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Wu S, Wu J, Yu H, Zhang J, Huang J, Zhou L, Deng L, Li H. Varying ratios of M/G in alginate to modulate macrophages polarization and its application for wound healing in diabetic. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132387. [PMID: 38759850 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Alginate (SA) comprises repeating unis of β-1, 4 linked β-D-mannuronic acid (M) and α-L-guloronic acid (G) in varying proportions. The M/G ratio greatly impacts its anti-inflammatory properties in tissue healing wound, as less knowledge reported. This study examined the performances of both SA and SA hydrogel crosslinked with copper ions (SA-Cu) with different M/G ratios are studied. SA with higher M/G ratios stimulated macrophage migration and shifted from M0 to the pro-inflammatory Ml phenotype, while lower M/G ratios shifted from M1 to the pro-repair M2 phenotype. Furthermore, SA-Cu hydrogels with lower M/G ratios exhibited enhanced cross-linking degree, mechanical and rheological properties, as well Cu releasing rate. The reason may be attributed to a relative easy binding between Cu ions and G unit among Cu ions, M unit and G unit. In vitro cell evaluation showed that SA-Cu hydrogel with M/G ratio of 1:1 activated M2 macrophages and up-regulated anti-inflammatory cytokines expression more effectively than those of SA-Cu ratios (2:1) and (1:2). In vivo, SA-Cu hydrogel with M/G ratio of 1:1 expedited diabetic wound healing, accelerating infiltration and phenotype shift of M2 macrophages, and enhancing anti-inflammatory factors, epithelialization and collagen deposition in healing phases. This research highlights the significant role of M/G ratios in SA materials in influencing macrophage behavior and inflammatory responses, which would benefit its application field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University and Jinan University Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiacheng Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University and Jinan University Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jinrong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University and Jinan University Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jianan Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University and Jinan University Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Liehua Deng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University and Jinan University Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Dermatology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Heyuan 517000, China.
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Engineering Research Center of Artificial Organs and Materials, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Fernandes PAR, Coimbra MA. The antioxidant activity of polysaccharides: A structure-function relationship overview. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 314:120965. [PMID: 37173007 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, polysaccharides have been linked to antioxidant effects using both in vitro chemical and biological models. The reported structures, claimed to act as antioxidants, comprise chitosan, pectic polysaccharides, glucans, mannoproteins, alginates, fucoidans, and many others of all type of biological sources. The structural features linked to the antioxidant action include the polysaccharide charge, molecular weight, and the occurrence of non-carbohydrate substituents. The establishment of structure/function relationships can be, however, biased by secondary phenomena that tailor polysaccharides behavior in antioxidant systems. In this sense, this review confronts some basic concepts of polysaccharides chemistry with the current claim of carbohydrates as antioxidants. It critically discusses how the fine structure and properties of polysaccharides can define polysaccharides as antioxidants. Polysaccharides antioxidant action is highly dependent on their solubility, sugar ring structure, molecular weight, occurrence of positive or negatively charged groups, protein moieties and covalently linked phenolic compounds. However, the occurrence of phenolic compounds and protein as contaminants leads to misleading results in methodologies often used for screening and characterization purposes, as well as in vivo models. Despite falling in the concept of antioxidants, the role of polysaccharides must be well defined according with the matrices where they are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A R Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Manuel A Coimbra
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Soy protein isolate-polyguluronate nanoparticles loaded with resveratrol for effective treatment of colitis. Food Chem 2023; 410:135418. [PMID: 36652800 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyguluronate (PG) is an acidic homopolymer of α-(1,4)-l-guluronate separated from alginate. In this study, PG was first grafted with soy protein isolate (SPI) through the Maillard reaction to obtain a new glycoprotein (SPI-PG). Then, this novel glycoprotein was used to prepare nanoparticles to encapsulate the resveratrol (RES). Our results showed that SPI-PG-RES had better pH stability, storage stability and ionic stability than SPI-RES. In vitro digestion experiments showed that the RES bioavailability of SPI-PG-RES was much higher than that of free RES and SPI-RES. Furthermore, the in vitro antioxidant capacity of SPI-PG-RES was much stronger than that of free RES and SPI-RES. In addition, SPI-PG-RES was more effective in preventing the symptoms of DSS-induced colitis than RES and SPI-RES. These results suggested that the protein nanoparticles prepared using SPI-PG were a stable and effective hydrophobic polyphenol carrier and could be applied to food-grade components in functional foods and nutritional supplements.
