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Khaja UM, Jabeen F, Ahmed M, Rafiq A, Ansar R, Javaid K, Chopra C, Singh R, Ganie SA. Studies on the ameliorative potential of Rheum webbianum rhizome extracts on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) induced colorectal cancer and associated hepatic and haematological abnormalities in swiss albino rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 335:118652. [PMID: 39097213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rheum webbianum Royle (RW) holds significant ethnopharmacological importance owing to its 5000-year history of cultivation for medicinal and culinary purposes. Demonstrating therapeutic advantages in traditional and contemporary medical practices, RW exhibits key pharmacological effects including anticancer activity, gastrointestinal control, anti-inflammatory properties, and suppression of fibrosis. Despite its recognized vast bioactivities in ethnopharmacology, its efficacy against the colorectal cancer (CRC) remains incompletely understood. AIM OF THE STUDY This study for the first time aims to investigate the chemo-preventive capabilities of various extracts derived from RW rhizomes against CRC development. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four types of RW extracts were prepared by using different solvents viz: Hexane, Ethy-acetate, Ethanol and Methanol. All the four extracts were evaluated for cytotoxicity on HCT-116 human CRC cells. Promising extracts were further investigated in-vivo at varying doses using 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) induced rat CRC model to assess the anti-oxidant and anticancer properties as well as their effects on the associated hepatic deterioration and hematological alterations. RESULTS Cell viability: In-vitro assessments demonstrated a dose and time-dependent reduction in HCT-116 cell viability following treatment with methanolic and ethanolic extracts of RW, reducing viability by up to 85% and 90%, respectively, at 200 μg/ml. HISTOPATHOLOGY Histopathological analyses revealed significant improvements in colon tissue morphology in RW extract-treated groups compared to DMH-only treated animals. RW-treated groups showed reduced structural abnormalities, congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, crypt abscess formation, and dysplasia. In contrast, the DMH-only group exhibited irregular glandular structure, mucosal destruction, extensive inflammatory cell infiltration, crypt abscess formation, and dysplasia. These results highlight the potential of RW methanolic and ethanolic extracts in mitigating colon cancer-related histopathological alterations. Haematological, and hepatic parameters: In the DMH-induced colorectal cancer rat model, significant hematological imbalances were evident, including a 49.13% decrease in erythrocytes, 32.18% in hemoglobin, and 26.79% in hematocrit, along with a 79.62% increase in white blood cells and 68.96% rise in platelets. Administration of RW rhizome extracts effectively restored these hematological parameters to levels comparable to those in the control group. Furthermore, RW treatment significantly reduced serum ALT and AST levels, which had increased by 36.78% and 33.12%, respectively, due to DMH exposure. RW intervention also mitigated the onset of atherosclerosis, evidenced by notable reductions in serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Comparative analysis indicated that RW-treated DMH groups effectively restored lipid profiles, contrasting with the DMH-only group which exhibited markers indicative of colon cancer. Oxidative stress: The DMH-treated group showed a significant increase in MDA levels by 195.59%, indicative of heightened free radical production, coupled with decreased levels of SOD (33%), CAT (48%), GSH (58%), and GR activity (49%), signifying oxidative stress. Treatment with RW extracts in DMH-treated rats markedly reduced MDA levels and enhanced SOD, CAT, GSH, and GR activities. These results underscore the antioxidant efficacy of RW extracts. CONCLUSION This study underscores the significant potential of RW rhizome extracts in inhibiting colorectal cancer development. Further investigations are warranted to identify the active constituents responsible for these promising outcomes, positioning RW as a natural and potential agent in combating colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Majeed Khaja
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, J&K, India
| | - Farhat Jabeen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, J&K, India
| | - Maroof Ahmed
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, J&K, India
| | - Asma Rafiq
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, J&K, India
| | - Ruhban Ansar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, J&K, India
| | - Khushboo Javaid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, J&K, India
| | - Chirag Chopra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Reena Singh
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
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Ahmed R, Zaitone SA, Abdelmaogood AKK, Atef HM, Soliman MFM, Badawy AM, Ali HS, Zaid A, Mokhtar HI, Elabbasy LM, Kandil E, Yosef AM, Mahran RI. Chemotherapeutic potential of betanin/capecitabine combination targeting colon cancer: experimental and bioinformatic studies exploring NFκB and cyclin D1 interplay. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1362739. [PMID: 38645563 PMCID: PMC11026609 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1362739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Betanin (C₂₄H₂₆N₂O₁₃) is safe to use as food additives approved by the FDA with anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects in many types of cancer cell lines. The current experiment was designed to test the chemotherapeutic effect of the combination of betanin with the standard chemotherapeutic agent, capecitabine, against chemically induced colon cancer in mice. Methods: Bioinformatic approach was designed to get information about the possible mechanisms through which the drugs may control cancer development. Five groups of mice were assigned as, (i) saline, (ii) colon cancer, (iii) betanin, (iv) capecitabine and (v) betanin/capecitabine. Drugs were given orally for a period of six weeks. Colon tissues were separated and used for biological assays and histopathology. Results: In addition, the mRNA expression of TNF-α (4.58-fold), NFκB (5.33-fold), IL-1β (4.99-fold), cyclin D1 (4.07-fold), and IL-6 (3.55-fold) and protein levels showed several folds increases versus the saline group. Tumor histopathology scores in the colon cancer group (including cryptic distortion and hyperplasia) and immunostaining for NFκB (2.94-fold) were high while periodic-acid Schiff staining demonstrated poor mucin content (33% of the saline group). These pathologic manifestations were reduced remarkably in betanin/capecitabine group. Conclusion: Collectively, our findings demonstrated the usefulness of betanin/capecitabine combination in targeting colon cancer and highlighted that betanin is a promising adjuvant therapy to capecitabine in treating colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Ahmed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Sawsan A. Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | - Huda M. Atef
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mona F. M. Soliman
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Horus University, New Damiettta, Egypt
| | - Alaa M. Badawy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Howaida S. Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - AbdelNaser Zaid
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Hatem I. Mokhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University-Kantara Branch, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa M. Elabbasy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad Kandil
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa Mokhtar Yosef
- PharmD Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rama I. Mahran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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ElBakary NM, Hagag SA, Ismail MA, El-Sayed WM. New thiophene derivative augments the antitumor activity of γ-irradiation against colorectal cancer in mice via anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic pathways. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:119. [PMID: 36326938 PMCID: PMC9633918 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide and the second cause of cancer-related deaths. It usually starts as an inflammation that progresses to adenocarcinoma. The goal of the present study was to investigate the antitumor efficacy of a new thiophene derivative against CRC in mice and explore the possible associated molecular pathways. The potential of this thiophene derivative to sensitize the CRC tumor tissue to a low dose of gamma irradiation was also investigated. METHODS Adult male mice were divided into seven groups; control, group treated with dimethylhydrazine (DMH) for the induction of CRC. The DMH-group was further divided into six groups and treated with either cisplatin, thiophene derivative, γ-irradiation, cisplatin + γ-irradiation, thiophene derivative + γ-irradiation, or left untreated. RESULTS DMH induced CRC as evidenced by the macroscopic examination of colon tissues and histopathology, and elevated the activities of cyclooxygenase2 (COX2) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). DMH also elevated kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) and downregulated the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPARγ) as shown by RT-PCR and Western blotting. DMH exerted anti-apoptotic activity by reducing the expression of phosphorylated p53 and cleaved caspase3 at the gene and protein levels. The flow cytometry analysis showed that DMH elevated the necrosis and reduced the apoptosis compared to the other groups. The colon tissue from DMH-treated mice showed hyperplasia, aberrant crypt foci, loss of cell polarity, typical CRC of grade 4 with lymphocytes and macrophages infiltrating mucosa, muscularis mucosa, and submucosa score 3. Treatment with thiophene derivative or γ-irradiation ameliorated most of these deleterious effects of DMH. The concomitant action of thiophene derivative + γ-irradiation was typified by the better amelioration of tumor incidence and multiplicity, iNOS, PPARγ, p53, caspase 3, and histopathology of colon. CONCLUSION Taken together, the new thiophene derivative is a promising therapeutic candidate for treatment of colorectal cancer in mice. It also sensitizes the CRC tumor to the ionizing radiation through anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen M ElBakary
- Radiation Biology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sanaa A Hagag
- Radiation Biology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Wael M El-Sayed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ain Shams, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
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Ficus dubia latex extract prevent DMH-induced rat early colorectal carcinogenesis through the regulation of xenobiotic metabolism, inflammation, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15472. [PMID: 36104433 PMCID: PMC9474822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19843-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ficus dubia latex is recognized as a remedy in Asian traditional medicine with various therapeutic effects. The present study aimed to determine the preventive action of Ficus dubia latex extract (FDLE) on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced rat colorectal carcinogenesis and its mechanisms. The experiment included an initiation model in which rats were orally administered with FDLE daily for 1 week before DMH injection until the end of the experiment, while only after DMH injection until the end in the post-initiation model. The results firstly indicated that FDLE treatment could reduce the level of methylazoxymethanol (MAM) in rat colonic lumen by inhibition of the activities of both phase I xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the liver and β-glucuronidase in the colon, leading to reduced DNA methylation in colonic mucosal cells, related to the number of ACF in the initiation stage. Besides, FDLE modulated the inflammation which could suppress the growth and induce apoptosis of aberrant colonic mucosal cells, leading to retardation of ACF multiplicity. Therefore, FDLE showed the ability to suppress the DMH-induced rat ACF formation and inflammation promoted growth of ACF. In conclusion, FDLE had the potential to prevent carcinogens-induced rat colorectal carcinogenesis in the initiation stage.
