, Rivas BL, Schoebitz M. Alternative processes to produce chitin, chitosan, and their oligomers. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 332:121924. [PMID: 38431399 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable recovery of chitin and its derivatives from shellfish waste will be achieved when the industrial production of these polymers is achieved with a high control of their molecular structure, low costs, and acceptable levels of pollution. Therefore, the conventional chemical method for obtaining these biopolymers needs to be replaced or optimized. The goal of the present review is to ascertain what alternative methods are viable for the industrial-scale production of chitin, chitosan, and their oligomers. Therefore, a detailed review of recent literature was undertaken, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The analysis of the existing data allows suggesting that combining conventional, biological, and alternative methods is the most efficient strategy to achieve sustainable production, preventing negative impacts and allowing for the recovery of high added-value compounds from shellfish waste. In conclusion, a new process for obtaining chitinous materials is suggested, with the potential of reducing the consumption of reagents, energy, and water by at least 1/10, 1/4, and 1/3 part with respect to the conventional process, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Giraldo
- Escuela de Ingeniería Ambiental, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Balneario Pelluco, Los Pinos s/n, Chile.
| | - Yadiris García
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano 7100, Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Myleidi Vera
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Karla A Garrido-Miranda
- Center of Waste Management and Bioenergy, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile; Agriaquaculture Nutritional Genomic Center (CGNA), Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Daniela Andrade-Acuña
- Centro de Docencia Superior en Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Los Pinos s/n. Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Kelly P Marrugo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela de Química, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; Centro de Investigaciones en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados, CIEN-UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Bernabé L Rivas
- Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Concepción 4080871, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mauricio Schoebitz
- Departamento de Suelos y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Agronomía, Campus Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Universidad de Concepción, Chile; Laboratory of Biofilms and Environmental Microbiology, Center of Biotechnology, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
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Mittal A, Singh A, Buatong J, Saetang J, Benjakul S. Chitooligosaccharide and Its Derivatives: Potential Candidates as Food Additives and Bioactive Components. Foods 2023; 12:3854. [PMID: 37893747 PMCID: PMC10606384 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharide (CHOS), a depolymerized chitosan, can be prepared via physical, chemical, and enzymatic hydrolysis, or a combination of these techniques. The superior properties of CHOS have attracted attention as alternative additives or bioactive compounds for various food and biomedical applications. To increase the bioactivities of a CHOS, its derivatives have been prepared via different methods and were characterized using various analytical methods including FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. CHOS derivatives such as carboxylated CHOS, quaternized CHOS, and others showed their potential as potent anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, neuroprotective, and anti-cancer agents, which could further be used for human health benefits. Moreover, enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant bioactivities, especially for a CHOS-polyphenol conjugate, could play a profound role in shelf-life extension and the safety assurance of perishable foods via the inhibition of spoilage microorganisms and pathogens and lipid oxidation. Also, the effectiveness of CHOS derivatives for shelf-life extension can be augmented when used in combination with other preservative technologies. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the production of a CHOS and its derivatives, as well as their potential applications in food as either additives or nutraceuticals. Furthermore, it revisits recent advancements in translational research and in vivo studies on CHOS and its derivatives in the medical-related field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Mittal
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand; (A.M.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Avtar Singh
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand; (A.M.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Jirayu Buatong
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand; (A.M.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Jirakrit Saetang
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand; (A.M.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand; (A.M.); (A.S.); (J.B.); (J.S.)
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Kulig D, Król-Kilińska Ż, Bobak Ł, Żarowska B, Jarmoluk A, Zimoch-Korzycka A. Functional Properties of Chitosan Oligomers Obtained by Enzymatic Hydrolysis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3801. [PMID: 37765659 PMCID: PMC10534541 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to obtain chitooligosaccharides (COS) from chitosan (CH) with improved functional properties and comparison of the use of two different enzymes: commercial cellulase (CL) and the dedicated enzyme chitosanase (CS). After enzymatic reaction, chitosan oligomers (NFs) were isolated by methanol into two fractions: precipitate (HMF) and supernatant (LMF). The occurrence of a hydrolysis reaction was confirmed by an increased reducing sugar content and viscosity reduction of chitosan oligomers. CPMAS 13C NMR analysis confirmed the dissimilar cleavage mechanism of the enzymes used. LMF and NF fractions were characterised by improved solubility in water (94.56%) compared to the HMF and CH samples (70.64%). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the HMF decomposed in two-stage process while CH, NF, and LMF decomposed in a three-stage process. The greatest mass loss of LMF samples (58.35%) suggests their sensitivity to high-temperature treatments. COS were a mixture of DP (degrees of polymerisation) from 3 to 18 hetero-chitooligomers, with an average Mw of <3 kDa. CL consisted of more low-DP products (DP 3-7) than COS made with CS. LMF characterised by DP~2 showed lower DPPH radical scavenging activity than HMF and NF with DP 3-7. The ability to reduce Escherichia coli increased in the given order: LMF > NF > HMF > CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Kulig
- Department of Functional Food Development, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chelmonskiego St., 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland; (Ż.K.-K.); (Ł.B.); (A.J.); (A.Z.-K.)
| | - Żaneta Król-Kilińska
- Department of Functional Food Development, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chelmonskiego St., 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland; (Ż.K.-K.); (Ł.B.); (A.J.); (A.Z.-K.)
| | - Łukasz Bobak
- Department of Functional Food Development, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chelmonskiego St., 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland; (Ż.K.-K.); (Ł.B.); (A.J.); (A.Z.-K.)
| | - Barbara Żarowska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, The Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chelmonskiego St., 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Jarmoluk
- Department of Functional Food Development, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chelmonskiego St., 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland; (Ż.K.-K.); (Ł.B.); (A.J.); (A.Z.-K.)
| | - Anna Zimoch-Korzycka
- Department of Functional Food Development, Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37 Chelmonskiego St., 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland; (Ż.K.-K.); (Ł.B.); (A.J.); (A.Z.-K.)
