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Bajraktari-Sylejmani G, Oster JS, Burhenne J, Haefeli WE, Sauter M, Weiss J. In vitro evaluation of the reductive carbonyl idarubicin metabolism to evaluate inhibitors of the formation of cardiotoxic idarubicinol via carbonyl and aldo-keto reductases. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:807-820. [PMID: 38175295 PMCID: PMC10861747 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03661-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The most important dose-limiting factor of the anthracycline idarubicin is the high risk of cardiotoxicity, in which the secondary alcohol metabolite idarubicinol plays an important role. It is not yet clear which enzymes are most important for the formation of idarubicinol and which inhibitors might be suitable to suppress this metabolic step and thus would be promising concomitant drugs to reduce idarubicin-associated cardiotoxicity. We, therefore, established and validated a mass spectrometry method for intracellular quantification of idarubicin and idarubicinol and investigated idarubicinol formation in different cell lines and its inhibition by known inhibitors of the aldo-keto reductases AKR1A1, AKR1B1, and AKR1C3 and the carbonyl reductases CBR1/3. The enzyme expression pattern differed among the cell lines with dominant expression of CBR1/3 in HEK293 and MCF-7 and very high expression of AKR1C3 in HepG2 cells. In HEK293 and MCF-7 cells, menadione was the most potent inhibitor (IC50 = 1.6 and 9.8 µM), while in HepG2 cells, ranirestat was most potent (IC50 = 0.4 µM), suggesting that ranirestat is not a selective AKR1B1 inhibitor, but also an AKR1C3 inhibitor. Over-expression of AKR1C3 verified the importance of AKR1C3 for idarubicinol formation and showed that ranirestat is also a potent inhibitor of this enzyme. Taken together, our study underlines the importance of AKR1C3 and CBR1 for the reduction of idarubicin and identifies potent inhibitors of metabolic formation of the cardiotoxic idarubicinol, which should now be tested in vivo to evaluate whether such combinations can increase the cardiac safety of idarubicin therapies while preserving its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gzona Bajraktari-Sylejmani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Sophie Oster
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Burhenne
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter Emil Haefeli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Max Sauter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Weiss
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Ke H, Chen Z, Zhao X, Yang C, Luo T, Ou W, Wang L, Liu H. Research progress on activation transcription factor 3: A promising cardioprotective molecule. Life Sci 2023:121869. [PMID: 37355225 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Activation transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a member of the ATF/cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding family, can be induced by a variety of stresses. Numerous studies have indicated that ATF3 plays multiple roles in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertrophy, fibrosis, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, cardiomyopathy, and other cardiac dysfunctions. In past decades, ATF3 has been demonstrated to be detrimental to some cardiac diseases. Current studies have indicated that ATF3 can function as a cardioprotective molecule in antioxidative stress, lipid metabolic metabolism, energy metabolic regulation, and cell death modulation. To unveil the potential therapeutic role of ATF3 in cardiovascular diseases, we organized this review to explore the protective effects and mechanisms of ATF3 on cardiac dysfunction, which might provide rational evidence for the prevention and cure of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoteng Ke
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Zexing Chen
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xuanbin Zhao
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Chaobo Yang
- Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wen Ou
- Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Lizi Wang
- Department of Health Management, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Haiqiong Liu
- Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China; Department of Health Management, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China.
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Pan G, Roy B, Harding P, Lanigan T, Hilgarth R, Thandavarayan RA, Palaniyandi SS. Effects of intracardiac delivery of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene in myocardial salvage. Gene Ther 2023; 30:115-121. [PMID: 35606494 PMCID: PMC9684354 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-022-00345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)2, a cardiac mitochondrial enzyme, is vital in detoxifying 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) like cellular reactive carbonyl species (RCS) and thereby conferring cardiac protection against pathological stress. It was also known that a single point mutation (E487K) in ALDH2 (prevalent in East Asians) known as ALDH2*2 reduces its activity intrinsically and was associated with increased cardiovascular diseases. We and others have shown that ALDH2 activity is reduced in several pathologies in WT animals as well. Thus, exogenous augmentation of ALDH2 activity is a good strategy to protect the myocardium from pathologies. In this study, we will test the efficacy of intracardiac injections of the ALDH2 gene in mice. We injected both wild type (WT) and ALDH2*2 knock-in mutant mice with ALDH2 constructs, AAv9-cTNT-hALDH2-HA tag-P2A-eGFP or their control constructs, AAv9-cTNT-eGFP. We found that intracardiac ALDH2 gene transfer increased myocardial levels of ALDH2 compared to GFP alone after 1 and 3 weeks. When we subjected the hearts of these mice to 30 min global ischemia and 90 min reperfusion (I-R) using the Langendorff perfusion system, we found reduced infarct size in the hearts of mice with ALDH2 gene vs GFP alone. A single time injection has shown increased myocardial ALDH2 activity for at least 3 weeks and reduced myocardial 4HNE adducts and infarct size along with increased contractile function of the hearts while subjected to I-R. Thus, ALDH2 overexpression protected the myocardium from I-R injury by reducing 4HNE protein adducts implicating increased 4HNE detoxification by ALDH2. In conclusion, intracardiac ALDH2 gene transfer is an effective strategy to protect the myocardium from pathological insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Pan
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Bipradas Roy
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Pamela Harding
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Thomas Lanigan
- Vector Core, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Roland Hilgarth
- Vector Core, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rajarajan A Thandavarayan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Suresh Selvaraj Palaniyandi
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. .,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
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Electrophilic Aldehyde 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Mediated Signaling and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12111555. [PMID: 36358905 PMCID: PMC9687674 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a by-product of aerobic life, are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons. The excess of ROS leads to oxidative stress, instigating the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the lipid membrane through a free radical chain reaction and the formation of the most bioactive aldehyde, known as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). 4-HNE functions as a signaling molecule and toxic product and acts mainly by forming covalent adducts with nucleophilic functional groups in proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. The mitochondria have been implicated as a site for 4-HNE generation and adduction. Several studies clarified how 4-HNE affects the mitochondria's functions, including bioenergetics, calcium homeostasis, and mitochondrial dynamics. Our research group has shown that 4-HNE activates mitochondria apoptosis-inducing factor (AIFM2) translocation and facilitates apoptosis in mice and human heart tissue during anti-cancer treatment. Recently, we demonstrated that a deficiency of SOD2 in the conditional-specific cardiac knockout mouse increases ROS, and subsequent production of 4-HNE inside mitochondria leads to the adduction of several mitochondrial respiratory chain complex proteins. Moreover, we highlighted the physiological functions of HNE and discussed their relevance in human pathophysiology and current discoveries concerning 4-HNE effects on mitochondria.
