1
|
Qu Z, Zhou R, Sun J, Gao Y, Li Z, Zhang T, Zhou R, Liu D, Tu X, Cullen P, Ostrikov KK. Plasma-Assisted Sustainable Nitrogen-to-Ammonia Fixation: Mixed-phase, Synergistic Processes and Mechanisms. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202300783. [PMID: 37994281 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia plays a crucial role in industry and agriculture worldwide, but traditional industrial ammonia production methods are energy-intensive and negatively impact the environment. Ammonia synthesis using low-temperature plasma technology has gained traction in the pursuit of environment-benign and cost-effective methods for producing green ammonia. This Review discusses the recent advances in low-temperature plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis, focusing on three main routes: N2+H2 plasma-only, N2+H2O plasma-only, and plasma coupled with other technologies. The reaction pathways involved in the plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis, as well as the process parameters, including the optimum catalyst types and discharge schemes, are examined. Building upon the current research status, the challenges and research opportunities in the plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis processes are outlined. The article concludes with the outlook for the future development of the plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis technology in real-life industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi An Shi, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Renwu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi An Shi, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi An Shi, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi An Shi, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi An Shi, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Darlington, 2008, Australia
| | - Rusen Zhou
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Darlington, 2008, Australia
| | - Dingxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi An Shi, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xin Tu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Cullen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Darlington, 2008, Australia
| | - Kostya Ken Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shao K, Mesbah A. A Study on the Role of Electric Field in Low-Temperature Plasma Catalytic Ammonia Synthesis via Integrated Density Functional Theory and Microkinetic Modeling. JACS AU 2024; 4:525-544. [PMID: 38425907 PMCID: PMC10900214 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Low-temperature plasma catalysis has shown promise for various chemical processes such as light hydrocarbon conversion, volatile organic compounds removal, and ammonia synthesis. Plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis has the potential advantages of leveraging renewable energy and distributed manufacturing principles to mitigate the pressing environmental challenges of the energy-intensive Haber-Bosh process, towards sustainable ammonia production. However, lack of foundational understanding of plasma-catalyst interactions poses a key challenge to optimizing plasma-catalytic processes. Recent studies suggest electro- and photoeffects, such as electric field and charge, can play an important role in enhancing surface reactions. These studies mostly rely on using density functional theory (DFT) to investigate surface reactions under these effects. However, integration of DFT with microkinetic modeling in plasma catalysis, which is crucial for establishing a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between the gas-phase chemistry and surface reactions, remains largely unexplored. This paper presents a first-principles framework coupling DFT calculations and microkinetic modeling to investigate the role of electric field on plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis. The DFT-microkinetic model shows more consistent predictions with experimental observations, as compared to the case wherein the variable effects of plasma process parameters on surface reactions are neglected. In particular, predictions of the DFT-microkinetic model indicate electric field can have a notable effect on surface reactions relative to other process parameters. A global sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate how ammonia synthesis pathways will change in relation to different plasma process parameters. The DFT-microkinetic model is then used in conjunction with active learning to systematically explore the complex parameter space of the plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis to maximize the amount of produced ammonia while inhibiting reactions dissipating energy, such as the recombination of H2 through gas-phase H radicals and surface-adsorbed H. This paper demonstrates the importance of accounting for the effects of electric field on surface reactions when investigating and optimizing the performance of plasma-catalytic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ketong Shao
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular
Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ali Mesbah
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular
Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chidunchi I, Kulikov M, Sаfarov R, Kopishev E. Extraction of platinum group metals from catalytic converters. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25283. [PMID: 38327460 PMCID: PMC10847661 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Platinum group metals (PGMs) assume an important role within the chemistry and chemical engineering due to their exceptional chemical stability in high temperatures and various environmental conditions. Their unique attributes make them highly demanded materials across an array of industries. Nevertheless, the gradual depletion of PGM reserves underscores necessitates of recycling PGM-containing waste as a means to ensure the reasonable utilization of resources. Recycling of catalytic waste, in particular, presents a more cost-effective and environmentally sustainable approach acquiring these metals, in contrast to the conventional practice of mining from natural ores. Of particular importance are spent automotive catalysts, which represent a valuable source of platinum group metals, featuring substantially higher PGM concentrations than their naturally occurring counterparts. Conventionally, the recovering of PGMs from waste materials predominantly employs hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes. Unfortunately, these established techniques entail the utilization of potent oxidizing acidic solutions, including aqua regia and hydrochloric acid with chlorine gas, which exert adverse ecological consequences. In recent years, there has been a growing focus on the development of alternative methodologies that are both environmentally friendly and economically viable for the recovery of PGMs from spent catalysts. Notable among these emerging techniques are solvometallurgy, molecular recognition technology, and magnetic separation. This comprehensive review endeavors to study and assess the latest advancements in the recovery of platinum group metals from spent catalysts, meticulously evaluating their respective advantages and disadvantages. Through an analysis, this review aspires to identify the most promising method - one that combines environmental friendliness and economic feasibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maxim Kulikov