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Gonçalves CGE, Lourenço LDFH, Philippsen HK, Santos AS, Santos LND, Ferreira NR. Crude Enzyme Concentrate of Filamentous Fungus Hydrolyzed Chitosan to Obtain Oligomers of Different Sizes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092079. [PMID: 37177223 PMCID: PMC10181246 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a non-cytotoxic polysaccharide that, upon hydrolysis, releases oligomers of different sizes that may have antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and the inhibition of cancer cell growth, among other applications. It is, therefore, a hydrolysis process with great biotechnological relevance. Thus, this study aims to use a crude enzyme concentrate (CEC) produced by a filamentous fungus to obtain oligomers with different molecular weights. The microorganism was cultivated in a liquid medium (modified Czapeck-with carboxymethylcellulose as enzyme inducer). The enzymes present in the CEC were identified by LC-MS/MS, with an emphasis on cellobiohydrolase (E.C 3.2.1.91). The fungus of the Aspergillus genus was identified by amplifying the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 rDNA region and metaproteomic analysis, where the excreted enzymes were identified with sequence coverage greater than 84% to A. nidulans. Chitosan hydrolysis assays compared the CEC with the commercial enzyme (Celluclast 1.5 L®). The ability to reduce the initial molecular mass of chitosan by 47.80, 75.24, and 93.26% after 2.0, 5.0, and 24 h of reaction, respectively, was observed. FTIR analyses revealed lower absorbance of chitosan oligomers' spectral signals, and their crystallinity was reduced after 3 h of hydrolysis. Based on these results, we can conclude that the crude enzyme concentrate showed a significant technological potential for obtaining chitosan oligomers of different sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hellen Kempfer Philippsen
- Faculty of Biology, Socioenvironmental and Water Resources Institute, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Campus Belém, Belem 66077-830, PA, Brazil
| | - Alberdan Silva Santos
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Lucely Nogueira Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Nelson Rosa Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Faculty of Food Engineering, Technology Institute, Federal University of Pará, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
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Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles and Their Anticancer Effects Pertaining to Probiotic Bacteria—A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101916. [PMID: 36290639 PMCID: PMC9598137 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) can be produced by biogenic, physical, and chemical processes. The physical and chemical processes have hazardous effects. However, biogenic synthesis (by microorganisms) is an eco-friendly and economical technique that is non-toxic to human and animal health. The mechanism for biogenic SeNPs from microorganisms is still not well understood. Over the past two decades, extensive research has been conducted on the nutritional and therapeutic applications of biogenic SeNPs. The research revealed that biogenic SeNPs are considered novel competitors in the pharmaceutical and food industries, as they have been shown to be virtually non-toxic when used in medical practice and as dietary supplements and release only trace amounts of Se ions when ingested. Various pathogenic and probiotic/nonpathogenic bacteria are used for the biogenic synthesis of SeNPs. However, in the case of biosynthesis by pathogenic bacteria, extraction and purification techniques are required for further useful applications of these biogenic SeNPs. This review focuses on the applications of SeNPs (derived from probiotic/nonpathogenic organisms) as promising anticancer agents. This review describes that SeNPs derived from probiotic/nonpathogenic organisms are considered safe for human consumption. These biogenic SeNPs reduce oxidative stress in the human body and have also been shown to be effective against breast, prostate, lung, liver, and colon cancers. This review provides helpful information on the safe use of biogenic SeNPs and their economic importance for dietary and therapeutic purposes, especially as anticancer agents.
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Abstract
Nonionic surfactants are reported as being able to enhance enzyme stability and increase the conversion of enzymatic reactions. Surfactant-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis conversion is affected by surfactant HLB values. This work investigated the influence of nonionic surfactants with different HLB values on chitosan enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulase enzyme by measuring the reducing sugars formation, viscosity, and molecular weight of hydrolyzed chitosan. A characterization analysis of hydrolyzed products was also carried out. A higher HLB value exhibits a better enzymatic chitosan hydrolysis performance, shown by the decrease in a solution’s viscosity and the increase in reducing sugar formation. Increasing the surfactant concentration will also increase the hydrolysis rate. Nonionic surfactants can protect cellulase enzyme from the denaturation of temperature and stirring influence. The higher the HLB value, the lower the molecular weight of the hydrolyzed chitosan. The result of UV–Vis demonstrated aldehyde groups formation during hydrolysis. The SEM analysis showed that the chitosan, hydrolyzed using different HLB values of surfactants, had different surface morphologies. However, it did not change the chemical structure of the hydrolysis product seen by the FTIR analysis. The XRD patterns showed that the relative crystallinity of raw chitosan decreased when hydrolyzed with surfactants.
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Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Low Molecular Weight Chitosan Extracted from Hermetia illucens Relative to Crab Chitosan. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020577. [PMID: 35056890 PMCID: PMC8777618 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study shows the research on the depolymerisation of insect and crab chitosans using novel enzymes. Enzyme preparations containing recombinant chitinase Chi 418 from Trichoderma harzianum, chitinase Chi 403, and chitosanase Chi 402 from Myceliophthora thermophila, all belonging to the family GH18 of glycosyl hydrolases, were used to depolymerise a biopolymer, resulting in a range of chitosans with average molecular weights (Mw) of 6–21 kDa. The depolymerised chitosans obtained from crustaceans and insects were studied, and their antibacterial and antifungal properties were evaluated. The results proved the significance of the chitosan’s origin, showing the potential of Hermetia illucens as a new source of low molecular weight chitosan with an improved biological activity.
