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Prabhu KS, Ahmad F, Kuttikrishnan S, Leo R, Ali TA, Izadi M, Mateo JM, Alam M, Ahmad A, Al-Shabeeb Akil AS, Bhat AA, Buddenkotte J, Pourkarimi E, Steinhoff M, Uddin S. Bortezomib exerts its anti-cancer activity through the regulation of Skp2/p53 axis in non-melanoma skin cancer cells and C. elegans. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:225. [PMID: 38724504 PMCID: PMC11082213 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01992-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), encompassing basal and squamous cell carcinoma, is the most prevalent cancer in the United States. While surgical removal remains the conventional therapy with a 95% 5-year cure rate, there is a growing interest in exploring alternative treatment strategies. In this study, we investigated the role of Bortezomib (BTZ), a proteasome inhibitor, in NMSC. Using two NMSC cell lines (A431 and A388), we examined the effects of BTZ treatment. Our results demonstrated that 48 h of BTZ treatment led to downregulating Skp2 expression in both A431 and A388 cells while upregulating p53 expression, specifically in A388 cells. These alterations resulted in impaired cellular growth and caspase-dependent cell death. Silencing Skp2 in A388 cells with siRNA confirmed the upregulation of p53 as a direct target. Furthermore, BTZ treatment increased the Bax to Bcl-2 ratio, promoting mitochondrial permeability and the subsequent release of cytochrome C, thereby activating caspases. We also found that BTZ exerted its antitumor effects by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), as blocking ROS production significantly reduced BTZ-induced apoptotic cell death. Interestingly, BTZ treatment induced autophagy, which is evident from the increased expression of microtubule-associated proteins nucleoporin p62 and LC-3A/B. In addition to cell lines, we assessed the impact of BTZ in an in vivo setting using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Our findings demonstrated that BTZ induced germline apoptosis in worms even at low concentrations. Notably, this increased apoptosis was mediated through the activity of CEP-1, the worm's counterpart to mammalian p53. In summary, our study elucidated the molecular mechanism underlying BTZ-induced apoptosis in NMSC cell lines and C. elegans. By targeting the skp2/p53 axis, inducing mitochondrial permeability, generating ROS, and promoting autophagy, BTZ demonstrates promising anti-cancer activity in NMSC. These findings provide novel insights into potential therapeutic strategies for controlling the unregulated growth of NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti S Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Fareed Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
- Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Rari Leo
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Tayyiba Akbar Ali
- Division of Genomics and Translational Medicine, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, 34110, Qatar
| | - Mahmoud Izadi
- Division of Genomics and Translational Medicine, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, 34110, Qatar
| | - Jericha M Mateo
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Majid Alam
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
- Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
- Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Ammira S Al-Shabeeb Akil
- Population Genetic and Genomics, Genetics and Metabolic Disorders Clinical Research Program, Precision Medicine of Diabetes Obesity and Cancer laboratory, Sidra Medicine, Doha, 26999, Qatar
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Population Genetic and Genomics, Genetics and Metabolic Disorders Clinical Research Program, Precision Medicine of Diabetes Obesity and Cancer laboratory, Sidra Medicine, Doha, 26999, Qatar
| | - Joerg Buddenkotte
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
- Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Ehsan Pourkarimi
- Division of Genomics and Translational Medicine, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, 34110, Qatar
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
- Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, 24144, Qatar
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, 34110, Qatar
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar.
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar.
- Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar.
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar.
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Huang YH, Chiu LY, Tseng JS, Hsu KH, Chen CH, Sheu GT, Yang TY. Attenuation of PI3K-Akt-mTOR Pathway to Reduce Cancer Stemness on Chemoresistant Lung Cancer Cells by Shikonin and Synergy with BEZ235 Inhibitor. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:616. [PMID: 38203787 PMCID: PMC10779050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is considered the number one cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although current treatments initially reduce the lung cancer burden, relapse occurs in most cases; the major causes of mortality are drug resistance and cancer stemness. Recent investigations have provided evidence that shikonin generates various bioactivities related to the treatment of cancer. We used shikonin to treat multi-resistant non-small lung cancer cells (DOC-resistant A549/D16, VCR-resistant A549/V16 cells) and defined the anti-cancer efficacy of shikonin. Our results showed shikonin induces apoptosis in these ABCB1-dependent and independent chemoresistance cancer sublines. Furthermore, we found that low doses of shikonin inhibit the proliferation of lung cancer stem-like cells by inhibiting spheroid formation. Concomitantly, the mRNA level and protein of stemness genes (Nanog and Oct4) were repressed significantly on both sublines. Shikonin reduces the phosphorylated Akt and p70s6k levels, indicating that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is downregulated by shikonin. We further applied several signaling pathway inhibitors that have been used in anti-cancer clinical trials to test whether shikonin is suitable as a sensitizer for various signaling pathway inhibitors. In these experiments, we found that low doses shikonin and dual PI3K-mTOR inhibitor (BEZ235) have a synergistic effect that inhibits the spheroid formation from chemoresistant lung cancer sublines. Inhibiting the proliferation of lung cancer stem cells is believed to reduce the recurrence of lung cancer; therefore, shikonin's anti-drug resistance and anti-cancer stem cell activities make it a highly interesting molecule for future combined lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hsiang Huang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (Y.-H.H.); (L.-Y.C.); (J.-S.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Yen Chiu
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (Y.-H.H.); (L.-Y.C.); (J.-S.T.)
| | - Jeng-Sen Tseng
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (Y.-H.H.); (L.-Y.C.); (J.-S.T.)
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsuan Hsu
- Division of Critical Care and Respiratory Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan;
| | - Chang-Han Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technology, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 545, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Tarng Sheu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Oncology and Chest Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ying Yang
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan; (Y.-H.H.); (L.-Y.C.); (J.-S.T.)
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Shen K, Ke S, Chen B, Gao W. Integrated analysis of single-cell and bulk RNA-sequencing reveals the poor prognostic value of ABCA1 in gastric adenocarcinoma. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:189. [PMID: 37874419 PMCID: PMC10597929 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00807-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) is a potential prognostic marker for various tumor types. However, the biological effects and prognostic value of ABCA1 in gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) remain unknown. METHODS GAC-associated single-cell RNA and bulk RNA-sequencing (bulk-seq) data were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases, respectively. The differential expression of ABCA1 between GAC and normal gastric tissues was analyzed based on the bulk-seq data. Additionally, the relationship between ABCA1 expression and various clinicopathological features was explored. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses were performed to establish the prognostic value of ABCA1. The relationships between ABCA1 expression and anti-tumor drug sensitivity and immune checkpoints were also explored. Finally, the biological functions of ABCA1 were evaluated at the single-cell level, and in vitro studies were performed to assess the effects of ABCA1 on GAC cell proliferation and invasion. RESULTS ABCA1 expression is significantly elevated in GAC samples compared with that in normal gastric tissues. Clinical features and survival analysis revealed that high ABCA1 expression is associated with poor clinical phenotypes and prognosis, whereas Cox analysis identified ABCA1 as an independent risk factor for patients with GAC. Furthermore, high ABCA1 expression suppresses sensitivity to various chemotherapeutic drugs, including cisplatin and mitomycin, while upregulating immune checkpoints. ABCA1-overexpressing macrophages are associated with adverse clinical phenotypes in GAC and express unique ligand-receptor pairs that drive GAC progression. In vitro, ABCA1-knockdown GAC cells exhibit significantly inhibited proliferative and invasive properties. CONCLUSION High ABCA1 expression promotes an adverse immune microenvironment and low survival rates in patients with GAC. Furthermore, ABCA1 and ABCA1-producing macrophages may serve as novel molecular targets in GAC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyu Shen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Shuaiyi Ke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Xianju's Hospital, XianJu People's Hospital, Zhejiang Southeast Campus of Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, XianJu, 317399, China
| | - Binyu Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Wencang Gao
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China.
