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Chemin M, Kansou K, Cahier K, Grellier M, Grisel S, Novales B, Moreau C, Villares A, Berrin JG, Cathala B. Optimized Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase Action Increases Fiber Accessibility and Fibrillation by Releasing Tension Stress in Cellulose Cotton Fibers. Biomacromolecules 2023. [PMID: 37327397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) enzymes have recently shaken up our knowledge of the enzymatic degradation of biopolymers and cellulose in particular. This unique class of metalloenzymes cleaves cellulose and other recalcitrant polysaccharides using an oxidative mechanism. Despite their potential in biomass saccharification and cellulose fibrillation, the detailed mode of action of LPMOs at the surface of cellulose fibers still remains poorly understood and highly challenging to investigate. In this study, we first determined the optimal parameters (temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and pulp consistency) of LPMO action on the cellulose fibers by analyzing the changes in molar mass distribution of solubilized fibers using high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). Using an experimental design approach with a fungal LPMO from the AA9 family (PaLPMO9H) and cotton fibers, we revealed a maximum decrease in molar mass at 26.6 °C and pH 5.5, with 1.6% w/w enzyme loading in dilute cellulose dispersions (100 mg of cellulose at 0.5% w/v). These optimal conditions were used to further investigate the effect of PaLPMO9H on the cellulosic fiber structure. Direct visualization of the fiber surface by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that PaLPMO9H created cracks on the cellulose surface while it attacked tension regions that triggered the rearrangement of cellulose chains. Solid-state NMR indicated that PaLPMO9H increased the lateral fibril dimension and created novel accessible surfaces. This study confirms the LPMO-driven disruption of cellulose fibers and extends our knowledge of the mechanism underlying such modifications. We hypothesize that the oxidative cleavage at the surface of the fibers releases the tension stress with loosening of the fiber structure and peeling of the surface, thereby increasing the accessibility and facilitating fibrillation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sacha Grisel
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., UMR BBF, F-13009 Marseille, France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., 3PE platform, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Novales
- INRAE, BIBS Facility, PROBE Infrastructure, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., UMR BBF, F-13009 Marseille, France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., 3PE platform, F-13009 Marseille, France
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2
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Yurtsever A, Wang PX, Priante F, Morais Jaques Y, Miyazawa K, MacLachlan MJ, Foster AS, Fukuma T. Molecular insights on the crystalline cellulose-water interfaces via three-dimensional atomic force microscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq0160. [PMID: 36240279 PMCID: PMC9565791 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose, a renewable structural biopolymer, is ubiquitous in nature and is the basic reinforcement component of the natural hierarchical structures of living plants, bacteria, and tunicates. However, a detailed picture of the crystalline cellulose surface at the molecular level is still unavailable. Here, using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we revealed the molecular details of the cellulose chain arrangements on the surfaces of individual cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) in water. Furthermore, we visualized the three-dimensional (3D) local arrangement of water molecules near the CNC surface using 3D AFM. AFM experiments and MD simulations showed anisotropic water structuring, as determined by the surface topologies and exposed chemical moieties. These findings provide important insights into our understanding of the interfacial interactions between CNCs and water at the molecular level. This may allow the establishment of the structure-property relationship of CNCs extracted from various biomass sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Yurtsever
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Corresponding author. (A.Y.); (T.F.)
| | - Pei-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Fabio Priante
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Helsinki FI-00076, Finland
| | - Ygor Morais Jaques
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Helsinki FI-00076, Finland
| | - Keisuke Miyazawa
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mark J. MacLachlan
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Adam S. Foster
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Helsinki FI-00076, Finland
| | - Takeshi Fukuma
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Corresponding author. (A.Y.); (T.F.)
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3
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Lin F, Putaux JL, Jean B. RETRACTED: Optimized reducing-end labeling of cellulose nanocrystals: Implication for the structure of microfibril bundles in plant cell walls. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 257:117618. [PMID: 33541646 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the senior authors of the article; Jean-Luc Putaux and Bruno Jean. There are serious concerns about the reliability of the data presented in this article, which critically affects the main conclusions. Namely, TEM Figs. 3, 6 and 7 show signs of manipulation, such as the presence of repeated fragments and the use of the clone stamp tool applied with some image editing software. The first author of the paper, Fangbo Lin, was contacted regarding this matter but did not respond. The two above mentioned authors apologize for any inconvenience to readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangbo Lin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Putaux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno Jean
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000, Grenoble, France.