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Balthazar CF, de Moura NA, Romualdo GR, Rocha RS, Pimentel TC, Esmerino EA, Freitas MQ, Santillo A, Silva MC, Barbisan LF, Cruz AG, Albenzio M. Synbiotic sheep milk ice cream reduces chemically induced mouse colon carcinogenesis. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:7406-7414. [PMID: 33934866 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sheep dairy products containing prebiotic and probiotic ingredients may have health-promoting properties. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of sheep milk ice cream [conventional full-fat (CONV), full-fat enriched with probiotic (PROB, 100 mg % wt/wt of Lacticaseibacillus casei 01), or nonfat synbiotic (SYNB, Lacticaseibacillus casei 01 and inulin, 10% wt/wt)] on carcinogen-induced colonic crypt cytotoxicity and premalignant lesion development. Male Swiss mice received 2 doses of colon carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM, 15 mg/kg of body weight) at wk 3 and 4. Two weeks before and during AOM administrations (4 wk) mice were treated with CONV, PROB, or SYNB by gavage (10 mL/kg). Mice were euthanized at wk 4 or 25 (n = 5 or 10 mice/group, respectively). At wk 4, a significant reduction in micronucleated colonocytes was observed in PROB and SYNB groups, and a significant decrease in both p53 expression and apoptosis indexes in colonic crypts was observed in SYNB group. At wk 25, both PROB and SYNB interventions reduced the mean number of colonic premalignant lesions. However, only SYNB group showed lower incidence and number of high-grade premalignant lesions in the colonic mucosa. These findings indicate that PROB or SYNB sheep milk ice cream, especially SYNB intervention, can reduce chemically induced mouse colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso F Balthazar
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, 13083-862, SP, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Nelci A de Moura
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R Romualdo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, 18618-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Ramon S Rocha
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil; Department of Food, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana C Pimentel
- Department of Food Science, Federal Institute of Paraná (IFPR), Paranavaí, 87703-536, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Erick A Esmerino
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil; Department of Food, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021, RJ, Brazil; Department of Food Technology, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, 23890-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mônica Q Freitas
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonella Santillo
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia (UNIFG), Foggia, 71122, Italy
| | - Marcia Cristina Silva
- Department of Food, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luis F Barbisan
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Technological Processing of Animal Products, Veterinary School, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, 24220-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriano G Cruz
- Department of Food, Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marzia Albenzio
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources, and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia (UNIFG), Foggia, 71122, Italy.
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Shree A, Islam J, Sultana S. Quercetin ameliorates reactive oxygen species generation, inflammation, mucus depletion, goblet disintegration, and tumor multiplicity in colon cancer: Probable role of adenomatous polyposis coli, β-catenin. Phytother Res 2020; 35:2171-2184. [PMID: 33350534 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1,2 Dimethyl hydrazine (DMH), a cogent environmental toxicant, targets the colon. Previous reports suggest that DMH-mediated dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a vital role in the initial events of colon carcinogenesis. Our study was designed to investigate the effect of quercetin on DMH-mediated colon cancer by targeting adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and β-catenin in Wistar rats. Animals were pretreated orally with quercetin at doses of either 25 or 50 mg/kg bodyweight (bw) and DMH at a dose of 20 mg/kg bw subcutaneously up to the 15th week and sacrificed after the 30th week. DMH administration leads to reactive oxygen species generation, resulting in an imbalance in redox homeostasis and causing membrane lipid peroxidation, which is also partly due to the decrease in the level of tissue antioxidant machinery. Increased inflammatory and proliferative proteins were observed in DMH-induced colon cancerous rats. DMH treatment also led to dysregulation in the apoptotic pathway with decreased Bax:Bcl-2 ratio. Quercetin pretreatment ameliorates DMH-induced proliferation, activities of detoxifying enzymes, and putative early markers (mucin depletion and goblet cell disintegration) in colonic tissue. It also significantly regulates APC and β-catenin expression and inhibits tumor incidence and multiplicity. Histological results further confirm the beneficial role of quercetin in averting DMH-induced pathological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpa Shree
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Johirul Islam
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarwat Sultana
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Jisha N, Vysakh A, Vijeesh V, Anand PS, Latha MS. Methanolic Extract of Muntingia Calabura L. Mitigates 1,2-Dimethyl Hydrazine Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Wistar Rats. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:2363-2375. [PMID: 32972250 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1823438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of methanolic extract of Muntingia calabura L. leaves (MEMC) in ameliorating oxidative stress and inflammation associated with 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine (DMH) induced colon cancer. METHODS The antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress markers, liver and renal toxicity markers were evaluated. Histopathological examination of colon tissues was carried out with the aid of alcian blue stain and Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. RESULTS MEMC supplementation at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of rats causes the antioxidant enzymic levels to retain near to its normal range. Meanwhile the oxidative stress markers, which showed an elevation from its normal level upon DMH administration, gets significantly reduced on MEMC treatment. Histopathological observation also revealed that the severity of colorectal cancer was reduced by the supplementation of MEMC. CONCLUSION The findings from the present study showed that MEMC can exert a potential role to ameliorate the oxidative stress and inflammation associated with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninan Jisha
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - A Vysakh
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - V Vijeesh
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - P S Anand
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - M S Latha
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
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Liu J, Ma X, LingWang. Modulating effect of graphine oxide loaded hesperidin nanocomposite on the 1,2-dimethylhydrazine provoked colon carcinogenesis in rats via inhibiting the iNOS and COX-2 pathways. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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S. Saeedan A, Ganaie MA, Latief Jan B, Madhkali H, Nazam Ansa M, Rehman NU, Rashid S, U. Rehman M. Brucine Prevents DMH Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Wistar Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2020. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2020.319.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ramos Caetano BF, Baptista Tablas M, Ribeiro Romualdo G, Marchesan Rodrigues MA, Barbisan LF. Early molecular events associated with liver and colon sub-acute responses to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine: Potential implications on preneoplastic and neoplastic lesion development. Toxicol Lett 2020; 329:67-79. [PMID: 32387197 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study unveiled the early cellular and molecular events induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in the colon and liver and their implications on pre- and neoplastic lesion burden in a late timepoint. Male Wistar rats received four DMH injections (40 mg/kg body weight) for 2 weeks and were sacrificed 24 h (short-term study) or 22 (medium-term study) weeks after the last DMH administration. In the short-term study, DMH led to increased leukocyte (comet assay) and colon (H2AX) genotoxicity, enhanced proliferation (Ki-67) and apoptosis (caspase-3) indexes in both liver and colon. Furthermore, the expression of mRNA (Cat, Gsta1, Gsta2, Gpx1, Gstm1, Sod1, Sod2 and Sod3) and the activity of antioxidant agents were diminished in the colon and liver of DMH-induced rats, eliciting an environment of oxidative stress featuring elevated lipid hydroperoxide levels. Apoptosis effectors were upregulated in the liver (Bax, Casp3 and Fas), and developmental genes were downregulated in both colon and liver (Foxa1, Foxa2, Smad2 and Smad4). In the medium-term study, DMH led to a high number of preneoplastic colonic aberrant crypt foci and tumors (adenomas and invasive adenocarcinomas) but few preneoplastic hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST-P)-positive foci. Our novel gene expression data highlights overlooked mechanisms in the liver (main metabolizing organ) and colon (main target organ) on toxicity and carcinogenesis induced by repeated doses of DMH, as both organs should be considered in further interventions on the initiation stage of colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Baptista Tablas
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Ribeiro Romualdo
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luís Fernando Barbisan
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Venkatachalam K, Vinayagam R, Arokia Vijaya Anand M, Isa NM, Ponnaiyan R. Biochemical and molecular aspects of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis: a review. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2020; 9:2-18. [PMID: 32440334 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) is a member in the class of hydrazines, strong DNA alkylating agent, naturally present in cycads. DMH is widely used as a carcinogen to induce colon cancer in animal models. Exploration of DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis in rodent models provides the knowledge to perceive the biochemical, molecular, and histological mechanisms of different stages of colon carcinogenesis. The procarcinogen DMH, after a series of metabolic reactions, finally reaches the colon, there produces the ultimate carcinogen and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which further alkylate the DNA and initiate the development of colon carcinogenesis. The preneolpastic lesions and histopathological observations of DMH-induced colon tumors may provide typical understanding about the disease in rodents and humans. In addition, this review discusses about the action of biotransformation and antioxidant enzymes involved in DMH intoxication. This understanding is essential to accurately identify and interpret alterations that occur in the colonic mucosa when evaluating natural or pharmacological compounds in DMH-induced animal colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikkumar Venkatachalam
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain-17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ramachandran Vinayagam
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkadu, Vellore, Tamilnadu 632 115, India
| | | | - Nurulfiza Mat Isa
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400 Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rajasekar Ponnaiyan
- Department of Zoology, Jamal Mohamed College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620020, India