- L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Ruslan Sаfarov
- L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Eldar Kopishev
- L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
- Bukhara State University, Bukhara, 200400, Uzbekistan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao R, Dai TY, Meng Z, Sun XF, Liu DX, Shi MM, Li HR, Kang X, Bi B, Zhang YT, Xu TW, Yan JM, Jiang Q. A Bifunctional Catalyst for Green Ammonia Synthesis from Ubiquitous Air and Water. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303455. [PMID: 37363875 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3 ) is essential for modern agriculture and industry, and, due to its high hydrogen density and no carbon emission, it is also expected to be the next-generation of "clean" energy carrier. Herein, directly from air and water, a plasma-electrocatalytic reaction system for NH3 production, which combines two steps of plasma-air-to-NOx - and electrochemical NOx - reduction reaction (eNOx RR) with a bifunctional catalyst, is successfully established. Especially, the bifunctional catalyst of CuCo2 O4 /Ni can simultaneously promote plasma-air-to-NOx - and eNOx RR processes. The easy adsorption and activation of O2 by CuCo2 O4 /Ni greatly improve the NOx - production rate at the first step. Further, CuCo2 O4 /Ni can also resolve the overbonding of the key intermediate of * NO, and thus reduce the energy barrier of the second step of eNOx RR. Finally, the "green" NH3 production achieves excellent FENH3 (96.8%) and record-high NH3 yield rate of 145.8 mg h-1 cm-2 with large partial current density (1384.7 mA cm-2 ). Moreover, an enlarged self-made H-type electrolyzer improves the NH3 yield to 3.6 g h-1 , and the obtained NH3 is then rapidly converted to a solid of magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate, which favors the easy storage and transportation of NH3 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Tian-Yi Dai
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Zhe Meng
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Xue-Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Dong-Xue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Miao-Miao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Hong-Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Xia Kang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Bo Bi
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Yu-Tian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Tong-Wen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jun-Min Yan
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hosseini H. Dielectric barrier discharge plasma catalysis as an alternative approach for the synthesis of ammonia: a review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:28211-28223. [PMID: 37753400 PMCID: PMC10519190 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05580a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous researchers have attempted to provide mild reactions and environmentally-friendly methods for NH3 synthesis. Research on non-thermal plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis, notably the atmospheric-pressure nonthermal plasma synthesis of ammonia over catalysts, has recently gained attention in the academic literature. Since non-thermal plasma technology circumvents the existing crises and harsh conditions of the Haber-Bosch process, it can be considered as a promising alternative for clean synthesis of ammonia. Non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma has been extensively employed in the synthesis of ammonia due to its particular advantages such as the simple construction of DBD reactors, atmospheric operation at ambient temperature, and low cost. The combination of this plasma and catalytic materials can remarkably affect ammonia formation, energy efficiency, and the generation of by-products. The present article reviews plasma-catalysis ammonia synthesis in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor and the parameters affecting this synthesis system. The proposed mechanisms of ammonia production by this plasma catalysis system are discussed as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Hosseini
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran (CCERCI) PO Box 14335-186 Teheran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nguyen HM, Gorky F, Guthrie S, Carreon ML. Sustainable ammonia synthesis from nitrogen wet with sea water by single-step plasma catalysis. Catal Today 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2023.114141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
|
7
|
Escribà-Gelonch M, Butler GD, Goswami A, Tran NN, Hessel V. Definition of agronomic circular economy metrics and use for assessment for a nanofertilizer case study. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:917-924. [PMID: 36889231 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Circular economy has become global priority, and fertigation make large contribution. Modern circular methodologies base their definitions, besides on waste minimisation and recovery, on the product usage U and lifetime L. We have modified a commonly used equation for the mass circularity indicator (MCI) to permit MCI determination for agricultural cultivation. We defined U as intensity for diverse investigated parameters of plant growth and L as the bioavailability period. In this way, we compute circularity metrics for the plantgrowth performance when exposed to three nanofertilizers and one biostimulant, as compared to no-use of micronutrients (control 1), and micronutrients supplied via conventional fertilizers (control 2). We determined an MCI of 0.839 for best nanofertilizer performance (1.000 denotes full circularity), while the MCI of conventional fertilizer was 0.364. Normalised to control 1, U was determined as 1.196, 1.121 and 1.149 for manganese, copper and iron-based nanofertilizers, respectively, while U was 1.709, 1.432, 1.424 and 1.259 for manganese, copper, iron nanofertilizers and gold biostimulant when normalised to control 2, respectively. Based on the learning of the plant growth experiments, a tailored process design is proposed for the use of nanoparticles with pre-conditioning, post-processing and recycling steps. A life cycle assessment shows that the additional use of pumps for this process design does not increase energy costs, while preserving environmental advantages related to the lower water usage of the nanofertilizers. Moreover, the impact of the losses of conventional fertilisers by missing absorption of plant roots, which is presumed to be lower for the nanofertilizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Escribà-Gelonch
- University of Lleida, Higher Polytechnic Engineering School, Pla de la Massa, Igualada, 08700, Spain.