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4
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Thomas LH, Altaner CM, Forsyth VT, Mossou E, Kennedy CJ, Martel A, Jarvis MC. Nanostructural deformation of high-stiffness spruce wood under tension. Sci Rep 2021; 11:453. [PMID: 33432070 PMCID: PMC7801420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79676-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conifer wood is an exceptionally stiff and strong material when its cellulose microfibrils are well aligned. However, it is not well understood how the polymer components cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin co-operate to resist tensile stress in wood. From X-ray scattering, neutron scattering and spectroscopic data, collected under tension and processed by novel methods, the ordered, disordered and hemicellulose-coated cellulose components comprising each microfibril were shown to stretch together and demonstrated concerted, viscous stress relaxation facilitated by water. Different cellulose microfibrils did not all stretch to the same degree. Attempts were made to distinguish between microfibrils showing large and small elongation but these domains were shown to be similar with respect to orientation, crystalline disorder, hydration and the presence of bound xylan. These observations are consistent with a major stress transfer process between microfibrils being shear at interfaces in direct, hydrogen-bonded contact, as demonstrated by small-angle neutron scattering. If stress were transmitted between microfibrils by bridging hemicelluloses these might have been expected to show divergent stretching and relaxation behaviour, which was not observed. However lignin and hemicellulosic glucomannans may contribute to stress transfer on a larger length scale between microfibril bundles (macrofibrils).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne H Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Clemens M Altaner
- New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - V Trevor Forsyth
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Partnership for Structural Biology (PSB), 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Estelle Mossou
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Partnership for Structural Biology (PSB), 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Craig J Kennedy
- School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Anne Martel
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Michael C Jarvis
- School of Chemistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.
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5
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Vilela C, Freire CSR, Araújo C, Rudić S, Silvestre AJD, Vaz PD, Ribeiro-Claro PJA, Nolasco MM. Understanding the Structure and Dynamics of Nanocellulose-Based Composites with Neutral and ionic Poly(methacrylate) Derivatives using Inelastic Neutron Scattering and DFT Calculations. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25071689. [PMID: 32272703 PMCID: PMC7180936 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial nanocellulose (BC)-based composites containing poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), poly(methacroylcholine chloride) (PMACC) or poly(methacroylcholine hydroxide) (PMACH) were characterized by inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectroscopy, combined with DFT (density functional theory) calculations of model systems. A reasonable match between calculated and experimental spectral lines and their intensities was used to support the vibrational assignment of the observed bands and to validate the possible structures. The differences between the spectra of the nanocomposites and the pure precursors indicate that interactions between the components are stronger for the ionic poly(methacrylate) derivatives than for the neutral counterpart. Displaced anions interact differently with cellulose chains, due to the different ability to compete with the O-H···O hydrogen bonds in cellulose. Hence, the INS is an adequate technique to delve deeper into the structure and dynamics of nanocellulose-based composites, confirming that they are true nanocomposite materials instead of simple mixtures of totally independent domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Vilela
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.S.R.F.); (C.A.); (A.J.D.S.); (P.J.A.R.-C.)
- Correspondence: (C.V.); (M.M.N.)
| | - Carmen S. R. Freire
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.S.R.F.); (C.A.); (A.J.D.S.); (P.J.A.R.-C.)
| | - Catarina Araújo
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.S.R.F.); (C.A.); (A.J.D.S.); (P.J.A.R.-C.)
| | - Svemir Rudić
- ISIS Neutron & Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, UK;
| | - Armando J. D. Silvestre
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.S.R.F.); (C.A.); (A.J.D.S.); (P.J.A.R.-C.)
| | - Pedro D. Vaz
- Champalimaud Foundation, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Paulo J. A. Ribeiro-Claro
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.S.R.F.); (C.A.); (A.J.D.S.); (P.J.A.R.-C.)
| | - Mariela M. Nolasco
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.S.R.F.); (C.A.); (A.J.D.S.); (P.J.A.R.-C.)
- Correspondence: (C.V.); (M.M.N.)