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Pan G, Roy B, Palaniyandi SS. Diabetic Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Mutant (ALDH2*2) Mice Are More Susceptible to Cardiac Ischemic-Reperfusion Injury Due to 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal Induced Coronary Endothelial Cell Damage. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e021140. [PMID: 34482710 PMCID: PMC8649540 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.021140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 (ALDH2), a mitochondrial enzyme, detoxifies reactive aldehydes such as 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal (4HNE). A highly prevalent E487K mutation in ALDH2 (ALDH2*2) in East Asian people with intrinsic low ALDH2 activity is implicated in diabetic complications. 4HNE‐induced cardiomyocyte dysfunction was studied in diabetic cardiac damage; however, coronary endothelial cell (CEC) injury in myocardial ischemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI) in diabetic mice has not been studied. Therefore, we hypothesize that the lack of ALDH2 activity exacerbates 4HNE‐induced CEC dysfunction which leads to cardiac damage in ALDH2*2 mutant diabetic mice subjected to myocardial IRI. Methods and Results Three weeks after diabetes mellitus (DM) induction, hearts were subjected to IRI either in vivo via left anterior descending artery occlusion and release or ex vivo IRI by using the Langendorff system. The cardiac performance was assessed by conscious echocardiography in mice or by inserting a balloon catheter in the left ventricle in the ex vivo model. Just 3 weeks of DM led to an increase in cardiac 4HNE protein adducts and, cardiac dysfunction, and a decrease in the number of CECs along with reduced myocardial ALDH2 activity in ALDH2*2 mutant diabetic mice compared with their wild‐type counterparts. Systemic pretreatment with Alda‐1 (10 mg/kg per day), an activator of both ALDH2 and ALDH2*2, led to a reduction in myocardial infarct size and dysfunction, and coronary perfusion pressure upon cardiac IRI by increasing CEC population and coronary arteriole opening. Conclusions Low ALDH2 activity exacerbates 4HNE‐mediated CEC injury and thereby cardiac dysfunction in diabetic mouse hearts subjected to IRI, which can be reversed by ALDH2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Pan
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular ResearchDepartment of Internal MedicineHenry Ford Health SystemDetroitMI
| | - Bipradas Roy
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular ResearchDepartment of Internal MedicineHenry Ford Health SystemDetroitMI
- Department of PhysiologyWayne State UniversityDetroitMI
| | - Suresh Selvaraj Palaniyandi
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular ResearchDepartment of Internal MedicineHenry Ford Health SystemDetroitMI
- Department of PhysiologyWayne State UniversityDetroitMI
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Zhao J, Conklin DJ, Guo Y, Zhang X, Obal D, Guo L, Jagatheesan G, Katragadda K, He L, Yin X, Prodhan MAI, Shah J, Hoetker D, Kumar A, Kumar V, Wempe MF, Bhatnagar A, Baba SP. Cardiospecific Overexpression of ATPGD1 (Carnosine Synthase) Increases Histidine Dipeptide Levels and Prevents Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e015222. [PMID: 32515247 PMCID: PMC7429021 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.015222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury is associated with complex pathophysiological changes characterized by pH imbalance, the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products acrolein and 4-hydroxy trans-2-nonenal, and the depletion of ATP levels. Cardioprotective interventions, designed to address individual mediators of I/R injury, have shown limited efficacy. The recently identified enzyme ATPGD1 (Carnosine Synthase), which synthesizes histidyl dipeptides such as carnosine, has the potential to counteract multiple effectors of I/R injury by buffering intracellular pH and quenching lipid peroxidation products and may protect against I/R injury. METHODS AND RESULTS We report here that β-alanine and carnosine feeding enhanced myocardial carnosine levels and protected the heart against I/R injury. Cardiospecific overexpression of ATPGD1 increased myocardial histidyl dipeptides levels and protected the heart from I/R injury. Isolated cardiac myocytes from ATPGD1-transgenic hearts were protected against hypoxia reoxygenation injury. The overexpression of ATPGD1 prevented the accumulation of acrolein and 4-hydroxy trans-2-nonenal-protein adducts in ischemic hearts and delayed acrolein or 4-hydroxy trans-2-nonenal-induced hypercontracture in isolated cardiac myocytes. Changes in the levels of ATP, high-energy phosphates, intracellular pH, and glycolysis during low-flow ischemia in the wild-type mice hearts were attenuated in the ATPGD1-transgenic hearts. Two natural dipeptide analogs (anserine and balenine) that can either quench aldehydes or buffer intracellular pH, but not both, failed to protect against I/R injury. CONCLUSIONS Either exogenous administration or enhanced endogenous formation of histidyl dipeptides prevents I/R injury by attenuating changes in intracellular pH and preventing the accumulation of lipid peroxidation derived aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleKY
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Daniel J. Conklin
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleKY
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Yiru Guo
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Detlef Obal
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative and Pain MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCA
| | - Luping Guo
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleKY
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Ganapathy Jagatheesan
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleKY
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Kartik Katragadda
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleKY
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Liqing He
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Xinmin Yin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | | | - Jasmit Shah
- Department of MedicineThe Aga Khan UniversityMedical CollegeNairobiKenya
| | - David Hoetker
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleKY
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ColoradoDenverCO
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ColoradoDenverCO
| | - Michael F. Wempe
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of ColoradoDenverCO
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleKY
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleKY
| | - Shahid P. Baba
- Diabetes and Obesity CenterUniversity of LouisvilleKY
