1
|
Jaiswal S, Singh B, Dhingra I, Joshi A, Kodgire P. Bioremediation and bioscavenging for elimination of organophosphorus threats: An approach using enzymatic advancements. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118888. [PMID: 38599448 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OP) are highly toxic pesticides and nerve agents widely used in agriculture and chemical warfare. The extensive use of these chemicals has severe environmental implications, such as contamination of soil, water bodies, and food chains, thus endangering ecosystems and biodiversity. Plants absorb pesticide residues, which then enter the food chain and accumulate in the body fat of both humans and animals. Numerous human cases of OP poisoning have been linked to both acute and long-term exposure to these toxic OP compounds. These compounds inhibit the action of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) by phosphorylation, which prevents the breakdown of acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter into choline and acetate. Thus, it becomes vital to cleanse the environment from these chemicals utilizing various physical, chemical, and biological methods. Biological methods encompassing bioremediation using immobilized microbes and enzymes have emerged as environment-friendly and cost-effective approaches for pesticide removal. Cell/enzyme immobilized systems offer higher stability, reusability, and ease of product recovery, making them ideal tools for OP bioremediation. Interestingly, enzymatic bioscavengers (stoichiometric, pseudo-catalytic, and catalytic) play a vital role in detoxifying pesticides from the human body. Catalytic bioscavenging enzymes such as Organophosphate Hydrolase, Organophosphorus acid anhydrolase, and Paraoxonase 1 show high degradation efficiency within the animal body as well as in the environment. Moreover, these enzymes can also be employed to decontaminate pesticides from food, ensuring food safety and thus minimizing human exposure. This review aims to provide insights to potential collaborators in research organizations, government bodies, and industries to bring advancements in the field of bioremediation and bioscavenging technologies for the mitigation of OP-induced health hazards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Jaiswal
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Brijeshwar Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Isha Dhingra
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Abhijeet Joshi
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore, 453552, India.
| | - Prashant Kodgire
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore, 453552, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li H, Lu C, Liu Z, Xiang F, Liu B, Wang H, Chang J, Pan L, Chen Y, Chen J. Advancements in bioscavenger mediated detoxification of organophosphorus poisoning. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae089. [PMID: 38863796 PMCID: PMC11163184 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Organophosphorus compounds, widely used in agriculture and industry, pose a serious threat to human health due to their acute neurotoxicity. Although traditional interventions for organophosphate poisoning are effective, they often come with significant side effects. Objective This paper aims to evaluate the potential of enzymes within biological organisms as organophosphorus bioclearing agents. It analyses the technical challenges in current enzyme research, such as substrate specificity, stereoselectivity, and immunogenicity, while exploring recent advancements in the field. Methods A comprehensive review of literature related to detoxifying enzymes or proteins was conducted. Existing studies on organophosphorus bioclearing agents were summarised, elucidating the biological detoxification mechanisms, with a particular focus on advancements in protein engineering and novel delivery methods. Results Current bioclearing agents can be categorised into stoichiometric and catalytic bioclearing agents, both of which have shown some success in preventing organophosphate poisoning. Technological advancements have significantly improved various properties of bioclearing agents, yet challenges remain, particularly in substrate specificity, stereoselectivity, and immunogenicity. Future research will focus on expanding the substrate spectrum, enhancing catalytic efficiency, prolonging in vivo half-life, and developing convenient administration methods. Conclusion With the progression of clinical trials, bioclearing agents are expected to become widely used as a new generation of therapeutic organophosphate detoxifiers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hexi Li
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
- Unit No. 31666 of PLA, 1 New City Courtyard, Jinyang Town, Liangzhou District, Wuwei, Gansu 733000, China
| | - Cong Lu
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
- Unit No. 94347 of PLA, 24 Wenfu Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, China
| | - Zhenmin Liu
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Fengshun Xiang
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Jie Chang
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Li Pan
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, 30 South Central Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, P. R. China
| | - Youwei Chen
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Jingfei Chen
- Institute of NBC Defence, PLA, ARMY, 1 North Street, Yangfang Town, Changping District, Beijing 102205, China
- Unit No. 32169 of PLA, 100 Shuangyong East Road, Nyingchi, Tibet 860000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kolić D, Šinko G, Jean L, Chioua M, Dias J, Marco-Contelles J, Kovarik Z. Cholesterol Oxime Olesoxime Assessed as a Potential Ligand of Human Cholinesterases. Biomolecules 2024; 14:588. [PMID: 38785995 PMCID: PMC11117805 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Olesoxime, a cholesterol derivative with an oxime group, possesses the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, and has demonstrated excellent safety and tolerability properties in clinical research. These characteristics indicate it may serve as a centrally active ligand of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), whose disruption of activity with organophosphate compounds (OP) leads to uncontrolled excitation and potentially life-threatening symptoms. To evaluate olesoxime as a binding ligand and reactivator of human AChE and BChE, we conducted in vitro kinetic studies with the active metabolite of insecticide parathion, paraoxon, and the warfare nerve agents sarin, cyclosarin, tabun, and VX. Our results showed that both enzymes possessed a binding affinity for olesoxime in the mid-micromolar range, higher than the antidotes in use (i.e., 2-PAM, HI-6, etc.). While olesoxime showed a weak ability to reactivate AChE, cyclosarin-inhibited BChE was reactivated with an overall reactivation rate constant comparable to that of standard oxime HI-6. Moreover, in combination with the oxime 2-PAM, the reactivation maximum increased by 10-30% for cyclosarin- and sarin-inhibited BChE. Molecular modeling revealed productive interactions between olesoxime and BChE, highlighting olesoxime as a potentially BChE-targeted therapy. Moreover, it might be added to OP poisoning treatment to increase the efficacy of BChE reactivation, and its cholesterol scaffold could provide a basis for the development of novel oxime antidotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dora Kolić
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.K.); (G.Š.)
| | - Goran Šinko
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.K.); (G.Š.)
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Inserm, CiTCoM, F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Mourad Chioua
- Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - José Dias
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, Paris, France;
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain; (M.C.); (J.M.-C.)
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.K.); (G.Š.)
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zandona A, Madunić J, Miš K, Maraković N, Dubois-Geoffroy P, Cavaco M, Mišetić P, Padovan J, Castanho M, Jean L, Renard PY, Pirkmajer S, Neves V, Katalinić M. Biological response and cell death signaling pathways modulated by tetrahydroisoquinoline-based aldoximes in human cells. Toxicology 2023:153588. [PMID: 37419273 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The uncharged 3-hydroxy-2-pyridine aldoximes with protonatable tertiary amines are studied as antidotes in toxic organophosphates (OP) poisoning. Due to some of their specific structural features, we hypothesize that these compounds could exert diverse biological activity beyond their main scope of application. To examine this further, we performed an extensive cell-based assessment to determine their effects on human cells (SH-SY5Y, HEK293, HepG2, HK-2, myoblasts and myotubes) and possible mechanism of action. As our results indicated, aldoxime having a piperidine moiety did not induce significant toxicity up to 300µM within 24hours, while those with a tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety, in the same concentration range, showed time-dependent effects and stimulated mitochondria-mediated activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway through ERK1/2 and p38-MAPK signaling and subsequent activation of initiator caspase 9 and executive caspase 3 accompanied with DNA damage as observed already after 4hour exposure. Mitochondria and fatty acid metabolism were also likely targets of 3-hydroxy-2-pyridine aldoximes with tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety, due to increased phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. In silico analysis predicted kinases as their most probable target class, while pharmacophores modeling additionally predicted the inhibition of a cytochrome P450cam. Overall, if the absence of significant toxicity for piperidine bearing aldoxime highlights the potential of its further studies in medical counter-measures, the observed biological activity of aldoximes with tetrahydroisoquinoline moiety could be indicative for future design of compounds either in a negative context in OP antidotes design, or in a positive one for design of compounds for the treatment of other phenomena like cell proliferating malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Josip Madunić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Katarina Miš
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Marco Cavaco
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | | | | | - Miguel Castanho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, CiTCoM (UMR 8038), F-75006, Paris, France.