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Ono Y, Fukui S, Funahashi R, Isogai A. Relationship of Distribution of Carboxy Groups to Molar Mass Distribution of TEMPO-Oxidized Algal, Cotton, and Wood Cellulose Nanofibrils. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:4026-4034. [PMID: 31525036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Distributions of carboxy groups among the molecules in 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCNs) prepared from wood, cotton, and algal celluloses were investigated. Most C6-carboxy groups in TOCNs were esterified with anthracene-methyl (-CH2C14H9) groups, showing an ultraviolet light (UV) absorption peak at 365 nm. The anthracene-methylated TOCNs were dissolved in 8% (w/w) lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide (LiCl/DMAc). After dilution to 1% LiCl/DMAc, the solutions were subjected to size-exclusion chromatography with multiangle laser-light scattering, refractive index, and UV detection. For algal TOCN, C6-carboxy group-rich molecules were present predominantly in the low-molar-mass region, which was consistent with the core-clad cellulose chain packing structures in individual algal cellulose microfibrils and partial depolymerization of the oxidized cellulose molecules. In contrast, wood and cotton TOCNs had almost homogeneous distributions of C6-carboxy groups in all molar mass regions, which could not be explained in terms of the simple core-clad cellulose chain packing structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ono
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8657 , Japan
| | - Shunsuke Fukui
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8657 , Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Funahashi
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8657 , Japan
| | - Akira Isogai
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8657 , Japan
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7
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Moreau C, Tapin-Lingua S, Grisel S, Gimbert I, Le Gall S, Meyer V, Petit-Conil M, Berrin JG, Cathala B, Villares A. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) facilitate cellulose nanofibrils production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:156. [PMID: 31249619 PMCID: PMC6589874 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper-dependent enzymes that cleave polysaccharides through an oxidative mechanism. These enzymes are major contributors to the recycling of carbon in nature and are currently used in the biorefinery industry. LPMOs are commonly used in synergy with cellulases to enhance biomass deconstruction. However, there are few examples of the use of monocomponent LPMOs as a tool for cellulose fibrillation. In this work, we took advantage of the LPMO action to facilitate disruption of wood cellulose fibers as a strategy to produce nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC). RESULTS The fungal LPMO from AA9 family (PaLPMO9E) was used in this study as it displays high specificity toward cellulose and its recombinant production in bioreactor is easily upscalable. The treatment of birchwood fibers with PaLPMO9E resulted in the release of a mixture of C1-oxidized oligosaccharides without any apparent modification in fiber morphology and dimensions. The subsequent mechanical shearing disintegrated the LPMO-pretreated samples yielding nanoscale cellulose elements. Their gel-like aspect and nanometric dimensions demonstrated that LPMOs disrupt the cellulose structure and facilitate the production of NFC. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the potential use of LPMOs as a pretreatment in the NFC production process. LPMOs weaken fiber cohesion and facilitate fiber disruption while maintaining the crystallinity of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Moreau
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Sandra Tapin-Lingua
- InTechFibres Division, FCBA, Domaine Universitaire, CS 90252, 39044 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Sacha Grisel
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRA, Aix Marseille University, UMR1163, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Gimbert
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRA, Aix Marseille University, UMR1163, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Le Gall
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Valérie Meyer
- CTP, Domaine Universitaire, CS 90252, 39044 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRA, Aix Marseille University, UMR1163, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Cathala
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Ana Villares
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, 44316 Nantes, France
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8
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Araujo C, Freire CSR, Nolasco MM, Ribeiro-Claro PJA, Rudić S, Silvestre AJD, Vaz PD. Hydrogen Bond Dynamics of Cellulose through Inelastic Neutron Scattering Spectroscopy. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:1305-1313. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Araujo
- CICECO − Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C. S. R. Freire
- CICECO − Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M. M. Nolasco
- CICECO − Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - P. J. A. Ribeiro-Claro
- CICECO − Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - S. Rudić
- ISIS Neutron & Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - A. J. D. Silvestre
- CICECO − Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - P. D. Vaz
- ISIS Neutron & Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- CQB, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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9