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome InstituteUniversity of LouisvilleKY
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Cho SB, Eum WS, Shin MJ, Kwon HJ, Park JH, Choi YJ, Park J, Han KH, Kang JH, Kim DS, Cho SW, Kim DW, Choi SY. Transduced Tat-aldose Reductase Protects Hippocampal Neuronal Cells against Oxidative Stress-induced Damage. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:612-627. [PMID: 31698553 PMCID: PMC6844837 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.5.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) protein, a member of the NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase family, reduces a wide range of aldehydes and enhances cell survival by inhibition of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is known as one of the major pathological factor in ischemia. Since the precise function of AR protein in ischemic injury is fully unclear, we examined the function of AR protein in hippocampal neuronal (HT-22) cells and in an animal model of ischemia in this study. Cell permeable Tat-AR protein was produced by fusion of protein transduction domain in Tat for delivery into the cells. Tat-AR protein transduced into HT-22 cells and significantly inhibited cell death and regulated the mitogen-activate protein kinases (MAPKs), Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-3 under oxidative stress condition. In an ischemic animal model, Tat-AR protein transduced into the brain tissues through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and drastically decreased neuronal cell death in hippocampal CA1 region. These results indicate that transduced Tat-AR protein has protective effects against oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that Tat-AR protein could be used as potential therapeutic agent in ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Bin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Won Sik Eum
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Min Jea Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea
| | - Jung Hwan Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Yeon Joo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jinseu Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Kyu Hyung Han
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Ju Hyeon Kang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31538, Korea
| | - Duk-Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31538, Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
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Gęgotek A, Skrzydlewska E. Biological effect of protein modifications by lipid peroxidation products. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 221:46-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Aldose reductase inhibition enhances lens regeneration in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 307:58-62. [PMID: 31026421 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
After cataract surgery, epithelial cells lining the anterior lens capsule can transition to one of two divergent pathways, including fibrosis which leads to posterior capsular opacification (PCO), or lens fiber cell differentiation which leads to regeneration of lens material. We previously showed that the PCO response can be suppressed with aldose reductase (AR) inhibitors. In this present study we show that AR inhibition, both genetic and pharmacologic with Sorbinil, can augment the process of lens regeneration. Extracapsular lens extraction (ECLE) was carried out in C57BL/6 (WT), AR overexpression (AR-Tg), and AR knockout (ARKO) mice, and in some cases in mice treated with the AR inhibitor sorbinil. Whole eyes were harvested approximately 8 weeks after ECLE and evaluated by histological analysis and immunostaining for the fiber cell marker γ-crystallin. All eyes examined for lens regeneration were paraffin embedded for serial sectioning to produce three-dimensional reconstructed models of lens morphology and size. We observed that AR-null mice respond to ECLE by regenerating a lens-like structure with a circular shape and array of cell nuclei reminiscent of the lens bow region typical of the native mammalian lens. Although WT and AR-Tg eyes also produced some regenerated lens material after ECLE, their structures were consistently smaller than ARKO regenerated lenses. WT mice treated with sorbinil showed higher levels of lens regeneration after ECLE compared to WT mice, as assessed by size and three-dimensional morphology. Altogether, this study adds evidence for a critical role for AR in the response of lens epithelial cells to cataract extraction and lens regeneration.
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10
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Carnosine protects cardiac myocytes against lipid peroxidation products. Amino Acids 2018; 51:123-138. [PMID: 30449006 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2676-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous histidyl dipeptides such as carnosine (β-alanine-L-histidine) form conjugates with lipid peroxidation products such as 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE and acrolein), chelate metals, and protect against myocardial ischemic injury. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether these peptides protect against cardiac injury by directly reacting with lipid peroxidation products. Hence, to examine whether changes in the structure of carnosine could affect its aldehyde reactivity and metal chelating ability, we synthesized methylated analogs of carnosine, balenine (β-alanine-Nτ-methylhistidine) and dimethyl balenine (DMB), and measured their aldehyde reactivity and metal chelating properties. We found that methylation of Nτ residue of imidazole ring (balenine) or trimethylation of carnosine backbone at Nτ residue of imidazole ring and terminal amine group dimethyl balenine (DMB) abolishes the ability of these peptides to react with HNE. Incubation of balenine with acrolein resulted in the formation of single product (m/z 297), whereas DMB did not react with acrolein. In comparison with carnosine, balenine exhibited moderate acrolein quenching capacity. The Fe2+ chelating ability of balenine was higher than that of carnosine, whereas DMB lacked chelating capacity. Pretreatment of cardiac myocytes with carnosine increased the mean lifetime of myocytes superfused with HNE or acrolein compared with balenine or DMB. Collectively, these results suggest that carnosine protects cardiac myocytes against HNE and acrolein toxicity by directly reacting with these aldehydes. This reaction involves both the amino group of β-alanyl residue and the imidazole residue of L-histidine. Methylation of these sites prevents or abolishes the aldehyde reactivity of carnosine, alters its metal-chelating property, and diminishes its ability to prevent electrophilic injury.