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA (UMR 6014), 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Sergej Pirkmajer
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Vera Neves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, POB 291, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Transitioning from Oxime to the Next Potential Organophosphorus Poisoning Therapy Using Enzymes. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/7319588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
For years, organophosphorus poisoning has been a major concern of health problems throughout the world. An estimated 200,000 acute pesticide poisoning deaths occur each year, many in developing countries. Apart from the agricultural pesticide poisoning, terrorists have used these organophosphorus compounds to attack civilian populations in some countries. Recent misuses of sarin in the Syrian conflict had been reported in 2018. Since the 1950s, the therapy to overcome this health problem is to utilize a reactivator to reactivate the inhibited acetylcholinesterase by these organophosphorus compounds. However, many questions remain unanswered regarding the efficacy and toxicity of this reactivator. Pralidoxime, MMB-4, TMB-4, obidoxime, and HI-6 are the examples of the established oximes, yet they are of insufficient effectiveness in some poisonings and only a limited spectrum of the different nerve agents and pesticides are being covered. Alternatively, an option in the treatment of organophosphorus poisoning that has been explored is through the use of enzyme therapy. Organophosphorus hydrolases are a group of enzymes that look promising for detoxifying organophosphorus compounds and have recently gained much interest. These enzymes have demonstrated remarkable protective and antidotal value against some different organophosphorus compounds in vivo in animal models. Apart from that, enzyme treatments have also been applied for decontamination purposes. In this review, the restrictions and obstacles in the therapeutic development of oximes, along with the new strategies to overcome the problems, are discussed. The emerging interest in enzyme treatment with its advantages and disadvantages is described as well.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee HM, Andrys R, Jonczyk J, Kim K, Vishakantegowda AG, Malinak D, Skarka A, Schmidt M, Vaskova M, Latka K, Bajda M, Jung YS, Malawska B, Musilek K. Pyridinium-2-carbaldoximes with quinolinium carboxamide moiety are simultaneous reactivators of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibited by nerve agent surrogates. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:437-449. [PMID: 33467931 PMCID: PMC7822067 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1869954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyridinium-2-carbaldoximes with quinolinium carboxamide moiety were designed and synthesised as cholinesterase reactivators. The prepared compounds showed intermediate-to-high inhibition of both cholinesterases when compared to standard oximes. Their reactivation ability was evaluated in vitro on human recombinant acetylcholinesterase (hrAChE) and human recombinant butyrylcholinesterase (hrBChE) inhibited by nerve agent surrogates (NIMP, NEMP, and NEDPA) or paraoxon. In the reactivation screening, one compound was able to reactivate hrAChE inhibited by all used organophosphates and two novel compounds were able to reactivate NIMP/NEMP-hrBChE. The reactivation kinetics revealed compound 11 that proved to be excellent reactivator of paraoxon-hrAChE better to obidoxime and showed increased reactivation of NIMP/NEMP-hrBChE, although worse to obidoxime. The molecular interactions of studied reactivators were further identified by in silico calculations. Molecular modelling results revealed the importance of creation of the pre-reactivation complex that could lead to better reactivation of both cholinesterases together with reducing particular interactions for lower intrinsic inhibition by the oxime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Myung Lee
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Rudolf Andrys
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Jonczyk
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kyuneun Kim
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Avinash G Vishakantegowda
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - David Malinak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Skarka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Vaskova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Latka
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Bajda
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Young-Sik Jung
- Division of Bio and Drug Discovery, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Barbara Malawska
- Department of Physicochemical Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Development of versatile and potent monoquaternary reactivators of acetylcholinesterase. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:985-1001. [PMID: 33517499 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-02981-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To date, the only treatments developed for poisoning by organophosphorus compounds, the most toxic chemical weapons of mass destruction, have exhibited limited efficacy and versatility. The available causal antidotes are based on reactivation of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which is rapidly and pseudo-irreversibly inhibited by these agents. In this study, we developed a novel series of monoquaternary reactivators combining permanently charged moieties tethered to position 6- of 3-hydroxypyridine-2-aldoxime reactivating subunit. Highlighted representatives (21, 24, and 27; also coded as K1371, K1374, and K1375, respectively) that contained 1-phenylisoquinolinium, 7-amino-1-phenylisoquinolinium and 4-carbamoylpyridinium moieties as peripheral anionic site ligands, respectively, showed efficacy superior or comparable to that of the clinically used standards. More importantly, these reactivators exhibited wide-spectrum efficacy and were minutely investigated via determination of their reactivation kinetics in parallel with molecular dynamics simulations to study their mechanisms of reactivation of the tabun-inhibited AChE conjugate. To further confirm the potential applicability of these candidates, a mouse in vivo assay was conducted. While K1375 had the lowest acute toxicity and the most suitable pharmacokinetic profile, the oxime K1374 with delayed elimination half-life was the most effective in ameliorating the signs of tabun toxicity. Moreover, both in vitro and in vivo, the versatility of the agents was substantially superior to that of clinically used standards. Their high efficacy and broad-spectrum capability make K1374 and K1375 promising candidates that should be further investigated for their potential as nerve agents and insecticide antidotes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Molecular Modeling Studies on the Multistep Reactivation Process of Organophosphate-Inhibited Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020169. [PMID: 33513955 PMCID: PMC7912477 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poisoning with organophosphorus compounds used as pesticides or misused as chemical weapons remains a serious threat to human health and life. Their toxic effects result from irreversible blockade of the enzymes acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, which causes overstimulation of the cholinergic system and often leads to serious injury or death. Treatment of organophosphorus poisoning involves, among other strategies, the administration of oxime compounds. Oximes reactivate cholinesterases by breaking the covalent bond between the serine residue from the enzyme active site and the phosphorus atom of the organophosphorus compound. Although the general mechanism of reactivation has been known for years, the exact molecular aspects determining the efficiency and selectivity of individual oximes are still not clear. This hinders the development of new active compounds. In our research, using relatively simple and widely available molecular docking methods, we investigated the reactivation of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase blocked by sarin and tabun. For the selected oximes, their binding modes at each step of the reactivation process were identified. Amino acids essential for effective reactivation and those responsible for the selectivity of individual oximes against inhibited acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase were identified. This research broadens the knowledge about cholinesterase reactivation and demonstrates the usefulness of molecular docking in the study of this process. The presented observations and methods can be used in the future to support the search for new effective reactivators.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hrvat NM, Kovarik Z. Counteracting poisoning with chemical warfare nerve agents. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2020; 71:266-284. [PMID: 33410774 PMCID: PMC7968514 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphylation of the pivotal enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by nerve agents (NAs) leads to irreversible inhibition of the enzyme and accumulation of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which induces cholinergic crisis, that is, overstimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic membrane receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system. In severe cases, subsequent desensitisation of the receptors results in hypoxia, vasodepression, and respiratory arrest, followed by death. Prompt action is therefore critical to improve the chances of victim's survival and recovery. Standard therapy of NA poisoning generally involves administration of anticholinergic atropine and an oxime reactivator of phosphylated AChE. Anticholinesterase compounds or NA bioscavengers can also be applied to preserve native AChE from inhibition. With this review of 70 years of research we aim to present current and potential approaches to counteracting NA poisoning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Enantioseparation, in vitro testing, and structural characterization of triple-binding reactivators of organophosphate-inhibited cholinesterases. Biochem J 2020; 477:2771-2790. [PMID: 32639532 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The enantiomers of racemic 2-hydroxyimino-N-(azidophenylpropyl)acetamide-derived triple-binding oxime reactivators were separated, and tested for inhibition and reactivation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibited with tabun (GA), cyclosarin (GF), sarin (GB), and VX. Both enzymes showed the greatest affinity toward the methylimidazole derivative (III) of 2-hydroxyimino-N-(azidophenylpropyl)acetamide (I). The crystal structure was determined for the complex of oxime III within human BChE, confirming that all three binding groups interacted with active site residues. In the case of BChE inhibited by GF, oximes I (kr = 207 M-1 min-1) and III (kr = 213 M-1 min-1) showed better reactivation efficiency than the reference oxime 2-PAM. Finally, the key mechanistic steps in the reactivation of GF-inhibited BChE with oxime III were modeled using the PM7R6 method, stressing the importance of proton transfer from Nε of His438 to Oγ of Ser203 for achieving successful reactivation.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang L, Murata H, Amitai G, Smith PN, Matyjaszewski K, Russell AJ. Catalytic Detoxification of Organophosphorus Nerve Agents by Butyrylcholinesterase-Polymer-Oxime Bioscavengers. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3867-3877. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libin Zhang
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Gabriel Amitai
- Wohl Drug Discovery Institute, Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine (G-INCPM), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 760001, Israel
| | - Paige N. Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alan J. Russell
- Center for Polymer-Based Protein Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Targeting organophosphorus compounds poisoning by novel quinuclidine-3 oximes: development of butyrylcholinesterase-based bioscavengers. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3157-3171. [PMID: 32583098 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A library of 14 mono-oxime quinuclidinium-based compounds with alkyl or benzyl substituent were synthesized and characterized in vitro as potential antidotes for organophosphorus compounds (OP) poisoning treatment. We evaluated their potency for reversible inhibition and reactivation of OP inhibited human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and evaluated interactions by molecular docking studies. The reactivation was notable for both AChE and BChE inhibited by VX, cyclosarin, sarin and paraoxon, if quinuclidinium compounds contained the benzyl group attached to the quinuclidinium moiety. Out of all 14, oxime Q8 [4-bromobenzyl-3-(hydroxyimino)quinuclidinium bromide] was singled out as having the highest determined overall reactivation rate of approximately 20,000 M-1 min-1 for cyclosarin-inhibited BChE. Furthermore, this oxime in combination with BChE exhibited a capability to act as a bioscavenger of cyclosarin, degrading within 2 h up to 100-fold excess of cyclosarin concentration over the enzyme. Molecular modeling revealed that the position of the cyclohexyl moiety conjugated with the active site serine of BChE directs the favorable positioning of the quinuclidinium ring and the bromophenyl moiety of Q8, which makes phosphonylated-serine easily accessible for the nucleophilic displacement by the oxime group of Q8. This result presents a novel scaffold for the development of new BChE-based bioscavengers. Furthermore, a cytotoxic effect was not observed for Q8, which also makes it promising for further in vivo reactivation studies.
Collapse
|
13
|
Efficient detoxification of nerve agents by oxime-assisted reactivation of acetylcholinesterase mutants. Neuropharmacology 2020; 171:108111. [PMID: 32333945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent advancements in crystallography and kinetics studies involving reactivation mechanism of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by nerve agents have enabled a new paradigm in the search for potent medical countermeasures in case of nerve agents exposure. Poisonings by organophosphorus compounds (OP) that lead to life-threatening toxic manifestations require immediate treatment that combines administration of anticholinergic drugs and an aldoxime as a reactivator of AChE. An alternative approach to reduce the in vivo toxicity of OP centers on the use of bioscavengers against the parent organophosphate. Our recent research showed that site-directed mutagenesis of AChE can enable aldoximes to substantially accelerate the reactivation of OP-enzyme conjugates while dramatically slowing down rates of OP-conjugate dealkylation (aging). Therefore, this review focuses on oxime-assisted catalysis by AChE mutants that provides a potential means for degradation of organophosphates in the plasma before reaching the cellular target site. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: From Bench to Bedside to Battlefield'.
Collapse
|
14
|
Malinak D, Dolezal R, Hepnarova V, Hozova M, Andrys R, Bzonek P, Racakova V, Korabecny J, Gorecki L, Mezeiova E, Psotka M, Jun D, Kuca K, Musilek K. Synthesis, in vitro screening and molecular docking of isoquinolinium-5-carbaldoximes as acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase reactivators. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:478-488. [PMID: 31910701 PMCID: PMC6968506 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1710501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The series of symmetrical and unsymmetrical isoquinolinium-5-carbaldoximes was designed and prepared for cholinesterase reactivation purposes. The novel compounds were evaluated for intrinsic acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition, when the majority of novel compounds resulted with high inhibition of both enzymes and only weak inhibitors were selected for reactivation experiments on human AChE or BChE inhibited by sarin, VX, or paraoxon. The AChE reactivation for all used organophosphates was found negligible if compared to the reactivation ability of obidoxime. Importantly, two compounds were found to reactivate BChE inhibited by sarin or VX better to obidoxime at human attainable concentration. One compound resulted as better reactivator of NEMP (VX surrogate)-inhibited BChE than obidoxime. The in vitro results were further rationalized by molecular docking studies showing future directions on designing potent BChE reactivators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Malinak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Hozova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Andrys
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bzonek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Racakova
- Faculty of Informatics and Management, Center for Basic and Applied Research, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Gorecki
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Psotka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang L, Baker SL, Murata H, Harris N, Ji W, Amitai G, Matyjaszewski K, Russell AJ. Tuning Butyrylcholinesterase Inactivation and Reactivation by Polymer-Based Protein Engineering. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1901904. [PMID: 31921563 PMCID: PMC6947490 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201901904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate nerve agents rapidly inhibit cholinesterases thereby destroying the ability to sustain life. Strong nucleophiles, such as oximes, have been used as therapeutic reactivators of cholinesterase-organophosphate complexes, but suffer from short half-lives and limited efficacy across the broad spectrum of organophosphate nerve agents. Cholinesterases have been used as long-lived therapeutic bioscavengers for unreacted organophosphates with limited success because they react with organophosphate nerve agents with one-to-one stoichiometries. The chemical power of nucleophilic reactivators is coupled to long-lived bioscavengers by designing and synthesizing cholinesterase-polymer-oxime conjugates using atom transfer radical polymerization and azide-alkyne "click" chemistry. Detailed kinetic studies show that butyrylcholinesterase-polymer-oxime activity is dependent on the electrostatic properties of the polymers and the amount of oxime within the conjugate. The covalent coupling of oxime-containing polymers to the surface of butyrylcholinesterase slows the rate of inactivation of paraoxon, a model nerve agent. Furthermore, when the enzyme is covalently inhibited by paraoxon, the covalently attached oxime induced inter- and intramolecular reactivation. Intramolecular reactivation will open the door to the generation of a new class of nerve agent scavengers that couple the speed and selectivity of biology to the ruggedness and simplicity of synthetic chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libin Zhang
- Center for Polymer‐Based Protein EngineeringCarnegie Mellon University5000 Forbes AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Stefanie L. Baker
- Center for Polymer‐Based Protein EngineeringCarnegie Mellon University5000 Forbes AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon University5000 Forbes AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Center for Polymer‐Based Protein EngineeringCarnegie Mellon University5000 Forbes AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Nicholas Harris
- Center for Polymer‐Based Protein EngineeringCarnegie Mellon University5000 Forbes AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Department of Biotechnology EngineeringORT Braude Academic CollegeKarmielPOB78Israel
| | - Weihang Ji