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Corsaro C, Mallamace D, Vasi S, Pietronero L, Mallamace F, Missori M. The role of water in the degradation process of paper using 1H HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:33335-33343. [PMID: 27897293 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06601a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thermodynamic properties of water are essential for determining the corresponding properties of every biosystem it interacts with. Indeed, the comprehension of hydration mechanisms is fundamental for the understanding and the control of paper degradation pathways induced by natural or artificial aging. In fact, the interactions between water and cellulose at the accessible sites within the fibres' complex structure are responsible for the rupture of hydrogen bonds and the consequent swelling of the cellulose fibres and consumption of the amorphous regions. In this paper we study the hydration process of cellulose in naturally and artificially aged paper samples by measuring the proton spin-lattice (T1) and spin-spin (T2) relaxation times of the macroscopic magnetization through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. The observed behaviour of T1 and T2 is quite complex and strictly dependent on the water content of paper samples. This has been interpreted as due to the occurrence of different mechanisms regulating the water-cellulose interaction within the fibres. Furthermore, we have measured T1 as a function of the artificial aging time comparing the results with those measured on three paper samples dated back to the 15th century. We found that the evolution of T1 in model papers artificially aged is correlated with that of ancient paper, providing therefore a way for estimating the degradation of cellulosic materials in terms of an equivalent time of artificial aging. These results provide fundamental information for industrial applications and for the preservation and restoration of cultural heritage materials based on cellulose such as ancient paper or textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Corsaro
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici del CNR di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy.
| | - Domenico Mallamace
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase - CSGI, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Vasi
- Dipartimento MIFT, Sezione di Fisica, Universitá di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Luciano Pietronero
- Dip. di Fisica, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 2, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Mallamace
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici del CNR di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy. and Dipartimento MIFT, Sezione di Fisica, Universitá di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy and Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mauro Missori
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, UOS Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.
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10
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Funahashi R, Okita Y, Hondo H, Zhao M, Saito T, Isogai A. Different Conformations of Surface Cellulose Molecules in Native Cellulose Microfibrils Revealed by Layer-by-Layer Peeling. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:3687-3694. [PMID: 28954511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer peeling of surface molecules of native cellulose microfibrils was performed using a repeated sequential process of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical-mediated oxidation followed by hot alkali extraction. Both highly crystalline algal and tunicate celluloses and low-crystalline cotton and wood celluloses were investigated. Initially, the C6-hydroxy groups of the outermost surface molecules of each algal cellulose microfibril facing the exterior had the gauche-gauche (gg) conformation, whereas those facing the interior had the gauche-trans (gt) conformation. All the other C6-hydroxy groups of the cellulose molecules inside the microfibrils contributing to crystalline cellulose I had the trans-gauche (tg) conformation. After surface peeling, the originally second-layer molecules from the microfibril surface became the outermost surface molecules, and the original tg conformation changed to gg and gt conformations. The plant cellulose microfibrils likely had disordered structures for both the outermost surface and second-layer molecules, as demonstrated using the same layer-by-layer peeling technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryunosuke Funahashi
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okita
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Hondo
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mengchen Zhao
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tsuguyuki Saito
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akira Isogai
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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11
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Li S, Huang J. Cellulose-Rich Nanofiber-Based Functional Nanoarchitectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:1143-1158. [PMID: 26598324 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Surface self-assembly of functional molecules or nanoscale building blocks is an effective strategy for the syntheses of advanced materials. Natural cellulose-rich substances have unique macro-to-nano hierarchical structural features. The fabrication of nanoarchitectures, employing specific guest species on the surfaces of the fine structures of such substances, results in corresponding artificial nanomaterials that possess the chemical functionalities and physical properties of both sides. Metal oxide thin film coatings with nanometer precision on the nanofibers of bulk cellulose-rich substances not only yield replicas of nanostructured materials, but also make it possible for further assemblies of functional units on the surfaces. Hence, nanostructured metal oxides and further composites, as well as surface-functionalized cellulose-based composites are fabricated by employing cellulose-rich substances as templates or scaffolds. The three-dimensional cross-linked porous structures, with the high surface area of the resultant nanomaterials or composites, lead to superior performance when employed as photocatalysts, electrode materials, and sensing matrices, on which this report is focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Jianguo Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
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12