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Ganaie MA, Al Saeedan A, Madhkali H, Jan BL, Khatlani T, Sheikh IA, Rehman MU, Wani K. Chemopreventive efficacy zingerone (4-[4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl] butan-2-one) in experimental colon carcinogenesis in Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:610-625. [PMID: 30720227 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. Development of naturally occurring inexpensive and safe alternatives can be effective in suppressing colon related proliferations. Zingerone (4-[4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl] butan-2-one), a polyphenolic alkanone of ginger, has massive pharmacological properties and thus can be used as promising candidate against various ailments. In the current study, we aimed at demonstrating the protective effect of zingerone against experimental colon carcinogenesis and elucidating its possible mechanism by studying inflammatory and Nrf-2 signaling cascade. Four groups of animals (I-IV) were made with six animals each. Group I (control) was given normal saline orally. Group II was given 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) at the dose rate of 20 mg/kg body weight. Group III and IV were treated with DMH at the dose rate of 20 mg/kg body weight and also received oral treatment of zingerone at a dose rate of 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight, respectively, for first 5 weeks and animals were euthanized after 16 weeks. Our results reveal that DMH treated rats exhibited elevated ROS and MDA levels, increased activity of cytochrome P450 2E1 and serum marker enzyme carcinoembreyonic antigen (CEA), increased no of aberrant crypts of foci (ACF), and elevated expression of inflammatory and proliferative proteins. Nrf-2 was downregulated by DMH treatment. Treatment with zingerone to DMH treated rats, resulted in alterations in the activity of the cytochrome P450 2E1 and CEA. In addition, immunostaining of NF-kB-p65, COX-2, iNOS, and PCNA, Ki-67 was suppressed by zingerone. Furthermore, zingerone administration also attenuated the level of IL-6 and TNF-α and it also helps in preserving mucous layer. Thus, zingerone could be considered as a good chemopreventive agent in experimental model of colon carcinogenesis. Further studies are required to study other pathways involved in colon carcinogenesis and their modulation buy zingerone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ahmad Ganaie
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattan Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Al Saeedan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattan Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Madhkali
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattan Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basit Lateef Jan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanvir Khatlani
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishfaq Ahmad Sheikh
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muneeb U Rehman
- Department of Biochemistry, Govt. Medical College (GMC-Srinagar), Srinagar J&K, India
| | - Khalida Wani
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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López-Mejia A, Ortega-Pérez LG, Godinez-Hernández D, Nateras-Marin B, Meléndez-Herrera E, Rios-Chavez P. Chemopreventive effect of Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels against colon cancer induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rats. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:1417-1426. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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14
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Rehman MU, Rahman Mir MU, Farooq A, Rashid SM, Ahmad B, Bilal Ahmad S, Ali R, Hussain I, Masoodi M, Muzamil S, Madkhali H, Ahmad Ganaie M. Naringenin (4,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone) suppresses the development of precancerous lesions via controlling hyperproliferation and inflammation in the colon of Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:422-435. [PMID: 29345053 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Colon cancer is a world-wide health problem and one of the most dangerous type of cancer, affecting both men and women. Naringenin (4, 5, 7-trihydroxyflavanone) is one of the major flavone glycoside present in citrus fruits. Naringenin has long been used in Chinese's traditional medicine because of its exceptional pharmacological properties and non-toxic nature. In the present study, we investigated the chemopreventive potential of Naringenin against 1,2-dimethyhydrazine (DMH)-induced precancerous lesions, that is, aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and mucin depleted foci (MDF), and its role in regulating the oxidative stress, inflammation and hyperproliferation, in the colon of Wistar rats. Animals were divided into five groups. In groups 3-5, Naringenin was administered at the dose of 50 mg/kg b. wt. orally while in groups 2-4, DMH was administered subcutaneously in the groin at the dose of 20 mg/kg b. wt. once a week for first 5 weeks and animals were euthanized after 10 weeks. Administration of Naringenin ameliorated the development of DMH-induced lipid peroxidation, ROS formation, precancerous lesions (ACF and MDF) and it also reduced the infiltration of mast cells, suppressed the immunostaining of NF-κB-p65, COX-2, i-NOS PCNA and Ki 67 Naringenin treatment significantly attenuated the level of TNF-α and it also prevented the depletion of the mucous layer. Our findings suggest that Naringenin has strong chemopreventive potential against DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis but further studies are warranted to elucidate the precise mechanism of action of Naringenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeb U Rehman
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sheri Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology (SKUAST-K), Alustang, Shuhama, Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Manzoor Ur Rahman Mir
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sheri Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology (SKUAST-K), Alustang, Shuhama, Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Adil Farooq
- RAKCOPS, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras AL, Khaimah, 11172, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shahzada Mudasir Rashid
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sheri Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology (SKUAST-K), Alustang, Shuhama, Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sheri Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology (SKUAST-K), Alustang, Shuhama, Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Sheikh Bilal Ahmad
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sheri Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology (SKUAST-K), Alustang, Shuhama, Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Rayeesa Ali
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sheri Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology (SKUAST-K), Alustang, Shuhama, Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Ishraq Hussain
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sheri Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology (SKUAST-K), Alustang, Shuhama, Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Mubashir Masoodi
- Department of Pharmaceutical sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Showkeen Muzamil
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Sheri Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology (SKUAST-K), Alustang, Shuhama, Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
| | - Hassan Madkhali
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Ahmad Ganaie
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Chino XMS, Martínez CJ, Garzón VRV, González IÁ, Treviño SV, Bujaidar EM, Ortiz GD, Hoyos RB. Cooked Chickpea Consumption Inhibits Colon Carcinogenesis in Mice Induced with Azoxymethane and Dextran Sulfate Sodium. J Am Coll Nutr 2017; 36:391-398. [DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1297744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xariss M. Sánchez Chino
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México
| | - Cristian Jiménez Martínez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México
| | - Verónica R. Vásquez Garzón
- Cátedra-CONACYT, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Juárez, México
| | - Isela Álvarez González
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México
| | - Saúl Villa Treviño
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, México
| | - Eduardo Madrigal Bujaidar
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México
| | - Gloria Dávila Ortiz
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México
| | - Rafael Baltiérrez Hoyos
- Cátedra-CONACYT, Facultad de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca de Juárez, México
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Siddique AI, Mani V, Arivalagan S, Thomas NS, Namasivayam N. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Asiatic acid attenuates pre-neoplastic lesions, oxidative stress, biotransforming enzymes and histopathological alterations in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced experimental rat colon carcinogenesis. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:136-150. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1273422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aktarul Islam Siddique
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India
| | - Vijay Mani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India
| | - Sivaranjani Arivalagan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India
| | - Nisha Susan Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India
| | - Nalini Namasivayam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India
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17
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Romualdo GR, Fragoso MF, Borguini RG, de Araújo Santiago MCP, Fernandes AAH, Barbisan LF. Protective effects of spray-dried açaí ( Euterpe oleracea Mart) fruit pulp against initiation step of colon carcinogenesis. Food Res Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Combined therapeutic efficacy of carvacrol and X-radiation against 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine-induced experimental rat colon carcinogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 410:37-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Cancer preventive effects of a specific probiotic fermented milk containing Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285, L. casei LBC80R and L. rhamnosus CLR2 on male F344 rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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20
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Mohania D, Kansal VK, Kruzliak P, Kumari A. Probiotic Dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum modulates the formation of aberrant crypt foci, mucin-depleted foci, and cell proliferation on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal carcinogenesis in Wistar rats. Rejuvenation Res 2015; 17:325-33. [PMID: 24524423 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2013.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and mucin-depleted foci (MDF) are pre-neoplastic lesions identified in the colon of carcinogen-treated rodents and in humans at high risk for colon cancer. The present study was carried out to divulge the protective potential of the probiotic Dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophilus LaVK2 and Bifidobacterium bifidum BbVK3 alone or in combination with piroxicam (PXC) on the development of early biomarkers of colorectal carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats administered 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). DMH was injected subcutaneously at the rate of 40 mg/kg body weight per animal twice a week for 2 weeks. A total of 120 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to five groups, each group having 24 animals. The rats were fed with buffalo milk or probiotic supplement (20 grams) alone or as an adjunct with PXC in addition to a basal diet ad libitum for 32 weeks. Group I was offered buffalo milk (BM) and served as the control group. Group II was administered DMH along with BM and served as the DMH-control group; group III was administered BM-DMH-PXC, in which besides administering BM-DMH, PXC was also offered. Group IV was offered probiotic LaBb Dahi and DMH, and group V was offered both probiotic LaBb Dahi and PXC along with DMH. The rats were euthanized at the 8(th), 16(th), and 32(nd) week of the experiment and examined for development of ACF, aberrant crypts per ACF (AC/ACF), mucin-depleted foci (MDF), large MDF, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling index. Administration of DMH in rats induced pre-neoplastic lesions (ACF and MDF) and increased the PCNA index in colorectal tissue. A significant (p<0.05) reduction in the number of ACF, AC/ACF, MDF, large MDF, and PCNA labeling index were observed in the probiotic LaBb Dahi group compared with the DMH control group. Feeding rats with LaBb Dahi or treatment with PXC diminished the initiation and progression of DMH-induced pre-neoplastic lesions and the PCNA index, and treatment with LaBb Dahi and PXC combined was significantly more effective. The dietary intervention of probiotics and PXC significantly protects against the development of CRC in the rat-DMH model. These observations suggest that probiotic LaBb Dahi alone or as an adjunct with PXC may have anti-neoplastic and anti-proliferative activities. Moreover, probiotic LaBb Dahi possesses the medicinal properties to prevent colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Mohania
