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Sridhar GR, Gumpeny L. Emerging significance of butyrylcholinesterase. World J Exp Med 2024; 14:87202. [PMID: 38590305 PMCID: PMC10999061 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v14.i1.87202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE; EC 3.1.1.8), an enzyme structurally related to acetylcholinesterase, is widely distributed in the human body. It plays a role in the detoxification of chemicals such as succinylcholine, a muscle relaxant used in anesthetic practice. BChE is well-known due to variant forms of the enzyme with little or no hydrolytic activity which exist in some endogamous communities and result in prolonged apnea following the administration of succinylcholine. Its other functions include the ability to hydrolyze acetylcholine, the cholinergic neurotransmitter in the brain, when its primary hydrolytic enzyme, acetylcholinesterase, is absent. To assess its potential roles, BChE was studied in relation to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cognition, hepatic disorders, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and inflammatory conditions. Individuals who lack the enzyme activity of BChE are otherwise healthy, until they are given drugs hydrolyzed by this enzyme. Therefore, BChE is a candidate for the study of loss-of-function mutations in humans. Studying individuals with variant forms of BChE can provide insights into whether they are protected against metabolic diseases. The potential utility of the enzyme as a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease and the response to its drug treatment can also be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gumpeny R Sridhar
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Endocrine and Diabetes Centre, Visakhapatnam 530002, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lakshmi Gumpeny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gayatri Vidya Parishad Institute of Healthcare and Medical Technology, Visakhapatnam 530048, Andhra Pradesh, India
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2
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Lu X, Li Y, Guan Q, Yang H, Liu Y, Du C, Wang L, Wang Q, Pei Y, Wu L, Sun H, Chen Y. Discovery, Structure-Based Modification, In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Exploration of m-Sulfamoyl Benzoamide Derivatives as Selective Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors for Treating Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1135-1156. [PMID: 38453668 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
For the potential therapy of Alzheimer's disease (AD), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) has gradually gained worldwide interest in the progression of AD. This study used a pharmacophore-based virtual screening (VS) approach to identify Z32439948 as a new BChE inhibitor. Aiding by molecular docking and molecular dynamics, essential binding information was disclosed. Specifically, a subpocket was found and structure-guided design of a series of novel compounds was conducted. Derivatives were evaluated in vitro for cholinesterase inhibition and physicochemical properties (BBB, log P, and solubility). The investigation involved docking, molecular dynamics, enzyme kinetics, and surface plasmon resonance as well. The study highlighted compounds 27a (hBChE IC50 = 0.078 ± 0.03 μM) and (R)-37a (hBChE IC50 = 0.005 ± 0.001 μM) as the top-ranked BChE inhibitors. These compounds showed anti-inflammatory activity and no apparent cytotoxicity against the human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and mouse microglia (BV2) cell lines. The most active compounds exhibited the ability to improve cognition in both scopolamine- and Aβ1-42 peptide-induced cognitive deficit models. They can be promising lead compounds with potential implications for treating the late stage of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqing Li
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianwen Guan
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajing Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Du
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqiong Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
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3
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Dirak M, Chan J, Kolemen S. Optical imaging probes for selective detection of butyrylcholinesterase. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:1149-1167. [PMID: 38196348 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02468g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), a member of the human serine hydrolase family, is an essential enzyme for cholinergic neurotransmission as it catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetylcholine. It also plays central roles in apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and xenobiotic detoxification. On the other side, abnormal levels of BChE are directly associated with the formation of pathogenic states such as neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric and cardiovascular disorders, liver damage, diabetes, and cancer. Thus, selective and sensitive detection of BChE level in living organisms is highly crucial and is of great importance to further understand the roles of BChE in both physiological and pathological processes. However, it is a very complicated task due to the potential interference of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the other human cholinesterase, as these two enzymes share a very similar substrate scope. To this end, optical imaging probes have attracted immense attention in recent years as they have modular structures, which can be tuned precisely to satisfy high selectivity toward BChE, and at the same time they offer real time and nondestructive imaging opportunities with a high spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we summarize BChE selective imaging probes by discussing the critical milestones achieved during the development process of these molecular sensors over the years. We put a special emphasis on design principles and biological applications of highly promising new generation activity-based probes. We also give a comprehensive outlook for the future of BChE-responsive probes and highlight the ongoing challenges. This collection marks the first review article on BChE-responsive imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa Dirak
- Department of Chemistry, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Jefferson Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Safacan Kolemen
- Department of Chemistry, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey.