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Chen X, Chen C, Hao J, Qin R, Qian B, Yang K, Zhang J, Zhang F. AKR1B1 Upregulation Contributes to Neuroinflammation and Astrocytes Proliferation by Regulating the Energy Metabolism in Rat Spinal Cord Injury. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1491-1499. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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12
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Baba SP, Zhang D, Singh M, Dassanayaka S, Xie Z, Jagatheesan G, Zhao J, Schmidtke VK, Brittian KR, Merchant ML, Conklin DJ, Jones SP, Bhatnagar A. Deficiency of aldose reductase exacerbates early pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction and autophagy in mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 118:183-192. [PMID: 29627295 PMCID: PMC6205513 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is associated with the accumulation of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes such as 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) and acrolein in the heart. These aldehydes are metabolized via several pathways, of which aldose reductase (AR) represents a broad-specificity route for their elimination. We tested the hypothesis that by preventing aldehyde removal, AR deficiency accentuates the pathological effects of transverse aortic constriction (TAC). We found that the levels of AR in the heart were increased in mice subjected to TAC for 2 weeks. In comparison with wild-type (WT), AR-null mice showed lower ejection fraction, which was exacerbated 2 weeks after TAC. Levels of atrial natriuretic peptide and myosin heavy chain were higher in AR-null than in WT TAC hearts. Deficiency of AR decreased urinary levels of the acrolein metabolite, 3-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid. Deletion of AR did not affect the levels of the other aldehyde-metabolizing enzyme - aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 in the heart, or its urinary product - (N-Acetyl-S-(2-carboxyethyl)-l-cystiene). AR-null hearts subjected to TAC showed increased accumulation of HNE- and acrolein-modified proteins, as well as increased AMPK phosphorylation and autophagy. Superfusion with HNE led to a greater increase in p62, LC3II formation, and GFP-LC3-II punctae formation in AR-null than WT cardiac myocytes. Pharmacological inactivation of JNK decreased HNE-induced autophagy in AR-null cardiac myocytes. Collectively, these results suggest that during hypertrophy the accumulation of lipid peroxidation derived aldehydes promotes pathological remodeling via excessive autophagy, and that metabolic detoxification of these aldehydes by AR may be essential for maintaining cardiac function during early stages of pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid P Baba
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Sujith Dassanayaka
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Zhengzhi Xie
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Ganapathy Jagatheesan
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Virginia K Schmidtke
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Kenneth R Brittian
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Michael L Merchant
- Divisions of Nephrology and Hypertension and the Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Daniel J Conklin
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Steven P Jones
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
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13
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Abstract
Acrolein is a highly reactive unsaturated aldehyde that is formed during the burning of gasoline and diesel fuels, cigarettes, woods and plastics. In addition, acrolein is generated during the cooking or frying of food with fats or oils. Acrolein is also used in the synthesis of many organic chemicals and as a biocide in agricultural and industrial water supply systems. The total emissions of acrolein in the United States from all sources are estimated to be 62,660 tons/year. Acrolein is classified by the Environmental Protection Agency as a high-priority air and water toxicant. Acrolein can exert toxic effects following inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposures that are dose dependent. Cardiovascular tissues are particularly sensitive to the toxic effects of acrolein based primarily on in vitro and in vivo studies. Acrolein can generate free oxygen radical stress in the heart, decrease endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation and nitric oxide formation, form cytoplasmic and nuclear protein adducts with myocyte and vascular endothelial cell proteins and cause vasospasm. In this manner, chronic exposure to acrolein can cause myocyte dysfunction, myocyte necrosis and apoptosis and ultimately lead to cardiomyopathy and cardiac failure. Epidemiological studies of acrolein exposure and toxicity should be developed and treatment strategies devised that prevent or significantly limit acrolein cardiovascular toxicity.
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14
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Conklin DJ, Malovichko MV, Zeller I, Das TP, Krivokhizhina TV, Lynch BH, Lorkiewicz P, Agarwal A, Wickramasinghe N, Haberzettl P, Sithu SD, Shah J, O’Toole TE, Rai SN, Bhatnagar A, Srivastava S. Biomarkers of Chronic Acrolein Inhalation Exposure in Mice: Implications for Tobacco Product-Induced Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2017; 158:263-274. [PMID: 28482051 PMCID: PMC5837482 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to tobacco smoke, which contains several harmful and potentially harmful constituents such as acrolein increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Although high acrolein levels induce pervasive cardiovascular injury, the effects of low-level exposure remain unknown and sensitive biomarkers of acrolein toxicity have not been identified. Identification of such biomarkers is essential to assess the toxicity of acrolein present at low levels in the ambient air or in new tobacco products such as e-cigarettes. Hence, we examined the systemic effects of chronic (12 weeks) acrolein exposure at concentrations similar to those found in tobacco smoke (0.5 or 1 ppm). Acrolein exposure in mice led to a 2- to 3-fold increase in its urinary metabolite 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid (3-HPMA) with an attendant increase in pulmonary levels of the acrolein-metabolizing enzymes, glutathione S-transferase P and aldose reductase, as well as several Nrf2-regulated antioxidant proteins. Markers of pulmonary endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation were unchanged. Exposure to acrolein suppressed circulating levels of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and specific leukocyte subsets (eg, GR-1+ cells, CD19+ B-cells, CD4+ T-cells; CD11b+ monocytes) whilst other subsets (eg, CD8+ cells, NK1.1+ cells, Ly6C+ monocytes) were unchanged. Chronic acrolein exposure did not affect systemic glucose tolerance, platelet-leukocyte aggregates or microparticles in blood. These findings suggest that circulating levels of EPCs and specific leukocyte populations are sensitive biomarkers of inhaled acrolein injury and that low-level (<0.5 ppm) acrolein exposure (eg, in secondhand smoke, vehicle exhaust, e-cigarettes) could increase CVD risk by diminishing endothelium repair or by suppressing immune cells or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Conklin
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Marina V. Malovichko
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Iris Zeller
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Trinath P. Das
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Tatiana V. Krivokhizhina
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Blake H. Lynch
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Pawel Lorkiewicz
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Abhinav Agarwal
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Nalinie Wickramasinghe
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Petra Haberzettl
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Srinivas D. Sithu
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
| | - Jasmit Shah
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- School of Public Health & Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Timothy E. O’Toole
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Shesh N. Rai
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- School of Public Health & Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
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15
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Zhang Q, Yu H, Qi J, Tang D, Chen X, Wan JB, Li P, Hu H, Wang YT, Hu Y. Natural formulas and the nature of formulas: Exploring potential therapeutic targets based on traditional Chinese herbal formulas. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171628. [PMID: 28182702 PMCID: PMC5300118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