- Center for Polymer‐Based Protein EngineeringCarnegie Mellon University5000 Forbes AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Gabriel Amitai
- Wohl Drug Discovery InstituteNancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine (G‐INCPM)Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot760001Israel
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Center for Polymer‐Based Protein EngineeringCarnegie Mellon University5000 Forbes AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Department of ChemistryDepartment of Chemical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
| | - Alan J. Russell
- Center for Polymer‐Based Protein EngineeringCarnegie Mellon University5000 Forbes AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon University5000 Forbes AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Department of ChemistryDepartment of Chemical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
de A. Cavalcante SF, Simas ABC, Kuča K. Nerve Agents’ Surrogates: Invaluable Tools for Development of Acetylcholinesterase Reactivators. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666190806114017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of nerve agents as warfare and in terrorist acts has drawn much attention from the governments and societies. Such toxic organophosphorus compounds are listed in Chemical Weapons Convention as Schedule 1 chemicals. The discussion about the chemical identity of the elusive Novichok agents, more potent compounds than best known G- and V-Agents, which have been implicated in recent rumorous assassination plots, clearly demonstrating the importance of the matter. Furthermore, accidents with pesticides or misuse thereof have been a pressing issue in many countries. In this context, the continued development of novel cholinesterase reactivators, antidotes for organophosphorus poisoning, a rather restricted class of pharmaceutical substances, is warranted. Testing of novel candidates may require use of actual nerve agents. Nonetheless, only a few laboratories comply with the requirements for storing, possession and manipulation of such toxic chemicals. To overcome such limitations, nerve agents’ surrogates may be a useful alternative, as they undergo the same reaction with cholinesterases, yielding similar adducts, allowing assays with novel antidote candidates, among other applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samir F. de A. Cavalcante
- Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products (IPPN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandro B. C. Simas
- Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products (IPPN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bajgar J, Kassa J, Kucera T, Musilek K, Jun D, Kuca K. Some Possibilities to Study New Prophylactics against Nerve Agents. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:970-979. [PMID: 30827238 DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190301112530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nerve agents belong to the most dangerous chemical warfare agents and can be/were misused by terrorists. Effective prophylaxis and treatment is necessary to diminish their effect. General principles of prophylaxis are summarized (protection against acetylcholinesterase inhibition, detoxification, treatment "in advance" and use of different drugs). They are based on the knowledge of mechanism of action of nerve agents. Among different examinations, it is necessary to test prophylactic effectivity in vivo and compare the results with protection in vitro. Chemical and biological approaches to the development of new prophylactics would be applied simultaneously during this research. Though the number of possible prophylactics is relatively high, the only four drugs were introduced into military medical practice. At present, pyridostigmine seems to be common prophylactic antidote; prophylactics panpal (tablets with pyridostigmine, trihexyphenidyl and benactyzine), transant (transdermal patch containing HI-6) are other means introduced into different armies as prophylactics. Scavenger commercionally available is Protexia®. Future development will be focused on scavengers, and on other drugs either reversible cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., huperzine A, gallantamine, physostigmine, acridine derivatives) or other compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Bajgar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - J Kassa
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - T Kucera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - K Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - D Jun
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - K Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kobrlova T, Korabecny J, Soukup O. Current approaches to enhancing oxime reactivator delivery into the brain. Toxicology 2019; 423:75-83. [PMID: 31112674 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The misuse of organophosphate compounds still represents a current threat worldwide. Treatment of poisoning with organophosphates (OPs) remains unsatisfactorily resolved despite the extensive investment in research in academia. There are no universal, effective and centrally-active acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators to countermeasure OP intoxication. One major obstacle is to overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The central compartment is readily accessible by the OPs which are lipophilic bullets that can easily cross the BBB, whereas first-line therapeutics, namely oxime-based AChE reactivators and atropine, do not cross or do so rather slowly. The limitation of oxime-based AChE reactivators can be ascribed to their chemical nature, bearing a positive charge which is essential either for their AChE affinity or their reactivating potency. The aim of this article is to review the methods for targeting the brain by oxime reactivators that have been developed so far. Approaches using prodrugs, lipophilicity enhancement, or sugar-based oximes have been rather unsuccessful. However, other strategies have been more promising, such as the use of nanoparticles or co-administration of the reactivator with efflux transporter inhibitors. Encouraging results have also been associated with intranasal delivery, but research in this field is still at the beginning. Further research of auspicious approaches is inevitable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Kobrlova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zorbaz T, Malinak D, Kuca K, Musilek K, Kovarik Z. Butyrylcholinesterase inhibited by nerve agents is efficiently reactivated with chlorinated pyridinium oximes. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 307:16-20. [PMID: 31004594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bispyridinium oximes with one (K865, K866, K867) or two (K868, K869, K870) ortho-positioned chlorine moiety, analogous to previously known K027, K048 and K203 oximes, and potent reactivators of human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by nerve agents, were tested in the reactivation of human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibited by sarin, cyclosarin, VX, and tabun. A previously highlighted AChE reactivator, dichlorinated bispyridinium oxime with propyl linker (K868), was tested in more detail for reactivation of four nerve agent-BChE conjugates. Its BChE reactivation potency was showed to be promising when compared to the standard oximes used in medical practice, asoxime (HI-6) and pralidoxime (2-PAM), especially in case of sarin and tabun. This finding could be used in the pseudo-catalytic scavenging of the most nerve agents due to its cumulative capacity to reactivate both AChE and BChE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zorbaz
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - David Malinak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Franjesevic AJ, Sillart SB, Beck JM, Vyas S, Callam CS, Hadad CM. Resurrection and Reactivation of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase. Chemistry 2019; 25:5337-5371. [PMID: 30444932 PMCID: PMC6508893 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents and pesticides present significant threats to civilian and military populations. OP compounds include the nefarious G and V chemical nerve agents, but more commonly, civilians are exposed to less toxic OP pesticides, resulting in the same negative toxicological effects and thousands of deaths on an annual basis. After decades of research, no new therapeutics have been realized since the mid-1900s. Upon phosphylation of the catalytic serine residue, a process known as inhibition, there is an accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain synapses and neuromuscular junctions, leading to a cholinergic crisis and eventually death. Oxime nucleophiles can reactivate select OP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Yet, the fields of reactivation of AChE and butyrylcholinesterase encounter additional challenges as broad-spectrum reactivation of either enzyme is difficult. Additional problems include the ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and to provide therapy in the central nervous system. Yet another complication arises in a competitive reaction, known as aging, whereby OP-inhibited AChE is converted to an inactive form, which until very recently, had been impossible to reverse to an active, functional form. Evaluations of uncharged oximes and other neutral nucleophiles have been made. Non-oxime reactivators, such as aromatic general bases and Mannich bases, have been developed. The issue of aging, which generates an anionic phosphylated serine residue, has been historically recalcitrant to recovery by any therapeutic approach-that is, until earlier this year. Mannich bases not only serve as reactivators of OP-inhibited AChE, but this class of compounds can also recover activity from the aged form of AChE, a process referred to as resurrection. This review covers the modern efforts to address all of these issues and notes the complexities of therapeutic development along these different lines