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Uehara M, Takasaki C, Wakita S, Sugahara Y, Tabata E, Matoska V, Bauer PO, Oyama F. Crab-Eating Monkey Acidic Chitinase (CHIA) Efficiently Degrades Chitin and Chitosan under Acidic and High-Temperature Conditions. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020409. [PMID: 35056724 PMCID: PMC8781735 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides, the degradation products of chitin and chitosan, possess anti-bacterial, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. The enzymatic production of chitooligosaccharides may increase the interest in their potential biomedical or agricultural usability in terms of the safety and simplicity of the manufacturing process. Crab-eating monkey acidic chitinase (CHIA) is an enzyme with robust activity in various environments. Here, we report the efficient degradation of chitin and chitosan by monkey CHIA under acidic and high-temperature conditions. Monkey CHIA hydrolyzed α-chitin at 50 °C, producing N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) dimers more efficiently than at 37 °C. Moreover, the degradation rate increased with a longer incubation time (up to 72 h) without the inactivation of the enzyme. Five substrates (α-chitin, colloidal chitin, P-chitin, block-type, and random-type chitosan substrates) were exposed to monkey CHIS at pH 2.0 or pH 5.0 at 50 °C. P-chitin and random-type chitosan appeared to be the best sources of GlcNAc dimers and broad-scale chitooligosaccharides, respectively. In addition, the pattern of the products from the block-type chitosan was different between pH conditions (pH 2.0 and pH 5.0). Thus, monkey CHIA can degrade chitin and chitosan efficiently without inactivation under high-temperature or low pH conditions. Our results show that certain chitooligosaccharides are enriched by using different substrates under different conditions. Therefore, the reaction conditions can be adjusted to obtain desired oligomers. Crab-eating monkey CHIA can potentially become an efficient tool in producing chitooligosaccharide sets for agricultural and biomedical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Uehara
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (M.U.); (C.T.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Chinatsu Takasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (M.U.); (C.T.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Satoshi Wakita
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (M.U.); (C.T.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Yasusato Sugahara
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (M.U.); (C.T.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Eri Tabata
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (M.U.); (C.T.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (E.T.)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PD), Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Vaclav Matoska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (P.O.B.)
| | - Peter O. Bauer
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (P.O.B.)
- Bioinova JSC, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (M.U.); (C.T.); (S.W.); (Y.S.); (E.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Wakita S, Sugahara Y, Nakamura M, Kobayashi S, Matsuda K, Takasaki C, Kimura M, Kida Y, Uehara M, Tabata E, Hiraoka K, Seki S, Matoska V, Bauer PO, Oyama F. Mouse Acidic Chitinase Effectively Degrades Random-Type Chitosan to Chitooligosaccharides of Variable Lengths under Stomach and Lung Tissue pH Conditions. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216706. [PMID: 34771117 PMCID: PMC8587675 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides exhibit several biomedical activities, such as inflammation and tumorigenesis reduction in mammals. The mechanism of the chitooligosaccharides’ formation in vivo has been, however, poorly understood. Here we report that mouse acidic chitinase (Chia), which is widely expressed in mouse tissues, can produce chitooligosaccharides from deacetylated chitin (chitosan) at pH levels corresponding to stomach and lung tissues. Chia degraded chitin to produce N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) dimers. The block-type chitosan (heterogenous deacetylation) is soluble at pH 2.0 (optimal condition for mouse Chia) and was degraded into chitooligosaccharides with various sizes ranging from di- to nonamers. The random-type chitosan (homogenous deacetylation) is soluble in water that enables us to examine its degradation at pH 2.0, 5.0, and 7.0. Incubation of these substrates with Chia resulted in the more efficient production of chitooligosaccharides with more variable sizes was from random-type chitosan than from the block-type form of the molecule. The data presented here indicate that Chia digests chitosan acquired by homogenous deacetylation of chitin in vitro and in vivo. The degradation products may then influence different physiological or pathological processes. Our results also suggest that bioactive chitooligosaccharides can be obtained conveniently using homogenously deacetylated chitosan and Chia for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Wakita
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Yasusato Sugahara
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Masayuki Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Syunsuke Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Kazuhisa Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Chinatsu Takasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PD), Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Yuta Kida
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Maiko Uehara
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
| | - Eri Tabata
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (PD), Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Koji Hiraoka
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (K.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Shiro Seki
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (K.H.); (S.S.)
| | - Vaclav Matoska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (P.O.B.)
| | - Peter O. Bauer
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (P.O.B.)
- Bioinova JSC, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan; (S.W.); (Y.S.); (M.N.); (S.K.); (K.M.); (C.T.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (M.U.); (E.T.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Gonçalves C, Ferreira N, Lourenço L. Production of Low Molecular Weight Chitosan and Chitooligosaccharides (COS): A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2466. [PMID: 34372068 PMCID: PMC8348454 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a biopolymer with high added value, and its properties are related to its molecular weight. Thus, high molecular weight values provide low solubility of chitosan, presenting limitations in its use. Based on this, several studies have developed different hydrolysis methods to reduce the molecular weight of chitosan. Acid hydrolysis is still the most used method to obtain low molecular weight chitosan and chitooligosaccharides. However, the use of acids can generate environmental impacts. When different methods are combined, gamma radiation and microwave power intensity are the variables that most influence acid hydrolysis. Otherwise, in oxidative hydrolysis with hydrogen peroxide, a long time is the limiting factor. Thus, it was observed that the most efficient method is the association between the different hydrolysis methods mentioned. However, this alternative can increase the cost of the process. Enzymatic hydrolysis is the most studied method due to its environmental advantages and high specificity. However, hydrolysis time and process cost are factors that still limit industrial application. In addition, the enzymatic method has a limited association with other hydrolysis methods due to the sensitivity of the enzymes. Therefore, this article seeks to extensively review the variables that influence the main methods of hydrolysis: acid concentration, radiation intensity, potency, time, temperature, pH, and enzyme/substrate ratio, observing their influence on molecular weight, yield, and characteristic of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleidiane Gonçalves
- Institute of Technology, Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil;
- Institute of Health and Animal Production, Amazon Rural Federal University, Belém 66077-830, Pará, Brazil
| | - Nelson Ferreira
- Institute of Technology, Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil;
| | - Lúcia Lourenço
- Institute of Technology, Graduate Program in Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Pará, Brazil;