By comparing the target proteins (TPs) of classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbal formulas and modern drugs used for treating coronary artery disease (CAD), this study aimed to identify potential therapeutic TPs for treating CAD. Based on the theory of TCM, the Xuefu-Zhuyu decoction (XZD) and Gualou-Xiebai-Banxia decoction (GXBD), both of which are classic herbal formulas, were selected for treating CAD. Data on the chemical ingredients and corresponding TPs of the herbs in these two formulas and data on modern drugs approved for treating CAD and related TPs were retrieved from professional TCM and bioinformatics databases. Based on the associations between the drugs or ingredients and their TPs, the TP networks of XZD, GXBD, and modern drugs approved for treating CAD were constructed separately and then integrated to create a complex master network in which the vertices represent the TPs and the edges, the ingredients or drugs that are linked to the TPs. The reliability of this master network was validated through statistical tests. The common TPs of the two herbal formulas have a higher possibility of being targeted by modern drugs in comparison with the formula-specific TPs. A total of 114 common XZD and GXBD TPs that are not yet the target of modern drugs used for treating CAD should be experimentally investigated as potential therapeutic targets for treating CAD. Among these TPs, the top 10 are NOS3, PTPN1, GABRA1, PRKACA, CDK2, MAOB, ESR1, ADH1C, ADH1B, and AKR1B1. The results of this study provide a valuable reference for further experimental investigations of therapeutic targets for CAD. The established method shows promise for searching for potential therapeutic TPs based on herbal formulas. It is crucial for this work to select beneficial therapeutic targets of TCM, typical TCM syndromes, and corresponding classic formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, the People’s Republic of China
- Pharmacy School, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou, the People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, the People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Qi
- Department of Complex Prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, the People’s Republic of China
| | - Daisheng Tang
- Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, the People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaojia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, the People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, the People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, the People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, the People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, the People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, the People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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16
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Deshpande M, Mali VR, Pan G, Xu J, Yang XP, Thandavarayan RA, Palaniyandi SS. Increased 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-induced proteasome dysfunction is correlated with cardiac damage in streptozotocin-injected rats with isoproterenol infusion. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:334-42. [PMID: 27273517 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Increase in 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE) due to oxidative stress has been observed in a variety of cardiac diseases such as diabetic cardiomyopathy. 4HNE exerts a damaging effect in the myocardium by interfering with subcellular organelles like mitochondria by forming adducts. Therefore, we hypothesized that increased 4HNE adduct formation in the heart results in proteasome inactivation in isoproterenol (ISO)-infused type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) rats. Eight-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were injected with streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg kg(-1) ). The rats were infused with ISO (5 mg kg(-1) ) for 2 weeks by mini pumps, after 8 weeks of STZ injection. We studied normal control (n = 8) and DM + ISO (n = 10) groups. Cardiac performance was assessed by echocardiography and Millar catheter at the end of the protocol at 20 weeks. Initially, we found an increase in 4HNE adducts in the hearts of the DM + ISO group. There was also a decrease in myocardial proteasomal peptidase (chymotrypsin and trypsin-like) activity. Increases in cardiomyocyte area (446 ± 32·7 vs 221 ± 10·83) (µm(2) ), per cent area of cardiac fibrosis (7·4 ± 0·7 vs 2·7 ± 0·5) and cardiac dysfunction were also found in DM + ISO (P < 0·05) relative to controls. We also found increased 4HNE adduct formation on proteasomal subunits. Furthermore, reduced aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 activity was observed in the myocardium of the DM + ISO group. Treatment with 4HNE (100 μM) for 4 h on cultured H9c2 cardiomyocytes attenuated proteasome activity. Therefore, we conclude that the 4HNE-induced decrease in proteasome activity may be involved in the cardiac pathology in STZ-injected rats infused with ISO. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar Deshpande
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Vishal R Mali
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Guodong Pan
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jiang Xu
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiao-Ping Yang
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Rajarajan A Thandavarayan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suresh Selvaraj Palaniyandi
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
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17
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Moghe A, Ghare S, Lamoreau B, Mohammad M, Barve S, McClain C, Joshi-Barve S. Molecular mechanisms of acrolein toxicity: relevance to human disease. Toxicol Sci 2015; 143:242-55. [PMID: 25628402 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrolein, a highly reactive unsaturated aldehyde, is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and its potential as a serious environmental health threat is beginning to be recognized. Humans are exposed to acrolein per oral (food and water), respiratory (cigarette smoke, automobile exhaust, and biocide use) and dermal routes, in addition to endogenous generation (metabolism and lipid peroxidation). Acrolein has been suggested to play a role in several disease states including spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and neuro-, hepato-, and nephro-toxicity. On the cellular level, acrolein exposure has diverse toxic effects, including DNA and protein adduction, oxidative stress, mitochondrial disruption, membrane damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and immune dysfunction. This review addresses our current understanding of each pathogenic mechanism of acrolein toxicity, with emphasis on the known and anticipated contribution to clinical disease, and potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshata Moghe
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine and Robley Rex VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Smita Ghare
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine and Robley Rex VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Bryan Lamoreau
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine and Robley Rex VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Mohammad Mohammad
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine and Robley Rex VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Shirish Barve
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine and Robley Rex VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky 40202 *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine and Robley Rex VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Craig McClain
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine and Robley Rex VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky 40202 *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine and Robley Rex VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky 40202 *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine and Robley Rex VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Swati Joshi-Barve
- *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine and Robley Rex VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky 40202 *Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine and Robley Rex VAMC, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
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18
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Schaur RJ, Siems W, Bresgen N, Eckl PM. 4-Hydroxy-nonenal-A Bioactive Lipid Peroxidation Product. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2247-337. [PMID: 26437435 PMCID: PMC4693237 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review on recent research advances of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-nonenal (HNE) has four major topics: I. the formation of HNE in various organs and tissues, II. the diverse biochemical reactions with Michael adduct formation as the most prominent one, III. the endogenous targets of HNE, primarily peptides and proteins (here the mechanisms of covalent adduct formation are described and the (patho-) physiological consequences discussed), and IV. the metabolism of HNE leading to a great number of degradation products, some of which are excreted in urine and may serve as non-invasive biomarkers of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf J Schaur
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 33a, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Werner Siems
- Institute for Medical Education, KortexMed GmbH, Hindenburgring 12a, 38667 Bad Harzburg, Germany.