| | - Gregory Dean Butler
- South Australian No-Till Farmers Association (SANTFA), Clare, Australia FarmN Company, Clare, Australia
| | - Arunava Goswami
- Biological Sciences Division, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B.T. Road, Kolkata, 700108, India
| | - Nam Nghiep Tran
- The University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Volker Hessel
- The University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Van Duc Long N, Al-Bared M, Lin L, Davey K, Tran NN, Pourali N, Ken Ostrikov K, Rebrov E, Hessel V. Understanding plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis via crossing discipline borders of literature: A critical review. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.118097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
9
|
Zhang Y, Li S, Yuan Z, Chen H, Fan X. Mechanochemical Synthesis of RuCo/MgTiO 3 Catalysts for Nonthermal Plasma-Assisted Ammonia Synthesis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Shuncheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Ziang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Huanhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Soot Oxidation in a Plasma-Catalytic Reactor: A Case Study of Zeolite-Supported Vanadium Catalysts. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12070677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma-catalytic oxidation of soot was studied over zeolite-supported vanadium catalysts, while four types of zeolites (MCM-41, mordenite, USY and 5A) were used as catalyst supports. The soot oxidation rate followed the order of V/MCM-41 > V/mordenite > V/USY > V/5A, while 100% soot oxidation was achieved at 54th min of reaction over V/MCM-41 and V/mordenite. The CO2 selectivity of the process follows the opposite order of oxidation rate over the V/M catalyst. A wide range of catalyst characterizations including N2 adsorption–desorption, XRD, XPS, H2-TPR and O2-TPD were performed to obtain insights regarding the reaction mechanisms of soot oxidation in plasma-catalytic systems. The redox properties were recognized to be crucial for the soot oxidation process. The effects of discharge power, gas flow rate and reaction temperature on soot oxidation were also investigated. The results showed that higher discharge power, higher gas flow rate and lower reaction temperature were beneficial for soot oxidation rate. However, these factors would impose a negative effect on CO2 selectivity. The proposed “plasma-catalysis” method possessed the unique advantages of quick response, mild operation conditions and system compactness. The method could be potentially applied for the regeneration of diesel particulate filters (DPF) at low temperatures and contribute to the the emission control of diesel engines.
Collapse
|
11
|
Li S, Shao Y, Chen H, Fan X. Nonthermal Plasma Catalytic Ammonia Synthesis over a Ni Catalyst Supported on MgO/SBA-15. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuncheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yan Shao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Huanhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaolei Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Al2O3-Supported Transition Metals for Plasma-Catalytic NH3 Synthesis in a DBD Plasma: Metal Activity and Insights into Mechanisms. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11101230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
N2 fixation into NH3 is one of the main processes in the chemical industry. Plasma catalysis is among the environmentally friendly alternatives to the industrial energy-intensive Haber-Bosch process. However, many questions remain open, such as the applicability of the conventional catalytic knowledge to plasma. In this work, we studied the performance of Al2O3-supported Fe, Ru, Co and Cu catalysts in plasma-catalytic NH3 synthesis in a DBD reactor. We investigated the effects of different active metals, and different ratios of the feed gas components, on the concentration and production rate of NH3, and the energy consumption of the plasma system. The results show that the trend of the metal activity (common for thermal catalysis) does not appear in the case of plasma catalysis: here, all metals exhibited similar performance. These findings are in good agreement with our recently published microkinetic model. This highlights the virtual independence of NH3 production on the metal catalyst material, thus validating the model and indicating the potential contribution of radical adsorption and Eley-Rideal reactions to the plasma-catalytic mechanism of NH3 synthesis.
Collapse
|
13
|
Rouwenhorst KHR, Burbach HGB, Vogel DW, Núñez Paulí J, Geerdink B, Lefferts L. Plasma-catalytic ammonia synthesis beyond thermal equilibrium on Ru-based catalysts in non-thermal plasma. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy02189j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The barrier for N2 dissociation on Ru can be decreased by plasma-activation, or the barrier can be removed completely by the formation of N radicals, resulting in NH3 formation beyond the thermal equilibrium on Ru-catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H. R. Rouwenhorst
- Catalytic Processes & Materials
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Hugo G. B. Burbach
- Catalytic Processes & Materials
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | | | - Judit Núñez Paulí
- Catalytic Processes & Materials
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Bert Geerdink
- Catalytic Processes & Materials
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Leon Lefferts
- Catalytic Processes & Materials
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|