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11
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Singh A, Mittal A, Benjakul S. Chitosan, Chitooligosaccharides and Their Polyphenol Conjugates: Preparation, Bioactivities, Functionalities and Applications in Food Systems. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1950176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avtar Singh
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation (ICE-SSI), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Ajay Mittal
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation (ICE-SSI), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation (ICE-SSI), Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
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12
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Cui D, Yang J, Lu B, Shen H. Efficient Preparation of Chitooligosaccharide With a Potential Chitosanase Csn-SH and Its Application for Fungi Disease Protection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:682829. [PMID: 34220769 PMCID: PMC8249199 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosanase plays a vital role in bioactive chitooligosaccharide preparation. Here, we characterized and prepared a potential GH46 family chitosanase from Bacillus atrophaeus BSS. The purified recombinant enzyme Csn-SH showed a molecular weight of 27.0 kDa. Csn-SH displayed maximal activity toward chitosan at pH 5.0 and 45°C. Thin-layer chromatography and electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry indicated that Csn-SH mainly hydrolyzed chitosan into (GlcN)2, (GlcN)3, and (GlcN)4 with an endo-type cleavage pattern. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that Csn-SH cleaved the glycoside bonds between subsites −2 and + 1 of (GlcN)6. Importantly, the chitosan hydrolysis rate of Csn-SH reached 80.57% within 40 min, which could reduce time and water consumption. The hydrolysates prepared with Csn-SH exhibited a good antifungal activity against Magnaporthe oryzae and Colletotrichum higginsianum. The above results suggested that Csn-SH could be used to produce active chitooligosaccharides efficiently that are biocontrol agents applicable for safe and sustainable agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Cui
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bosi Lu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Zhou J, Wen B, Xie H, Zhang C, Bai Y, Cao H, Che Q, Guo J, Su Z. Advances in the preparation and assessment of the biological activities of chitosan oligosaccharides with different structural characteristics. Food Funct 2021; 12:926-951. [PMID: 33434251 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02768e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs) are widely used biopolymers that have been studied in relation to a variety of abnormal biological activities in the food and biomedical fields. Since different COS preparation technologies produce COS compounds with different structural characteristics, it has not yet been possible to determine whether one or more chito-oligomers are primarily responsible for the bioactivity of COSs. The inherent biocompatibility, mucosal adhesion and nontoxic nature of COSs are well documented, as is the fact that they are readily absorbed from the intestinal tract, but their structure-activity relationship requires further investigation. This review summarizes the methods used for COS preparation, and the research findings with regard to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, bacteriostatic and antitumour activity of COSs with different structural characteristics. The correlation between the molecular structure and bioactivities of COSs is described, and new insights into their structure-activity relationship are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhou
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China. and Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Bingjian Wen
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China. and Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Hongyi Xie
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China. and Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China. and Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510310), China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan (528458), China
| | - Qishi Che
- Guangzhou Rainhome Pharm & Tech Co., Ltd, Science City, Guangzhou (510663), China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Centre of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou (510006), China.
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14
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Ribas Fonseca L, Porto Santos T, Czaikoski A, Lopes Cunha R. Modulating properties of polysaccharides nanocomplexes from enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109642. [PMID: 33233221 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of nanocomplexes is a simple and low-cost technique for the production of encapsulation systems aiming industrial applications, based on the interaction of at least two oppositely charged molecules. Gellan gum (anionic) is a water-soluble biopolymer resistant to stomach pH conditions, therefore an interesting alternative as an encapsulating matrix. Chitosan (cationic) is also widely used due to its biocompatibility and mucoadhesive properties, although its low water solubility is an important step to be overcome for the production of the complexes. To improve this property, many techniques have been employed, but most of them use unsustainable techniques and chemical agents. The enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan using proteases emerges as an alternative to these drawbacks and, therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the electrostatic nanocomplexation of native (C) or hydrolyzed (HC) chitosan (by porcine pepsin protease) with gellan gum (G). Polysaccharides and nanocomplexes formed with different G:C or G:HC ratio were evaluated by zeta potential measurements, particle size distribution, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), intrinsic viscosity and turbidity analyses. Chitosan hydrolysis allowed the formation of a smaller (445.3 nm in pH 4.5) and more soluble structure (3 kDa), which positively influenced the formation of the complexes. The ratios G:HC of 7:3 and 8:2 formed complexes with lower values of zeta potential (13.9 mV and -5.0 mV, respectively), particle size (635.8 nm and 533.6 nm, respectively) and polydispersity (0.28 and 0.23) compared to complexes formed with native chitosan. Overall, our results show that enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan favored the formation of electrostatic complexes with reduced size and low polydispersity, which can be used as efficient encapsulating matrices for improved targeted delivery and controlled release of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Ribas Fonseca
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Porto Santos
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Czaikoski
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosiane Lopes Cunha
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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15
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Nonspecific enzymatic hydrolysis of a highly ordered chitopolysaccharide substrate. Carbohydr Res 2020; 498:108191. [PMID: 33157460 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan can undergo nonspecific enzymatic hydrolysis by several different hydrolases. This susceptibility to nonspecific enzymes opens up many opportunities for producing chitooligosaccharides and low molecular weight chitopolysaccharides, since specific chitinases and chitosanases are rare and not commercially available. In this study, chitosan and chitin were hydrolyzed using several commercially available hydrolases. Among them, cellulases with the highest specific activity demonstrated the best activity, as indicated by the rapid decrease in viscosity of a chitosan solution. The hydrolysis of chitosan by nonspecific enzymes generated a sugar release that corresponded to the decrease in the degree of polymerization. This decrease reached a maximum of 3.3-fold upon hydrolysis of 10% of the sample. Cellulases were better than lysozyme or amylases at hydrolyzing chitosan and chitin. Analysis of 13C CP-MAS NMR and FTIR spectra of chitin after cellulase treatment revealed changes in the chitin crystal structure related to rearrangement of inter- and intramolecular H-bonds. The structural changes and decreases in crystallinity allowed dissolution of chitin molecules of high molecular weight and enhanced the solubility of chitin in alkali by 10-12% compared to untreated chitin.