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Chen L, Zhao D, Ren X, Ren J, Meng X, Fu C, Li X. Shikonin-Loaded Hollow Fe-MOF Nanoparticles for Enhanced Microwave Thermal Therapy. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5405-5417. [PMID: 37638660 PMCID: PMC10498989 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Microwave (MW) thermal therapy has been widely used for the treatment of cancer in clinics, but it still shows limited efficacy and a high recurrence rate owing to non-selective heat delivery and thermo-resistance. Regulating glycolysis shows great promise to improve MW thermal therapy since glycolysis plays an important role in thermo-resistance, progression, metabolism, and recurrence. Herein, we developed a delivery nanosystem of shikonin (SK)-loaded and hyaluronic acid (HA)-modified hollow Fe-MOF (HFM), HFM@SK@HA, as an efficient glycolysis-meditated agent to improve the efficacy of MW thermal therapy. The HFM@SK@HA nanosystem shows a high SK loading capacity of 31.7 wt %. The loaded SK can be effectively released from the HFM@SK@HA under the stimulation of an acidic tumor microenvironment and MW irradiation, overcoming the intrinsically low solubility and severe toxicity of SK. We also find that the HFM@SK@HA can not only greatly improve the heating effect of MW in the tumor site but also mediate MW-enhancing dynamic therapy efficiency by catalyzing the endogenous H2O2 to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). As such, the MW irradiation treatment in the presence of HFM@SK@HA in vitro enables a highly improved anti-tumor efficacy due to the combined effect of released SK and generated ROS on inhibiting glycolysis in cancer cells. Our in vivo experiments show that the tumor inhibition rate is up to 94.75% ± 3.63% with no obvious recurrence during the 2 weeks after treatment. This work provides a new strategy for improving the efficacy of MW thermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufeng Chen
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, First Clinical Medical
School and First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No.85 Jiefang Road, Taiyuan City 030001, PR China
| | - Dongming Zhao
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, First Clinical Medical
School and First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No.85 Jiefang Road, Taiyuan City 030001, PR China
- Department
of Pathology, Basic Medical School, Shanxi
Medical University, No.56 Xinjian Road, Taiyuan City 030001, PR China
| | - Xiangling Ren
- Laboratory
of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical
Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, No.29 East Road Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, PR China
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Laboratory
of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical
Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, No.29 East Road Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, PR China
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xianwei Meng
- Laboratory
of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical
Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, No.29 East Road Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, PR China
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Changhui Fu
- Laboratory
of Controllable Preparation and Application of Nanomaterials, Technical
Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, No.29 East Road Zhongguancun, Beijing 100190, PR China
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Department
of Radiation Oncology, First Clinical Medical
School and First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No.85 Jiefang Road, Taiyuan City 030001, PR China
- Department
of Pathology, Basic Medical School, Shanxi
Medical University, No.56 Xinjian Road, Taiyuan City 030001, PR China
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5
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Li S, Hao L, Hu X. Natural products target glycolysis in liver disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1242955. [PMID: 37663261 PMCID: PMC10469892 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1242955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the occurrence and development of different liver diseases. Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) dysfunction and production of reactive oxygen species are closely related to mitochondrial dysfunction, forcing glycolysis to become the main source of energy metabolism of liver cells. Moreover, glycolysis is also enhanced to varying degrees in different liver diseases, especially in liver cancer. Therefore, targeting the glycolytic signaling pathway provides a new strategy for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver fibrosis associated with liver cancer. Natural products regulate many steps of glycolysis, and targeting glycolysis with natural products is a promising cancer treatment. In this review, we have mainly illustrated the relationship between glycolysis and liver disease, natural products can work by targeting key enzymes in glycolysis and their associated proteins, so understanding how natural products regulate glycolysis can help clarify the therapeutic mechanisms these drugs use to inhibit liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghao Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Liyuan Hao
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Kaur K, Singh A, Kaur R, Kaur H, Kaur R, Arora S, Bedi N. In silico molecular modelling studies and antibiofilm efficacy of shikonin against Candida albicans: mechanistic insight. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:93. [PMID: 36800037 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03426-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In the recent past, the occurrence of fungal infections has increased drastically and candidiasis, caused prominently by Candida albicans, is foremost among them which has caused significant mortality and morbidity majorly in immune-compromised patients. Shikonin is a well-known natural naphthazarin derivative with promising antifungal efficacy, but it's mechanism of action is still unclear. Keeping this in view, present work was designed to get a mechanistic insight of anti-candida efficacy of shikonin via in vitro experiments and in situ molecular modelling studies. The current exploratory study is based on research that uses both qualitative and quantitative techniques, including minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration, time kill assay, cell cycle analysis and apoptotic assays, static biofilm formation assays, microscopic biofilm assessment assays, ergosterol content estimation and molecular docking/simulation studies. The study revealed a notable effect of shikonin against Candida albicans, including retardation of biofilms. Shikonin, with its increasing concentration leads to candidal cell apoptosis and necrosis establishing its dose-dependent effect. Additionally, it exhibited fungicidal activity via a mechanism of action likely related to ergosterol complexation which was further corroborated by molecular docking and simulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Atamjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Rajanbir Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Harneetpal Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Rajinder Kaur
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Saroj Arora
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Neena Bedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.
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7
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Qi H, Zhang X, Liu H, Han M, Tang X, Qu S, Wang X, Yang Y. Shikonin induced Apoptosis Mediated by Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Colorectal Cancer Cells. J Cancer 2022; 13:243-252. [PMID: 34976186 PMCID: PMC8692675 DOI: 10.7150/jca.65297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikonin is a naphthoquinone pigment isolated from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, which has displayed potent anti-tumor properties. However, the effects of shikonin in colorectal cancer cells have not been yet fully investigated. In this study, we demonstrated that shikonin significantly inhibited the activity of colorectal cancer cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The flow cytometry and western blot results indicated that shikonin induced cell apoptosis by down-regulating BCL-2 and activating caspase-3/9 and the cleavage of PARP. The expression of BiP and the PERK/elF2α/ATF4/CHOP and IRE1α /JNK signaling pathways were upregulated after shikonin treatment. The pre-treatment with N-acetyl cysteine significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of shikonin. Taken together, shikonin could inhibit proliferation of the colorectal cancer cell through the activation of ROS mediated-ER stress. The in vivo results showed that shikonin effectively inhibited tumor growth in the HCT-116 and HCT-15 xenograft models. In conclusion, shikonin inhibited the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and warrants future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qi
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China.,Oncology and Immunology BU, Research Service Division, WuXi Apptec, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Oncology and Immunology BU, Research Service Division, WuXi Apptec, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Han
- Oncology and Immunology BU, Research Service Division, WuXi Apptec, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuzhen Tang
- Oncology and Immunology BU, Research Service Division, WuXi Apptec, Shanghai, China
| | - Shulan Qu
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yifu Yang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
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8
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Zhu L, Li K, Liu M, Liu K, Ma S, Cai W. Anti-cancer Research on Arnebiae Radix-derived Naphthoquinone in Recent Five Years. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 17:218-230. [PMID: 34886780 DOI: 10.2174/1574892816666211209164745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, many naphthoquinone compounds with anticancer activity have been identified in Arnebiae Radix, and some of them have the potential to be developed into anticancer drugs. OBJECTIVE This article aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the anticancer effects of naphthoquinone compounds through a detailed review of literature and Chinese patents, and discuss their potential to be developed as anticancer drugs for clinical application. METHODS Research papers were collected through the databases of PubMed, Cnki and SciDirect using keyword searches "naphthoquinone compounds" and "anticancer". The keywords of "shikonin" and "shikonin derivatives" were also used in PubMed, Cnki and SciDirect databases to collect research articles. The Chinese patents were collected using the Cnki patent database. RESULTS Naphthoquinone compounds have been found to possess anti-cancer activity, and their modes of action are associated with inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, promoting autophagy in cancer cells, anti-cancer angiogenesis and inhibition of cell adhesion, invasion and metastasis, inhibiting glycolysis and inhibiting DNA topoisomerase activity. CONCLUSION Most of the naphthoquinone compounds show effective anti-cancer activity in vitro. The structure modification of naphthoquinone aims to develop anti-cancer drugs with high efficacy and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 41800. China
| | - Kailin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 41800. China
| | - Mingjuan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 41800. China
| | - Kexin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 41800. China
| | - Shengjun Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 41800. China
| | - Wei Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 41800. China
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9
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Wang Q, Wang J, Wang J, Ju X, Zhang H. Molecular mechanism of shikonin inhibiting tumor growth and potential application in cancer treatment. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:1077-1084. [PMID: 34956612 PMCID: PMC8692723 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikonin is one of the major bioactive components of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. It has a good killing effect in a variety of tumor cells. Its antitumor effect involves multiple targets and pathways and has received extensive attention and study in recent years. In this review, we systematically review recent progress in determining the antitumor mechanism of shikonin and its derivatives, specifically their induction of reactive oxygen species production, inhibition of EGFR and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation, inhibition of angiogenesis and induction of apoptosis and necroptosis. We also discuss the application of nanoparticles loaded with shikonin in the targeted therapy of various cancers. Finally, we suggest new strategies for the clinical application of shikonin and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China
| | - Jiayou Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Ju
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People’s Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Shikonin Promotes Apoptosis and Attenuates Migration and Invasion of Human Esophageal Cancer Cells by Inhibiting Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Protein 1 Expression and AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5386050. [PMID: 34812264 PMCID: PMC8605926 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5386050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer effects of shikonin on esophageal cancer (EC) cells and explore the underlying molecular mechanism by identifying dysregulation in shikonin-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1) expression. The 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-Yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and EDU assay were performed for cell viability determination. The reactive oxygen species level and mitochondrial membrane potential were evaluated using flow cytometry. The protein expression was detected using Western blot. In addition, cell migration and invasion were estimated. These results demonstrated that shikonin inhibited EC cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner and induced apoptosis through activation of the intracellular apoptotic signaling pathway. Moreover, TRAP1 downregulation promoted shikonin-induced reactive oxygen species release, whereas TRAP1 upregulation blocked it. Meanwhile, shikonin significantly promoted mitochondrial depolarization, accompanied by a large release of cytochrome C. Conversely, shikonin significantly decreased adenosine 5'-triphosphate release, demonstrating a significant intervention in the process of the glucose metabolism. In addition, not only shikonin but also short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-TRAP1 inhibited EC cell migration and invasion. shRNA-TRAP1 enhanced the inhibitory effect of shikonin on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP9 expression. More interestingly, we demonstrated that shRNA-TRAP1 played a synergistic role in shikonin-mediated regulation of protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Collectively, shikonin promoted apoptosis and attenuated migration and invasion of EC cells by inhibiting TRAP1 expression and AKT/mTOR signaling, indicating that shikonin may be a new drug for treating EC.