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4
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de Candia M, Titov AA, Viayna A, Kulikova LN, Purgatorio R, Piergiovanni B, Niso M, Catto M, Voskressensky LG, Luque FJ, Altomare CD. In-vitro and in-silico studies of annelated 1,4,7,8-tetrahydroazocine ester derivatives as nanomolar selective inhibitors of human butyrylcholinesterase. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 386:110741. [PMID: 37839515 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Based on previous finding showing 2,3,6,11-tetrahydro-1H-azocino[4,5-b]indole as suitable scaffold of novel inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a main target of drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, herein we investigated diverse newly and previously synthesized β-enamino esters (and ketones) derivatives of 1,4,7,8-tetrahydroazocines (and some azonines) fused with benzene, 1H-indole, 4H-chromen-4-one and pyrimidin-4(3H)-one. Twenty derivatives of diversely annelated eight-to-nine-membered azaheterocyclic ring, prepared through domino reaction of the respective tetrahydropyridine and azepine with activated alkynes, were assayed for the inhibitory activity against AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). As a major outcome, compound 7c, an alkylamino derivative of tetrahydropyrimido[4,5-d]azocine, was found to be a highly potent BChE-selective inhibitor, which showed a noncompetitive/mixed-type inhibition mechanism against human BChE with single digit nanomolar inhibition constant (Ki = 7.8 ± 0.2 nM). The four-order magnitude BChE-selectivity of 7c clearly reflects the effect of lipophilicity upon binding to the BChE binding cavity. The ChEs' inhibition data, interpreted by chemoinformatic tools and an in-depth in-silico study (molecular docking combined with molecular dynamics calculations), not only highlighted key structural factors enhancing inhibition potency and selectivity toward BChE, but also shed light on subtle differences distinguishing the binding sites of equine BChE from the recombinant human BChE. Compound 7c inhibited P-glycoprotein with IC50 of 0.27 μM, which may support its ability to permeate blood-brain barrier, and proved to be no cytotoxic in human liver cancer cell line (HepG2) at the BChE bioactive concentrations. Overall, the biological profile allows us to envision 7c as a promising template to improve design and development of BChE-selective ligands of pharmaceutical interest, including inhibitors and fluorogenic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modesto de Candia
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Alexander A Titov
- Organic Chemistry Department, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Antonio Viayna
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (ITQCUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, E-08921, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Larisa N Kulikova
- Organic Chemistry Department, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Rosa Purgatorio
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Brigida Piergiovanni
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Niso
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Catto
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Leonid G Voskressensky
- Organic Chemistry Department, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - F Javier Luque
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (ITQCUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, E-08921, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Cosimo D Altomare
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
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5
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Acari A, Almammadov T, Dirak M, Gulsoy G, Kolemen S. Real-time visualization of butyrylcholinesterase activity using a highly selective and sensitive chemiluminescent probe. J Mater Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37377112 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01022h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), one of the critical human cholinesterases, plays crucial roles in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Accordingly, it is a striking and at the same time challenging target for bioimaging studies. Herein, we developed the first ever example of a 1,2-dixoetane-based chemiluminescent probe (BCC) for monitoring BChE activity in native biological contexts such as living cells and animals. BCC was initially shown to exhibit a highly selective and sensitive turn-on response in its luminescence signal upon reacting with BChE in aqueous solutions. Later, BCC was utilized to image endogenous BChE activity in normal and cancer cell lines. It was also shown through inhibition experiments that BChE can detect fluctuations of BChE levels successfully. In vivo imaging ability of BCC was demonstrated in healthy and tumor-bearing mice models. BCC enabled us to visualize the BChE activity in different regions of the body. Furthermore, it was successfully employed to monitor tumors derived from neuroblastoma cells with a very high signal to noise ratio. Thus, BCC appears as a highly promising chemiluminescent probe, which can be used to further understand the contribution of BChE to regular cellular processes and the formation of diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alperen Acari
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), 34450 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Toghrul Almammadov
- Koç University, Department of Chemistry, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Univesity of Zurich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Musa Dirak
- Koç University, Department of Chemistry, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goktug Gulsoy
- Koç University, Department of Chemistry, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safacan Kolemen
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), 34450 Istanbul, Turkey.