of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Franjesevic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sydney B Sillart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jeremy M Beck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shubham Vyas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Current Address: Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Christopher S Callam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Christopher M Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kovarik Z, Maček Hrvat N, Kalisiak J, Katalinić M, Sit RK, Zorbaz T, Radić Z, Fokin VV, Sharpless KB, Taylor P. Counteracting tabun inhibition by reactivation by pyridinium aldoximes that interact with active center gorge mutants of acetylcholinesterase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 372:40-46. [PMID: 30978400 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tabun represents the phosphoramidate class of organophosphates that are covalent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an essential enzyme in neurotransmission. Currently used therapy in counteracting excessive cholinergic stimulation consists of a muscarinic antagonist (atropine) and an oxime reactivator of inhibited AChE, but the classical oximes are particularly ineffective in counteracting tabun exposure. In a recent publication (Kovarik et al., 2019), we showed that several oximes prepared by the Huisgen 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition and related precursors efficiently reactivate the tabun-AChE conjugate. Herein, we pursue the antidotal question further and examine a series of lead precursor molecules, along with triazole compounds, as reactivators of two AChE mutant enzymes. Such studies should reveal structural subtleties that reside within the architecture of the active center gorge of AChE and uncover intimate mechanisms of reactivation of alkylphosphate conjugates of AChE. The designated mutations appear to minimize steric constraints of the reactivating oximes within the impacted active center gorge. Indeed, after initial screening of the triazole oxime library and its precursors for the reactivation efficacy on Y337A and Y337A/F338A human AChE mutants, we found potentially active oxime-mutant enzyme pairs capable of degrading tabun in cycles of inhibition and reactivation. Surprisingly, the most sensitive ex vivo reactivation of mutant AChEs occurred with the alkylpyridinium aldoximes. Hence, although the use of mutant enzyme bio-scavengers in humans may be limited in practicality, bioscavenging and efficient neutralization of tabun itself or phosphoramidate mixtures of organophosphates might be achieved efficiently in vitro or ex vivo with these mutant AChE combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Jarosław Kalisiak
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rakesh K Sit
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Tamara Zorbaz
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zoran Radić
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Valery V Fokin
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - K Barry Sharpless
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kalász H, Karvaly G, Musilek K, Kuca K, Young-Sik J, Malawska B, Adeghate EA, Nurulain SM, Szepesy J, Zelles T, Tekes K. Dose-Dependent Tissue Distribution of K117, a Bis-pyridinium Aldoxime, in Rats. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874104501913010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Bis-pyridinium aldoximes are reactivators of the paraoxon-inhibited butyrylcholinesterase enzyme. Paraoxon is the active product of parathion, a widely used insecticide.
Objective:
The objective of this study is to examine the dose-dependent distribution of K117, a bis-pyridinium aldoxime in rat tissues.
Materials and Methods:
White male Wistar rats were intramuscularly injected with various doses of K117; the animals were sacrificed 30 minutes after injections. The dose-dependent body distribution of K117 was determined using reversed-phase HPLC.
Results:
Dose-dependent distribution of K117 in body tissues was linear in the serum and other body tissues throughout the whole range of the concentrations studied. However, the of distribution was not observed in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid, especially with high doses.
Conclusion:
The body distribution of K117 significantly depends on doses used, the p-value is: 500 nmol, i.m., when applied in the range of 100 to 10,000 nmol.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kovarik Z, Kalisiak J, Hrvat NM, Katalinić M, Zorbaz T, Žunec S, Green C, Radić Z, Fokin VV, Sharpless KB, Taylor P. Reversal of Tabun Toxicity Enabled by a Triazole-Annulated Oxime Library-Reactivators of Acetylcholinesterase. Chemistry 2019; 25:4100-4114. [PMID: 30458057 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme that degrades the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, when covalently inhibited by organophosphorus compounds (OPs), such as nerve agents and pesticides, can be reactivated by oximes. However, tabun remains among the most dangerous nerve agents due to the low reactivation efficacy of standard pyridinium aldoxime antidotes. Therefore, finding an optimal reactivator for prophylaxis against tabun toxicity and for post-exposure treatment is a continued challenge. In this study, we analyzed the reactivation potency of 111 novel nucleophilic oximes mostly synthesized using the CuAAC triazole ligation between alkyne and azide building blocks. We identified several oximes with significantly improved in vitro reactivating potential for tabun-inhibited human AChE, and in vivo antidotal efficacies in tabun-exposed mice. Our findings offer a significantly improved platform for further development of antidotes and scavengers directed against tabun and related phosphoramidate exposures, such as the Novichok compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jarosław Kalisiak
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nikolina Maček Hrvat
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tamara Zorbaz
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suzana Žunec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Carol Green
- SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025-3493, USA
| | - Zoran Radić
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0650, USA
| | - Valery V Fokin
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,The Bridge@USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - K Barry Sharpless
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0650, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Experimental hydrophilic reactivator: bisoxime with three positive charges. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
25
|
Oxime-assisted reactivation of tabun-inhibited acetylcholinesterase analysed by active site mutations. Toxicology 2018; 406-407:104-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
26
|
Alejo-González K, Hanson-Viana E, Vazquez-Duhalt R. Enzymatic detoxification of organophosphorus pesticides and related toxicants. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2018; 43:1-9. [PMID: 30363124 PMCID: PMC6140661 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d17-078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Millions of cases of pesticide intoxication occur yearly and represent a public health problem. In addition, pesticide poisoning is the preferred suicidal method in rural areas. The use of enzymes for the treatment of intoxication due to organophosphorus pesticides was proposed decades ago. Several enzymes are able to transform organophosphorus compounds such as pesticides and nerve agents. Some specific enzymatic treatments have been proposed, including direct enzyme injection, liposome and erythrocytes carriers, PEGylated preparations and extracorporeal enzymatic treatments. Nevertheless, no enzymatic treatments are currently available. In this work, the use of enzymes for treating of organophosphorus pesticide intoxication is critically reviewed and the remaining challenges are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Alejo-González
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California 22760 México
| | - Erik Hanson-Viana
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico
| | - Rafael Vazquez-Duhalt
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California 22760 México
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
New Cinchona Oximes Evaluated as Reactivators of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibited by Organophosphorus Compounds. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071234. [PMID: 28737687 PMCID: PMC6151989 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For the last six decades, researchers have been focused on finding efficient reactivators of organophosphorus compound (OP)-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). In this study, we have focused our research on a new oxime scaffold based on the Cinchona structure since it was proven to fit the cholinesterases active site and reversibly inhibit their activity. Three Cinchona oximes (C1, C2, and C3), derivatives of the 9-oxocinchonidine, were synthesized and investigated in reactivation of various OP-inhibited AChE and BChE. As the results showed, the tested oximes were more efficient in the reactivation of BChE and they reactivated enzyme activity to up to 70% with reactivation rates similar to known pyridinium oximes used as antidotes in medical practice today. Furthermore, the oximes showed selectivity towards binding to the BChE active site and the determined enzyme-oxime dissociation constants supported work on the future development of inhibitors in other targeted studies (e.g., in treatment of neurodegenerative disease). Also, we monitored the cytotoxic effect of Cinchona oximes on two cell lines Hep G2 and SH-SY5Y to determine the possible limits for in vivo application. The cytotoxicity results support future studies of these compounds as long as their biological activity is targeted in the lower micromolar range.