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Sanguinarine mediated apoptosis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer via generation of reactive oxygen species and suppression of JAK/STAT pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112358. [PMID: 34794241 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective treatment of lung cancer remains a significant clinical challenge due to its multidrug resistance and side effects of the current treatment options. The high mortality associated with this malignancy indicates the need for new therapeutic interventions with fewer side effects. Natural compounds offer various benefits such as easy access, minimal side effects, and multi-molecular targets and thus, can prove useful in treating lung cancer. Sanguinarine (SNG), a natural compound, possesses favorable therapeutic potential against a variety of cancers. Here, we examined the underlying molecular mechanisms of SNG in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) cells. SNG suppressed cell growth and induced apoptosis via downregulation of the constitutively active JAK/STAT pathway in all the NSCLC cell lines. siRNA silencing of STAT3 in NSCLC cells further confirmed the involvement of the JAK/STAT signaling cascade. SNG treatment increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, which contributed to a leaky mitochondrial membrane leading to cytochrome c release accompanied by caspase activation. In addition, we established the antitumor effects of SNG through reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as inhibiting ROS production prevented the apoptosis-inducing potential of SNG. In vivo xenograft tumor model further validated our in vitro findings. Overall, our study investigated the molecular mechanisms by which SNG induces apoptosis in NSCLC, providing avenues for developing novel natural compound-based cancer therapies.
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Tsai MF, Chen SM, Ong AZ, Chung YH, Chen PN, Hsieh YH, Kang YT, Hsu LS. Shikonin Induced Program Cell Death through Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Renal Cancer Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111831. [PMID: 34829701 PMCID: PMC8615048 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Shikonin mitigated tumor cell proliferation by elevating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Herein, we investigated the effects of shikonin on renal cancer cell (RCC) cell proliferation. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay indicated that shikonin dose-dependently reduced the proliferation of Caki-1 and ACHN cells. Shikonin remarkably triggered necrosis and apoptosis in Caki-1 and ACHN cells in proportion to its concentration. Moreover, necrostatin-1 recovered cell viability in the presence of shikonin. Elevated ROS levels and mitochondrial dysfunction were also found in shikonin treatment groups. Pretreatment with N-acetyl cysteine remarkably mitigated shikonin-induced cell death and ROS generation. Western blot analysis revealed that shikonin reduced pro-PARP, pro-caspase-3, and Bcl-2 expression and increased cleavage PARP expression. Enhanced autophagy was also found in the shikonin-treated group as evidenced by acridine orange staining. Moreover, light chain 3B (LC3B)-II accumulation and enhanced p62 expression indicated that autophagy occurred in the shikonin-treated group. LC3B knockdown considerably recovered cell viability in the presence of shikonin. Shikonin treatment elevated p38 activity in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, our results revealed that shikonin triggered programmed cell death via the elevation of ROS level and p38 activity in different types of RCC cells. These findings suggested that shikonin may be a potential anti-RCC agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Feng Tsai
- Department of Nephrology, Antai Medical Care Cooperation Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Ming Chen
- Bachelor Program in Health Care and Social Work for Indigenous Students, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan;
| | - Ann-Zhi Ong
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (A.-Z.O.); (Y.-H.C.); (P.-N.C.); (Y.-H.H.); (Y.-T.K.)
| | - Yi-Hsuan Chung
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (A.-Z.O.); (Y.-H.C.); (P.-N.C.); (Y.-H.H.); (Y.-T.K.)
| | - Pei-Ni Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (A.-Z.O.); (Y.-H.C.); (P.-N.C.); (Y.-H.H.); (Y.-T.K.)
| | - Yi-Hsien Hsieh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (A.-Z.O.); (Y.-H.C.); (P.-N.C.); (Y.-H.H.); (Y.-T.K.)
| | - Yu-Ting Kang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (A.-Z.O.); (Y.-H.C.); (P.-N.C.); (Y.-H.H.); (Y.-T.K.)
| | - Li-Sung Hsu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (A.-Z.O.); (Y.-H.C.); (P.-N.C.); (Y.-H.H.); (Y.-T.K.)
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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de Almeida PDO, Dos Santos Barbosa Jobim G, Dos Santos Ferreira CC, Rocha Bernardes L, Dias RB, Schlaepfer Sales CB, Valverde LDF, Rocha CAG, Soares MBP, Bezerra DP, de Carvalho da Silva F, Cardoso MFDC, Ferreira VF, Brito LF, Pires de Sousa L, de Vasconcellos MC, Lima ES. A new synthetic antitumor naphthoquinone induces ROS-mediated apoptosis with activation of the JNK and p38 signaling pathways. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 343:109444. [PMID: 33939975 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Quinones are plant-derived secondary metabolites that present diverse pharmacological properties, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and anticancer activities. In the present study, we evaluated the cytotoxic effect of a new naphthoquinone 6b,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta [b]naphtho [2,1-d]furan-5,6 (9aH)-dione) (CNFD) in different tumor cell lines. CNFD displayed cytotoxic activity against different tumor cell lines, especially in MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells, which showed IC50 values of 3.06 and 0.98 μM for 24 and 48 h incubation, respectively. In wound-healing migration assays, CNFD promoted inhibition of cell migration. We have found typical hallmarks of apoptosis, such as cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, phosphatidylserine exposure, increase of caspases-9 and-3 activation, increase of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation without affecting the cell membrane permeabilization, increase of ROS production, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential induced by CNFD. Moreover, gene expression experiments indicated that CNFD increased the expression of the genes CDKN1A, FOS, MAX, and RAC1 and decreased the levels of mRNA transcripts of several genes, including CCND1, CDK2, SOS1, RHOA, GRB2, EGFR and KRAS. The CNFD treatment of MCF-7 cells induced the phosphorylation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and inactivation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). In a study using melanoma cells in a murine model in vivo, CNFD induced a potent anti-tumor activity. Herein, we describe, for the first time, the cytotoxicity and anti-tumor activity of CNFD and sequential mechanisms of apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. CNFD seems to be a promising candidate for anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia D O de Almeida
- Laboratory of Biological Activity, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, Amazonas, 69077-000, Brazil
| | - Gleyce Dos Santos Barbosa Jobim
- Laboratory of Biological Activity, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, Amazonas, 69077-000, Brazil
| | - Caio César Dos Santos Ferreira
- Laboratory of Biological Activity, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, Amazonas, 69077-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas Rocha Bernardes
- Laboratory of Biological Activity, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, Amazonas, 69077-000, Brazil
| | - Rosane B Dias
- Laboratory of Pathology and Molecular Biology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Caroline B Schlaepfer Sales
- Laboratory of Pathology and Molecular Biology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil; Department of Biomorphology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia - UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, 40110-902, Brazil
| | - Ludmila de F Valverde
- Laboratory of Pathology and Molecular Biology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Clarissa A G Rocha
- Laboratory of Pathology and Molecular Biology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Milena B P Soares
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Immunopharmacology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Daniel P Bezerra
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Immunopharmacology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Carvalho da Silva
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleotide Synthesis, Department of Organic Chemistry, Federal Fluminense University - UFF, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Mariana Filomena do Carmo Cardoso
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleotide Synthesis, Department of Organic Chemistry, Federal Fluminense University - UFF, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Vitor Francisco Ferreira
- Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Nucleotide Synthesis, Department of Organic Chemistry, Federal Fluminense University - UFF, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Larissa F Brito
- Laboratory of Signaling in Inflammation, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia Pires de Sousa
- Laboratory of Signaling in Inflammation, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais - UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Marne C de Vasconcellos
- Laboratory of Biological Activity, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, Amazonas, 69077-000, Brazil
| | - Emerson S Lima
- Laboratory of Biological Activity, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas - UFAM, Manaus, Amazonas, 69077-000, Brazil.