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16
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Doan CT, Tran TN, Nguyen VB, Tran TD, Nguyen AD, Wang SL. Bioprocessing of Squid Pens Waste into Chitosanase by Paenibacillus sp. TKU047 and Its Application in Low-Molecular Weight Chitosan Oligosaccharides Production. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051163. [PMID: 32438616 PMCID: PMC7284385 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) has become of great interest in recent years because of its worthy biological activities. This study aims to produce COS using the enzymatic method, and investigates Paenibacillus sp. TKU047, a chitinolytic-producing strain, in terms of its chitosanase productivity on several chitinous material-containing mediums from fishery process wastes. The highest amount of chitosanase was produced on the medium using 2% (w/v) squid pens powder (0.60 U/mL) as the single carbon and nitrogen (C/N) source. The molecular mass of TKU047 chitosanase, which could be the smallest one among chitinases/chitosanases from the Paenibacillus genus, was approximately 23 kDa according to the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method. TKU047 chitosanase possessed the highest activity at 60 °C, pH 7, and toward chitosan solution with a higher degree of deacetylation (DDA) value. Additionally, the hydrolysis products of 98% DDA chitosan catalyzed by TKU047 chitosanase showed the degree of polymerization (DP) ranging from 2 to 9, suggesting that it was an endo-type activity chitosanase. The free radical scavenging activity of the obtained chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) was determined. The result showed that COS produced with Paenibacillus sp. TKU047 chitosanase expressed a higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than that from the commercial COSs with maximum activity and IC50 values of 81.20% and 1.02 mg/mL; 18.63% and 15.37 mg/mL; and 15.96% and 15.16 mg/mL, respectively. As such, Paenibacillus sp. TKU047 may have potential use in converting squid pens waste to produce chitosanase as an enzyme for bio-activity COS preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Thang Doan
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam;
| | - Thi Ngoc Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam;
| | - Van Bon Nguyen
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam;
| | - Trung Dung Tran
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam;
| | - Anh Dzung Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam;
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2621-5656; Fax: +886-2-2620-9924
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17
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Bile acid-binding capacity of lobster shell-derived chitin, chitosan and chitooligosaccharides. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2019.100476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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18
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Tabata E, Wakita S, Kashimura A, Sugahara Y, Matoska V, Bauer PO, Oyama F. Residues of acidic chitinase cause chitinolytic activity degrading chitosan in porcine pepsin preparations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15609. [PMID: 31666642 PMCID: PMC6821832 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercially available porcine pepsin preparations have been used for the production of chitooligosaccharides with various biomedical activities. However, the origin of this activity is not well understood. Here we show that the chitosan-degrading activity is conferred by residues with chitinolytic activity of truncated forms of acidic chitinase (Chia) persisting in the pepsin preparation. Chia is an acid-stable and pepsin-resistant enzyme that degrades chitin to produce N-acetyl-D-glucosamine dimer. We found that Chia can be truncated by pepsin under stomach-like conditions while maintaining its enzymatic activity. Similarly to the full-length protein, truncated Chia as well as the pepsin preparations digested chitosan with different degrees of deacetylation (DD: 69-84%) with comparable degradation products. The efficiency was DD-dependent with a marked decrease with higher DD, indicating that the chitosan-degrading activity in the pepsin preparation is due to the chitinolytic activity rather than chitosanolytic activity. We suggest that natural or recombinant porcine Chia are suitable for producing chitooligosaccharides for biomedical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Tabata
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (DC1), Koujimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wakita
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Akinori Kashimura
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Yasusato Sugahara
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan
| | - Vaclav Matoska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, Prague, 150 00, Czech Republic
| | - Peter O Bauer
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Homolka Hospital, Roentgenova 37/2, Prague, 150 00, Czech Republic.,Bioinova Ltd., Videnska 1083, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Fumitaka Oyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Kogakuin University, Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0015, Japan.
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Singh A, Benjakul S, Prodpran T. Chitooligosaccharides from squid pen prepared using different enzymes: characteristics and the effect on quality of surimi gel during refrigerated storage. FOOD PRODUCTION, PROCESSING AND NUTRITION 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s43014-019-0005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharides (COS) from squid pen produced using amylase, lipase and pepsin were characterized. COS produced by 8% (w/w) lipase (COS-L) showed the maximum FRAP and ABTS radical scavenging activity than those prepared using other two enzymes. COS-L had the average molecular weight (MW) of 79 kDa, intrinsic viscosity of 0.41 dL/g and water solubility of 49%. DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activities, FRAP and ORAC of COS-L were 5.68, 322.68, 5.66 and 42.20 μmol TE/g sample, respectively. Metal chelating activity was 2.58 μmol EE/g sample. For antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of COS-L against the targeted bacteria were in the range of 0.31–4.91 mg/mL and 0.62–4.91 mg/mL, respectively. Sardine surimi gel added with 1% (w/w) COS-L showed the lower PV, TBARS and microbial growth during 10 days of storage at 4 °C. COS-L from squid pen could inhibit lipid oxidation and extend the shelf-life of refrigerated sardine surimi gel.