| | - Nikolaus Bresgen
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Peter M Eckl
- Division of Genetics, Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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19
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Conklin DJ, Haberzettl P, Jagatheesan G, Baba S, Merchant ML, Prough RA, Williams JD, Prabhu SD, Bhatnagar A. Glutathione S-transferase P protects against cyclophosphamide-induced cardiotoxicity in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 285:136-48. [PMID: 25868843 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
High-dose chemotherapy regimens using cyclophosphamide (CY) are frequently associated with cardiotoxicity that could lead to myocyte damage and congestive heart failure. However, the mechanisms regulating the cardiotoxic effects of CY remain unclear. Because CY is converted to an unsaturated aldehyde acrolein, a toxic, reactive CY metabolite that induces extensive protein modification and myocardial injury, we examined the role of glutathione S-transferase P (GSTP), an acrolein-metabolizing enzyme, in CY cardiotoxicity in wild-type (WT) and GSTP-null mice. Treatment with CY (100-300 mg/kg) increased plasma levels of creatine kinase-MB isoform (CK · MB) and heart-to-body weight ratio to a significantly greater extent in GSTP-null than WT mice. In addition to modest yet significant echocardiographic changes following acute CY-treatment, GSTP insufficiency was associated with greater phosphorylation of c-Jun and p38 as well as greater accumulation of albumin and protein-acrolein adducts in the heart. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed likely prominent modification of albumin, kallikrein-1-related peptidase, myoglobin and transgelin-2 by acrolein in the hearts of CY-treated mice. Treatment with acrolein (low dose, 1-5 mg/kg) also led to increased heart-to-body weight ratio and myocardial contractility changes. Acrolein induced similar hypotension in GSTP-null and WT mice. GSTP-null mice also were more susceptible than WT mice to mortality associated with high-dose acrolein (10-20 mg/kg). Collectively, these results suggest that CY cardiotoxicity is regulated, in part, by GSTP, which prevents CY toxicity by detoxifying acrolein. Thus, humans with low cardiac GSTP levels or polymorphic forms of GSTP with low acrolein-metabolizing capacity may be more sensitive to CY toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Conklin
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
| | - Petra Haberzettl
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Ganapathy Jagatheesan
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Shahid Baba
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Michael L Merchant
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Russell A Prough
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Jessica D Williams
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Sumanth D Prabhu
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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20
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Cumaoglu A, Arıcıoglu A, Karasu C. Redox status related activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis caused by 4-hydroxynonenal exposure in INS-1 cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24:362-7. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.914617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Davies SS, Guo L. Lipid peroxidation generates biologically active phospholipids including oxidatively N-modified phospholipids. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 181:1-33. [PMID: 24704586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Peroxidation of membranes and lipoproteins converts "inert" phospholipids into a plethora of oxidatively modified phospholipids (oxPL) that can act as signaling molecules. In this review, we will discuss four major classes of oxPL: mildly oxygenated phospholipids, phospholipids with oxidatively truncated acyl chains, phospholipids with cyclized acyl chains, and phospholipids that have been oxidatively N-modified on their headgroups by reactive lipid species. For each class of oxPL we will review the chemical mechanisms of their formation, the evidence for their formation in biological samples, the biological activities and signaling pathways associated with them, and the catabolic pathways for their elimination. We will end by briefly highlighting some of the critical questions that remain about the role of oxPL in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Davies
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, United States.
| | - Lilu Guo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, United States
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22
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Mali VR, Palaniyandi SS. Regulation and therapeutic strategies of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal metabolism in heart disease. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:251-63. [PMID: 24237196 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.864761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a reactive aldehyde, is generated from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in biological membranes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during oxidative stress react with PUFAs to form aldehydes like 4-HNE, which inactivates proteins and DNA by forming hybrid covalent chemical addition compounds called adducts. The ensuing chain reaction results in cellular dysfunction and tissue damage. It includes a wide spectrum of events ranging from electron transport chain dysfunction to apoptosis. In addition, 4-HNE directly depresses contractile function, enhances ROS formation, modulates cell signaling pathways, and can contribute to many cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy. Therefore, targeting 4-HNE could help reverse these pathologies. This review will focus on 4-HNE generation, the role of 4-HNE in cardiovascular diseases, cellular targets (especially mitochondria), processes and mechanisms for 4-HNE-induced toxicity, regulation of 4-HNE metabolism, and finally strategies for developing potential therapies for cardiovascular disease by attenuating 4-HNEinduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Mali
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System , Detroit, MI , USA
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23
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Ischemic postconditioning during reperfusion attenuates oxidative stress and intestinal mucosal apoptosis induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion via aldose reductase. Surgery 2013; 153:555-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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24
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Total ginsenosides of Radix Ginseng modulates tricarboxylic acid cycle protein expression to enhance cardiac energy metabolism in ischemic rat heart tissues. Molecules 2012; 17:12746-57. [PMID: 23108293 PMCID: PMC6268387 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171112746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the underlying mechanism of cardio-protective activity of the total ginsenosides (TGS) of Radix Ginseng, proteomic analysis using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS techniques was employed for identifying the underlying targets of TGS on improvement of the energy metabolism of isolated rat heart tissues perfused in Langendorff system under ischemia-reperfusion injury conditions. The image analysis results revealed 11 differentially expressed proteins in the TGS-treated heart tissues; these proteins, including LDHB and ODP-2, were found to be closely related to the function of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle that plays pivotal roles in cardiac energy metabolism. It is thus concluded that improvement of cardiac energy metabolism via activating proteins in TCA cycle could be the major action pathway and targets of TGS activity against rat heart tissue injury.