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Synthesis and Pharmacological In Vitro Investigations of Novel Shikonin Derivatives with a Special Focus on Cyclopropane Bearing Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052774. [PMID: 33803437 PMCID: PMC7967198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer and accounts for about three quarters of all skin cancer deaths. Especially at an advanced stage, its treatment is challenging, and survival rates are very low. In previous studies, we showed that the constituents of the roots of Onosma paniculata as well as a synthetic derivative of the most active constituent showed promising results in metastatic melanoma cell lines. In the current study, we address the question whether we can generate further derivatives with optimized activity by synthesis. Therefore, we prepared 31, mainly novel shikonin derivatives and screened them in different melanoma cell lines (WM9, WM164, and MUG-Mel2 cells) using the XTT viability assay. We identified (R)-1-(1,4-dihydro-5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-dioxonaphthalen-2-yl)-4-methylpent-3-enyl 2-cyclopropyl-2-oxoacetate as a novel derivative with even higher activity. Furthermore, pharmacological investigations including the ApoToxGloTM Triplex assay, LDH assay, and cell cycle measurements revealed that this compound induced apoptosis and reduced cells in the G1 phase accompanied by an increase of cells in the G2/M phase. Moreover, it showed hardly any effects on the cell membrane integrity. However, it also exhibited cytotoxicity against non-tumorigenic cells. Nevertheless, in summary, we could show that shikonin derivatives might be promising drug leads in the treatment of melanoma.
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Markowitsch SD, Juetter KM, Schupp P, Hauschulte K, Vakhrusheva O, Slade KS, Thomas A, Tsaur I, Cinatl J, Michaelis M, Efferth T, Haferkamp A, Juengel E. Shikonin Reduces Growth of Docetaxel-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells Mainly through Necroptosis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:882. [PMID: 33672520 PMCID: PMC7923752 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for advanced prostate carcinoma (PCa) remains poor due to development of therapy resistance, and new treatment options are needed. Shikonin (SHI) from Traditional Chinese Medicine has induced antitumor effects in diverse tumor entities, but data related to PCa are scarce. Therefore, the parental (=sensitive) and docetaxel (DX)-resistant PCa cell lines, PC3, DU145, LNCaP, and 22Rv1 were exposed to SHI [0.1-1.5 μM], and tumor cell growth, proliferation, cell cycling, cell death (apoptosis, necrosis, and necroptosis), and metabolic activity were evaluated. Correspondingly, the expression of regulating proteins was assessed. Exposure to SHI time- and dose-dependently inhibited tumor cell growth and proliferation in parental and DX-resistant PCa cells, accompanied by cell cycle arrest in the G2/M or S phase and modulation of cell cycle regulating proteins. SHI induced apoptosis and more dominantly necroptosis in both parental and DX-resistant PCa cells. This was shown by enhanced pRIP1 and pRIP3 expression and returned growth if applying the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1. No SHI-induced alteration in metabolic activity of the PCa cells was detected. The significant antitumor effects induced by SHI to parental and DX-resistant PCa cells make the addition of SHI to standard therapy a promising treatment strategy for patients with advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha D. Markowitsch
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Kira M. Juetter
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Patricia Schupp
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Kristine Hauschulte
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Olesya Vakhrusheva
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Kimberly Sue Slade
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Anita Thomas
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Igor Tsaur
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Jindrich Cinatl
- Institute of Medical Virology, Goethe-University, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Martin Michaelis
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre and School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK;
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Axel Haferkamp
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
| | - Eva Juengel
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (S.D.M.); (K.M.J.); (P.S.); (K.H.); (O.V.); (K.S.S.); (A.T.); (I.T.); (A.H.)
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Natural Products as Inducers of Non-Canonical Cell Death: A Weapon against Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020304. [PMID: 33467668 PMCID: PMC7830727 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Anticancer therapeutic approaches based solely on apoptosis induction are often unsuccessful due to the activation of resistance mechanisms. The identification and characterization of compounds capable of triggering non-apoptotic, also called non-canonical cell death pathways, could represent an important strategy that may integrate or offer alternative approaches to the current anticancer therapies. In this review, we critically discuss the promotion of ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis by natural compounds as a new anticancer strategy. Abstract Apoptosis has been considered the main mechanism induced by cancer chemotherapeutic drugs for a long time. This paradigm is currently evolving and changing, as increasing evidence pointed out that antitumor agents could trigger various non-canonical or non-apoptotic cell death types. A considerable number of antitumor drugs derive from natural sources, both in their naturally occurring form or as synthetic derivatives. Therefore, it is not surprising that several natural compounds have been explored for their ability to induce non-canonical cell death. The aim of this review is to highlight the potential antitumor effects of natural products as ferroptosis, necroptosis, or pyroptosis inducers. Natural products have proven to be promising non-canonical cell death inducers, capable of overcoming cancer cells resistance to apoptosis. However, as discussed in this review, they often lack a full characterization of their antitumor activity together with an in-depth investigation of their toxicological profile.
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Chang M, Wang H, Niu J, Song Y, Zou Z. Alkannin-Induced Oxidative DNA Damage Synergizes With PARP Inhibition to Cause Cancer-Specific Cytotoxicity. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:610205. [PMID: 33519476 PMCID: PMC7844861 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.610205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oncogenic transformation is associated with elevated oxidative stress that promotes tumor progression but also renders cancer cells vulnerable to further oxidative insult. Agents that stimulate ROS generation or suppress antioxidant systems can drive oxidative pressure to toxic levels selectively in tumor cells, resulting in oxidative DNA damage to endanger cancer cell survival. However, DNA damage response signaling protects cancer cells by activating DNA repair and genome maintenance mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the synergistic effects of combining the pro-oxidative natural naphthoquinone alkannin with inhibition of DNA repair by PARP inhibitors. Methods and Results: The results showed that sublethal doses of alkannin induced ROS elevation and oxidative DNA damage in colorectal cancer but not normal colon epithelial cells. Blocking DNA repair with the PARP inhibitor olaparib markedly synergized with alkannin to yield synergistic cytotoxicity in colorectal cancer cells at nontoxic doses of both drugs. Synergy between alkannin and olaparib resulted from interrupted repair of alkannin-induced oxidative DNA damage and PARP-trapping, as it was significantly attenuated by NAC or by OGG1 inhibition and the non-trapping PARP inhibitor veliparib did not yield synergism. Mechanistically, the combination of alkannin and olaparib caused intense replication stress and DNA strand breaks in colorectal cancer cells, leading to apoptotic cancer cell death after G2 arrest. Consequently, coadministration of alkannin and olaparib induced significant regression of tumor xenografts in vivo, while each agent alone had no effect. Conclusion: These studies clearly show that combining alkannin and olaparib can result in synergistic cancer cell lethality at nontoxic doses of the drugs. The combination exploits a cancer vulnerability driven by the intrinsic oxidative pressure in most cancer cells and hence provides a promising strategy to develop broad-spectrum anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongge Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiajing Niu
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhihua Zou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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18
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Liu Y, Kang X, Niu G, He S, Zhang T, Bai Y, Li Y, Hao H, Chen C, Shou Z, Li B. Shikonin induces apoptosis and prosurvival autophagy in human melanoma A375 cells via ROS-mediated ER stress and p38 pathways. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:626-635. [PMID: 30873870 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1575229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Shikonin, a botanical drug extracted from Lithospermum erythrorhizon, exhibits anti-cancer effects in various cancer cell lines. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects have not been completely elucidated yet. Here, we showed that Shikonin induces apoptosis and autophagy in A375 cells and inhibits their proliferation. Shikonin caused G2/M phase arrest through upregulation of p21 and downregulation of cyclin B1. Shikonin significantly triggered ER stress-mediated apoptosis by upregulating the expression of p-eIF2α, CHOP, and cleaved caspase-3. It also induced protective autophagy by activating the p38 pathway, followed by an increase in the levels of p-p38, LC3B-II, and Beclin 1. Upon suppression of autophagy by 3-methyladenine, Shikonin-induced apoptosis was enhanced in A375 cells. Moreover, after pretreatment with N-acetyl-cysteine, Shikonin increased the production of reactive oxygen species that are involved in regulating ER stress-mediated apoptosis and p38-activated autophagy, as evidenced by the reversion of cell viability and apoptosis and a decrease in p-eIF2α, CHOP, p-p38, LC3B-II, and Beclin 1 levels. Thus, we demonstrated that Shikonin induced apoptosis and autophagy in A375 cells via the activation of ROS-mediated ER stress and p38 pathways, indicating that Shikonin can serve as a potential agent for human melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Liu
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Xing Kang
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Geng Niu
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Senlin He
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yuwei Bai
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yi Li
- d School of Computer Science , Xi'an Polytechnic University , Xi'an , China
| | - Houyan Hao
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Chao Chen
- b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
| | - Zhexing Shou
- e Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine , Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Bin Li
- a Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China , Northwest University , Xi'an , China.,b School of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China.,c National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University , Xi'an , China
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Guo C, He J, Song X, Tan L, Wang M, Jiang P, Li Y, Cao Z, Peng C. Pharmacological properties and derivatives of shikonin-A review in recent years. Pharmacol Res 2019; 149:104463. [PMID: 31553936 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Shikonin is the major bioactive component extracted from the roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon which is also known as "Zicao" in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Recent studies have shown that shikonin demonstrates various bioactivities related to the treatment of cancer, inflammation, and wound healing. This review aimed to provide an updated summary of recent studies on shikonin. Firstly, many studies have demonstrated that shikonin exerts strong anticancer effects on various types of cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation and migration, inducing apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis. Shikonin also triggers Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation, suppressing exosome release, and activate anti-tumor immunity in multiple molecular mechanisms. Examples of these effects include modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPKs signaling; inhibiting the activation of TrxR1, PKM2, RIP1/3, Src, and FAK; and regulating the expression of ERP57, MMPs, ATF2, C-MYC, miR-128, and GRP78 (Bip). Next, the anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties of shikonin were also reviewed. Furthermore, several studies focusing on shikonin derivatives were reviewed, and these showed that, with modification to the naphthazarin ring or side chain, some shikonin derivatives display stronger anticancer activity and lower toxicity than shikonin itself. Our findings suggest that shikonin and its derivatives could serve as potential novel drug for the treatment of cancer and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjie Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Junlin He
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaominting Song
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Peidu Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuzhi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixing Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China.