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Xie L, Liu G, Huang Z, Zhu Z, Yang K, Liang Y, Xu Y, Zhang L, Du Z. Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharide Induces Apoptosis of B16 Melanoma Cells via Promoting the M1 Polarization of Macrophages. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104018. [PMID: 37241759 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-tumor activity of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFPS) has been widely reported, but its mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we established an in vitro co-culture system (B16 melanoma cells and RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells) to explore the potential anti-tumor mechanism of TFPS. Based on our results, TFPS exhibited no inhibition on the cell viability of B16 cells. However, significant apoptosis was observed when B16 cells were co-cultured with TFPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. We further found that mRNA levels of M1 macrophage markers including iNOS and CD80 were significantly upregulated in TFPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells, while M2 macrophage markers such as Arg-1 and CD 206 remained unchanged. Besides, the migration, phagocytosis, production of inflammatory mediators (NO, IL-6 and TNF-α), and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 were markedly enhanced in TFPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Network pharmacology analysis indicated that MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways may be involved in M1 polarization of macrophages, and this hypothesis was verified by Western blot. In conclusion, our research demonstrated that TFPS induced apoptosis of melanoma cells by promoting M1 polarization of macrophages, and suggested TFPS may be applied as an immunomodulatory for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingna Xie
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guangrong Liu
- Infinitus Company Ltd., 11 Sicheng Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zebin Huang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhenyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Kaiye Yang
- Infinitus Company Ltd., 11 Sicheng Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Yiheng Liang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yani Xu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lanyue Zhang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiyun Du
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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5
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Kim HH, Vaidya B, Cho SY, Kwon J, Kim D. Anti-hyperglycemic potential of alginate oligosaccharide in a high glucose-induced zebrafish model. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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6
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Liu X, Du ZR, Wang X, Sun XR, Zhao Q, Zhao F, Wong WT, Wong KH, Dong XL. Polymannuronic acid prebiotic plus Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG probiotic as a novel synbiotic promoted their separate neuroprotection against Parkinson’s disease. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111067. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Biofunctionalization of Endolysins with Oligosacharides: Formulation of Therapeutic Agents to Combat Multi-Resistant Bacteria and Potential Strategies for Their Application. POLYSACCHARIDES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides3020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the aquaculture sector, the biofunctionalization of biomaterials is discussed using materials from algae and analyzed as a possible potential strategy to overcome the challenges that hinder the future development of the application of endolysins in this field. Derived from years of analysis, endolysins have recently been considered as potential alternative therapeutic antibacterial agents, due to their attributes and ability to combat multi-resistant bacterial cells when applied externally. On the other hand, although the aquaculture sector has been characterized by its high production rates, serious infectious diseases have led to significant economic losses that persist to this day. Although there are currently interesting data from studies under in vitro conditions on the application of endolysins in this sector, there is little or no information on in vivo studies. This lack of analysis can be attributed to the relatively low stability of endolysins in marine conditions and to the complex gastrointestinal conditions of the organisms. This review provides updated information regarding the application of endolysins against multi-resistant bacteria of clinical and nutritional interest, previously addressing their important characteristics (structure, properties and stability). In addition, regarding the aquaculture sector, the biofunctionalization of biomaterials is discussed using materials from algae and analyzed as a possible potential strategy to overcome the challenges that hinder the future development of the application of endolysins in this field.
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Du ZR, Wang X, Cao X, Liu X, Zhou SN, Zhang H, Yang RL, Wong KH, Tang QJ, Dong XL. Alginate and its Two Components Acted Differently Against Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss in Parkinson's Disease Mice Model. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100739. [PMID: 34811884 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE This study aims to investigate and compare the potentially neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms for brown seaweed polysaccharides (PS) of Alginate (Alg) and its two components, including polymannuronic acid (PM) and polyguluronic acid (PG), against Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Model mice of PD are pretreated with Alg or PM or PG, separately via oral gavage once per day for four weeks. Our results found PM improved motor functions of PD mice, but Alg or PG did not. PM or PG, but not Alg, can prevent dopaminergic neuronal loss by increasing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressions in midbrain of PD mice. The neuroprotective effects of PM rely on its anti-inflammation effects and its ability to improve striatal neurotransmitters (serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA)) levels in PD mice. PM inhibits inflammation, but PG or Alg induces inflammation in systemic circulation of PD mice. The neuroprotection provided by PG might be related to its ability to increase striatal neurotransmitter of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid levels in PD mice. CONCLUSION PM plays better than PG to provide neuroprotection, but Alg did not show any neuroprotection against PD. Alg and its two components acted differently in preventing dopaminergic neuronal loss in PD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Rui Du
- College of Physical Education, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.,College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sai-Nan Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rui-Li Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ka-Hing Wong
- Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.,Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qing-Juan Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Li Dong
- Key Laboratory of Food Biological Safety Control, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China.,Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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9
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Li Y, Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Wang P, Imre B, Wong ACY, Hsieh YSY, Wang D. Brown Algae Carbohydrates: Structures, Pharmaceutical Properties, and Research Challenges. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:620. [PMID: 34822491 PMCID: PMC8623139 DOI: 10.3390/md19110620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) have been consumed by humans for hundreds of years. Current studies have shown that brown algae are rich sources of bioactive compounds with excellent nutritional value, and are considered functional foods with health benefits. Polysaccharides are the main constituents of brown algae; their diverse structures allow many unique physical and chemical properties that help to moderate a wide range of biological activities, including immunomodulation, antibacterial, antioxidant, prebiotic, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antitumor, and anticoagulant activities. In this review, we focus on the major polysaccharide components in brown algae: the alginate, laminarin, and fucoidan. We explore how their structure leads to their health benefits, and their application prospects in functional foods and pharmaceuticals. Finally, we summarize the latest developments in applied research on brown algae polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Yuting Zheng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Ye Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Peiyao Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Balázs Imre
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan; (B.I.); (A.C.Y.W.)
| | - Ann C. Y. Wong
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan; (B.I.); (A.C.Y.W.)
| | - Yves S. Y. Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan; (B.I.); (A.C.Y.W.)