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Oehme DP, Downton MT, Doblin MS, Wagner J, Gidley MJ, Bacic A. Unique aspects of the structure and dynamics of elementary Iβ cellulose microfibrils revealed by computational simulations. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:3-17. [PMID: 25786828 PMCID: PMC4424011 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.254664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The question of how many chains an elementary cellulose microfibril contains is critical to understanding the molecular mechanism(s) of cellulose biosynthesis and regulation. Given the hexagonal nature of the cellulose synthase rosette, it is assumed that the number of chains must be a multiple of six. We present molecular dynamics simulations on three different models of Iβ cellulose microfibrils, 18, 24, and 36 chains, to investigate their structure and dynamics in a hydrated environment. The 36-chain model stays in a conformational space that is very similar to the initial crystalline phase, while the 18- and 24-chain models sample a conformational space different from the crystalline structure yet similar to conformations observed in recent high-temperature molecular dynamics simulations. Major differences in the conformations sampled between the different models result from changes to the tilt of chains in different layers, specifically a second stage of tilt, increased rotation about the O2-C2 dihedral, and a greater sampling of non-TG exocyclic conformations, particularly the GG conformation in center layers and GT conformation in solvent-exposed exocyclic groups. With a reinterpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance data, specifically for contributions made to the C6 peak, data from the simulations suggest that the 18- and 24-chain structures are more viable models for an elementary cellulose microfibril, which also correlates with recent scattering and diffraction experimental data. These data inform biochemical and molecular studies that must explain how a six-particle cellulose synthase complex rosette synthesizes microfibrils likely comprised of either 18 or 24 chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Oehme
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences-Melbourne, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); IBM Research-Australia, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany (M.S.D., A.B.) and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute (A.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; andAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia (M.J.G.)
| | - Matthew T Downton
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences-Melbourne, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); IBM Research-Australia, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany (M.S.D., A.B.) and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute (A.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; andAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia (M.J.G.)
| | - Monika S Doblin
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences-Melbourne, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); IBM Research-Australia, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany (M.S.D., A.B.) and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute (A.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; andAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia (M.J.G.)
| | - John Wagner
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences-Melbourne, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); IBM Research-Australia, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany (M.S.D., A.B.) and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute (A.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; andAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia (M.J.G.)
| | - Michael J Gidley
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences-Melbourne, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); IBM Research-Australia, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany (M.S.D., A.B.) and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute (A.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; andAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia (M.J.G.)
| | - Antony Bacic
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences-Melbourne, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); IBM Research-Australia, Carlton, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.P.O., M.T.D., J.W.); Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany (M.S.D., A.B.) and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute (A.B.), University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; andAustralian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia (M.J.G.)
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13
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Song L, Zeng W, Wu A, Picard K, Lampugnani ER, Cheetamun R, Beahan C, Cassin A, Lonsdale A, Doblin MS, Bacic A. Asparagus Spears as a Model to Study Heteroxylan Biosynthesis during Secondary Wall Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123878. [PMID: 25894575 PMCID: PMC4404143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Garden asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is a commercially important crop species utilized for its excellent source of vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber. However, after harvest the tissue hardens and its quality rapidly deteriorates because spear cell walls become rigidified due to lignification and substantial increases in heteroxylan content. This latter observation prompted us to investigate the in vitro xylan xylosyltransferase (XylT) activity in asparagus. The current model system for studying heteroxylan biosynthesis, Arabidopsis, whilst a powerful genetic system, displays relatively low xylan XylT activity in in vitro microsomal preparations compared with garden asparagus therefore hampering our ability to study the molecular mechanism(s) of heteroxylan assembly. Here, we analyzed physiological and biochemical changes of garden asparagus spears stored at 4 °C after harvest and detected a high level of xylan XylT activity that accounts for this increased heteroxylan. The xylan XylT catalytic activity is at least thirteen-fold higher than that reported for previously published species, including Arabidopsis and grasses. A biochemical assay was optimized and up to seven successive Xyl residues were incorporated to extend the xylotetraose (Xyl4) acceptor backbone. To further elucidate the xylan biosynthesis mechanism, we used RNA-seq to generate an Asparagus reference transcriptome and identified five putative xylan biosynthetic genes (AoIRX9, AoIRX9-L, AoIRX10, AoIRX14_A, AoIRX14_B) with AoIRX9 having an expression profile that is distinct from the other genes. We propose that Asparagus provides an ideal biochemical system to investigate the biochemical aspects of heteroxylan biosynthesis and also offers the additional benefit of being able to study the lignification process during plant stem maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Song