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, China; School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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Jia L, Zhu Z, Li H, Li Y. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Shikonin inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion and promotes apoptosis in NCI-N87 cells via inhibition of PI3K/AKT signal pathway. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:2662-2669. [PMID: 31257936 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1632870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liushun Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Jining Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Department of General Surgery, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Sishui County, Jining, China
| | - Yaofeng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jining No.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China
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21
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Shikonin derivatives for cancer prevention and therapy. Cancer Lett 2019; 459:248-267. [PMID: 31132429 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phytochemicals gained considerable interest during the past years as source to develop new treatment options for chemoprevention and cancer therapy. Motivated by the fact that a majority of established anticancer drugs are derived in one way or another from natural resources, we focused on shikonin, a naphthoquinone with high potentials to be further developed as preventive or therapeutic drug to fight cancer. Shikonin is the major chemical component of Lithospermum erythrorhizon (Purple Cromwell) roots. Traditionally, the root extract has been applied to cure dermatitis, burns, and wounds. Over the past three decades, the anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects of root extracts, isolated shikonin as well as semi-synthetic and synthetic derivatives and nanoformulations have been described. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to understand the effect of shikonin at cellular and molecular levels. Preliminary clinical trials indicate the potential of shikonin for translation into clinical oncology. Shikonin exerts additive and synergistic interactions in combination with established chemotherapeutics, immunotherapeutic approaches, radiotherapy and other treatment modalities, which further underscores the potential of this phytochemical to be integrated into standard treatment regimens.
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Yan Y, Tan F, Miao H, Wang H, Cao Y. Effect of Shikonin Against Candida albicans Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1085. [PMID: 31156594 PMCID: PMC6527961 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis is often associated with the formation of biofilms. Candida albicans biofilms are inherently resistant to many clinical antifungal agents and have increasingly been found to be the sources of C. albicans infections. Novel antifungal agents against C. albicans biofilms are urgently needed. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of shikonin (SK) against C. albicans biofilms and to clarify the underlying mechanisms. XTT reduction assay showed that SK could not only inhibit the formation of biofilms but also destroy the maintenance of mature biofilms. In a mouse vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) model, the fungal burden was remarkably reduced upon SK treatment. Further study showed that SK could inhibit hyphae formation and reduce cellular surface hydrophobicity (CSH). Real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed that several hypha- and adhesion-specific genes were differentially expressed in SK-treated biofilm, including the downregulation of ECE1, HWP1, EFG1, CPH1, RAS1, ALS1, ALS3, CSH1 and upregulation of TUP1, NRG1, BCR1. Moreover, SK induced the production of farnesol, a quorum sensing molecule, and exogenous addition of farnesol enhanced the antibiofilm activity of SK. Taken together, these results indicated that SK could be a favorable antifungal agent in the clinical management of C. albicans biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Tan
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Miao
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - YingYing Cao
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wang Z, Yin J, Li M, Shen J, Xiao Z, Zhao Y, Huang C, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Cho CH, Wu X. Combination of shikonin with paclitaxel overcomes multidrug resistance in human ovarian carcinoma cells in a P-gp-independent manner through enhanced ROS generation. Chin Med 2019; 14:7. [PMID: 30911326 PMCID: PMC6417206 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-019-0231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shikonin (SKN), a naphthoquinone compound, is isolated from Chinese herbal medicine Lithospermum root and has been studied as an anticancer drug candidate in human tumor models. This study is designed to investigate whether SKN can sensitize the therapeutic effect of paclitaxel (PTX) in drug-resistant human ovarian carcinoma cells. Methods Human ovarian carcinoma A2780 cell along with the paired PTX-resistant A2780/PTX cells were used. The effects of SKN, PTX or their combination on cell viability were conducted using Sulforhodamine B assay. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression was analyzed by flow cytometry after staining with P-gp-FITC anti-body. P-gp activity was determined by a fluorometric MDR assay kit or a rhodamine 123-based efflux assay, respectively. Apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry after Annexin V-FITC/PI co-staining. The effect of SKN, PTX or their combination on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and expression of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) were investigated using flow cytometry or western blotting, respectively. PKM2 activity was detected by a Pyruvate Kinase Assay Kit. Results SKN/PTX co-treatment led to synergistically enhanced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in PTX-resistant ovarian cancer cells, indicating the circumvention of multidrug resistance (MDR) of PTX by SKN. Further study indicated that the MDR reversal effect of SKN was independent of inhibiting activity of the efflux transporter P-gp. Notably, SKN/PTX significantly increased the generation of intracellular ROS in A2780/PTX cells, and scavenging intracellular ROS blocked the sensitizing effects of SKN in PTX-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in A2780/PTX cells, but not in A2780 cells. Furthermore, SKN/PTX-induced downregulation of PKM2 (a key enzyme in glycolysis) and the suppression of its activity were inhibited by a ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), suggesting that the synergy of the SKN/PTX combination may be not rely on PKM2 suppression. Conclusions These results reveal a P-gp-independent mechanism through ROS generation for the SKN/PTX combination to overcome MDR in ovarian cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13020-019-0231-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Wang
- Department of Urology, People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, 518109 Guangdong China
| | - Jianhua Yin
- 2Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan China
| | - Mingxing Li
- 2Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan China
| | - Jing Shen
- 2Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- 2Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan China
| | - Yueshui Zhao
- 2Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan China
| | - Chengliang Huang
- 3Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine II, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan China
| | - Hanyu Zhang
- 2Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- 2Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan China
| | - Chi Hin Cho
- 2Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan China
| | - Xu Wu
- 2Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 Sichuan China
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Li Y, Tian X, Liu X, Gong P. Bufalin inhibits human breast cancer tumorigenesis by inducing cell death through the ROS-mediated RIP1/RIP3/PARP-1 pathways. Carcinogenesis 2019; 39:700-707. [PMID: 29546393 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bufalin, a key active ingredient of the Chinese medicine Chan Su, inhibits breast cancer tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Here, we found that the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk failed to inhibit bufalin-induced cell death in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, confirming that the cell death induced by bufalin is caspase-independent. Instead, bufalin increased the expression of the necroptosis mediators RIP1 and RIP3. Bufalin-induced cell death was prevented by small molecule inhibitors of RIP1 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) or genetic knockdown of RIP3 by shRNA transfection. In addition, ectopic RIP3 expression enhanced cell death by bufalin. We also found that bufalin increased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels; and cell death by bufalin was inhibited by the antioxidant NAC. In a mouse xenograft model of human breast cancer, bufalin induced PARP-1-dependent tumor cell death and inhibited tumor growth. These results demonstrated that bufalin inhibits human breast cancer tumorigenesis by inducing cell death through the reactive oxygen species-mediated RIP1/RIP3/PARP-1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Li
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory of Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory of Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory of Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pengchao Gong
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory of Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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25
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Alkannin protects human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells from LPS-induced inflammatory injury by regulation of microRNA-210. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1679-1685. [PMID: 30372870 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupus nephritis (LN) is a fatal complication induced by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). As the current therapeutic approaches for LN are not a permanent cure, we studied the potential therapeutic effects of alkannin (ALK) on LPS-treated human proximal tubular cells (HK-2 cells), aiming to find novel therapeutic drugs for LN treatment. METHODS Cell viability, apoptotic cells, expression of p53 and proteins associated with apoptosis, and release of IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS-treated HK-2 cells were measured by using CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry assay, Western blot analysis and RT-qPCR/ELISA, respectively. Effects of ALK on LPS-treated HK-2 cells were evaluated, and miR-210 expression was determined by RT-qPCR. Afterwards, whether ALK affected LPS-treated cells via regulating miR-210 was verified, and the involvements of the NF-κB and p38MAPK pathways were finally studied using Western blot analysis. RESULTS LPS-induced decrease of cell viability, increase of apoptosis, and release of IL-6 and TNF-α were attenuated by ALK treatment. We found miR-210 level in LPS-treated cells was elevated by ALK, and miR-210 inhibition could effectively reverse the effects of ALK on LPS-treated cells. Moreover, we found the phosphorylation levels of key kinases in the NF-κB and p38MAPK pathways were reduced by ALK via up-regulating miR-210 in LPS-treated cells. CONCLUSION ALK attenuated LPS-induced inflammatory injury in HK-2 cells possibly through up-regulating miR-210. The LPS-induced activation of the NF-κB and p38MAPK pathways was attenuated by ALK via regulation of miR-210.