- 1 Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) , Karnal, Haryana, India
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21
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Prado-Silva L, Azevedo L, Oliveira J, Moreira A, Schmiele M, Chang Y, Paula F, Clerici M. Sesame and resistant starch reduce the colon carcinogenesis and oxidative stress in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced cancer in Wistar rats. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Gunasekaran S, Venkatachalam K, Jeyavel K, Namasivayam N. Protective effect of p-methoxycinnamic acid, an active phenolic acid against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis: modulating biotransforming bacterial enzymes and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 394:187-98. [PMID: 24908112 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective of the study is to evaluate the modifying potential of p-methoxycinnamic acid (p-MCA), an active rice bran phenolic acid on biotransforming bacterial enzymes and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. 48 male albino wistar rats were divided into six groups. Group1 (control) received modified pellet diet and 0.1 % carboxymethylcellulose; group2 received modified pellet diet along with p-MCA (80 mg/kg b.wt. p.o.) everyday for 16 weeks; groups 3-6 received 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) (20 mg/kg b.wt.) subcutaneous injection once a week for the first 4 weeks, while groups 4-6 received p-MCA at three different doses of 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg b.wt. p.o. everyday for 16 weeks. A significant increase in carcinogen-activating enzymes (cytochrome P450, cytochrome b5, cytochrome P4502E1, NADH-cytochrome-b5-reductase and NADPH-cytochrome-P450 reductase) with concomitant decrease in phaseII enzymes, DT-Diaphorase, glutathione S-transferase, UDP-glucuronyl-transferase and gamma glutamyltransferase were observed in group3 compared to control. DMH treatment significantly increased the activities of feacal and colonic bacterial enzymes (β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, nitroreductase, sulphatase and mucinase). p-MCA supplementation (40 mg/kg b.wt) to carcinogen exposed rats inhibited these enzymes, which were near those of control rats. The formation of dysplastic aberrant crypt foci in the colon and the histopathological observations of the liver also supports our biochemical findings. p-MCA (40 mg/kg b.wt.) offers remarkable modulating efficacy of biotransforming bacterial and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivagami Gunasekaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamilnadu, India
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da Silva FRM, Dias MC, Barbisan LF, Rodrigues MAM. Lack of protective effects of zinc gluconate against rat colon carcinogenesis. Nutr Cancer 2013; 65:571-7. [PMID: 23659449 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.775317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Zinc has been proposed as a promising chemopreventive candidate against colon cancer. However, few studies on the potential beneficial effects of this trace element on cancer chemoprevention are available. The present study was designed to investigate the potential modifying influence of zinc gluconate (ZnGly) on the initiation step of colon carcinogenesis induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Male Wistar rats received orally ZnGly (15 mg elemental zinc/kg, 3 times per wk) 2 wk before and during DMH treatment (3 × 40 mg/kg, once a wk). The animals were euthanized at the end of 4th and 16th wk. Colons were analyzed for aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and tumor development. Blood and colon zinc levels, cell proliferation, and apoptosis indexes in colonic crypts were analyzed 24 h after the last DMH administration. Oral treatment with ZnGly did neither alter the number of ACF nor the indexes of cell proliferation and apoptosis in the colonic mucosa. The incidence and multiplicity of colon tumors induced by DMH and their histopathological patterns were not modified by previous treatment with ZnGly. These findings indicate a lack of chemopreventive action of zinc gluconate supplementation on the initiation step of rat colon carcinogenesis induced by DMH.
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Vinothkumar R, Vinoth Kumar R, Sudha M, Viswanathan P, Balasubramanian T, Nalini N. Modulatory effect of troxerutin on biotransforming enzymes and preneoplasic lesions induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rat colon carcinogenesis. Exp Mol Pathol 2013; 96:15-26. [PMID: 24512697 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Colon cancer is the third most global oncologic problem faced by medical fraternity. Troxerutin, a flavonoid present in tea, coffee, cereal grains, and a variety of fruits and vegetables, exhibits various pharmacological and biological activities. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of troxerutin on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, colonic bacterial enzymes and the development of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) during 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) induced experimental rat colon carcinogenesis. Male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups. Group 1 served as control. Group 2 received troxerutin (50 mg/kg b.w., p.o. every day) for 16 weeks. Groups 3-6 received subcutaneous injections of DMH (20 mg/kg b.w.) once a week, for the first four weeks. In addition, groups 4-6 received different doses of troxerutin (12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg b.w., p.o. every day respectively) along with DMH injections. Our results reveal that DMH treated rats exhibited elevated activities of phase I enzymes such as cytochrome P450, cytochrome b5, cytochrome P4502E1, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase and reduced activities of phase II enzymes such as glutathione-S-transferase (GST), DT-diaphorase (DTD) and uridine diphospho glucuronyl transferase (UDPGT) in the liver and colonic mucosa of control and experimental rats. Furthermore, the activities of fecal and colonic mucosal bacterial enzymes, such as β-glucronidase, β-glucosidase, β-galactosidase and mucinase were found to be significantly higher in DMH alone treated rats than those of the control rats. On supplementation with troxerutin to DMH treated rats, the alterations in the activities of the biotransforming enzymes, bacterial enzymes and the pathological changes were significantly reversed, the effect being more pronounced when troxerutin was supplemented at the dose of 25 mg/kg b.w. Thus troxerutin could be considered as a good chemopreventive agent against the formation of preneoplastic lesions in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajamanickam Vinothkumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajenderan Vinoth Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mani Sudha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Periyaswamy Viswanathan
- Department of Pathology, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thangavel Balasubramanian
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Centre for Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Namasivayam Nalini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ito K, Ishigamori R, Mutoh M, Ohta T, Imai T, Takahashi M. Ay allele promotes azoxymethane-induced colorectal carcinogenesis by macrophage migration in hyperlipidemic/diabetic KK mice. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:835-43. [PMID: 23551905 PMCID: PMC7657178 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer has been increasing and is associated with obesity and diabetes. We have found that type 2 diabetes model KK-Ay/TaJcl (KK-Ay) mice develop tumors within a short period after treatment with azoxymethane (AOM). However, factors that contribute to the promotion of carcinogenesis have not been clarified. Therefore, we looked at the genetic background of KK-Ay, including two genetic characteristics of KK/TaJcl (KK) mice and C57BL/6J-Ham-Ay/+ (Ay) mice, compared with other non-obese and non-diabetic mouse strains C57BL/6J and ICR, and induced colorectal premalignant lesions, aberrant crypt foci (ACF), and tumors using AOM (150 μg/mouse/week for 4 weeks and 200 μg/mouse/week for 6 weeks, respectively). The mice with a diabetes feature, KK-Ay and KK, developed significantly more ACF, 67 and 61 per mouse, respectively, whereas ICR, Ay, and C57BL/6J mice developed 42, 24, and 18 ACF/mouse, respectively, at 17 weeks of age. Serum insulin and triglyceride levels in KK-Ay and KK mice were quite high compared with other non-diabetic mouse strains. Interestingly, KK-Ay mice developed more colorectal tumors (2.7 ± 2.3 tumor/mouse) than KK mice (1.2 ± 1.1 tumor/mouse) at 25 weeks of age, in spite of similar diabetic conditions. The colon cancers that developed in both KK-Ay and KK mice showed similar activation of β-catenin signaling. However, mRNA levels of inflammatory factors related to the activation of macrophages were significantly higher in colorectal cancer of KK-Ay mice than in KK. These data indicate that factors such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia observed in obese and diabetic patients could be involved in susceptibility to colorectal carcinogenesis. In addition, increase of tumor-associated macrophages may play important roles in the stages of promotion of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Ito
- Division of Cancer Prevention Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Khan R, Khan AQ, Lateef A, Rehman MU, Tahir M, Ali F, Hamiza OO, Sultana S. Glycyrrhizic acid suppresses the development of precancerous lesions via regulating the hyperproliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis and apoptosis in the colon of Wistar rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56020. [PMID: 23457494 PMCID: PMC3573076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colon carcinogenesis is a multistep process and it emanates from a series of molecular and histopathological alterations. Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is a natural and major pentacyclic triterpenoid glycoside of licorice roots extracts. It has several pharmacological and biological properties such as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-cancer. In the present study, we investigated the chemopreventive potential of GA against 1,2-dimethyhydrazine (DMH)-induced precancerous lesions i.e., aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and mucin depleted foci (MDF), and its role in regulating the hyperproliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis and apoptosis in the colon of Wistar rats. Methods Animals were divided into 5 groups. In group III, IV and V, GA was administered at the dose of 15 mg/kg b. wt. orally while in group II, III and IV, DMH was administered subcutaneously in the groin at the dose of 20 mg/kg b.wt once a week for first 5 weeks and animals were euthanized after 9 weeks. Results GA supplementation suppressed the development of precancerous lesions and it also reduced the infiltration of mast cells, suppressed the immunostaining of Ki-67, NF-kB-p65, COX-2, iNOS and VEGF while enhanced the immunostaining of p53, connexin-43, caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3. GA treatment significantly attenuated the level of TNF-α and it also reduced the depletion of the mucous layer as well as attenuated the shifting of sialomucin to sulphomucin. Conclusion Our findings suggest that GA has strong chemopreventive potential against DMH-induced colon carcinogenesis but further studies are warranted to elucidate the precise mechanism of action of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Khan