Graphical abstract
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20
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Aktuganov GE, Melentiev AI, Varlamov VP. Biotechnological Aspects of the Enzymatic Preparation of Bioactive Chitooligosaccharides (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Yusharani MS, Stenley, Harmami, Ulfin I, Ni’mah YL. Synthesis of water-soluble chitosan from squid pens waste as raw material for capsule shell: temperature deacetylation and reaction time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/509/1/012070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Kapadnis G, Dey A, Dandekar P, Jain R. Effect of degree of deacetylation on solubility of low‐molecular‐weight chitosan produced via enzymatic breakdown of chitosan. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kapadnis
- Department of Chemical EngineeringInstitute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| | - Anomitra Dey
- Department of Chemical EngineeringInstitute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and TechnologyInstitute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Chemical EngineeringInstitute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
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Gercke D, Regel EK, Singh R, Moerschbacher BM. Rational protein design of Bacillus sp. MN chitosanase for altered substrate binding and production of specific chitosan oligomers. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:23. [PMID: 30918529 PMCID: PMC6419424 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Partially acetylated chito-oligosaccharides (paCOS) have a variety of potential applications in different fields, but to harness their benefits, pure paCOS or well-defined paCOS mixtures are essential. For example, if one could produce fully acetylated (A4) and fully deacetylated (D4) tetramers in abundance, all possible variants of tetrameric paCOS could be generated reliably from them. A promising approach for generating defined paCOS is by enzymatic depolymerization of chitosan polymers using chitosanases, since these enzymes' subsite specificities directly influence the composition of the paCOS produced; however, enzymatic production of e.g. D4 is challenging because the substrate is generally hydrolyzed further by most chitosanases. To overcome this, chitosanases could potentially be engineered so that upon hydrolyzing chitosan, they are unable to hydrolyze certain substrates, leaving well-defined oligomers intact in the hydrolysate. RESULTS For this purpose, we performed rational protein engineering on the extensively studied GH 8 chitosanase CSN from Bacillus sp. MN. By specifically targeting residues with a predicted function in substrate binding, we created new muteins incapable of efficiently hydrolyzing the fully deacetylated tetramer D4, and we were able to demonstrate efficient large-scale production of D4 with an altered version of CSN. Furthermore, we were able to uncover differences in the substrate positioning and subsite specificities of the muteins, which result in altered paCOS mixtures produced from partially acetylated chitosan polymers, with possibly altered bioactivities. CONCLUSION The value of protein engineering as a tool for the more efficient production of pure oligomers and potentially bioactive paCOS mixtures was demonstrated by the results and the suitability of specific muteins for the large-scale production of strictly defined, pure paCOS in a batch process was shown using the example of D4.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gercke
- University of Muenster, Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Eva K. Regel
- University of Muenster, Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Ratna Singh
- University of Muenster, Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Bruno M. Moerschbacher
- University of Muenster, Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
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24
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Poshina DN, Raik SV, Poshin AN, Skorik YA. Accessibility of chitin and chitosan in enzymatic hydrolysis: A review. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Hari N, Francis S, Rajendran Nair AG, Nair AJ. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of chitosan film incorporated with β-Carotene loaded starch nanocrystals. Food Packag Shelf Life 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Gohi BFCA, Zeng HY, Pan AD, Han J, Yuan J. pH Dependence of Chitosan Enzymolysis. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E174. [PMID: 30970852 PMCID: PMC6432485 DOI: 10.3390/polym9050174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a means of making chitosan more useful in biotechnological applications, it was hydrolyzed using pepsin, chitosanase and α-amylase. The enzymolysis behavior of these enzymes was further systematically studied for its effectiveness in the production of low-molecular-weight chitosans (LMWCs) and other derivatives. The study showed that these enzymes depend on ion hydronium (H3O+), thus on pH with a pH dependence fitting R2 value of 0.99. In y = 1.484[H^+] + 0.114, the equation of pH dependence, when [H^+] increases by one, y (k_0/k_m) increases by 1.484. From the temperature dependence study, the activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A) were almost identical for two of the enzymes, but a considerable difference was observed in comparison with the third enzyme. Chitosanase and pepsin had nearly identical Ea, but α-amylase was significantly lower. This serves as evidence that the hydrolysis reaction of α-amylase relies on low-barrier hydrogen bonds (LBHBs), which explains its low Ea in actual conditions. The confirmation of this phenomenon was further derived from a similarly considerable difference in the order magnitudes of A between α-amylase and the other two enzymes, which was more than five. Variation of the rate constants of the enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan with temperature follows the Arrhenius equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Foua Claude Alain Gohi
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China.
| | - Hong-Yan Zeng
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China.
| | - A Dan Pan
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China.
| | - Jing Han
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China.
| | - Jian Yuan
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China.
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Evaluation of Chitosan-Based Films Containing Gelatin, Chondroitin 4-Sulfate and ZnO for Wound Healing. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 183:765-777. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2462-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Zhai X, Zhang C, Zhao G, Stoll S, Ren F, Leng X. Antioxidant capacities of the selenium nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:4. [PMID: 28056992 PMCID: PMC5217424 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Selenium (Se) as one of the essential trace elements for human plays an important role in the oxidation reduction system. But the high toxicity of Se limits its application. In this case, the element Se with zero oxidation state (Se0) has captured our attention because of its low toxicity and excellent bioavailability. However, Se0 is very unstable and easily changes into the inactive form. By now many efforts have been done to protect its stability. And this work was conducted to explore the antioxidant capacities of the stable Se0 nanoparticles (SeNPs) stabilized using chitosan (CS) with different molecular weights (Mws) (CS-SeNPs). Results The different Mws CS-SeNPs could form uniform sphere particles with a size of about 103 nm after 30 days. The antioxidant tests of the DPPH, ABTS, and lipid peroxide models showed that these CS-SeNPs could scavenge free radicals at different levels. And the 1 month old SeNPs held the higher ABTS scavenging ability that the value could reach up to 87.45 ± 7.63% and 89.44 ± 5.03% of CS(l)-SeNPs and CS(h)-SeNPs, respectively. In the cell test using BABLC-3T3 or Caco-2, the production of the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) could be inhibited in a Se concentration-dependent manner. The topical or oral administration of CS-SeNPs, particularly the Se nanoparticles stabilized with low molecular weight CS, CS(l)-SeNPs, and treated with a 30-day storage process, could efficiently protect glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and prevent the lipofusin formation induced by UV-radiation or d-galactose in mice, respectively. Such effects were more evident in viscera than in skin. The acute toxicity of CS(l)-SeNPs was tenfold lower than that of H2SeO3. Conclusions Our work could demonstrate the CS-SeNPs hold a lower toxicity and a 30-day storage process could enhance the antioxidant capacities. All CS-SeNPs could penetrate the tissues and perform their antioxidant effects, especially the CS(l)-SeNPs in mice models. What’s more, the antioxidant capacities of CS-SeNPs were more evident in viscera than in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Zhai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Dairy Industry Innovation Team, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chunyue Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Dairy Industry Innovation Team, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Guanghua Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Dairy Industry Innovation Team, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Serge Stoll
- Group of Environmental Physical Chemistry, F.-A. Forel Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Dairy Industry Innovation Team, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaojing Leng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Dairy Industry Innovation Team, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Selenium nanoparticles as a nutritional supplement. Nutrition 2017; 33:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Gohi BFCA, Zeng HY, Pan AD. Optimization and Characterization of Chitosan Enzymolysis by Pepsin. Bioengineering (Basel) 2016; 3:bioengineering3030017. [PMID: 28952579 PMCID: PMC5597186 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering3030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pepsin was used to effectively degrade chitosan in order to make it more useful in biotechnological applications. The optimal conditions of enzymolysis were investigated on the basis of the response surface methodology (RSM). The structure of the degraded product was characterized by degree of depolymerization (DD), viscosity, molecular weight, FTIR, UV-VIS, SEM and polydispersity index analyses. The mechanism of chitosan degradation was correlated with cleavage of the glycosidic bond, whereby the chain of chitosan macromolecules was broken into smaller units, resulting in decreasing viscosity. The enzymolysis by pepsin was therefore a potentially applicable technique for the production of low molecular chitosan. Additionally, the substrate degradation kinetics of chitosan were also studied over a range of initial chitosan concentrations (3.0~18.0 g/L) in order to study the characteristics of chitosan degradation. The dependence of the rate of chitosan degradation on the concentration of the chitosan can be described by Haldane’s model. In this model, the initial chitosan concentration above which the pepsin undergoes inhibition is inferred theoretically to be about 10.5 g/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Foua Claude Alain Gohi
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China.