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Prabhu KS, Siveen KS, Kuttikrishnan S, Iskandarani AN, Khan AQ, Merhi M, Omri HE, Dermime S, El-Elimat T, Oberlies NH, Alali FQ, Uddin S. Greensporone C, a Freshwater Fungal Secondary Metabolite Induces Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptotic Cell Death in Leukemic Cell Lines. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:720. [PMID: 30061828 PMCID: PMC6054921 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic agents used in the treatment of cancer are known to develop resistance against cancer cells. Hence, there is a continuing need to investigate novel agents for the treatment and management of cancer. Antitumor activity of greensporone C (GC), a new resorcylic acid lactone isolated from an organic extract of a culture of a Halenospora sp. freshwater fungus, was subjected for screening against a panel of leukemic cell lines (K562, U937, and AR320). In all the three cell lines, cell proliferation was inhibited in dose-dependent fashion. GC further arrested the cells in SubG0 phase in dose-dependent manner. Annexin V/PI dual staining data confirmed apoptotic death of treated K562 and U937 leukemic cells. Treatment with GC suppressed constitutively phosphorylated AKT and downregulated expression of inhibitor of apoptotic proteins XIAP, cIAP-1, and cIAP-2. In summation to this, GC-treated leukemic cells upregulated protein expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, Bax with concomitant decrease in expression of anti-apoptotic proteins including Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Upregulation of Bax was associated with cytochrome c release which was confirmed from the collapse of mitochondrial membrane. Released cytochrome c further activated caspase cascade which in turn initiated apoptosis process. Anticancer activity of this isolated fungal compound GC was potentiated via stimulating production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in K562 and U937 leukemic cells. Pretreatment of these cells with N-acetyl cysteine prevented GC-induced depletion of reduced GSH level and mitochondrial-caspase-induced apoptosis. Altogether, our data show that GC modulates the apoptotic response of human leukemic cells and raises the possibility of its use as a novel therapeutic strategy for hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti S Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmad N Iskandarani
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdul Q Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Halima E Omri
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | | | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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27
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Yen CH, Chiu HF, Huang SY, Lu YY, Han YC, Shen YC, Venkatakrishnan K, Wang CK. Beneficial effect of Burdock complex on asymptomatic Helicobacter pylori-infected subjects: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Helicobacter 2018. [PMID: 29520881 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burdock complex (BC) constitutes of burdock (Arctium lappa), angelica (Angelica sinensis), gromwell (Lithospermum erythrorhizon), and sesame (Sesamum indicum) oil, which are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treating various disorders. This study intended to examine the anti-H. pylori activity of BC on AGS cell model as well as in asymptomatic H. pylori-infected subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS AGS cell incubated with H. pylori and treated with BC to evaluate the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC), cell viability (MTT) anti-adhesion activity, and inflammatory markers. In case of clinical trial, H. pylori-positive subjects (urea breath test [UBT] >10%, n = 36) were enrolled and requested to intake BC (n = 19) or placebo (n = 17) for 8 weeks. Antioxidant capacity, total phenol, UBT, inflammatory markers were analyzed at the initial, 4th, 8th, and 10th weeks. Moreover, the endoscopic examination was carried out on baseline and 10th week. RESULTS In vitro studies showed that BC treatment significantly inhibited (P < .05) the inflammatory markers and adhesion of H. pylori to AGS cell. However, H. pylori-infected subject ingested with BC for 8 weeks significantly decreased (P < .05) the UBT value, inflammatory markers with improved antioxidant activity, and phenolic levels as compared to placebo. Also, consumption of BC considerably healed the ulcer wound. CONCLUSION Overall, the BC could attenuate H. pylori infection by inhibiting H. pylori adhesion and subsequent inflammatory response on the gastric epithelial cell (AGS) as well as clinically ameliorated UBT, antioxidant capacity, and alleviated inflammation to display its anti-H. pylori activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hua Yen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Fang Chiu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital Ministry of Health and Well-being, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Su-Yu Huang
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ying Lu
- Department of Neurology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Han
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - You-Cheng Shen
- School of Health Diet and Industry Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | | | - Chin-Kun Wang
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
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Moosavi MA, Haghi A, Rahmati M, Taniguchi H, Mocan A, Echeverría J, Gupta VK, Tzvetkov NT, Atanasov AG. Phytochemicals as potent modulators of autophagy for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2018; 424:46-69. [PMID: 29474859 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of autophagy is involved in the pathogenesis of a broad range of diseases, and accordingly universal research efforts have focused on exploring novel compounds with autophagy-modulating properties. While a number of synthetic autophagy modulators have been identified as promising cancer therapy candidates, autophagy-modulating phytochemicals have also attracted attention as potential treatments with minimal side effects. In this review, we firstly highlight the importance of autophagy and its relevance in the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer. Subsequently, we present the data on common phytochemicals and their mechanism of action as autophagy modulators. Finally, we discuss the challenges associated with harnessing the autophagic potential of phytochemicals for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O Box:14965/161, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Atousa Haghi
- Young Researchers & Elite Club, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marveh Rahmati
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hiroaki Taniguchi
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gheorghe Marinescu 23 Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40, Correo 33, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Vijai K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany; NTZ Lab Ltd., Krasno Selo 198, Sofia 1618, Bulgaria
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Jastrzebiec, Poland; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Shikonin causes apoptosis by disrupting intracellular calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function in human hepatoma cells. Exp Ther Med 2017; 15:1484-1492. [PMID: 29434733 PMCID: PMC5776525 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikonin is known to suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis in a variety of cancer cell lines. In the present study, SMMC-7721 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells were treated with shikonin (1, 2 or 4 µM) for 12–48 h. Cell morphological alterations and DNA damage were determined. Furthermore, changes in cell cycle, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, calcium homeostasis and levels of reactive oxygen species were measured. Shikonin-treated SMMC-7721 cells exhibited morphological changes and DNA damage. Shikonin inhibited cell proliferation causing cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Shikonin-induced apoptosis was associated with activation of caspases-3, −8 and −9, elevated levels of intracellular Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and enhanced efflux of Ca2+ and K+. Gene expression B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax), p53 and caspase-3 was up-regulated, whereas Bcl-2 expression was downregulated. Shikonin caused apoptosis by inhibiting cell cycle progression, disrupting Ca2+ homeostasis, inducing oxidative stress and triggering mitochondrial dysfunction. Activation of caspases-3, −8 and −9, K+ efflux, and regulation of Bax, Bcl-2, p53 and caspase-3 expression are involved in the process. These results provide in-depth insight into the mechanisms of action of shikonin in the treatment of cancer.