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdul Quaiyoom Khan
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdul Lateef
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Muneeb U. Rehman
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Mir Tahir
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Farrah Ali
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Oday O. Hamiza
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarwat Sultana
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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de Moura NA, Caetano BF, Sivieri K, Urbano LH, Cabello C, Rodrigues MA, Barbisan LF. Protective effects of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) intake on experimental colon carcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2902-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Femia AP, Luceri C, Bianchini F, Salvadori M, Salvianti F, Pinzani P, Dolara P, Calorini L, Caderni G. Marie Ménard apples with high polyphenol content and a low-fat diet reduce 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats: effects on inflammation and apoptosis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1353-7. [PMID: 22715065 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation may increase cancer risk, therefore, we studied whether polyphenol-rich Marie Ménard (MM) apples with reported anti-inflammatory activity prevent 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats and, likewise whether high-fat (HF) diet promoting carcinogenesis, may affect inflammation. DMH-induced rats were fed for 15 weeks with: an HF diet (23% corn oil w/w); an HF diet containing 7.6% w/w lyophilized MM (apple diet (AD)); a low-fat (LF) diet and an HF diet containing piroxicam (PXC) (0.01% w/w) as control. Mucin depleted foci (MDF), precancerous lesions in the colon, were dramatically reduced in the AD, LF, and PXC groups compared with the HF. Peritoneal macrophage activation, an index of systemic inflammation, was significantly decreased in the AD, LF, and PXC groups. TNF-α, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6 m-RNA expression in the colon, as well as CD68 cells and plasmatic PGE2 were lower in the AD, but not in the LF group. Apoptosis in the MDF of both the AD and LF-fed rats was significantly higher than in HF rats. In conclusion, AD has a strong chemopreventive effect, reducing inflammation, and increasing apoptosis, while the chemopreventive effect of the LF diet seems mediated mainly by increased apoptosis in MDF.
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Perše M, Injac R, Štrukelj B, Cerar A. High fat mixed lipid diet modifies protective effects of exercise on 1,2 dimethylhydrazine induced colon cancer in rats. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2012; 11:289-99. [PMID: 22417061 DOI: 10.7785/tcrt.2012.500297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of long-term swimming exercise in conjunction with a high fat mixed lipid (HFML) diet on colon cancer (CC) development and lipid peroxidation in the large bowel. We used forty male Wistar rats, which were randomly divided into one control group and four cancer groups: sedentary and swimming groups fed a standard diet (LFCO) and sedentary and swimming groups fed an HFML diet. Corticosterone was determined during the experiment. After 6 months of swimming, the rats were sacrificed and blood, heart, liver, muscle and large bowel were taken for determining the activity of serum enzymes, antioxidant capacity and CC development. The results demonstrate that exercise has a protective role in CC development. Attenuated development of CC and increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the large bowel of exercised rats show that one of the protective effects of exercise on developing CC is induction of oxidative stress. However, in terms of the combined effects of dietary fat and exercise, our results indicate that the protective role of exercise on CC development is significantly depressed by an HFML diet. An HFML diet significantly reduced the protective influence of exercise on colon carcinogenesis in rats and affected the degree of peroxidation in the large bowel during exercise, as well as concentrations of serum enzymes (LDH, α-HBDH, CK, ALT and AST). Our results indicate that an HFML diet, which reflects the composition of a Western style diet, is a significant modifier of the protective effects of exercise on CC development in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Perše
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Experimental Centre, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Korytkova 2, 1105 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Ogawa K, Hara T, Shimizu M, Ninomiya S, Nagano J, Sakai H, Hoshi M, Ito H, Tsurumi H, Saito K, Seishima M, Tanaka T, Moriwaki H. Suppression of azoxymethane-induced colonic preneoplastic lesions in rats by 1-methyltryptophan, an inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:951-8. [PMID: 22320717 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The escape of preneoplastic cells from the immune system, which is caused by immune tolerance, occurs during the development of several types of tumors. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) plays a critical role in the induction of immune tolerance. In the present study we investigated the effects of 1-methyltryptophan (1-MT), an IDO inhibitor, and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the major catechin in green tea, on the development of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic preneoplastic lesions by focusing on the inhibition of IDO. To induce colonic premalignant lesions, male F344 rats were injected with AOM (20 mg/kg body weight, s.c.) once a week for 2 weeks. They also received 0.2% 1-MT or 0.1% EGCG in their drinking water for 4 weeks, starting 1 week before the first dose of AOM. Both 1-MT and EGCG significantly decreased the total number of aberrant crypt foci and β-catenin-accumulated crypts, which overexpressed IDO protein. Treatment with EGCG decreased IDO mRNA expression in both the colonic epithelium and stroma of rats induced by AOM. The AOM-induced increase in cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression in the colonic stroma was significantly decreased by EGCG. Furthermore, AOM-induced increases in IDO activity in the serum and stroma were significantly inhibited by 1-MT and EGCG. Inhibition of IDO activity by 1-MT and EGCG was also observed in cell-free assays. These findings suggest that upregulation of IDO activity is observed in the early stages of colon carcinogenesis and that the use of IDO inhibitors, such as 1-MT and EGCG, which suppress the occurrence of colonic preneoplastic lesions, could be a novel strategy for the chemoprevention of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Ogawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Hata K, Kubota M, Shimizu M, Moriwaki H, Kuno T, Tanaka T, Hara A, Hirose Y. Monosodium glutamate-induced diabetic mice are susceptible to azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:702-7. [PMID: 22223845 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese people and diabetic patients are known to be high risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), suggesting need of a new preclinical animal model, by which to extensively study the diverse mechanisms, therapy and prevention. The present study aimed to determine whether experimental obese and diabetic mice produced by monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment are susceptible to azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon tumorigenesis using early biomarkers, aberrant crypts foci (ACF) and β-catenin-accumulated crypts (BCACs), of colorectal carcinogenesis. Male Crj:CD-1 (ICR) newborns were daily given four subcutaneous injections of MSG (2 mg/g body wt) to induce diabetes and obesity. They were then given four intraperitoneal injections of AOM (15 mg/kg body wt) or saline (0.1 ml saline/10 g body wt). Ten weeks after the last injection of AOM, the MSG-AOM mice had a significant increase in the multiplicity of BCAC (13.83 ± 7.44, P < 0.002), but not ACF (78.00 ± 11.20), when compare to the Saline-AOM mice (5.45 ± 1.86 of BCAC and 69.27 ± 8.06 of ACF). Serum biochemical profile of the MSG-treated mice with or without AOM showed hyperinsulinemia, hypercholesteremia and hyperglycemia. The mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R, P<0.01) was increased in the MSG-AOM mice, when compared with the mice given AOM alone. IGF-1R was immunohistochemically expressed in the BCAC, but not ACF, in the AOM-treated mice. Our findings suggest that the MSG mice are highly susceptible to AOM-induced colorectal carcinogenesis, suggesting potential utility of our MSG-AOM mice for further investigation of the possible underlying events that affect the positive association between obese/diabetes and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Hata
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
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Abstract
This review gives a comprehensive overview of cancer development and links it to the current understanding of tumorigenesis and malignant progression in colorectal cancer. The focus is on human and murine colorectal carcinogenesis and the histogenesis of this malignant disorder. A summary of a model of colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis (an AOM/DSS model) will also be presented. The earliest phases of colorectal oncogenesis occur in the normal mucosa, with a disorder of cell replication. The large majority of colorectal malignancies develop from an adenomatous polyp (adenoma). These can be defined as well-demarcated masses of epithelial dysplasia, with uncontrolled crypt cell proliferation. When neoplastic cells pass through the muscularis mucosa and infiltrate the submucosa, they are malignant. Carcinomas usually originate from pre-existing adenomas, but this does not imply that all polyps undergo malignant changes and does not exclude de novo oncogenesis. Besides adenomas, there are other types of pre-neoplasia, which include hyperplastic polyps, serrated adenomas, flat adenomas and dysplasia that occurs in the inflamed colon in associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Colorectal neoplasms cover a wide range of pre-malignant and malignant lesions, many of which can easily be removed during endoscopy if they are small. Colorectal neoplasms and/or pre-neoplasms can be prevented by interfering with the various steps of oncogenesis, which begins with uncontrolled epithelial cell replication, continues with the formation of adenomas and eventually evolves into malignancy. The knowledge described herein will help to reduce and prevent this malignancy, which is one of the most frequent neoplasms in some Western and developed countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Tanaka
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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Morphological and molecular alterations in 1,2 dimethylhydrazine and azoxymethane induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:473964. [PMID: 21253581 PMCID: PMC3018655 DOI: 10.1155/2011/473964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The dimethyhydrazine (DMH) or azoxymethane (AOM) model is a well-established, well-appreciated, and widely used model of experimental colon carcinogenesis. It has many morphological as well as molecular similarities to human sporadic colorectal cancer (CC), which are summarized and discussed in this paper. In addition, the paper combines present knowledge of morphological and molecular features in the multistep development of CC recognized in the DMH/AOM rat model. This understanding is necessary in order to accurately identify and interpret alterations that occur in the colonic mucosa when evaluating natural or pharmacological compounds in DMH/AOM rat colon carcinogenesis. The DMH/AOM model provides a wide range of options for investigating various initiating and environmental factors, the role of specific dietary and genetic factors, and therapeutic options in CC. The limitations of this model and suggested areas in which more research is required are also discussed.