Collapse
|
28
|
Masson P, Nachon F. Cholinesterase reactivators and bioscavengers for pre- and post-exposure treatments of organophosphorus poisoning. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:26-40. [PMID: 28542985 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus agents (OPs) irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) causing a major cholinergic syndrome. The medical counter-measures of OP poisoning have not evolved for the last 30 years with carbamates for pretreatment, pyridinium oximes-based AChE reactivators, antimuscarinic drugs and neuroprotective benzodiazepines for post-exposure treatment. These drugs ensure protection of peripheral nervous system and mitigate acute effects of OP lethal doses. However, they have significant limitations. Pyridostigmine and oximes do not protect/reactivate central AChE. Oximes poorly reactivate AChE inhibited by phosphoramidates. In addition, current neuroprotectants do not protect the central nervous system shortly after the onset of seizures when brain damage becomes irreversible. New therapeutic approaches for pre- and post-exposure treatments involve detoxification of OP molecules before they reach their molecular targets by administrating catalytic bioscavengers, among them phosphotriesterases are the most promising. Novel generation of broad spectrum reactivators are designed for crossing the blood-brain barrier and reactivate central AChE. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Masson
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Florian Nachon
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, Cédex, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Katalinić M, Maček Hrvat N, Baumann K, Morasi Piperčić S, Makarić S, Tomić S, Jović O, Hrenar T, Miličević A, Jelić D, Žunec S, Primožič I, Kovarik Z. A comprehensive evaluation of novel oximes in creation of butyrylcholinesterase-based nerve agent bioscavengers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 310:195-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
30
|
Bušić V, Katalinić M, Šinko G, Kovarik Z, Gašo-Sokač D. Pyridoxal oxime derivative potency to reactivate cholinesterases inhibited by organophosphorus compounds. Toxicol Lett 2016; 262:114-122. [PMID: 27693733 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents (sarin, tabun VX and soman) inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) by binding to its active site while preventing neurotransmission in the cholinergic synapses. The protection and treatment of this kind of poisoning are still a challenge as we are yet to discover an antidote that would be effective in all cases of poisoning. To aid the search for more efficient antidotes, we evaluated the ability of nine pyridoxal oxime derivatives, prepared by a novel synthetic pathway, to reactivate recombinant human AChE and the related purified human plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, EC 3.1.1.8) inhibited by VX, tabun and paraoxon. Oximes are derivatives of vitamin B6 bearing a phenacyl moiety attached to the quaternary nitrogen atom and having various substituents on the phenyl ring. As the results have shown, the tested oximes were in general more efficient in the reactivation of OP-inhibited BChE than AChE. The highest observed rate was in the case of VX-inhibited BChE reactivation, where kobs was 0.0087min-1 and the reactivation maximum of 90% was achieved within 5h. The cholinesterases displayed a binding affinity for these derivatives in a μmolar range no matter the substituent on their rings which was in accordance with the molecular modelling results showing a similar binding pattern for all oximes within the active site of both AChE and BChE. Such a positioning reveals also that hydroxy and a metoxy substituents at the vicinity of the oxime moiety present a possible steric hindrance explaining the reactivation results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bušić
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology, Kuhačeva 20, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Goran Šinko
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dajana Gašo-Sokač
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology, Kuhačeva 20, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gorecki L, Korabecny J, Musilek K, Malinak D, Nepovimova E, Dolezal R, Jun D, Soukup O, Kuca K. SAR study to find optimal cholinesterase reactivator against organophosphorous nerve agents and pesticides. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2831-2859. [PMID: 27582056 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by organophosphates leads to many failures in living organism and ultimately in death. Organophosphorus compounds developed as nerve agents such as tabun, sarin, soman, VX and others belong to the most toxic chemical warfare agents and are one of the biggest threats to the modern civilization. Moreover, misuse of nerve agents together with organophosphorus pesticides (e.g. malathion, paraoxon, chlorpyrifos, etc.) which are annually implicated in millions of intoxications and hundreds of thousand deaths reminds us of insufficient protection against these compounds. Basic treatments for these intoxications are based on immediate administration of atropine and acetylcholinesterase reactivators which are currently represented by mono- or bis-pyridinium aldoximes. However, these antidotes are not sufficient to ensure 100 % treatment efficacy even they are administered immediately after intoxication, and in general, they possess several drawbacks. Herein, we have reviewed new efforts leading to the development of novel reactivators and proposition of new promising strategies to design novel and effective antidotes. Structure-activity relationships and biological activities of recently proposed acetylcholinesterase reactivators are discussed and summarized. Among further modifications of known oximes, the main attention has been paid to dual binding site ligands of AChE as the current mainstream strategy. We have also discussed new chemical entities as potential replacement of oxime functional group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gorecki
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic. .,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Horáková E, Drabina P, Brož B, Štěpánková Š, Vorčáková K, Královec K, Havelek R, Sedlák M. Synthesis, characterization and in vitro evaluation of substituted N-(2-phenylcyclopropyl)carbamates as acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:173-179. [PMID: 27476673 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1212193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A serie of O-substituted N-2-phenylcyclopropylcarbamates was prepared and characterized. These carbamates were tested as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). It was found, that these compounds exhibit moderate inhibition activity with values of IC50 in the range of 54.8-94.4 μM (for AChE) and up to 5.8 μM (for BChE). The AChE/BChE selectivity for each carbamate was calculated. These values varied from 0.50 to 9.46, two carbamate derivatives inhibited only AChE selectively. The most promising derivative was prepared in all optically pure forms (four isomers). It was found that individual stereoisomers differed only slightly in the inhibition ability. The cytotoxicity of all carbamates was evaluated using the standard in vitro test with Jurkat cells. With regard to their inhibition activity and cytotoxicity as well as easy preparation, O-substituted N-2-phenylcyclopropylcarbamates can be considered as promising compounds for potential medicinal applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Horáková
- a Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice , Pardubice , Czech Republic and
| | - Pavel Drabina
- a Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice , Pardubice , Czech Republic and
| | - Břetislav Brož
- a Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice , Pardubice , Czech Republic and
| | - Šárka Štěpánková
- b Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences , Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice , Pardubice , Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Vorčáková
- b Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences , Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice , Pardubice , Czech Republic
| | - Karel Královec
- b Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences , Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice , Pardubice , Czech Republic
| | - Radim Havelek
- b Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences , Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice , Pardubice , Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Sedlák
- a Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice , Pardubice , Czech Republic and
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jan YH, Richardson JR, Baker AA, Mishin V, Heck DE, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Novel approaches to mitigating parathion toxicity: targeting cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism with menadione. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1378:80-86. [PMID: 27441453 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Accidental or intentional exposures to parathion, an organophosphorus (OP) pesticide, can cause severe poisoning in humans. Parathion toxicity is dependent on its metabolism by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system to paraoxon (diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate), a highly poisonous nerve agent and potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase. We have been investigating inhibitors of CYP-mediated bioactivation of OPs as a method of preventing or reversing progressive parathion toxicity. It is well recognized that NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, an enzyme required for the transfer of electrons to CYPs, mediates chemical redox cycling. In this process, the enzyme diverts electrons from CYPs to support chemical redox cycling, which results in inhibition of CYP-mediated biotransformation. Using menadione as the redox-cycling chemical, we discovered that this enzymatic reaction blocks metabolic activation of parathion in rat and human liver microsomes and in recombinant CYPs important to parathion metabolism, including CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4. Administration of menadione to rats reduces metabolism of parathion, as well as parathion-induced inhibition of brain cholinesterase activity. This resulted in inhibition of parathion neurotoxicity. Menadione has relatively low toxicity and is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for other indications. Its ability to block parathion metabolism makes it an attractive therapeutic candidate to mitigate parathion-induced neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Jan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio.