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Liang W, Cui J, Zhang K, Xi H, Cai A, Li J, Gao Y, Hu C, Liu Y, Lu Y, Wang N, Wu X, Wei B, Chen L. Shikonin induces ROS-based mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in colon cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:109094-109106. [PMID: 29312593 PMCID: PMC5752506 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is the third most common malignancy worldwide, and chemotherapy is a widely used strategy in clinical therapy. Chemotherapy-resistant of colon cancer is the main cause of recurrence and progression. Novel drugs with efficacy and safety in treating colon cancer are urgently needed. Shikonin, a naphthoquinone derived from the roots of the herbal plant Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has been determined to be a potent anti-tumor agent. The aim of the present study was to detect the underlying anti-tumor mechanism of shikonin in colon cancer. We found that shikonin suppressed the growth of colon cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. Shikonin induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, which was regulated by Bcl-2 family proteins. Shikonin increased the generation of intracellular ROS, which played an upstream role in shikonin-induced apoptosis. Our data indicated that generation of ROS, down-regulated expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of the caspase cascade were components of the programmed event of shikonin-induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells. In addition, shikonin presented minimal toxicity to non-neoplastic colon cells and no liver injury in xenograft models, showing safety in the control of colon cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our findings suggest that shikonin might serve as a potential novel therapeutic drug in the treatment of human colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenquan Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Institute of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jianxin Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Institute of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Kecheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Institute of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hongqing Xi
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Institute of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Aizhen Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jiyang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Institute of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yunhe Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Institute of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Chong Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Institute of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Institute of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yixun Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Institute of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiaosong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Institute of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.,Institute of General Surgery, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Cheng QL, Li HL, Li YC, Liu ZW, Guo XH, Cheng YJ. CRA(Crosolic Acid) isolated from Actinidia valvata Dunn.Radix induces apoptosis of human gastric cancer cell line BGC823 in vitro via down-regulation of the NF-κB pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 105:475-485. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Chen P, Wang H, Yang F, Chen H, He W, Wang J. Curcumin Promotes Osteosarcoma Cell Death by Activating miR-125a/ERRα Signal Pathway. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:74-81. [PMID: 27231954 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin has demonstrated valuable therapeutic potential against a variety of human cancers including osteosarcoma. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-tumor effect remain to be poorly understood. By RNA sequence profiling, we found that curcumin significantly down-regulates the expression of estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) in osteosarcoma cells. Overexpression of ERRα diminished curcumin-activated apoptotic cell death and scavenged curcumin-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), while ERRα silencing sensitized osteosarcoma cells to curcumin, resulting in increased inhibition of cell proliferation. In addition, we found that curcumin suppressed the ERRα gene expression through upregulation of miR-125a. Data from this study revealed a novel mechanism for curcumin-mediated apoptotic cell death, which involves tumor cell killing via activating miR-125a/ERRα pathway. Our studies also provide further support for osteosarcoma therapy by targeting ERRα alone or in combination with curcumin. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 74-81, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510405, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento 95817, California
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510405, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibin Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510405, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510405, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Shanghai University of Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwu Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento 95817, California
| | - Wei He
- First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 16 Jichang Road, Guangzhou 510405, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, 4645 2nd Avenue, Sacramento 95817, California
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Chang HL, Chang YM, Lai SC, Chen KM, Wang KC, Chiu TT, Chang FH, Hsu LS. Naringenin inhibits migration of lung cancer cells via the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9. Exp Ther Med 2016; 13:739-744. [PMID: 28352360 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is among the most common causes of cancer-related mortality. It has a high mortality rate and resistance to chemotherapy due to its high metastatic potential. Naringenin, a bioactive compound identified in several fruits, displays anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects. Furthermore, naringenin mitigates the migration of several human cancer cell types. However, the effects of naringenin on lung cancer remain unclear. The current study investigated the mechanisms of naringenin on the migration of lung cancer A549 cells. The results indicate that significant alteration in A549 cell proliferation was observed in response to naringenin (0-300 µM) treatment for 24 and 48 h. Furthermore, a dose-dependent migration inhibition of A549 in the presence of naringenin was observed by healing and transwell migration assays. In addition, a zymography assay revealed that naringenin exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 activities. Furthermore, naringenin also inhibited the activities of AKT in a dose-dependent manner. These observations indicated that naringenin inhibited the migration of lung cancer A549 cells through several mechanisms, including the inhibition of AKT activities and reduction of MMP-2 and -9 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Lu Chang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery of Zouying Branch, Kaohsiung Armed Force General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81342, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yuh-Ming Chang
- Department of Neurology, Division of Internal Medicine, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 30071, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Institutes of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shih-Chan Lai
- Department of Parasitology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ke-Min Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuan-Chu Wang
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tsu-Ting Chiu
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fu-Hsin Chang
- Department of Biomedical Research, Asia-Pacific Biotech Developing, Kaohsiung 80681, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Li-Sung Hsu
- Institutes of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Shikonin induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and enhances chemotherapeutic sensitivity of gastric cancer through reactive oxygen species. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38267. [PMID: 27905569 PMCID: PMC5131274 DOI: 10.1038/srep38267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of gastric cancer remains poor due to clinical drug resistance. Novel drugs are urgently needed. Shikonin (SHK), a natural naphthoquinone, has been reported to trigger cell death and overcome drug resistance in anti-tumour therapy. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness and molecular mechanisms of SHK in treatment with gastric cancer. In vitro, SHK suppresses proliferation and triggers cell death of gastric cancer cells but leads minor damage to gastric epithelial cells. SHK induces the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), depolarizes the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ultimately triggers mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. We confirmed that SHK induces apoptosis of gastric cancer cells not only in a caspase-dependent manner which releases Cytochrome C and triggers the caspase cascade, but also in a caspase-independent manner which mediates the nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor and Endonuclease G. Furthermore, we demonstrated that SHK enhanced the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our data show that SHK may be a novel therapeutic agent in the clinical treatment of gastric cancer.
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35
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Endogenous nitric oxide accumulation is involved in the antifungal activity of Shikonin against Candida albicans. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e88. [PMID: 27530748 PMCID: PMC5034102 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the antifungal activity of Shikonin (SK) against Candida albicans (C. albicans) and to clarify the underlying mechanism. The results showed that the NO donors S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and L-arginine could enhance the antifungal activity of SK, whereas the NO production inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) attenuated antifungal action. Using the fluorescent dye 3-amino,4-aminomethyl-2′, 7-difluorescein, diacetate (DAF-FM DA), we found that the accumulation of NO in C. albicans was increased markedly by SK in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In addition, the results of real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) demonstrated that the transcription level of YHB1 in C. albicans was greatly increased upon incubation of SK. Consistently, the YHB1-null mutant (yhb1Δ/Δ) exhibited a higher susceptibility to SK than wild-type cells. In addition, although the transcription level of CTA4 in C. albicans was not significantly changed when exposed to SK, the CTA4-null mutant (cta4Δ/Δ) was more susceptible to SK. Collectively, SK is the agent found to execute its antifungal activity directly via endogenous NO accumulation, and NO-mediated damage is related to the suppression of YHB1 and the function of CTA4.
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Shang LH, Yu Y, Che DH, Pan B, Jin S, Zou XL. Luffa echinata Roxb. Induced Apoptosis in Human Colon Cancer Cell (SW-480) in the Caspase-dependent Manner and Through a Mitochondrial Apoptosis Pathway. Pharmacogn Mag 2016; 12:25-30. [PMID: 27019558 PMCID: PMC4787332 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.176017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Luffa echinata Roxb. (LER) (Cucurbitaceae) showed tremendous medicinal importance and are being used for the treatment of different ailments. OBJECTIVE In this study, the antiproliferative properties and cell death mechanism induced by the extract of the fruits of LER were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS MTT and LDH assay were used to test the antiproliferative and cytotoxicity of LER extract, respectively. The intracellular ROS were measured by a fluorometric assay. The expression of several apoptotic-related proteins in SW-480 cells treated by LER was evaluated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The methanolic extract of LER fruits inhibited the proliferation of human colon cancer cells (SW-480) in both dose- and time-dependent manners. The LER-treated cells showed obvious characteristics of cell apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, destruction of the monolayer, and condensed chromatin. In addition, treatments of various concentrations of LER extracts caused the release of lactate dehydrogenase as a dose-dependent manner via stimulation of the intracellular metabolic system. LER induced apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, and cellular ROS accumulation in SW-480 cells. Treatment of LER on SW-480 cells promoted the expression of caspases, Bax, Bad, and p53 proteins and decreased the levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that treatment with LER-induced cell death in mitochondrial apoptosis pathway by regulating pro-apoptotic proteins via the up regulation of the p53 protein. These findings highlight the potentials of LER in the treatment of human colon cancer. SUMMARY LER induced apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, and cellular ROS accumulation in SW-480 cells. Treatment of LER on SW-480 cells promoted the expression of caspases, Bax, Bad, and p53 proteins and decreased the levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Shang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - De-Hai Che
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Shi Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xiao-Long Zou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China