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25
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Human aldo-keto reductase AKR7A2 protects against the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of reactive aldehydes and lowers intracellular reactive oxygen species in hamster V79-4 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 195:25-34. [PMID: 22001351 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase (AKR) enzymes are critical for the detoxication of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes. Previous studies have shown that the AKR7A2 enzyme is catalytically active toward aldehydes arising from lipid peroxidation, suggesting a potential role against the consequences of oxidative stress, and representing an important detoxication route in mammalian cells. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of AKR7A2 to protect cells against aldehyde cytotoxicity and genotoxicity and elucidate its potential role in providing resistance to oxidative stress. A transgenic mammalian cell model was developed in which AKR7A2 was overexpressed in V79-4 cells and used to evaluate the ability of AKR7A2 to provide resistance against toxic aldehydes. Results show that AKR7A2 provides increased resistance to the cytotoxicity of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and modest resistance to the cytotoxicity of trans, trans-muconaldehyde (MUC) and methyglyoxal, but provided no protection against crotonaldehyde and acrolein. Cells expressing AKR7A2 were also found to be less susceptible to DNA damage, showing a decrease in mutation rate cause by 4-HNE compared to control cells. Furthermore, the role of the AKR7A2 enzyme on the cellular capability to cope with oxidative stress was assessed. V79 cells expressing AKR7A2 were more resistant to the redox-cycler menadione and were able to lower menadione-induced ROS levels in both a time and dose dependent manner. In addition, AKR7A2 was able to maintain intracellular GSH levels in the presence of menadione. Together these findings indicate that AKR7A2 is involved in cellular detoxication pathways and may play a defensive role against oxidative stress in vivo.
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Gu J, Wang JJ, Yan J, Cui CF, Wu WH, Li L, Wang ZS, Yu M, Gao N, Liu L, Ouyang DS. Effects of lignans extracted from Eucommia ulmoides and aldose reductase inhibitor epalrestat on hypertensive vascular remodeling. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:6-13. [PMID: 20817083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the effects of lignans extracted from Eucommia ulmoides and epalrestat on vascular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (12 rats each group), and treated orally with 100 mg/kg/d of captopril (an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor), 100 mg/kg/d of epalrestat (an aldose reductase inhibitor) and 300 mg/kg/d of lignans by gavage daily for 16 weeks, respectively. Sex-, age-, and number-matched spontaneously hypertensive rats and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats, were treated with distilled water (vehicle) as controls. The rats were weighed weekly. Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were measured periodically by non-invasive blood pressure monitoring. They were sacrificed at the end of experiment (26-week-old). Superior mesenteric artery and aorta were isolated for determination of histomorphometry and the expression of aldose reductase by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Captopril and lignans, but not epalrestat, decreased mean arterial blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Vascular remodeling was improved in all three treated groups by histomorphometry. CONCLUSIONS Both lignans and epalrestat reversed hypertensive vascular remodeling. Aldose reductase played a vital role in the pathologic process of hypertensive vascular remodeling rather than elevation of blood pressure. These data suggested that aldose reductase could be a new therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Gu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
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Tang Y, Xiang W, Terry L, Kretzschmar HA, Windl O. Transcriptional analysis implicates endoplasmic reticulum stress in bovine spongiform encephalopathy. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14207. [PMID: 21151970 PMCID: PMC2997050 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a fatal, transmissible, neurodegenerative disease of cattle. To date, the disease process is still poorly understood. In this study, brain tissue samples from animals naturally infected with BSE were analysed to identify differentially regulated genes using Affymetrix GeneChip Bovine Genome Arrays. A total of 230 genes were shown to be differentially regulated and many of these genes encode proteins involved in immune response, apoptosis, cell adhesion, stress response and transcription. Seventeen genes are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and 10 of these 17 genes are involved in stress related responses including ER chaperones, Grp94 and Grp170. Western blotting analysis showed that another ER chaperone, Grp78, was up-regulated in BSE. Up-regulation of these three chaperones strongly suggests the presence of ER stress and the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in BSE. The occurrence of ER stress was also supported by changes in gene expression for cytosolic proteins, such as the chaperone pair of Hsp70 and DnaJ. Many genes associated with the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and the autophagy-lysosome system were differentially regulated, indicating that both pathways might be activated in response to ER stress. A model is presented to explain the mechanisms of prion neurotoxicity using these ER stress related responses. Clustering analysis showed that the differently regulated genes found from the naturally infected BSE cases could be used to predict the infectious status of the samples experimentally infected with BSE from the previous study and vice versa. Proof-of-principle gene expression biomarkers were found to represent BSE using 10 genes with 94% sensitivity and 87% specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tang
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis and Genetics, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Surrey, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (YT); (OW)
| | - Wei Xiang
- Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Center, University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Linda Terry
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis and Genetics, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Hans A. Kretzschmar
- Institute of Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Otto Windl
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis and Genetics, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Surrey, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (YT); (OW)
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28