| | - Hong-Yan Zeng
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China.
| | - A Dan Pan
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, China.
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Belanche A, Pinloche E, Preskett D, Newbold CJ. Effects and mode of action of chitosan and ivy fruit saponins on the microbiome, fermentation and methanogenesis in the rumen simulation technique. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 92:fiv160. [PMID: 26676056 PMCID: PMC5831848 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of supplementing a control diet (CON) with chitosan (CHI) or ivy fruit saponins (IVY) as natural feed additives. Both additives had similar abilities to decrease rumen methanogenesis (–42% and –40%, respectively) using different mechanisms: due to its antimicrobial and nutritional properties CHI promoted a shift in the fermentation pattern towards propionate production which explained about two thirds of the decrease in methanogenesis. This shift was achieved by a simplification of the structure in the bacterial community and a substitution of fibrolytic (Firmicutes and Fibrobacteres) by amylolytic bacteria (Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria) which led to greater amylase activity, lactate and microbial protein yield with no detrimental effect on feed digestibility. Contrarily, IVY had negligible nutritional properties promoting minor changes in the fermentation pattern and on the bacterial community. Instead, IVY modified the structure of the methanogen community and decreased its diversity. This specific antimicrobial effect of IVY against methanogens was considered its main antimethanogenic mechanism. IVY had however a negative impact on microbial protein synthesis. Therefore, CHI and IVY should be further investigated in vivo to determine the optimum doses which maintain low methanogenesis but prevent negative effects on the rumen fermentation and animal metabolism. Rumen function is generally suboptimal leading to loses in the form of methane and nitrogen, analysis of the rumen microbiome is vital to understand the mode of action of new feed additives to improve rumen function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Belanche
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DA, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Eric Pinloche
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DA, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - David Preskett
- BioComposites Centre, Bangor University, LL57 2UW, Bangor, UK
| | - C Jamie Newbold
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, SY23 3DA, Aberystwyth, UK
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33
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Zhang C, Zhai X, Zhao G, Ren F, Leng X. Synthesis, characterization, and controlled release of selenium nanoparticles stabilized by chitosan of different molecular weights. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 134:158-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Pan AD, Zeng HY, Foua GB, Alain C, Li YQ. Enzymolysis of chitosan by papain and its kinetics. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 135:199-206. [PMID: 26453869 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) was obtained by the enzymolysis of chitosan by papain. Enzymolysis conditions (initial chitosan concentration, temperature, pH and ratio of papain to chitosan) were optimized by conducting experiments at three different levels using the response surface methodology (RSM) to obtain high soluble reducing sugars (SRSs) concentrations. Meanwhile, the influence of chitosan substrate concentration on the activity of papain was assessed in the experiments. The enzymolysis process was analyzed using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models and the experiment data were found to be more consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. In addition, the kinetic behavior of the enzymolysis was also investigated by using Haldane model, and chitosan exhibited substrate inhibition. It was clear that the Haldane kinetic model adequately described the dynamic behavior of the chitosan enzymolysis by papain. When the initial chitosan concentration was above 8.0g/L, the papain was overloaded and exhibited significant inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Dan Pan
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Er-huan Road, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, PR China
| | - Hong-Yan Zeng
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Er-huan Road, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, PR China.