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Liu JP, Liu D, Gu JF, Zhu MM, Cui L. Shikonin inhibits the cell viability, adhesion, invasion and migration of the human gastric cancer cell line MGC-803 via the Toll-like receptor 2/nuclear factor-kappa B pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol 2015; 67:1143-55. [PMID: 25880237 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Shikonin is an active naphthoquinone pigment isolated from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon. This study was designed to explore the inhibition of Shikonin on cell viability, adhesion, migration and invasion ability of gastric cancer (GC) and its possible mechanism. METHODS 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was performed for cell viability and adhesion ability of MGC-803 cells. Cell scratch repair experiments were conducted for the determination of migration ability while transwell assay for cell invasion ability. Western blot analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction assay were used for the detection of protein and mRNA expressions. KEY FINDINGS Fifty per cent inhibitory concentration of Shikonin on MGC-803 cells was 1.854 μm. Shikonin (1 μm) inhibited significantly the adhesion, invasion and migratory ability of MGC-803 cells. Interestingly, Shikonin in the presence or absence of anti-Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) antibody (2 μg) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inhibitor MG-132 (10 μm) could decrease these ability of MGC-803 cells markedly, as well as the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP-7, TLR2 and p65 NF-κB. In addition, the co-incubation of Shikonin and anti-TLR2/MG-132 has a significant stronger activity than anti-TLR2 or MG-132 alone. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that Shikonin could suppress the cell viability, adhesion, invasion and migratory ability of MGC-803 cells through TLR2- or NF-κB-mediated pathway. Our findings provide novel information for the treatment of Shikonin on GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Fei Gu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mao Mao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Cui
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Zhang X, Hu W, Wu F, Yuan X, Hu J. Shikonin inhibits TNF-α-induced growth and invasion of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:615-24. [PMID: 26042337 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Shikonin is a naphthoquinone compound extracted from the Chinese herb purple gromwell. Shikonin has broad antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. The tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced proliferation and invasion of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is an important factor that contributes to atherosclerosis. The effects of shikonin on the proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs have been reported; however, the function of shikonin on TNF-α-mediated growth and invasion of VSMCs during atherosclerosis remains unclear. In this study, we used Western blot, flow cytometry, real-time quantitative PCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to investigate the effect of shikonin on the TNF-α-induced growth and invasion of VSMCs and to determine the underlying mechanism. Our results showed that shikonin inhibits the TNF-α-mediated growth and invasion. Further study revealed that shikonin regulates the activation of nuclear factor kappa B and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase signaling pathways; modulates the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, B-cell lymphoma 2, and Bax; activates caspase-3 and caspase-9; induces cell cycle arrest; and promotes the apoptosis of VSMCs. Together, our results indicate that shikonin may become a promising agent for the treatment of atherosclerosis and they also establish foundation for the development of anti-atherosclerosis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Zhang
- a Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Hu
- a Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Wu
- b Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Shenyang City, Shenyang 110041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Yuan
- b Department of Cardiology, The First People's Hospital of Shenyang City, Shenyang 110041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Hu
- a Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Shenyang 110001, People's Republic of China
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Zhao J, Zhang L, Li J, Wu T, Wang M, Xu G, Zhang F, Liu L, Yang J, Sun S. A novel pyrazolone-based derivative induces apoptosis in human esophageal cells via reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and caspase-dependent mitochondria-mediated pathway. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 231:1-9. [PMID: 25684395 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazolone complexes have strong bio-activity but the anti-tumor mechanism of pyrazolone-based metal complexes is not fully understood. In this study, the inhibitory effect and possible mechanism of a novel pyrazolone-based derivative compound (Cd-PMPP-SAL) on human esophageal cancer cells were investigated. We found that Cd-PMPP-SAL inhibited the proliferation of Eca-109 cells in a dose-dependent manner and induced the apoptosis in the cells. Interestingly, Cd-PMPP-SAL promoted the production of ROS, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, PARP cleavage and activation of caspase-3/9. These results suggest Cd-PMPP-SAL-induced apoptosis might be mediated by the increased production of ROS and caspase-dependent mitochondria-mediated pathway. These results suggest that Cd-PMPP-SAL is a potential candidate for the treatment of esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, PR China
| | - Jinyao Li
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, PR China
| | - Ting Wu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, PR China
| | - Meifang Wang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, PR China
| | - Guancheng Xu
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, PR China
| | - Fuchun Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, PR China
| | - Lang Liu
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, PR China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, PR China; Texas Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, TX 77030, USA
| | - Surong Sun
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, PR China.
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Kuo LJ, Huang CY, Cheng WL, Hung CS, Wu CT, Lin FY, Chang YJ, Huang MT. Glucose-regulated protein 78 mediates the anticancer efficacy of shikonin in hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5063-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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41
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Qu D, Chen YU, Xu XM, Zhang M, Zhang YI, Li SQ. Cbl-b-regulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling is involved in the shikonin-induced apoptosis of lung cancer cells in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:1265-1270. [PMID: 25780420 PMCID: PMC4353798 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Shikonin (SK), a naturally occurring naphthoquinone, exhibits antitumor activity. However, its precise mechanisms of action are unknown. In the present study, the effects of SK on NCI-H460 human lung cancer cells were investigated. It was found that SK reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis in the NCI-H460 cells. Additionally, SK inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity, which indicates that inhibition of the ERK pathway is probably one of the mechanisms by which SK induced NCI-H460 cell apoptosis. The expression of Cbl-b was significantly increased by treatment with SK for 4 h, and gradually increased to a maximal level at 24 h; the time taken for the upregulation of Cbl-b protein was in accordance to that required for the downregulation of phospho (p)-ERK protein. The Cbl inhibitor Ps341 reversed the SK-induced downregulation of p-ERK and apoptosis of NCI-H460 cells. These results indicate that Cbl-b potentiates the apoptotic action of SK by inhibiting the ERK pathway in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Qu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Y U Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Man Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Y I Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Qi Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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Shikonin inhibits oxidized LDL-induced monocyte adhesion by suppressing NFκB activation via up-regulation of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2-dependent antioxidation in EA.hy926 endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 93:352-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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43
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Fan LL, Li WH. Mechanism underlying exogenous nitric oxide induced gastric cancer SGC-7901 cell apoptosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:8-15. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the potential mechanism of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) induced apoptosis of moderately differentiated gastric cancer cells (SGC-7901).
METHODS: SGC-7901 cells were treated with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), which was used as the donor of exogenous NO. The survival rate of cells was detected by MTT assay. Cells were divided into four groups: a blank control group, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor (N-acetyl-L-cysteine, NAC) group, an SNP group and an NAC + SNP group. Apoptotic cell morphology and apoptosis rate were evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. Levels of ROS were determined by fluorescent chemiluminescence. Protein levels of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) were detected by Western blot analysis.
RESULTS: SNP induced apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. There were no significant differences in cell apoptosis rate or ROS level between the NAC group and blank control group (P >0.05). Compared to the blank control group, cell apoptosis rate and ROS were significantly increased in the SNP group and NAC + SNP group (P < 0.05). Cell apoptosis rate and ROS level were significantly increased in the SNP group compared to the NAC + SNP group (P < 0.05). SNP decreased Cu/Zn-SOD protein expression in SGC-7901 cells.
CONCLUSION: Exogenous NO can up-regulate ROS level in gastric cells by inhibiting Cu/Zn-SOD protein expression, which may be related to the mechanism by which NO induces apoptosis of gastric cancer cells.
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Chen P, Wang H, Duan Z, Zou JX, Chen H, He W, Wang J. Estrogen-related receptor alpha confers methotrexate resistance via attenuation of reactive oxygen species production and P53 mediated apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:616025. [PMID: 24967384 PMCID: PMC4055217 DOI: 10.1155/2014/616025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant tumor mainly occurring in children and adolescents. Methotrexate (MTX), a chemotherapy agent, is widely used in treating OS. However, treatment failures are common due to acquired chemoresistance, for which the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In this study, we report that overexpression of estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERR α ), an orphan nuclear receptor, promoted cell survival and blocked MTX-induced cell death in U2OS cells. We showed that MTX induced ROS production in MTX-sensitive U2OS cells while ERR α effectively blocked the ROS production and ROS associated cell apoptosis. Our further studies demonstrated that ERR α suppressed ROS induction of tumor suppressor P53 and its target genes NOXA and XAF1 which are mediators of P53-dependent apoptosis. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that ERR α plays an important role in the development of MTX resistance through blocking MTX-induced ROS production and attenuating the activation of p53 mediated apoptosis signaling pathway, and points to ERR α as a novel target for improving osteosarcoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
- Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Haibin Wang
- State Key Hip Joints Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China
| | - Zhijian Duan
- Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - June X. Zou
- Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Hongwu Chen
- Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Wei He
- State Key Hip Joints Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 12 Jichang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, China
| | - Junjian Wang
- Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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In vitro induction of erythrocyte phosphatidylserine translocation by the natural naphthoquinone shikonin. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1559-74. [PMID: 24828755 PMCID: PMC4052252 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6051559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Shikonin, the most important component of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has previously been shown to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiviral, antimicrobial and anticancer effects. The anticancer effect has been attributed to the stimulation of suicidal cell death or apoptosis. Similar to the apoptosis of nucleated cells, erythrocytes may experience eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death characterized by cell shrinkage and by phosphatidylserine translocation to the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include the increase of cytosolic Ca2+-activity ([Ca2+]i) and ceramide formation. The present study explored whether Shikonin stimulates eryptosis. To this end, Fluo 3 fluorescence was measured to quantify [Ca2+]i, forward scatter to estimate cell volume, annexin V binding to identify phosphatidylserine-exposing erythrocytes, hemoglobin release to determine hemolysis and antibodies to quantify ceramide abundance. As a result, a 48 h exposure of human erythrocytes to Shikonin (1 µM) significantly increased [Ca2+]i, increased ceramide abundance, decreased forward scatter and increased annexin V binding. The effect of Shikonin (1 µM) on annexin V binding was significantly blunted, but not abolished by the removal of extracellular Ca2+. In conclusion, Shikonin stimulates suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, an effect at least partially due to the stimulation of Ca2+ entry and ceramide formation.
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