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 11421 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Damao Wang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (P.W.)
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10
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He N, Yang Y, Wang H, Liu N, Yang Z, Li S. Unsaturated alginate oligosaccharides (UAOS) protects against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis associated with regulation of gut microbiota. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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11
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Liang Y, Zha S, Tentaku M, Okimura T, Jiang Z, Ueno M, Hirasaka K, Yamaguchi K, Oda T. Suppressive effects of sulfated polysaccharide ascophyllan isolated from Ascophyllum nodosum on the production of NO and ROS in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:882-889. [PMID: 33580696 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we found that a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum, ascophyllan, showed suppressive effects on stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Ascophyllan significantly inhibited expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA and excessive production of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner without affecting the viability of RAW264.7 cells. Ascophyllan also reduced the elevated level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, preincubation with ascophyllan resulted in concentration-dependent decrease in ROS production in phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Our results suggest that ascophyllan can exhibit anti-inflammatory effects on stimulated macrophages mainly through the attenuation of NO and ROS productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shijiao Zha
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masanobu Tentaku
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takasi Okimura
- Research and Development Division, Hayashikane Sangyo Co., Ltd., Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Xiamen, China
- Research Center of Food Biotechnology of Xiamen City, Xiamen, China
- Key Laboratory of Systemic Utilization and In-depth Processing of Economic Seaweed, Xiamen Southern Ocean Technology Center of China, Xiamen, China
| | - Mikinori Ueno
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Katsuya Hirasaka
- Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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12
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Nishinari K, Fang Y. Molar mass effect in food and health. Food Hydrocoll 2021; 112:106110. [PMID: 32895590 PMCID: PMC7467918 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is demanded to supply foods with good quality for all the humans. With the advent of aging society, palatable and healthy foods are required to improve the quality of life and reduce the burden of finance for medical expenditure. Food hydrocolloids can contribute to this demand by versatile functions such as thickening, gelling, stabilising, and emulsifying, controlling texture and flavour release in food processing. Molar mass effects on viscosity and diffusion in liquid foods, and on mechanical and other physical properties of solid and semi-solid foods and films are overviewed. In these functions, the molar mass is one of the key factors, and therefore, the effects of molar mass on various health problems related to noncommunicable diseases or symptoms such as cancer, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, constipation, high blood pressure, knee pain, osteoporosis, cystic fibrosis and dysphagia are described. Understanding these problems only from the viewpoint of molar mass is limited since other structural characteristics, conformation, branching, blockiness in copolymers such as pectin and alginate, degree of substitution as well as the position of the substituents are sometimes the determining factor rather than the molar mass. Nevertheless, comparison of different behaviours and functions in different polymers from the viewpoint of molar mass is expected to be useful to find a common characteristics, which may be helpful to understand the mechanism in other problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyoshi Nishinari
- Glyn O. Phillips Hydrocolloids Research Centre, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, PR China
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-6565, Japan
| | - Yapeng Fang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
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Ci F, Jiang H, Zhang Z, Mao X. Properties and potential applications of mannuronan C5-epimerase: A biotechnological tool for modifying alginate. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 168:663-675. [PMID: 33220370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Given the excellent characteristics of alginate, it is an industrially important polysaccharide. Mannuronan C5-epimerase (MC5E) is an alginate-modifying enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of β-D-mannuronate (M) to its C5 epimer α-L-guluronate (G) in alginate. Both the biological activities and physical properties of alginate are determined by M/G ratios and distribution patterns. Therefore, MC5E is regarded as a biotechnological tool for modifying and processing alginate. Various MC5Es derived from brown algae, Pseudomonas and Azotobacter have been isolated and characterized. With the rapid development of structural biology, the crystal structures and catalytic mechanisms of several MC5Es have been elucidated. It is necessary to comprehensively understand the research status of this alginate-modifying enzyme. In this review, the properties and potential applications of MC5Es isolated from different kinds of organisms are summarized and reviewed. Moreover, future research directions of MC5Es as well as strategies to enhance their properties are elucidated, highlighted, and prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Ci
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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14
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Polymannuronic acid prevents dopaminergic neuronal loss via brain-gut-microbiota axis in Parkinson's disease model. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:994-1005. [PMID: 32710966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to investigate the potentially neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanisms for brown seaweed polysaccharide of polymannuronic acid (PM) against Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. PD model mice were pretreated with PM via oral gavage once per day for 4 weeks and the preventative effects of PM against neuronal loss together with its modulation on brain-gut-microbiota axis were systematically explored. The results showed PM administration improved motor functions by preventing dopaminergic neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and enhanced contents of striatal homovanillic acid (HVA), serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in PD mice. PM significantly alleviated inflammation in gut, brain and systemic circulation as shown by reduced levels or expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines concurrently and inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway in mice colon. Meanwhile, PM greatly improved integrity of intestinal barrier and blood brain barrier (BBB) as indicated by increased expressions of tight junction associated proteins in both mice colon and SNpc. Further studies indicated PM treatment resulted in changes of gut microbial compositions, together with great alterations of digestion and metabolism of dietary proteins and fats, which led to surge increase of fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the colon of PD mice. In conclusion, pre-administration of PM could provide neuroprotective effects against PD pathogenesis by suppressing inflammation in gut, brain and systemic circulation, and by improving integrity of intestinal barrier and BBB. PM might modulate brain-gut-microbiota axis, at least in part, via gut microbiota derived SCFAs as mediators.