- Nurturing Station for the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, 311300, P. R. China
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Wei Zeng
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Aimin Wu
- College of Forestry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Kelsey Picard
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Edwin R. Lampugnani
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Roshan Cheetamun
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Cherie Beahan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew Cassin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew Lonsdale
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Botany, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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14
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Terenzi C, Prakobna K, Berglund LA, Furó I. Nanostructural Effects on Polymer and Water Dynamics in Cellulose Biocomposites: 2H and 13C NMR Relaxometry. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:1506-15. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Terenzi
- Division of Applied
Physical Chemistry, ‡Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, and §Department of
Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kasinee Prakobna
- Division of Applied
Physical Chemistry, ‡Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, and §Department of
Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars A. Berglund
- Division of Applied
Physical Chemistry, ‡Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, and §Department of
Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - István Furó
- Division of Applied
Physical Chemistry, ‡Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, and §Department of
Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Dupree R, Simmons TJ, Mortimer JC, Patel D, Iuga D, Brown SP, Dupree P. Probing the molecular architecture of Arabidopsis thaliana secondary cell walls using two- and three-dimensional (13)C solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2335-45. [PMID: 25739924 DOI: 10.1021/bi501552k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The plant secondary cell wall is a thickened polysaccharide and phenolic structure, providing mechanical strength to cells, particularly in woody tissues. It is the main feedstock for the developing bioenergy and green chemistry industries. Despite the role that molecular architecture (the arrangement of biopolymers relative to each other, and their conformations) plays in dictating biomass properties, such as recalcitrance to breakdown, it is poorly understood. Here, unprocessed dry (13)C-labeled stems from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana were analyzed by a variety of (13)C solid state magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance methods, such as one-dimensional cross-polarization and direct polarization, two-dimensional refocused INADEQUATE, RFDR, PDSD, and three-dimensional DARR, demonstrating their viability for the study of native polymer arrangements in intact secondary cell walls. All carbon sites of the two main glucose environments in cellulose (previously assigned to microfibril surface and interior residues) are clearly resolved, as are carbon sites of the other major components of the secondary cell wall: xylan and lignin. The xylan carbon 4 chemical shift is markedly different from that reported previously for solution or primary cell wall xylan, indicating significant changes in the helical conformation in these dried stems. Furthermore, the shift span indicates that xylan adopts a wide range of conformations in this material, with very little in the 31 conformation typical of xylan in solution. Additionally, spatial connections of noncarbohydrate species were observed with both cellulose peaks conventionally assigned as "surface" and as "interior" cellulose environments, raising questions about the origin of these two cellulose signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Dupree
- †Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Thomas J Simmons
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, U.K
| | - Jennifer C Mortimer
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, U.K
| | - Dharmesh Patel
- †Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.,‡Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, U.K
| | - Dinu Iuga
- †Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Steven P Brown
- †Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Paul Dupree
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, U.K
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16
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Okushita K, Chikayama E, Kikuchi J. Solubilization mechanism and characterization of the structural change of bacterial cellulose in regenerated states through ionic liquid treatment. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:1323-30. [PMID: 22489745 DOI: 10.1021/bm300537k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A statistical approach was used to characterize the heterogeneous structures of bacterial cellulose samples pretreated with four kinds of ionic liquids (ILs). The structural heterogeneity of these samples was measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy as well as solid-state NMR methods such as cross-polarization magic-angle spinning and dipolar-assisted rotational resonance. The obtained data matrices were then evaluated by principal components analysis. The measured 1-D data clearly revealed the modification of crystalline cellulose; in addition, the statistical approach revealed subtle structural changes that occurred upon pretreatment with different kinds of ILs. To investigate whether such regenerated structural changes occurred because of solubilization, we examined the intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effect between cellulose and an IL. Our results clarify how the nucleophilic imidazole is attacked and suggest that the cation of the IL is associated with the collapse of hydrogen bonds in cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Okushita