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Liu KX, Li C, Li YS, Yuan BL, Xu M, Xia Z, Huang WQ. Proteomic analysis of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury and ischemic preconditioning in rats reveals the protective role of aldose reductase. Proteomics 2010; 10:4463-75. [PMID: 21136599 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a critical condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. Studies show that ischemic preconditioning (IPC) can protect the intestine from I/R injury. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this event have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, 2-DE combined with MALDI-MS was employed to analyze intestinal mucosa proteomes of rat subjected to I/R injury in the absence or presence of IPC pretreatment. The protein content of 16 proteins in the intestinal mucosa changed more than 1.5-fold following intestinal I/R. These proteins were, respectively, involved in the cellular processes of energy metabolism, anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis. One of these proteins, aldose reductase (AR), removes reactive oxygen species. In support of the 2-DE results, the mRNA and protein expressions of AR were significantly downregulated upon I/R injury and enhanced by IPC as confirmed by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Further study showed that AR-selective inhibitor epalrestat totally turned over the protective effect of IPC, indicating that IPC confers protection against intestinal I/R injury primarily by increasing intestinal AR expression. The finding that AR may play a key in intestinal ischemic protection might offer evidences to foster the development of new therapies against intestinal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Xuan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Kim DS, Kwon DY, Kim MS, Kim HK, Lee YC, Park SJ, Yoo WH, Chae SW, Chung MJ, Kim HR, Chae HJ. The involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress in flavonoid-induced protection on cardiac cell death caused by ischaemia/reperfusion. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:197-204. [PMID: 20487199 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.02.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We have investigated whether endoplasmic reticulum stress and Bcl-2 proteins were linked to the protective effect exerted by flavonoids on ischaemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac damage. METHODS Cell viability and immunoblotting were performed. KEY FINDINGS H9c2 cardiac muscle cells were exposed to flavonoids such as biochanin A, daidzein, genistein, luteolin, quercetin and rutin, followed by ischaemia 12 h/reperfusion 4 h. The flavonoids protected against cell death induced by ischaemia/reperfusion. Flavonoid treatment significantly increased the expression level of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, but decreased that of the proapoptotic protein, Bax. The flavonoids down-regulated the expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins, glucose-regulated protein-78, activating transcription factor 6alpha, X-box binding protein 1, inositol-requiring protein-1, phosphor-eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha, and C/EBP-homologous protein. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that the protective mechanisms of flavonoids included regulation of Bcl-2/Bax proteins as well as the endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Sung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Jeonju, Chonbuk, Republic of Korea
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Siems W, Crifo C, Capuozzo E, Uchida K, Grune T, Salerno C. Metabolism of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 503:248-52. [PMID: 20804722 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular metabolism of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), a major product and mediator of oxidative stress and inflammation, is analyzed in resting and fMLP-stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), where this compound is generated during activation of the respiratory burst. HNE consumption rate in PMNL is very low, if compared to other cell types (rat hepatocytes, rabbit fibroblasts), where HNE metabolism is always an important part of secondary antioxidative defense mechanisms. More than 98% of HNE metabolites are identified. The pattern of HNE intermediates is quite similar in stimulated and resting PMNL - except for higher water formation in resting PMNL - while the initial velocity of HNE degradation is somewhat higher in resting cells, 0.44 instead of 0.28 nmol/(min×10(6) cells). The main products of HNE metabolism are 4-hydroxynonenoic acid (HNA), 1,4-dihydroxynonene (DHN) and the glutathione adducts with HNE, HNA, and DHN. Protein-bound HNE and water account for about 3-4% of the total HNE derivatives in stimulated cells, while in resting cells protein-bound HNE and water are 4% and 20%, respectively. Cysteinyl-glycine-HNE adduct and mercapturic acids contribute to about 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Siems
- Department of Physiotherapy and Gerontology, KortexMed Institute of Medical Education, Bad Harzburg, Germany
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Wetzelberger K, Baba SP, Thirunavukkarasu M, Ho YS, Maulik N, Barski OA, Conklin DJ, Bhatnagar A. Postischemic deactivation of cardiac aldose reductase: role of glutathione S-transferase P and glutaredoxin in regeneration of reduced thiols from sulfenic acids. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26135-48. [PMID: 20538586 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.146423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of glucose and lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes. During myocardial ischemia, the activity of AR is increased due to the oxidation of its cysteine residues to sulfenic acids. It is not known, however, whether the activated, sulfenic form of the protein (AR-SOH) is converted back to its reduced, unactivated state (AR-SH). We report here that in perfused mouse hearts activation of AR during 15 min of global ischemia is completely reversed by 30 min of reperfusion. During reperfusion, AR-SOH was converted to a mixed disulfide (AR-SSG). Deactivation of AR and the appearance of AR-SSG during reperfusion were delayed in hearts of mice lacking glutathione S-transferase P (GSTP). In vitro, GSTP accelerated glutathiolation and inactivation of AR-SOH. Reduction of AR-SSG to AR-SH was facilitated by glutaredoxin (GRX). Ischemic activation of AR was increased in GRX-null hearts but was attenuated in the hearts of cardiospecific GRX transgenic mice. Incubation of AR-SSG with GRX led to the regeneration of the reduced form of the enzyme. In ischemic cardiospecific AR transgenic hearts, AR was co-immunoprecipitated with GSTP, whereas in reperfused hearts, the association of AR with GRX was increased. These findings suggest that upon reperfusion of the ischemic heart AR-SOH is converted to AR-SSG via GSTP-assisted glutathiolation. AR-SSG is then reduced by GRX to AR-SH. Sequential catalysis by GSTP and GRX may be a general redox switching mechanism that regulates the reduction of protein sulfenic acids to cysteines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Wetzelberger
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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