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Okimura T, Jiang Z, Komatsubara H, Hirasaka K, Oda T. Therapeutic effects of an orally administered edible seaweed-derived polysaccharide preparation, ascophyllan HS, on a Streptococcus pneumoniae infection mouse model. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:1116-1122. [PMID: 31712141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ascophyllan HS is a commercially available preparation of the edible brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum containing ascophyllan, a sulfated polysaccharide with diverse beneficial biological activities. In this study, the effects of ascophyllan HS were evaluated in a severe intranasal Streptococcus pneumoniae infection mouse model. The control untreated mice started to die on day 7 and 80% had died by day 14 post-infection. Continuous oral administration of ascophyllan HS before and after bacterial infection resulted in a remarkable increase in survival rate, with 90% of the low (167 mg/kg body weight/day) and 100% of the high (500 mg/kg body weight/day) dose ascophyllan HS-treated mice surviving at day 14 post-infection. Histopathological observation of the lungs of the infected mice revealed the induction of typical pneumonia features in the alveolar spaces of the untreated control mice, such as extensive infiltration of inflammatory cells, edema, and fibrin deposition. In contrast, notable levels of lung injuries or alterations were not observed in the ascophyllan HS-treated mice, and only a minor lesion was observed in one mouse. Furthermore, bacterial burdens in the lungs were significantly reduced in the ascophyllan HS-treated mice as compared to the control mice at day 4 post-infection. Significantly higher levels of IL-12 were detected in the serum of ascophyllan HS-treated mice than that of control mice measured at the end of the infection experiment (day 14). These results suggest that orally administered ascophyllan HS exerts a therapeutic effect on S. pneumoniae infection by activating the host defense systems. This is the first report of the therapeutic effect of an orally administered seaweed polysaccharide preparation on S. pneumoniae infection. Our findings suggest that ascophyllan HS has the potential to be developed as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals applicable for humans as well as a safe and promising therapeutic agent against S. pneumoniae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takasi Okimura
- Research and Development Division, Hayashikane Sangyo Co., Ltd., Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 750-8608, Japan
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | | | - Katsuya Hirasaka
- Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
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16
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Bi D, Li X, Li T, Li X, Lin Z, Yao L, Li H, Xu H, Hu Z, Zhang Z, Liu Q, Xu X. Characterization and Neuroprotection Potential of Seleno-Polymannuronate. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:21. [PMID: 32153394 PMCID: PMC7044149 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Seleno-polymannuronate (Se-PM) was prepared from alginate-derived polymannuronate (PM) through a sulfation followed by a selenylation replacement reaction. The organic selenium content of Se-PM was 437.25 μg/g and its average molecular weight was 2.36 kDa. The neuroprotection effect of Se-PM and corresponding molecular mechanisms were investigated. Our results showed that, comparing to both sulfated PM (S-PM) and PM, Se-PM remarkably inhibited the aggregation of Aβ1-42 oligomer in vitro and significantly reduced the APP and BACE1 protein expression in N2a-sw cells, highlighting the critical function of the selenium presented in Se-PM. Moreover, Se-PM decreased the expression of cytochrome c and the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2, and enhanced the mitochondrial membrane potential in N2a-sw cells. These results suggested that Se-PM treatment can markedly inhibit N2a-sw cell apoptosis and promote N2a-sw cell survival and that Se-PM might be a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of neurodegeneration owing to its remarkable neuroprotection effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decheng Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tong Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiuting Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Zhijian Lin
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Yao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xu Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Transport Mechanisms of Polymannuronic Acid and Polyguluronic Acid Across Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020167. [PMID: 32079270 PMCID: PMC7076430 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed knowledge of the intestinal transport of polymannuronic acid (PM) and polyguluronic acid (PG) is critical for understanding their biological activities. To investigate the transport in the gastrointestinal tract, PM and PG were chemically modified with tyramine and conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to synthesize FITC-PM (F-PM) and FITC-PG (F-PG) successfully. The transport mechanisms of F-PM and F-PG across the intestinal epithelial cell monolayers (Caco-2 cell monolayers) were then investigated. The results demonstrated that the transport of F-PM and F-PG into epithelial cells was time- and energy-dependent, which was mediated by the macropinocytosis pathway and the clathrin- and caveolae (or lipid raft)-mediated endocytic pathway. The transport process of F-PM and F-PG in Caco-2 cells depended on the acidification of endosomes and involved lysosomes. Tubulin mediated the transport of F-PM, but not of F-PG. Moreover, the absorption enhancer chitosan (CS) promoted the transport of F-PM and F-PG, increasing the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) by 1.9-fold and 2.6-fold, respectively, by reversibly opening the tight junction (TJ). In summary, this study provided a comprehensive understanding of the transport of PM and PG in the small intestinal epithelial cells, which will provide a theoretical basis for the development of PM and PG with good intestinal absorption.