| | - Angela A Baker
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Vladimir Mishin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wille T, von der Wellen J, Thiermann H, Worek F. Pseudocatalytic scavenging of the nerve agent VX with human blood components and the oximes obidoxime and HI-6. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1309-1318. [PMID: 27358236 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1776-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite six decades of extensive research in medical countermeasures against nerve agent poisoning, a broad spectrum acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivator is not yet available. One current approach is directed toward synthesizing oximes with high affinity and reactivatability toward butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in plasma to generate an effective pseudocatalytic scavenger. An interim solution could be the administration of external AChE or BChE from blood products to augment pseudocatalytic scavenging with slower but clinically approved oximes to decrease nerve agent concentrations in the body. We here semiquantitatively investigate the ability of obidoxime and HI-6 to decrease the inhibitory activity of VX with human AChE and BChE from whole blood, erythrocyte membranes, erythrocytes, plasma, clinically available fresh frozen plasma and packed red blood cells. The main findings are that whole blood showed a VX concentration-dependent decrease in inhibitory activity with HI-6 being more potent than obidoxime. Using erythrocytes and erythrocyte membranes again, HI-6 was more potent compared to obidoxime. With freshly prepared plasma, obidoxime and HI-6 showed comparable results for the decrease in VX. The use of the clinically available blood products revealed that packed red blood cells showed similar kinetics as fresh erythrocytes. Fresh frozen plasma resulted in a slower and incomplete decrease in inhibitory plasma compared to freshly prepared plasma. In conclusion, the administration of blood products in combination with available oximes augments pseudocatalytic scavenging and might be useful to decrease the body load of persistent, highly toxic nerve agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
| | - Jens von der Wellen
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Toxicology of organophosphorus compounds in view of an increasing terrorist threat. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2131-2145. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1772-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
36
|
Renou J, Dias J, Mercey G, Verdelet T, Rousseau C, Gastellier AJ, Arboléas M, Touvrey-Loiodice M, Baati R, Jean L, Nachon F, Renard PY. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of donepezil-based reactivators and analogues for nerve agent-inhibited human acetylcholinesterase. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25477a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Donepezil-based reactivators 1–3 show a better ability (8 fold higher) than pralidoxime to reactivate VX-hAChE, and oxime 2 is 5 to 11 fold more efficient than pralidoxime and HI-6 respectively to reactivate of VX-hBChE.
Collapse
|
37
|
Worek F, Horn G, Wille T, Thiermann H. Adaptation of a dynamic in vitro model with real-time determination of butyrylcholinesterase activity in the presence of cyclosarin and an oxime. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:162-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
38
|
Reactivation kinetics of 31 structurally different bispyridinium oximes with organophosphate-inhibited human butyrylcholinesterase. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:405-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
39
|
Sit RK, Fokin VV, Amitai G, Sharpless KB, Taylor P, Radić Z. Imidazole aldoximes effective in assisting butyrylcholinesterase catalysis of organophosphate detoxification. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1378-89. [PMID: 24571195 PMCID: PMC4167068 DOI: 10.1021/jm401650z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Intoxication
by organophosphate (OP) nerve agents and pesticides
should be addressed by efficient, quickly deployable countermeasures
such as antidotes reactivating acetylcholinesterase or scavenging
the parent OP. We present here synthesis and initial in vitro characterization of 14 imidazole aldoximes and their structural
refinement into three efficient reactivators of human butyrylcholinesterase
(hBChE) inhibited covalently by nerve agent OPs, sarin, cyclosarin,
VX, and the OP pesticide metabolite, paraoxon. Rapid reactivation
of OP–hBChE conjugates by uncharged and nonprotonated tertiary
imidazole aldoximes allows the design of a new OP countermeasure by
conversion of hBChE from a stoichiometric to catalytic OP bioscavenger
with the prospect of oral bioavailability and central nervous system
penetration. The enhanced in vitro reactivation efficacy
determined for tertiary imidazole aldoximes compared to that of their
quaternary N-methyl imidazolium analogues is attributed
to ion pairing of the cationic imidazolium with Asp 70, altering a
reactive alignment of the aldoxime with the phosphorus in the OP–hBChE
conjugate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Sit
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Renou J, Loiodice M, Arboléas M, Baati R, Jean L, Nachon F, Renard PY. Tryptoline-3-hydroxypyridinaldoxime conjugates as efficient reactivators of phosphylated human acetyl and butyrylcholinesterases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:3947-50. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Uncharged reactivators able to efficiently reactivate human butyrylcholinesterase and human acetylcholinesterase inhibited by organophosphorus nerve agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Renou
- Normandie Univ; COBRA
- UMR 6014 & FR 3038; Univ Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS
- 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Mélanie Loiodice
- Département NRBC
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées BP73
- 91993 Brétigny/s/Orge, France
| | - Mélanie Arboléas
- Département NRBC
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées BP73
- 91993 Brétigny/s/Orge, France
| | - Rachid Baati
- Faculté de Pharmacie
- Université de Strasbourg
- BP 24, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Normandie Univ; COBRA
- UMR 6014 & FR 3038; Univ Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS
- 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département NRBC
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées BP73
- 91993 Brétigny/s/Orge, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Normandie Univ; COBRA
- UMR 6014 & FR 3038; Univ Rouen; INSA Rouen; CNRS
- 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Elsinghorst PW, Worek F, Thiermann H, Wille T. Drug development for the management of organophosphorus poisoning. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1467-77. [PMID: 24125474 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.847920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The continuous application of organophosphate pesticides in developing countries, in addition to the remaining stock piles of chemical warfare nerve agents and their possible use is a significant threat to the public. Yet, today's options for a treatment of organophosphorus poisonings are still inadequate. AREAS COVERED This article provides a concise overview of current and future research trying to improve both prophylaxis and treatment of organophosphorus intoxications. The authors provide a summary of current oxime therapy and highlight several new concepts to overcome existing gaps. This overview of therapeutic options is accompanied by two sections on cyclodextrins, related compounds and bioscavengers, which may be used for either prophylaxis or treatment. For both groups, the authors review current drug design and screening approaches, the resulting developments and future challenges. EXPERT OPINION While the search for one multipotent oxime has been a fruitless endeavor, combination of multiple oximes with complemental and systemic reactivity appears as a valuable concept. Development of potential scavengers, be it cyclodextrins or bioscavengers, is still hampered by insufficient efficacy of these compounds. Future strategies will aim at improving their catalytic efficacy while minimizing immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wilhelm Elsinghorst
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Neuherbergstraße 11, D-80937 München , Germany +49 89 3168 2305 ; +49 89 3168 2333 ;
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
The value of novel oximes for treatment of poisoning by organophosphorus compounds. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 139:249-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
43
|