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, RIKEN Research Cluster for Innovation, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 235-0045, Japan
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17
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Hattori T, Ogata M, Kameshima Y, Totani K, Nikaido M, Nakamura T, Koshino H, Usui T. Enzymatic synthesis of cellulose II-like substance via cellulolytic enzyme-mediated transglycosylation in an aqueous medium. Carbohydr Res 2012; 353:22-6. [PMID: 22533921 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic synthesis of cellulose-like substance via a non-biosynthetic pathway has been achieved by transglycosylation in an aqueous system of the corresponding substrate, cellotriose for cellulolytic enzyme endo-acting endoglucanase I (EG I) from Hypocrea jecorina. A significant amount of water-insoluble product precipitated out from the reaction system. MALDI-TOF mass analysis showed that the resulting precipitate had a degree of polymerization (DP) of up to 16 from cellotriose. Solid-state (13)C NMR spectrum of the resulting water-insoluble product revealed that all carbon resonance lines were assigned to two kinds of anhydroglucose residues in the corresponding structure of cellulose II. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement as well as (13)C NMR analysis showed that the crystal structure corresponds to cellulose II with a high degree of crystallinity. We propose the multiple oligomers form highly crystalline cellulose II as a result of self-assembly via oligomer-oligomer interaction when they precipitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hattori
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Suruga ward, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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18
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Matthews JF, Beckham GT, Bergenstråhle-Wohlert M, Brady JW, Himmel ME, Crowley MF. Comparison of Cellulose Iβ Simulations with Three Carbohydrate Force Fields. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 8:735-48. [DOI: 10.1021/ct2007692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregg T. Beckham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, United
States
| | - Malin Bergenstråhle-Wohlert
- Department of Food
Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York, United States
- Wallenberg
Wood Science Center, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John W. Brady
- Department of Food
Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York, United States
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19
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Belton PS. NMR studies of hydration in low water content biopolymer systems. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2011; 49 Suppl 1:S127-S132. [PMID: 22290703 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The problem of characterising the behaviour of water and biopolymers by NMR in low water content biopolymer systems is discussed. A low water content system is defined, and the problems of characterising the relaxation behaviour of the water are analysed. In the case of protons, the types of protons contributing to the signal and the exchange mechanism between them cannot be systematised in terms of existing models that have been developed for high water content systems. It is suggested that any successful model must take account of at least three separate pools of water including water vapour. Experimental results indicate that although the motion of the biopolymer is radically affected by water, the reverse is not necessarily true. It is concluded that the use of nuclei such as (13)C and (15)N may be very effectively used to characterise biopolymer motion, but the use of both (1)H and (2)H for characterising water is still problematic. Despite the formidable experimental and theoretical difficulties, (17)O NMR may be the only way to finally to untangle the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Belton
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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20
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Fernandes AN, Thomas LH, Altaner CM, Callow P, Forsyth VT, Apperley DC, Kennedy CJ, Jarvis MC. Nanostructure of cellulose microfibrils in spruce wood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:E1195-203. [PMID: 22065760 PMCID: PMC3223458 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1108942108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of cellulose microfibrils in wood is not known in detail, despite the abundance of cellulose in woody biomass and its importance for biology, energy, and engineering. The structure of the microfibrils of spruce wood cellulose was investigated using a range of spectroscopic methods coupled to small-angle neutron and wide-angle X-ray scattering. The scattering data were consistent with 24-chain microfibrils and favored a "rectangular" model with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces exposed. Disorder in chain packing and hydrogen bonding was shown to increase outwards from the microfibril center. The extent of disorder blurred the distinction between the I alpha and I beta allomorphs. Chains at the surface were distinct in conformation, with high levels of conformational disorder at C-6, less intramolecular hydrogen bonding and more outward-directed hydrogen bonding. Axial disorder could be explained in terms of twisting of the microfibrils, with implications for their biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha N. Fernandes
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne H. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Clemens M. Altaner
- New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Philip Callow
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - V. Trevor Forsyth
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- Environment, Physical Sciences, and Applied Mathematics/Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Apperley
- Chemistry Department, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Craig J. Kennedy
- Historic Scotland, Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH, United Kingdom; and
| | - Michael C. Jarvis
- School of Chemistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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