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Li S, Wang L, Liu B, He N. Unsaturated alginate oligosaccharides attenuated obesity-related metabolic abnormalities by modulating gut microbiota in high-fat-diet mice. Food Funct 2020; 11:4773-4784. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02857a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new potent prebiotic oligosaccharide for obesity and related metabolic abnormalities by modulating gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyong Li
- College of Basic Medicine
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266071
- China
| | - Linna Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute
- Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries
- Ministry of Agriculture
- Qingdao 266071
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Pharmacy
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266071
- China
| | - Ningning He
- College of Basic Medicine
- Qingdao University
- Qingdao 266071
- China
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19
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Efficiently Anti-Obesity Effects of Unsaturated Alginate Oligosaccharides (UAOS) in High-Fat Diet (HFD)-Fed Mice. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17090540. [PMID: 31533255 PMCID: PMC6780860 DOI: 10.3390/md17090540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its related complications have become one of the leading problems affecting human health. However, current anti-obesity treatments are limited by high cost and numerous adverse effects. In this study, we investigated the use of a non-toxic green food additive, known as unsaturated alginate oligosaccharides (UAOS) from the enzymatic degradation of Laminaria japonicais, which showed effective anti-obesity effects in a high-fat diet (HFD) mouse model. Compared with acid hydrolyzed saturated alginate oligosaccharides (SAOS), UAOS significantly reduced body weight, serum lipid, including triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and free fatty acids (FFA), liver weight, liver TG and TC, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, adipose mass, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and accumulation induced in HFD mice. Moreover, the structural differences in β-d-mannuronate (M) and its C5 epimer α-l-guluronate (G) did not cause significant functional differences. Meanwhile, UAOS significantly increased both AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation in adipocytes, which indicated that UAOS had an anti-obesity effect mainly through AMPK signaling. Our results indicate that UAOS has the potential for further development as an adjuvant treatment for many metabolic diseases such as fatty liver, hypertriglyceridemia, and possibly diabetes.
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20
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Yin M, Zhang Y, Li H. Advances in Research on Immunoregulation of Macrophages by Plant Polysaccharides. Front Immunol 2019; 10:145. [PMID: 30804942 PMCID: PMC6370632 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are among the most important members of the biopolymer family. They are natural macromolecules composed of monosaccharides. To date, more than 300 kinds of natural polysaccharide compounds have been identified. They are present in plants, animals, and microorganisms, and they engage in a variety of physiological functions. In the 1950s, due to the discovery of their immunoregulatory and anti-tumor activities, polysaccharides became a popular topic of research in pharmacology, especially in immunopharmacology. Plants are an important source of natural polysaccharides. Pharmacological and clinical studies have shown that plant polysaccharides have many functions, such as immune regulation, anti-tumor activity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti-viral functions, anti-radiation functions, and a hypoglycaemic effect. The immunomodulatory effects of plant polysaccharides have received much attention. Polysaccharides with these effects are also referred to as biological response modifiers (BRMs), and research on them is one of the most active areas of polysaccharide research. Thus, we summarize immunomodulatory effects of botanical polysaccharides isolated from different species of plants on the macrophage. The primary effect of botanical polysaccharides is to enhance and/or activate macrophage immune responses, including increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and enhancing secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Therefore, it is believed that botanical polysaccharides have significant therapeutic potential, and represent a new method for discovery and development of novel immunomodulatory medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hua Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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21
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Ueno M, Nogawa M, Siddiqui R, Watashi K, Wakita T, Kato N, Ikeda M, Okimura T, Isaka S, Oda T, Ariumi Y. Acidic polysaccharides isolated from marine algae inhibit the early step of viral infection. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 124:282-290. [PMID: 30452989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We examined the effects of various acidic polysaccharides isolated from marine algae on the infection and replication of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1). It was found that sulfated fucan polysaccharides, ascophyllan, and two fucoidans derived from different sources significantly inhibited the early step of HIV-1 (R9 and JR-FL) infection, while they did not affect the late step. The alginate oligomer consisted of uronic acids and sulfated-galactan porphyran showed no significant inhibitory effects. In addition, ascophyllan and two fucoidans inhibited the early step of HBV infection in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, these polysaccharides inhibited the early step of HCV infection but had no inhibitory effects on HTLV-1 replication. To further examine the specificity of these polysaccharides in viral infections, we used vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-G-pseudotyped HIV-1 infection. Ascophyllan, the two fucoidans, and alginate oligomer also potently inhibited VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1 infection in HeLa cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the acidic polysaccharides used in this study are capable of inhibiting the early step of viral infections depending on the polysaccharides but not in a strict species-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikinori Ueno
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Masato Nogawa
- School of Medicine, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Rokeya Siddiqui
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kato
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masanori Ikeda
- Department of Persistent and Oncogenic Viruses, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takasi Okimura
- Research and Development Division, Hayashikane Sangyo Co., Ltd., Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shogo Isaka
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ariumi
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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22
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Rezk MM. A Neuro-Comparative Study between Single/Successive Thorium Dose Intoxication and Alginate Treatment. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 185:414-423. [PMID: 29594947 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The adult male albino rats were grouped into five groups (control group and four variably treated groups with thorium (Th) in single or successive with or without alginate treatment). The IP administration of thorium nitrate (13.6 mg/kg b.wt.) induced a regional distribution and accumulation ordered as cerebellum > cerebral cortex > brain stem > hippocampus > hypothalamus > striatum. Also, it induces a significant increase in Na+, Ca2+, and Fe3+ ion content and malondialdehyde (MDA) level while K+ ions and glutathione (GSH) level were significantly decreased. On the other hand, the daily oral administration of 5% alginate showed a significant decreasing in the accumulation of thorium in the different brain areas and mitigated its hazardous effects. By the alginate treatment, Na+, Ca2+, Fe3+, and level of MDA were declined while K+ ions and GSH level showed a significant increase. The improvement of the investigated parameters was attributed to the specific chelating, regeneration, and antioxidant properties of the alginate. So, alginate administration could ameliorate the hazardous effects of thorium nitrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Rezk