- Koç University, Department of Chemistry, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM), 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
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6
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Belinskaia DA, Voronina PA, Popova PI, Voitenko NG, Shmurak VI, Vovk MA, Baranova TI, Batalova AA, Korf EA, Avdonin PV, Jenkins RO, Goncharov NV. Albumin Is a Component of the Esterase Status of Human Blood Plasma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10383. [PMID: 37373530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The esterase status of blood plasma can claim to be one of the universal markers of various diseases; therefore, it deserves attention when searching for markers of the severity of COVID-19 and other infectious and non-infectious pathologies. When analyzing the esterase status of blood plasma, the esterase activity of serum albumin, which is the major protein in the blood of mammals, should not be ignored. The purpose of this study is to expand understanding of the esterase status of blood plasma and to evaluate the relationship of the esterase status, which includes information on the amount and enzymatic activity of human serum albumin (HSA), with other biochemical parameters of human blood, using the example of surviving and deceased patients with confirmed COVID-19. In experiments in vitro and in silico, the activity of human plasma and pure HSA towards various substrates was studied, and the effect of various inhibitors on this activity was tested. Then, a comparative analysis of the esterase status and a number of basic biochemical parameters of the blood plasma of healthy subjects and patients with confirmed COVID-19 was performed. Statistically significant differences have been found in esterase status and biochemical indices (including albumin levels) between healthy subjects and patients with COVID-19, as well as between surviving and deceased patients. Additional evidence has been obtained for the importance of albumin as a diagnostic marker. Of particular interest is a new index, [Urea] × [MDA] × 1000/(BChEb × [ALB]), which in the group of deceased patients was 10 times higher than in the group of survivors and 26 times higher than the value in the group of apparently healthy elderly subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria A Belinskaia
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina A Voronina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Polina I Popova
- City Polyclinic No. 112, 25 Academician Baykov Str., 195427 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia G Voitenko
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Shmurak
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Vovk
- Centre for Magnetic Resonance, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskij pr., 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana I Baranova
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Batalova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Korf
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel V Avdonin
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Str., 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Richard O Jenkins
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK
| | - Nikolay V Goncharov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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7
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Markuskova L, Javorova Rihova Z, Fazekas T, Martinkovicova A, Havrisko M, Dingova D, Solavova M, Rabarova D, Hrabovska A. Serum butyrylcholinesterase as a marker of COVID-19 mortality: Results of the monocentric prospective observational study. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 381:110557. [PMID: 37209860 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents an excessive burden on health care systems worldwide and the number of patients who require special care in the clinical setting is often hard to predict. Consequently, there is an unmet need for a reliable biomarker that could predict clinical outcomes of high-risk patients. Lower serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity was recently linked with poor outcomes of COVID-19 patients. In line with this, our monocentric observational study on hospitalized COVID-19 patients focused on changes in serum BChE activity in relation to disease progression. Blood samples from 148 adult patients of both sexes were collected during their hospital stay at the Clinics of Infectiology and Clinics of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Trnava University Hospital in alignment with routine blood tests. Sera were analyzed using modified Ellman's method. Patient data with information about the health status, comorbidities and other blood parameters were collected in pseudonymized form. Our results show a lower serum BChE activity together with progressive decline of BChE activity in non-survivors, while higher stable values were present in discharged or transferred patients requiring further care. Lower BChE activity was associated with higher age and lower BMI. Moreover, we observed a negative correlation of serum BChE activity with the routinely used inflammatory markers, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. Serum BChE activity mirrored clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients and thus serves as a novel prognostic marker in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Markuskova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Javorova Rihova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University Bratislava, Limbova 12, 832 03, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Trnava University Hospital, A. Zarnova 11, 917 75, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Fazekas
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, 832 32, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anna Martinkovicova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Havrisko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Trnava University Hospital, A. Zarnova 11, 917 75, Trnava, Slovakia; Department of Laboratory Medicine Methods in Healthcare, Faculty of Healthcare and Social Work, University of Trnava in Trnava, 917 75, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Dominika Dingova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Solavova
- Clinic of Infectiology, Trnava University Hospital, A. Zarnova 11, 917 75, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Daria Rabarova
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Trnava University Hospital, A. Zarnova 11, 917 75, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Anna Hrabovska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, 832 32, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Du DX, Khang NHD, Tri NH, Nam PC, Thong NM. Exploring the Multitarget Activity of Wedelolactone against Alzheimer's Disease: Insights from In Silico Study. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:15031-15040. [PMID: 37151498 PMCID: PMC10157682 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Wedelolactone's multitarget activity against Alzheimer's disease was examined using density functional theory and molecular docking techniques. At physiological pH, the pK a and molar fractions have been estimated. The most likely relative rate constants of two radical scavenger mechanisms are formal hydrogen transfer in a lipid environment and single-electron transfer in a water solvent. Compared to Trolox (k overall = 8.96 × 104 M-1 s-1), Wedelolactone (k overall = 4.26 × 109 M-1 s-1) is more efficient in scavenging the HOO• radical in an aqueous environment. The chelation capacity of metals was investigated by examining the complexation of the Cu(II) ion at various coordination positions and calculating the complexation kinetic constants. Furthermore, molecular docking simulations showed that the known forms of Wedelolactone at physiological pH effectively inhibited the AChE and BChE enzymes by comparing their activity to that of tacrine (control). Wedelolactone is a promising drug candidate for Alzheimer's disease therapy in light of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang Xuan Du