Nachon F, Brazzolotto X, Trovaslet M, Masson P. Progress in the development of enzyme-based nerve agent bioscavengers. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:536-44. [PMID: 23811386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase is the physiological target for acute toxicity of nerve agents. Attempts to protect acetylcholinesterase from phosphylation by nerve agents, is currently achieved by reversible inhibitors that transiently mask the enzyme active site. This approach either protects only peripheral acetylcholinesterase or may cause side effects. Thus, an alternative strategy consists in scavenging nerve agents in the bloodstream before they can reach acetylcholinesterase. Pre- or post-exposure administration of bioscavengers, enzymes that neutralize and detoxify organophosphorus molecules, is one of the major developments of new medical counter-measures. These enzymes act either as stoichiometric or catalytic bioscavengers. Human butyrylcholinesterase is the leading stoichiometric bioscavenger. Current efforts are devoted to its mass production with care to pharmacokinetic properties of the final product for extended lifetime. Development of specific reactivators of phosphylated butyrylcholinesterase, or variants with spontaneous reactivation activity is also envisioned for rapid in situ regeneration of the scavenger. Human paraoxonase 1 is the leading catalytic bioscavenger under development. Research efforts focus on improving its catalytic efficiency toward the most toxic isomers of nerve agents, by means of directed evolution-based strategies. Human prolidase appears to be another promising human enzyme. Other non-human efficient enzymes like bacterial phosphotriesterases or squid diisopropylfluorophosphatase are also considered though their intrinsic immunogenic properties remain challenging for use in humans. Encapsulation, PEGylation and other modifications are possible solutions to address this problem as well as that of their limited lifetime. Finally, gene therapy for in situ generation and delivery of bioscavengers is for the far future, but its proof of concept has been established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Nachon
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, BP87, 38702 La Tronche Cédex, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yilmaz M, Sebe A, Ay MO, Gumusay U, Topal M, Atli M, Icme F, Satar S. Effectiveness of therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with intermediate syndrome due to organophosphate intoxication. Am J Emerg Med 2013; 31:953-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
45
|
Kassa J, Musilek K, Koomlova M, Bajgar J. A Comparison of the Efficacy of Newly Developed Reversible Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase with Commonly Used Pyridostigmine as Pharmacological Pre-Treatment of Soman-Poisoned Mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 110:322-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2011.00808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
46
|
Trovaslet-Leroy M, Musilova L, Renault F, Brazzolotto X, Misik J, Novotny L, Froment MT, Gillon E, Loiodice M, Verdier L, Masson P, Rochu D, Jun D, Nachon F. Organophosphate hydrolases as catalytic bioscavengers of organophosphorus nerve agents. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:14-23. [PMID: 21683774 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bioscavengers are molecules able to neutralize neurotoxic organophosphorus compounds (OP) before they can reach their biological target. Human butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE) is a natural bioscavenger each molecule of enzyme neutralizing one molecule of OP. The amount of natural enzyme is insufficient to achieve good protection. Thus, different strategies have been envisioned. The most straightforward consists in injecting a large dose of highly purified natural hBChE to increase the amount of bioscavenger in the bloodstream. This proved to be successful for protection against lethal doses of soman and VX but remains expensive. An improved strategy is to regenerate prophylactic cholinesterases (ChE) by administration of reactivators after exposure. But broad-spectrum efficient reactivators are still lacking, especially for inhibited hBChE. Cholinesterase mutants capable of reactivating spontaneously are another option. The G117H hBChE mutant has been a prototype. We present here the Y124H/Y72D mutant of human acetylcholinesterase; its spontaneous reactivation rate after V-agent inhibition is increased up to 110 fold. Catalytic bioscavengers, enzymes capable of hydrolyzing OP, present the best alternative. Mesophilic bacterial phosphotriesterase (PTE) is a candidate with good catalytic efficiency. Its enantioselectivity has been enhanced against the most potent OP isomers by rational design. We show that PEGylation of this enzyme improves its mean residence time in the rat blood stream 24-fold and its bioavailability 120-fold. Immunogenic issues remain to be solved. Human paraoxonase 1 (hPON1) is another promising candidate. However, its main drawback is that its phosphotriesterase activity is highly dependent on its environment. Recent progress has been made using a mammalian chimera of PON1, but we provide here additional data showing that this chimera is biochemically different from hPON1. Besides, the chimera is expected to suffer from immunogenic issues. Thus, we stress that interest for hPON1 must not fade away, and in particular, the 3D structure of the hPON1 eventually in complex with OP has to be solved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Trovaslet-Leroy
- Département de Toxicologie, Institut de Recherches Biomédicales des Armées, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Masson P. Evolution of and perspectives on therapeutic approaches to nerve agent poisoning. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:5-13. [PMID: 21524695 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
After more than 70 years of considerable efforts, research on medical defense against nerve agents has come to a standstill. Major progress in medical countermeasures was achieved between the 50s and 70s with the development of anticholinergic drugs and carbamate-based pretreatment, the introduction of pyridinium oximes as antidotes, and benzodiazepines in emergency treatments. These drugs ensure good protection of the peripheral nervous system and mitigate the acute effects of exposure to lethal doses of nerve agents. However, pyridostigmine and cholinesterase reactivators currently used in the armed forces do not protect/reactivate central acetylcholinesterases. Moreover, other drugs used are not sufficiently effective in protecting the central nervous system against seizures, irreversible brain damages and long-term sequelae of nerve agent poisoning.New developments of medical counter-measures focus on: (a) detoxification of organophosphorus molecules before they react with acetylcholinesterase and other physiological targets by administration of stoichiometric or catalytic scavengers; (b) protection and reactivation of central acetylcholinesterases, and (c) improvement of neuroprotection following delayed therapy.Future developments will aim at treatment of acute and long-term effects of low level exposure to nerve agents, research on alternative routes for optimizing drug delivery, and therapies. Though gene therapy for in situ generation of bioscavengers, and cell therapy based on neural progenitor engraftment for neuronal regeneration have been successfully explored, more studies are needed before practical medical applications can be made of these new approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Masson
- IRBA-CRSSA, Toxicology Dept., 38702 La Tronche Cedex, France.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Structural approach to the aging of phosphylated cholinesterases. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 187:157-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
49
|
Reactivation of human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibited by leptophos-oxon with different oxime reactivators in vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:2856-63. [PMID: 21152278 PMCID: PMC2996742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11082856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have evaluated in vitro the potency of 23 oximes to reactivate human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibited by racemic leptophos-oxon (O-[4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl]-O-methyl phenyl-phosphonate), a toxic metabolite of the pesticide leptophos. Compounds were assayed in concentrations of 10 and 100 μM. In case of leptophos-oxon inhibited AChE, the best reactivation potency was achieved with methoxime, trimedoxime, obidoxime and oxime K027. The most potent reactivators of inhibited BChE were K033, obidoxime, K117, bis-3-PA, K075, K074 and K127. The reactivation efficacy of tested oximes was lower in case of leptophos-oxon inhibited BChE.
Collapse
|