- Isotopes Department, Nuclear Materials Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
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23
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Abstract
Alginate oligosaccharides with different bioactivities can be prepared through the specific degradation of alginate by alginate lyases. Therefore, alginate lyases that can be used to degrade alginate under mild conditions have recently attracted public attention. Although various types of alginate lyases have been discovered and characterized, few can be used in industrial production. In this study, AlgA, a novel alginate lyase with high specific activity, was purified from the marine bacterium Bacillus sp. Alg07. AlgA had a molecular weight of approximately 60 kDa, an optimal temperature of 40 °C, and an optimal pH of 7.5. The activity of AlgA was dependent on sodium chloride and could be considerably enhanced by Mg2+ or Ca2+. Under optimal conditions, the activity of AlgA reached up to 8306.7 U/mg, which is the highest activity recorded for alginate lyases. Moreover, the enzyme was stable over a broad pH range (5.0–10.0), and its activity negligibly changed after 24 h of incubation at 40 °C. AlgA exhibited high activity and affinity toward poly-β-d-mannuronate (polyM). These characteristics suggested that AlgA is an endolytic polyM-specific alginate lyase (EC 4.2.2.3). The products of alginate and polyM degradation by AlgA were purified and identified through fast protein liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, which revealed that AlgA mainly produced disaccharides, trisaccharides, and tetrasaccharide from alginate and disaccharides and trisaccharides from polyM. Therefore, the novel lysate AlgA has potential applications in the production of mannuronic oligosaccharides and poly-α-l-guluronate blocks from alginate.
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Shang Q, Jiang H, Cai C, Hao J, Li G, Yu G. Gut microbiota fermentation of marine polysaccharides and its effects on intestinal ecology: An overview. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 179:173-185. [PMID: 29111040 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota that resides in the mammalian intestine plays a critical role in host health, nutrition, metabolic and immune homeostasis. As symbiotic bacteria, these microorganisms depend mostly on non-digestible fibers and polysaccharides as energy sources. Dietary polysaccharides that reach the distal gut are fermented by gut microbiota and thus exert a fundamental impact on intestinal ecology. Marine polysaccharides contain a class of dietary fibers that are widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries (e.g., agar and carrageenan). In this regard, insights into fermentation of marine polysaccharides and its effects on intestinal ecology are of vital importance for understanding the beneficial effects of these glycans. Here, in this review, to provide an overlook of current advances and facilitate future studies in this field, we describe and summarize up-to-date findings on how marine polysaccharides are metabolized by gut microbiota and what effects these polysaccharides have on intestinal ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsen Shang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jiejie Hao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Guoyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Polymannuronic acid ameliorated obesity and inflammation associated with a high-fat and high-sucrose diet by modulating the gut microbiome in a murine model. Br J Nutr 2017; 117:1332-1342. [PMID: 28528593 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517000964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymannuronic acid (PM), one of numerous alginates isolated from brown seaweeds, is known to possess antioxidant activities. In this study, we examined its potential role in reducing body weight gain and attenuating inflammation induced by a high-fat and high-sucrose diet (HFD) as well as its effect on modulating the gut microbiome in mice. A 30-d PM treatment significantly reduced the diet-induced body weight gain and blood TAG levels (P2·0). PM also had a profound impact on the microbial composition in the gut microbiome and resulted in a distinct microbiome structure. For example, PM significantly increased the abundance of a probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus reuteri (log10 LDA score>2·0). Together, our results suggest that PM may exert its immunoregulatory effects by enhancing proliferation of several species with probiotic activities while repressing the abundance of the microbial taxa that harbor potential pathogens. Our findings should facilitate mechanistic studies on PM as a potential bioactive compound to alleviate obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
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Ueno M, Nishiguchi T, Takeshita S, Yamaguchi K, Oda T. Effects of alginate oligomer on the expression of cell cycle- and stress-related genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1254-1260. [PMID: 28485218 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1292836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatically prepared alginate oligomer (AO) promoted the growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in a concentration-dependent manner. AO at 2.5 mg/mL induced increase in expression levels of cyclin A, cyclin B, and cyclin D in C. reinhardtii. CuSO4 at 100 μM suppressed the growth of C. reinhardtiin, and AO at 2.5 mg/mL significantly alleviated the toxicity of CuSO4. Increased intracellular reactive oxygen species level in C. reinhardtii induced by CuSO4 was reduced by AO. After cultivation with CuSO4 at 100 μM, expression levels of ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in C. reinhardtii were increased, and AO reduced the increased levels of these enzymes. These results suggest that AO exhibits beneficial effects on C. reinhardtii through influencing the expression of various genes not only at normal growth condition but also under CuSO4 stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikinori Ueno
- a Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Tomoki Nishiguchi
- a Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Satoshi Takeshita
- b Joint Research Division , Center for Industry, University and Government Corporation, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamaguchi
- a Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- a Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
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27
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Li S, Wang L, Hao J, Xing M, Sun J, Sun M. Purification and Characterization of a New Alginate Lyase from Marine Bacterium Vibrio sp. SY08. Mar Drugs 2016; 15:md15010001. [PMID: 28025527 PMCID: PMC5295221 DOI: 10.3390/md15010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsaturated alginate disaccharides (UADs), enzymatically derived from the degradation of alginate polymers, are considered powerful antioxidants. In this study, a new high UAD-producing alginate lyase, AlySY08, has been purified from the marine bacterium Vibrio sp. SY08. AlySY08, with a molecular weight of about 33 kDa and a specific activity of 1070.2 U/mg, showed the highest activity at 40 °C in phosphate buffer at pH 7.6. The enzyme was stable over a broad pH range (6.0–9.0) and retained about 75% activity after incubation at 40 °C for 2 h. Moreover, the enzyme was active in the absence of salt ions and its activity was enhanced by the addition of NaCl and KCl. AlySY08 resulted in an endo-type alginate lyase that degrades both polyM and polyG blocks, yielding UADs as the main product (81.4% of total products). All these features made AlySY08 a promising candidate for industrial applications in the production of antioxidants from alginate polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyong Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Linna Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jianhua Hao