| | - Gohi Bi Foua
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Er-huan Road, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, PR China
| | - Claude Alain
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Er-huan Road, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yu-Qin Li
- Biotechnology Institute, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Er-huan Road, Xiangtan 411105, Hunan, PR China
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Zhang H, Wang D, Jin X, Yang T, Shen X. Preparation of bi-modified amphoteric oligochitosan derivatives and electrochemical evaluation on anticorrosion performances. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hebei University of Technology; Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hebei University of Technology; Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Xiuhong Jin
- China National Offshore Oil Corporations; Tianjin Chemical Research and Design Institute; Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Tingru Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hebei University of Technology; Tianjin 300130 China
| | - Xiaoli Shen
- China National Offshore Oil Corporations; Tianjin Chemical Research and Design Institute; Tianjin 300130 China
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36
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Novel agaro-oligosaccharide production through enzymatic hydrolysis: Physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities. Food Hydrocoll 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2014.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Araújo N, Xavier M, Macedo G, Santos E. Ion exchange expanded bed chromatography for the purification of an extracelular chitosanase from Bacillus cereus. BMC Proc 2014. [DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-8-s4-p266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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38
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Bueter CL, Lee CK, Wang JP, Ostroff GR, Specht CA, Levitz SM. Spectrum and mechanisms of inflammasome activation by chitosan. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5943-51. [PMID: 24829412 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan, the deacetylated derivative of chitin, can be found in the cell wall of some fungi and is used in translational applications. We have shown that highly purified preparations of chitosan, but not chitin, activate the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in primed mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMΦ), inducing a robust IL-1β response. In this article, we further define specific cell types that are activated and delineate mechanisms of activation. BMMΦ differentiated to promote a classically activated (M1) phenotype released more IL-1β in response to chitosan than intermediate or alternatively activated macrophages (M2). Chitosan, but not chitin, induced a robust IL-1β response in mouse dendritic cells, peritoneal macrophages, and human PBMCs. Three mechanisms for NLRP3 inflammasome activation may contribute: K(+) efflux, reactive oxygen species, and lysosomal destabilization. The contributions of these mechanisms were tested using a K(+) efflux inhibitor, high extracellular potassium, a mitochondrial reactive oxygen species inhibitor, lysosomal acidification inhibitors, and a cathepsin B inhibitor. These studies revealed that each of these pathways participated in optimal NLRP3 inflammasome activation by chitosan. Finally, neither chitosan nor chitin stimulated significant release from unprimed BMMΦ of any of 22 cytokines and chemokines assayed. This study has the following conclusions: 1) chitosan, but not chitin, stimulates IL-1β release from multiple murine and human cell types; 2) multiple nonredundant mechanisms appear to participate in inflammasome activation by chitosan; and 3) chitin and chitosan are relatively weak stimulators of inflammatory mediators from unprimed BMMΦ. These data have implications for understanding the nature of the immune response to microbes and biomaterials that contain chitin and chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Bueter
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Chrono K Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Jennifer P Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Gary R Ostroff
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Charles A Specht
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
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Shobha MS, Gowda LR, Tharanathan RN. A novel catalysis by porcine pepsin in debranching guar galactomannan. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 102:615-21. [PMID: 24507326 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pepsin (porcine stomach mucosa, E.C. 3.4.23.1), an acid protease catalyzes the hydrolysis (debranching) of guar galactomannan (GG), a co-polymer of mannose and galactose residues thereby showing its non-specific catalysis towards glycosidic substrates. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Use of non-specific inhibitors, chemical modification agents and peptide mapping of native and GG--bound pepsin upon proteolytic digestion with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease revealed the involvement of Asp(138) residue in the catalysis, which was confirmed by computational modelling studies. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Here we show a novel mode of catalysis (other than proteolysis) by porcine pepsin with a different active site residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mysore S Shobha
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Mysore 570 020, India
| | - Lalitha R Gowda
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Mysore 570 020, India
| | - Rudrapatam N Tharanathan
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Mysore 570 020, India.
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40
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Preparation of water soluble chitosan by hydrolysis using hydrogen peroxide. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 59:242-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Su P, Wang S, Shi Y, Yang Y. Application of cellulase-polyamidoamine dendrimer-modified silica for microwave-assisted chitosan enzymolysis. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Production of Enzymes by Paenibacillus chitinolyticus and Paenibacillus ehimensis to Obtain Chitooligosaccharides. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:292-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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43
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Wu S. Preparation of chitooligosaccharides from Clanis bilineata larvae skin and their antibacterial activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:1147-50. [PMID: 22981818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Clanis bilineata larvae are widely consumed in China. In this study, chitooligosaccharides were prepared from C. bilineata larvae skin by demineralisation, deproteination, washing, drying, deacetylation, hydrolysis using commercial α-amylase, filtration, setting the preparation at approximately 15% (w/v), precipitation with 6 volumes of ethanol, and drying at 60°C for 2 h. The optimal hydrolysis conditions were determined as follows: pH 5.5; temperature, 55°C; enzyme amount, 40 mg/(g chitosan); reaction time, 4 h. The Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed that chitooligosaccharides with a degree of polymerisation in the range of 2-8 were the main component of the resulting product, with the chitooligosaccharide content and yield being 95.8% and 96.2% (w/w), respectively. The resulting product showed high antibacterial activity compared with the original chitosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjun Wu
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, 59 Cangwu Road, Xinpu 222005, China.
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44
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Immobilization of a protease on modified chitosan beads for the depolymerization of chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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46
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Chang YM, Chang CT, Huang TC, Chen SM, Lee JA, Chung YC. Effects of low molecular weight chitosans on aristolochic acid-induced renal lesions in mice. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Wu S. Preparation of water soluble chitosan by hydrolysis with commercial α-amylase containing chitosanase activity. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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48
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Bueter CL, Lee CK, Rathinam VAK, Healy GJ, Taron CH, Specht CA, Levitz SM. Chitosan but not chitin activates the inflammasome by a mechanism dependent upon phagocytosis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35447-35455. [PMID: 21862582 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.274936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is an abundant polysaccharide found in fungal cell walls, crustacean shells, and insect exoskeletons. The immunological properties of both chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are of relevance because of frequent natural exposure and their use in medical applications. Depending on the preparation studied and the end point measured, these compounds have been reported to induce allergic responses, inflammatory responses, or no response at all. We prepared highly purified chitosan and chitin and examined the capacity of these glycans to stimulate murine macrophages to release the inflammasome-associated cytokine IL-1β. We found that although chitosan was a potent NLRP3 inflammasome activator, acetylation of the chitosan to chitin resulted in a near total loss of activity. The size of the chitosan particles played an important role, with small particles eliciting the greatest activity. An inverse relationship between size and stimulatory activity was demonstrated using chitosan passed through size exclusion filters as well as with chitosan-coated beads of defined size. Partial digestion of chitosan with pepsin resulted in a larger fraction of small phagocytosable particles and more potent inflammasome activity. Inhibition of phagocytosis with cytochalasin D abolished the IL-1β stimulatory activity of chitosan, offering an explanation for why the largest particles were nearly devoid of activity. Thus, the deacetylated polysaccharide chitosan potently activates the NLRP3 inflammasome in a phagocytosis-dependent manner. In contrast, chitin is relatively inert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Bueter
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Chrono K Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Vijay A K Rathinam
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | | | | | - Charles A Specht
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
| | - Stuart M Levitz
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605.
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49
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Mourya VK, Inamdar NN, Choudhari YM. Chitooligosaccharides: Synthesis, characterization and applications. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x11070066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Pan S, Wu S. Preparation of water-soluble chitosan by hydrolysis with commercial glucoamylase containing chitosanase activity. Eur Food Res Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-011-1524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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