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Wargovich MJ, Brown VR, Morris J. Aberrant crypt foci: the case for inclusion as a biomarker for colon cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:1705-16. [PMID: 24281183 PMCID: PMC3837333 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2031705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are one of the earliest histopathological manifestations of colon cancer. In this review, we critically present the molecular, cellular, histopathological, and chemopreventive evidence that ACF are relevant biomarkers for colon cancer. The laboratory and clinical evidence are highly suggestive that ACF are in the pathway leading to colon cancer, but not all ACF will do so. The possible fate and outcome of ACF in the progression toward colon cancer may be dependent on a number of features that define their predictive power for the prevention or progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Wargovich
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC 29425 USA.
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Saleiro D, Murillo G, Lubahn DB, Kopelovich L, Korach KS, Mehta RG. Enhanced induction of mucin-depleted foci in estrogen receptor {beta} knockout mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:1198-204. [PMID: 20716634 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of the estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) in the colon has received considerable interest, yet in vivo models are needed to better define its protective actions. In the present study, wild-type (WT), ERalpha, and ERbeta knockout (alphaERKO and betaERKO) mice were injected with azoxymethane, a colon chemical carcinogen. Fourteen weeks after azoxymethane exposure, the incidence of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) was assessed by methylene blue staining. betaERKO mice showed significantly higher incidence (P < 0.001) of ACF (15.0 +/- 2.5) compared with alphaERKO (3.4 +/- 1.0) and WT (4.6 +/- 1.0) mice. The colons in several betaERKO mice had increased thickness and loss of normal morphology. It has been reported that ERbeta plays a role in the maintenance of the colonic crypt architecture; this may explain the loss of crypt organization in the colonic epithelium of betaERKO mice. The presence of mucin-depleted foci (MDF) has been shown, both in humans and in rodents, as an early event in colon cancer. Therefore, to surpass the limitations with ACF scoring, we performed Alcian blue-neutral red staining to assess the presence of MDF. This assay allowed the assessment of precancerous lesions on all the betaERKO mice colons (38.3 +/- 4.0; P < 0.001), comparing to WT and alphaERKO mice (6.6 +/- 1.5 and 10.0 +/- 1.9, respectively), and served to confirm the ACF results. Together, these data support the use of MDF staining as a biomarker for precancerous lesions and the protective role of ERbeta in colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Saleiro
- Cancer Biology Division, IIT Research Institute, 10 West 35th Street, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
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Yasuda Y, Shimizu M, Shirakami Y, Sakai H, Kubota M, Hata K, Hirose Y, Tsurumi H, Tanaka T, Moriwaki H. Pitavastatin inhibits azoxymethane-induced colonic preneoplastic lesions in C57BL/KsJ-db/db obese mice. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1701-7. [PMID: 20398056 PMCID: PMC11158884 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and related metabolic abnormalities are risk factors for colorectal cancer. A state of chronic inflammation and adipocytokine imbalance may play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Statins, which are commonly used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, are known to possess anti-inflammatory effects. Statins also exert chemopreventive properties against various cancers. The present study examined the effects of pitavastatin, a recently developed lipophilic statin, on the development of azoxymethane (AOM)-initiated colonic premalignant lesions in C57BL/KsJ-db/db (db/db) obese mice. Male db/db mice were administrated weekly subcutaneous injections of AOM (15 mg/kg body weight) for 4 weeks and then were subsequently fed a diet containing 1 ppm or 10 ppm pitavastatin for 8 weeks. Feeding with either dose of pitavastatin significantly reduced the number of colonic premalignant lesions, beta-catenin accumulated crypts, by inhibiting proliferation and the surrounding inflammation. Pitavastatin increased the serum levels of adiponectin while conversely decreasing the serum levels of total cholesterol, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-18, and leptin. Pitavastatin also caused a significant increase in the expression of phosphorylated form of the AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) protein on the colonic mucosa of AOM-treated mice. In addition, the expression levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-18, and COX-2 mRNAs on the colonic mucosa of AOM-treated mice were decreased by treatment with this agent. These findings suggest that pitavastatin attenuates chronic inflammation and improves the imbalance of adipocytokines, both of which are caused by the presence of excess adipose tissues, thereby preventing the development of colonic premalignancies in an obesity-related colon cancer model. Therefore, some types of statins, including pitavastatin, may be a useful chemoprevention modality for colon cancer in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Yasuda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Park HJ, Davis SR, Liang HY, Rosenberg DW, Bruno RS. Chlorogenic acid differentially alters hepatic and small intestinal thiol redox status without protecting against azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in mice. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:362-70. [PMID: 20358474 DOI: 10.1080/01635580903407239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Epidemiological data have suggested that coffee consumption is inversely related to CRC risk, which may be attributed to chlorogenic acid (CGA), an ester of caffeic acid (CA) and quinic acid. This study was conducted to determine whether chronic dietary CGA supplementation would attenuate tumorigenesis and oxidative stress in a mouse model of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon cancer. Mice (4-wk old; n = 15/group) were fed CGA (0%, 0.01%, or 0.1%) for 20 wk and received 6 weekly intraperitoneal AOM injections (10 mg/kg). CGA and CA dose-dependently accumulated in the small intestinal mucosa. AOM induced (P < 0.05) colonic aberrant crypt foci (14.2 +/- 1.9/field) and tumors (14.6 +/- 1.1/colon), which were correlated (r = .677; P < 0.05), and CGA at either dose did not reduce tumorigenesis. Hepatic GSH/GSSG and Cys/CySS ratios were unaffected by AOM, but CGA at 0.1% increased these ratios by decreasing GSSG and CySS. CGA did not affect the ratios of small intestinal GSH/GSSG or Cys/CySS, which were decreased in response to AOM treatment. Collectively, these data indicated that CGA did not protect against AOM-induced tumorigenesis but affected hepatic thiol redox status in this colon cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hea Jin Park
- University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-4017, USA
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Dias MC, Vieiralves NFL, Gomes MIFV, Salvadori DMF, Rodrigues MAM, Barbisan LF. Effects of lycopene, synbiotic and their association on early biomarkers of rat colon carcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 48:772-80. [PMID: 20026158 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated whether a synergy exists for the combined treatment with lycopene and synbiotic on early biomarkers of colon carcinogenesis. Male Wistar rats received a diet containing 300 mg/kg of lycopene and/or synbiotic (Bifidobacterium lactisplus oligofructose/inulin) or their combination 2 weeks before and during carcinogen treatment with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Twenty-four hours after the last DMH application, the colons were processed for immunohistochemical analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p53 protein, hematoxylin-eosin staining for apoptosis analysis and genotoxicity of fecal water by comet assay. Eight weeks after the last DMH application, the colons were analyzed for development of classical aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and mucin-negative ACF. Treatment with lycopene, synbiotic or their combination significantly increased apoptosis, reduced the PCNA and p53 labeling indexes and the development of classical ACF and mucin-negative ACF. Furthermore, a lower genotoxicity of fecal water was also detected in the groups treated with the chemopreventive agents. An additive/synergistic effect of the combined treatment with lycopene/synbiotic was observed only for the fecal water genotoxicity and mucin-negative ACF parameters. These results indicate that an additive/synergistic of the combination of chemopreventive agents on the initiation phase of colon carcinogenesis can be detected using selective early biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos C Dias
- Department of Morphology, UNESP São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, 18618-000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Silibinin modulates biotransforming microbial enzymes and prevents 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced preneoplastic changes in experimental colon cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 2009; 18:385-94. [PMID: 19654488 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0b013e32832d1b4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chemoprevention directed towards the control of colon carcinogenesis in its early stages should ultimately provide a higher quality of life for people than waiting to treat end-stage disease. Silibinin is a major bioactive compound that is present in the widely consumed dietary supplement Silymarin. The current investigation aimed to explore the effect of the phytochemical silibinin on the suppression of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic preneoplastic changes in a long-term preclinical model. Wistar male rats were divided into six groups: group 1 were control rats, group 2 were control rats that received silibinin alone (50 mg/kg body weight orally everyday), rats in group 3 were injected once weekly with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (20 mg/kg body weight, subcutaneously 15 times), in addition, group 4 (initiation), group 5 (post initiation) and group 6 (entire period) received silibinin as in group 2. At the end of 32 weeks, the activities of the colonic and faecal biotransforming microbial enzymes were analysed. Modulatory effects were also evaluated using aberrant crypt foci (ACF), dysplastic ACF and tumour incidence as endpoint markers. Silibinin markedly reduced tumour incidence, as compared with the rats treated with unsupplemented 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. The most pronounced inhibition of ACF and dysplastic ACF development was observed in the rats fed with silibinin for the entire period and also during the post initiation period. Silibinin administration also significantly (P<0.05) modulated the biotransforming activity of microbial enzymes. The results of our study suggest that silibinin suppresses 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis at various stages and exerts a potential chemopreventive action against colon cancer.