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Mengxin Xing
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jingjing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Mi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Zhu W, Li D, Wu H, Li J, Chen Y, Guan H, Zhang L. Effects of purified polymannuronate on the performance, immune status, antioxidant capacity, intestinal microbial populations and volatile fatty acid concentrations of weaned piglets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Anti-HBV activity and mechanism of marine-derived polyguluronate sulfate (PGS) in vitro. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 143:139-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Nakazono S, Cho K, Isaka S, Abu R, Yokose T, Murata M, Ueno M, Tachibana K, Hirasaka K, Kim D, Oda T. Anti-obesity effects of enzymatically-digested alginate oligomer in mice model fed a high-fat-diet. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ueno M, Cho K, Nakazono S, Isaka S, Abu R, Takeshita S, Yamaguchi K, Kim D, Oda T. Alginate oligomer induces nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells: elucidation of the underlying intracellular signaling mechanism. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:1787-93. [PMID: 26072953 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1052768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alginate is an acidic linear polysaccharide with immune-modulating activities. In this study, we found that enzymatically digested alginate oligomer (AO) with various degrees of polymerization (DP; 2-5) induced a higher level of nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells than undigested alginate polymer (AP). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses revealed that the expression level of inducible NO synthase in AO-treated RAW264.7 cells was higher than that in AP-treated cells. AO induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 subunit in RAW264.7 cells to a greater extent than AP. Although AO and AP induced similar extents of phosphorylation in three mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect on NO induction in AO- and AP-treated RAW264.7 cells, among three MAP kinase inhibitors that were tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikinori Ueno
- a Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Kichul Cho
- b Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Republic of Korea.,d Jeju center , Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Jeju , Republic of Korea
| | - Satoru Nakazono
- a Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Shogo Isaka
- a Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Ryogo Abu
- a Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Satoshi Takeshita
- c Joint Research Division, Center for Industry, University and Government Corporation , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamaguchi
- a Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
| | - Daekyung Kim
- b Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejeon , Republic of Korea.,d Jeju center , Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Jeju , Republic of Korea
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- a Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies , Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan
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Xu X, Bi DC, Li C, Fang WS, Zhou R, Li SM, Chi LL, Wan M, Shen LM. Morphological and proteomic analyses reveal that unsaturated guluronate oligosaccharide modulates multiple functional pathways in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1798-818. [PMID: 25830683 PMCID: PMC4413188 DOI: 10.3390/md13041798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alginate is a natural polysaccharide extracted from various species of marine brown algae. Alginate-derived guluronate oligosaccharide (GOS) obtained by enzymatic depolymerization has various pharmacological functions. Previous studies have demonstrated that GOS can trigger the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α by macrophages and that it is involved in the nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways. To expand upon the current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms associated with the GOS-induced immune response in macrophages, comparative proteomic analysis was employed together with two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) and Western blot verification. Proteins showing significant differences in expression in GOS-treated cells were categorized into multiple functional pathways, including the NF-κB signaling pathway and pathways involved in inflammation, antioxidant activity, glycolysis, cytoskeletal processes and translational elongation. Moreover, GOS-stimulated changes in the morphologies and actin cytoskeleton organization of RAW264.7 cells were also investigated as possible adaptations to GOS. This study is the first to reveal GOS as a promising agent that can modulate the proper balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses, and it provides new insights into pharmaceutical applications of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xu
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - De-Cheng Bi
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Chao Li
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Wei-Shan Fang
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Rui Zhou
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Shui-Ming Li
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Lian-Li Chi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Min Wan
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
| | - Li-Ming Shen
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Isaka S, Cho K, Nakazono S, Abu R, Ueno M, Kim D, Oda T. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of porphyran isolated from discolored nori (Porphyra yezoensis). Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 74:68-75. [PMID: 25499893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We found that discolored waste nori with no commercial value, contains much higher level of porphyran than normal nori that is a sheeted food stuff prepared from P. yezoensis used in sushi. Chemical analyses revealed that mean molecular mass of the porphyran prepared from discolored nori (dc-porphyran) was much lower than that of the porphyran from normal nori (n-porphyran). Dc-porphyran showed slightly greater scavenging activity toward superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical than n-porphyran. Dc-porphyran inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells through preventing the expression of inducible NO synthase, whereas no such activity was observed in n-porphyran. Since acid-hydrolyzed n-porphyran showed the inhibitory activity on NO production from LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, the molecular size of porphyran was suggested to be a critical factor for the activity. Dc-porphyran was separated into 4 fractions (F1-F4) on DEAE-chromatography, and F1 showed the highest inhibitory effect on NO production from LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Our results indicate that discolored waste nori is useful as a source of porphyran with even better bioactivities than porphyran from normal nori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Isaka
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kichul Cho
- Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Jeju center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Satoru Nakazono
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ryogo Abu
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mikinori Ueno
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daekyung Kim
- Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Jeju center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Graduate School of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Nagasaki, Japan; Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Nagasaki, Japan.