- Sai
Gon University, 273 An Duong Vuong Street, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen Huu Tri
- Sai
Gon University, 273 An Duong Vuong Street, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Pham Cam Nam
- The
University of Danang - University of Science and Technology, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Minh Thong
- The
University of Danang - Campus in Kon Tum, 704 Phan Dinh Phung, Kon
Tum 580000, Vietnam
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9
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Pidany F, Kroustkova J, Al Mamun A, Suchankova D, Brazzolotto X, Nachon F, Chantegreil F, Dolezal R, Pulkrabkova L, Muckova L, Hrabinova M, Finger V, Kufa M, Soukup O, Jun D, Jenco J, Kunes J, Novakova L, Korabecny J, Cahlikova L. Highly selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors related to Amaryllidaceae alkaloids - Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 252:115301. [PMID: 36996715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is one of the most frequently implicated enzymes in the advanced stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). As part of our endeavors to develop new drug candidates for AD, we have focused on natural template structures, namely the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids carltonine A and B endowed with high BChE selectivity. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of 57 novel highly selective human BChE (hBChE) inhibitors. Most synthesized compounds showed hBChE inhibition potency ranging from micromolar to low nanomolar scale. Compounds that revealed BChE inhibition below 100 nM were selected for detailed biological investigation. The CNS-targeted profile of the presented compounds was confirmed theoretically by calculating the BBB score algorithm, these data were corroborated by determining the permeability in vitro using PAMPA-assay for the most active derivatives. The study highlighted compounds 87 (hBChE IC50 = 3.8 ± 0.2 nM) and 88 (hBChE IC50 = 5.7 ± 1.5 nM) as the top-ranked BChE inhibitors. Compounds revealed negligible cytotoxicity for the human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines compared to BChE inhibitory potential. A crystallographic study was performed to inspect the binding mode of compound 87, revealing essential interactions between 87 and hBChE active site. In addition, multidimensional QSAR analyses were applied to determine the relationship between chemical structures and biological activity in a dataset of designed agents. Compound 87 is a promising lead compound with potential implications for treating the late stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Pidany
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kroustkova
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Suchankova
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Xavier Brazzolotto
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, 1 Place Général Valérie André, 91220, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Florian Nachon
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, 1 Place Général Valérie André, 91220, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Fabien Chantegreil
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, 1 Place Général Valérie André, 91220, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Pulkrabkova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Muckova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Finger
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Bioorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kufa
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Bioorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Jenco
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Kunes
- Department of Bioorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Novakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Cahlikova
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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10
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Canosa LF, Bertucci JI. The effect of environmental stressors on growth in fish and its endocrine control. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1109461. [PMID: 37065755 PMCID: PMC10098185 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1109461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish body growth is a trait of major importance for individual survival and reproduction. It has implications in population, ecology, and evolution. Somatic growth is controlled by the GH/IGF endocrine axis and is influenced by nutrition, feeding, and reproductive-regulating hormones as well as abiotic factors such as temperature, oxygen levels, and salinity. Global climate change and anthropogenic pollutants will modify environmental conditions affecting directly or indirectly fish growth performance. In the present review, we offer an overview of somatic growth and its interplay with the feeding regulatory axis and summarize the effects of global warming and the main anthropogenic pollutants on these endocrine axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fabián Canosa
- Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-EByNT-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Luis Fabián Canosa, ; Juan Ignacio Bertucci,
| | - Juan Ignacio Bertucci
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IEO-CSIC), Vigo, Spain
- *Correspondence: Luis Fabián Canosa, ; Juan Ignacio Bertucci,
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11
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Miličević A, Šinko G. Evaluation of the Key Structural Features of Various Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors Using Simple Molecular Descriptors. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27206894. [PMID: 36296489 PMCID: PMC9610766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed several QSAR models based on simple descriptors (such as topological and constitutional) to estimate butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition potency, pKi (or pIC50), of a set of 297 (289 after exclusion of outliers) structurally different compounds. The models were similar to the best model that we obtained previously for acetylcholinesterase AChE and were based on the valence molecular connectivity indices of second and third order (2χv and 3χv), the number of aliphatic hydroxyl groups (nOH), AlogP Ghose-Crippen octanol-water partition coeff. (logP), and O-060-atom-centred fragments (Al-O-Ar, Ar-O-Ar, R..O..R and R-O-C=X). The best models with two and three descriptors yielded r = 0.787 and S.E. = 0.89, and r = 0.827 and S.E. = 0.81, respectively. We also correlated nine scoring functions, calculated for 20 ligands whose complexes with BChE we found in the Protein Data Bank as crystal structures to pKi (or pIC50). The best correlations yielded PLP1 and PLP2 (Piecewise Linear Pairwise potential functions) with r = 0.619 and 0.689, respectively. Correlation with certain simple topological and constitutional descriptors yielded better results, e.g., 3χv (r = 0.730), on the same set of compounds (N = 20).