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Ziliotto L, Pinheiro F, Barbisan LF, Rodrigues MAM. Screening for in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities of the mushroom Agaricus blazei. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61:245-50. [PMID: 19235041 DOI: 10.1080/01635580802395717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the in vitro antitumor activity of the mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill on human cancer cell lines as well as its potential anticancer activity in a model of rat colon carcinogenesis. The in vitro anticancer analysis was performed using 9 human cancer cell lines incubated with organic and aqueous extracts of A. blazei. Antitumor activity was observed with the dichloromethane/methanol and hexanic extracts of A. blazei at 250 mu g/ml for all cancer cell lines tested. No antiproliferative/cytotoxic activities were detected for the aqueous, methanol, ethyl acetate, or n-butanolic extracts. In the in vivo analysis, crude A. blazei was given orally after carcinogen treatment in a rat medium-term study (20 weeks) of colon carcinogenesis using aberrant crypt foci (ACF) as biomarker. Male Wistar rats were given dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and then were fed A. blazei at 5% in the diet until Week 20. ACF were scored for number and crypt multiplicity. A. blazei intake did not suppress ACF development or crypt multiplicity induced by DMH. No differences in tumor incidence in the colon were observed among the DMH-treated groups. Our results indicate that employing A. blazei in the diet does not have a suppressive effect on colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Ziliotto
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP/São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Shiozaki K, Yamaguchi K, Sato I, Miyagi T. Plasma membrane-associated sialidase (NEU3) promotes formation of colonic aberrant crypt foci in azoxymethane-treated transgenic mice. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:588-94. [PMID: 19215228 PMCID: PMC11158039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.01080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/07/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human plasma membrane-associated sialidase (NEU3) specifically hydrolyzes gangliosides, and it is up-regulated in colon cancer and plays an essential role in the expression of malignant phenotypes. To clarify the role of NEU3 in tumorigenesis in vivo, we examined the susceptibility of NEU3 transgenic mice to induction of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) by azoxymethane. Mice were injected with azoxymethane (i.p., 15 mg/kg/week) for 6 weeks, and 4 weeks later ACF had formed in the NEU3 transgenic mice significantly more than in the control wild-type mice. Enhanced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, Akt and ERK and up-regulation of Bcl-xL protein were observed in the transgenic colon mucosa, but no changes were found in cell proliferation, suggesting that the increased ACF formation is due to suppression of apoptosis. Immunohistological analysis with anti-cleaved caspase 3 antibody showed an actual reduction in apoptotic cells in the transgenic mucosa at 6 h after the first azoxymethane injection, when apoptosis in the colonic crypt occurs. Consistent with our previous observations of human colon cancer, thin-layer chromatography of the gangliosides from the transgenic colon mucosa revealed decreased GM3 and increased lactosylceramide as compared to those from the control mucosa, probably because of catalysis of gangliosides by NEU3. The results of this study provide the first evidence that NEU3 essentially increases azoxymethane-induced ACF formation in colon mucosa by suppression of apoptosis, possibly via activation of the EGF signaling pathway, and thus indicate that up-regulation of NEU3 is important to the promotion stage of colorectal carcinogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Shiozaki
- Division of Biochemistry, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, 47-1 Nodayama, Medeshima-shiode, Natori, Miyagi, 981-1293, Japan
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Aranganathan S, Selvam JP, Sangeetha N, Nalini N. Modulatory efficacy of hesperetin (citrus flavanone) on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes during 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 180:254-61. [PMID: 19497424 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide with diet playing a prominent role in disease initiation and progression. Diet and nutrition play an important role during this multistep colon carcinogenic process. We have investigated the modulatory efficacy of hesperetin on aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis. Male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups. Group 1 served as control, received modified pellet diet and group 2 rats received 20mg/kg body weight of hesperetin p.o. every day. Groups 3-6 rats were given subcutaneous injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (20mg/kg body weight) once a week for 15 weeks to induce ACF in the colon. In addition, rats in group 4 received hesperetin as in group 2 orally for the first 15 weeks (initiation), group 5 rats received hesperetin as in group 2 after the last injection of DMH and continued till the end of the experimental period (post-initiation). Group 6 received hesperetin as in group 2 throughout the entire period of 32 weeks. DMH exposure showed high incidence (90%) of ACF (280+/-24.5 aberrant crypt/colon) and dysplastic ACF, elevated activities of phase I enzymes and reduced the activities of phase II enzymes in the liver and colonic mucosa of colon cancer bearing rats. Hesperetin supplementation significantly reversed these effects, the effect being more pronounced in group 6 rats (hesperetin supplemented throughout the study period). These findings suggest that hesperetin can significantly reduce the formation of preneoplastic lesions and effectively modulate the xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aranganathan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India
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Ribeiro-Santos G, Barbisan LF, Lopes FC, Spinardi-Barbisan ALT, da Eira AF, Kaneno R. Lack of chemopreventive activity of Agaricus blazei mushroom on the development of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci in rats. Nutr Cancer 2008; 60:768-75. [PMID: 19005976 DOI: 10.1080/01635580802196115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemopreventive and immunomodulatory potential of methanolic (MET) and dichloromethanic (DCl) extracts of Agaricus blazei mushroom were investigated in the postinitiation stage of colon carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats. Animals were initiated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and treated i.g. with DCl or MET extracts. After 9 wk, animals were sacrificed for evaluation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) development, crypt cellular proliferation, preneoplastic liver lesions (GST-P), proliferative response of spleen cells to mitogen, and natural killer activity. Administration of DCl extracts did not suppress DMH-induced colonic ACF nor did it affect the crypt multiplicity, but the highest dose of MET significantly reduced the development of preneoplastic lesions in the colon and liver. Lymphoproliferative response was slightly decreased in the initiated control group, which was restored by treatment with MET. No toxicity from DCl and MET extracts was observed (groups MET and DCl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Ribeiro-Santos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Ziliotto L, Barbisan LF, Rodrigues MAM. Lack of chemoprevention of dietary Agaricus blazei against rat colonic aberrant crypt foci. Hum Exp Toxicol 2008; 27:505-11. [PMID: 18784204 DOI: 10.1177/0960327108091862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The mushroom Agaricus blazei (Ab) has been widely used in folk medicine to treat various diseases including cancer. No information is available on its possible protective effects on the development of colon cancer. The potential blocking effect of Ab intake on the initiation stage of colon carcinogenesis was investigated in a short-term (4-week) bioassay using aberrant crypt foci (ACF) as biomarker. Male Wistar rats were given four subcutaneous injections of the carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH, 40 mg/kg bw, twice a week), during 2 weeks to induce ACF. The diet containing Ab at 5% was given 2 weeks before and during carcinogen treatment to investigate the potential beneficial effects of this edible mushroom on DMH-induced ACF. All groups were killed at the end of the fourth week. The colons were analyzed for ACF formation in 1% methylene blue whole-mount preparations and for cell proliferation in histological sections immunohistochemically stained for the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). All DMH-treated rats developed ACF mainly in the middle and distal colon. Agaricus blazei intake at 5% did not alter the number of ACF induced by DMH or the PCNA indices in the colonic mucosa. Thus, the results of the present study did not confirm a chemopreventive activity of Ab on the initiation stage of rat colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ziliotto