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Falkeborg M, Cheong LZ, Gianfico C, Sztukiel KM, Kristensen K, Glasius M, Xu X, Guo Z. Alginate oligosaccharides: Enzymatic preparation and antioxidant property evaluation. Food Chem 2014; 164:185-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Xu X, Wu X, Wang Q, Cai N, Zhang H, Jiang Z, Wan M, Oda T. Immunomodulatory Effects of Alginate Oligosaccharides on Murine Macrophage RAW264.7 Cells and Their Structure-Activity Relationships. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3168-3176. [PMID: 24628671 DOI: 10.1021/jf405633n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the immunomodulatory activities, including regulation of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production in RAW264.7 murine macrophages, of alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) and investigated their structure-activity relationships. Our results revealed that unsaturated guluronate oligosaccharide prepared by enzymatic degradation (GOS-ED) induced NO production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, dose and time dependently, and stimulated ROS and TNF-α production; however, other AOS prepared by different ways or polymers showed very low and even no such effects. Moreover, GOS-ED induced macrophage activation to release the above-mentioned mediators partly involved in nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways. We also show that the structural characteristics of AOS, especially the unsaturated terminal structure, molecular size, and M/G ratio, play important roles in determining the macrophage-activating effects. GOS-ED could be applicable for agriculture, drug, and food industry as a potent immune-modulatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xu
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaoting Wu
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Nan Cai
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hanxue Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zedong Jiang
- College of Biological Engineering, Jimei University , Jimei, Xiamen 361021, China
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki 852 8521, Japan
| | - Min Wan
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute , Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki 852 8521, Japan
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Abstract
To gain insight into the structure-activity relationship of alginate, we examined the effect of alginates with varying molecular weights and M/G ratio on murine macrophage cell line, RAW264.7 cells in terms of induction of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion. Among the alginates tested, alginate with the highest molecular weight (MW 38,000, M/G 2.24) showed the most potent TNF-α-inducing activity. Alginates having higher M/G ratio tended to show higher activity. These results suggest that molecular size and M/G ratio are important structural parameters influencing the TNF-α-inducing activity. Interestingly, enzymatic depolymerization of alginate with bacterial alginate lyase resulted in dramatic increase in the TNF-α-inducing activity. The higher activity of enzymatically digested alginate oligomers to induce nitric oxide production from RAW264.7 cells than alginate polymer was also observed. On the other hand, alginate polymer and oligomer showed nearly equal hydroxyl radical scavenging activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikinori Ueno
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.
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Li Q, Li C, Yang C, Liu C, Yu G, Guan H. Preparation, characterization and antioxidant activities of polymannuronic acid phosphate, H-phosphonate and sulfate. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 62:281-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abu R, Jiang Z, Ueno M, Okimura T, Yamaguchi K, Oda T. In vitro antioxidant activities of sulfated polysaccharide ascophyllan isolated from Ascophyllum nodosum. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 59:305-12. [PMID: 23643974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant activities of sulfated polysaccharide ascophyllan from Ascophyllum nodosum was investigated in vitro by various assays, and compared with those of fucoidan. A chemiluminescence (CL) analysis using a luminol analog, L-012, showed that ascophyllan scavenges superoxide, and the activity is greater than fucoidan. However, in the presence of 10μg/ml of ascophyllan or 10μg/ml and 100μg/ml of fucoidan, slightly enhanced CL-responses were observed. Since EDTA-treatment resulted in disappearance of the enhancement effects, it was suggested that metal ions especially iron ions in the polysaccharides might be involved in this phenomenon. In fact, metal element analysis revealed that ascophyllan and fucoidan inherently contain iron and other metal elements. EDTA-treatment resulted in significant increase in Fe(2+)-chelating activities of these polysaccharides. In an electron spin resonance (ESR)-spin trapping analysis in which direct UV-radiation to hydrogen peroxide was used as a source of hydroxyl radical, ascophyllan and fucoidan showed potent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity with similar extent. Reducing power of ascophyllan was stronger than that of fucoidan. Our results indicate that ascophyllan can exhibit direct and potent antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryogo Abu
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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