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP Sao Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Al-Johar D, Shinwari N, Arif J, Al-Sanea N, Jabbar AA, El-Sayed R, Mashhour A, Billedo G, El-Doush I, Al-Saleh I. Role ofNigella sativaand a number of its antioxidant constituents towards azoxymethane-induced genotoxic effects and colon cancer in rats. Phytother Res 2008; 22:1311-23. [PMID: 18570215 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dalal Al-Johar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Abberant crypt foci -- importance in colorectal carcinogenesis and expression of p53 and mdm2: a changing concept. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53:2183-8. [PMID: 18080767 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-007-0115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) represents an important preneoplastic condition of the large intestine. The ACF are used extensively as the biological end point to study the effects of diet, biological agents and chemotherapeutic agents as they undergo distinct morphological and genetic changes in response to these factors. Till date, in human ACF, K-ras, beta-catenin, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein expression have been investigated, but the expression of late markers of colon carcinogenesis have not been studied in great detail. AIMS To study the significance of ACF in carcinogenesis, the incidence of ACF in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) patients and the expression profiles of the tumor repressor protein p53 and the murine double minute (mdm2) protein in ACF. METHODS AND MATERIALS The pattern of expression, histology and immunohistochemistry of the p53 and mdm2 proteins were studied in 32 colectomy specimens. Careful scoring was carried out using standard criteria. The prevalence of ACF, types of ACF, surrounding mucosal changes and the relation of ACF with tumor morphology and aggressiveness were determined, as was any difference in the staining pattern between hyperplastic and dysplastic ACF. RESULT Aberrant crypt foci were present in a large number of cases (84.4%), of which 65% were hyperplastic. All hyperplastic and dysplastic ACF tested positive for p53 in the nucleus. Both the nucleus and cytoplasm tested positive for mdm2 irrespective of the degree of dysplasia. No correlation was noted between ACF and tumor histology. CONCLUSION The p53 and mdm2 proteins are expressed during the very early stages of mucosal changes in ACF, irrespective of histological changes, but the pattern of expression can differ depending on geographical barriers, genetic factors, diet and environmental conditions. This results suggests that the conventional adenoma-carcinoma sequence is not completely correct. The detection of ACF and p53 and mdm2 expression can help to curtail the disease in its early stage by targeted therapy.
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Liu R, Xu G. Effects of resistant starch on colonic preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2672-9. [PMID: 18571825 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2007] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the effects of resistant starch (RS) at different levels on the azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) at the pre-initiation (PI) and promotion (P) stages in Wistar rats. According to the consuming assigned diets, all animals received AOM at a dosage of 15 mg/kg once a week for two consecutive weeks. In experiment 1, four groups of rats (n=12) were given AOM after 3 weeks of consuming the AIN-76 (control group) and RS diets. In experiment 2, four groups of rats (n=12) were given AOM before 3 weeks of consuming the AIN-76 and RS diets. Rats were killed after 13 weeks of initial injecting AOM. Colons were fixed in formalin and ACF were quantified after staining. In experiment 1, rats fed RS had more ACF than that of the control fed rats. In experiment 2, rats fed RS had fewer ACF than that of the control fed rats. The results indicate that dietary RS suppresses AOM-induced ACF formation, only at the P stage. A significant dose-response effect was observed between suppression of ACF formation and dietary RS amount. However, RS promote the formation of ACF at the PI stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, China.
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Kineman BD, Au A, Paiva NL, Kaiser MS, Brummer EC, Birt DF. Transgenic alfalfa that accumulates piceid (trans-resveratrol-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside) requires the presence of beta-glucosidase to inhibit the formation of aberrant crypt foci in the colon of CF-1 mice. Nutr Cancer 2007; 58:66-74. [PMID: 17571969 DOI: 10.1080/01635580701308208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plants have been genetically enhanced to produce a number of products for agricultural, industrial and pharmaceutical purposes. This technology could potentially be applied to providing chemoprevention strategies to the general population. Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) is a compound that has been shown to have protective activity against a number of cancers and could be an ideal candidate for such an application. Alfalfa that was genetically modified to express resveratrol-synthase was used as a model in applying biotechnological approaches to cancer prevention. The transgenic alfalfa, which accumulates resveratrol as a glucoside (piceid = trans-resveratrol-3-O-Beta-D-glucopyranoside) (152 +/- 17.5 microg piceid/g dry weight), was incorporated into a standard mouse diet at 20% of the diet by weight and fed for 5 wk to 6-wk-old, female CF-1 mice (N = 17-30) that were injected with a single dose of azoxymethane (5 mg/kg body weight). While the addition of resveratrol-aglycone (20 mg/kg diet) to the basal diet reduced the number of aberrant crypt foci/mouse, the transgenic alfalfa did not inhibit the number, size, or multiplicity of aberrant crypt foci in the colon of the CF-1 mice relative to control alfalfa which does not accumulate resveratrol-glucoside. However, diets containing transgenic alfalfa with an exogenous Beta-glucosidase (860 U/kg diet) did significantly inhibit the number of aberrant crypt foci in the distal 2 cm of the colon of the mice relative to mice fed diets containing the transgenic alfalfa without the enzyme (P < 0.05; Fisher's Combination of p-values). The Beta-glucosidase alone appeared to have no effect on the inhibition of aberrant crypt foci. These results suggest that piceid in transgenic piceid-accumulating alfalfa was not bioavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Kineman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Hayashi K, Suzuki R, Miyamoto S, Shin-Ichiroh Y, Kohno H, Sugie S, Takashima S, Tanaka T. Citrus auraptene suppresses azoxymethane-induced colonic preneoplastic lesions in C57BL/KsJ-db/db mice. Nutr Cancer 2007; 58:75-84. [PMID: 17571970 DOI: 10.1080/01635580701308216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The current study was designed to investigate whether dietary citrus auraptene (AUR) suppresses the development of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colorectal preneoplastic lesions in C57BL/KsJ-db/db (db/db) mice with obese and diabetic phenotypes. Female db/db and wild (+/+) mice were divided into the AOM + AUR, AOM alone, AUR alone, and the untreated groups in each phenotype. AOM was given 3 weekly intraperitoneal injections (10 mg/kg bw). AUR (250 ppm) was given in diet during the study (for 10 wk). Dietary AUR significantly reduced the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and Beta -catenin-accumulated crypt (BCAC) in both phenotypes. The treatment also lowered cell proliferation activity and increased apoptotic cells in both lesions. Our findings indicate that dietary AUR is able to suppress the early phase of colon carcinogenesis in both phenotypes, suggesting possible application of AUR as a chemopreventive agent in both the high-risk and general populations for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Hayashi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Oshikawaa 020-0903, Japan
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Suzuki R, Kohno H, Yasui Y, Hata K, Sugie S, Miyamoto S, Sugawara K, Sumida T, Hirose Y, Tanaka T. Diet supplemented with citrus unshiu segment membrane suppresses chemically induced colonic preneoplastic lesions and fatty liver in male db/db mice. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:252-8. [PMID: 17066427 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The modulatory effects of dietary citrus unshiu segment membrane (CUSM) on the occurrence of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and beta-catenin accumulated crypts (BCACs) were determined in male C57BL/KsJ-db/db (db/db) mice initiated with azoxymethane (AOM). Male db/db, db/+ and +/+ mice were given 5 weekly subcutaneous injections of AOM (15 mg/kg body weight), and then they were fed the diet containing 0.02%, 0.1% or 0.5% CUSM for 7 weeks. At Week 12, a significant increase in the numbers of ACF and BCAC was noted in the db/db mice in comparison with the db/+ and +/+ mice. Feeding with CUSM caused reduction in the frequency of ACF in all genotypes of mice and the potency was high in order of the db/db mice, db/+ mice and +/+ mice. The number of BCACs was also reduced by feeding with CUSM, thus resulting in a 28-61% reduction in the db/db mice, possibly due to suppression of cell proliferation activity in the lesions by feeding with CUSM-containing diet. Clinical chemistry revealed a low serum level of triglyceride in mice fed CUSM. In addition, CUSM feeding inhibited fatty metamorphosis and fibrosis in the liver of db/db mice. Our findings show that CUSM in the diet has a chemopreventive ability against the early phase of AOM-induced colon carcinogenesis in the db/db as well as db/+ and +/+ mice, indicating potential use of CUSM in cancer chemoprevention in obese people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikako Suzuki
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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