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12
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Gok M, Madrer N, Zorbaz T, Bennett ER, Greenberg D, Bennett DA, Soreq H. Altered levels of variant cholinesterase transcripts contribute to the imbalanced cholinergic signaling in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:941467. [PMID: 36117917 PMCID: PMC9479005 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.941467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase (AChE and BChE) are involved in modulating cholinergic signaling, but their roles in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD and PD) remain unclear. We identified a higher frequency of the functionally impaired BCHE-K variant (rs1803274) in AD and PD compared to controls and lower than in the GTEx dataset of healthy individuals (n = 651); in comparison, the prevalence of the 5'-UTR (rs1126680) and intron 2 (rs55781031) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of BCHE and ACHE's 3'-UTR (rs17228616) which disrupt AChE mRNA targeting by miR-608 remained unchanged. qPCR validations confirmed lower levels of the dominant splice variant encoding the "synaptic" membrane-bound ACHE-S in human post-mortem superior temporal gyrus samples from AD and in substantia nigra (but not amygdala) samples from PD patients (n = 79, n = 67) compared to controls, potentially reflecting region-specific loss of cholinergic neurons. In contradistinction, the non-dominant "readthrough" AChE-R mRNA variant encoding for soluble AChE was elevated (p < 0.05) in the AD superior temporal gyrus and the PD amygdala, but not in the neuron-deprived substantia nigra. Elevated levels of BChE (p < 0.001) were seen in AD superior temporal gyrus. Finally, all three ACHE splice variants, AChE-S, AChE-R, and N-extended AChE, were elevated in cholinergic-differentiated human neuroblastoma cells, with exposure to the oxidative stress agent paraquat strongly downregulating AChE-S and BChE, inverse to their upregulation under exposure to the antioxidant simvastatin. The multi-leveled changes in cholinesterase balance highlight the role of post-transcriptional regulation in neurodegeneration. (235).
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Affiliation(s)
- Muslum Gok
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nimrod Madrer
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tamara Zorbaz
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Biochemistry and Organic Analytical Chemistry Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Estelle R. Bennett
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Greenberg
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David A. Bennett
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hermona Soreq
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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13
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Uzairu SM, Tijani Y, Gadaka MA, Modu B, Watafua M, Ahmad HA, Zakariya UA, Ibrahim A, Daja A, Zanna H, Sallau AB. Kinetics and computational study of butyrylcholinesterase inhibition by methylrosmarinate: relevance to Alzheimer's disease treatment. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10613. [PMID: 36148271 PMCID: PMC9485033 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) performs a significant function in Alzheimer’s disease progression. Experimental studies have shown that the function of BChE in the attenuation of cholinergic neurotransmission is essentially altered in brains of advanced AD patients. Here, using the complimentary methods of enzyme kinetic studies, molecular modeling and protein-ligand interaction profiling, we sought to reveal the mechanistic and structural features of BChE-methyrosmarinate interactions. Molecular docking simulations revealed that methylrosmarinate dwelled well in the active centre of BChE, where it got involved in stabilizing non-covalent associations with myriad subsites. Enzyme kinetic experiments showed that the Vm and Ks values were 156.20 ± 3.11 U mg−1 protein and 0.13 ± 0.01 μM, respectively. The inhibition studies showed that methylrosmarinate apparently inhibited BChE in a linear mixed manner, with an IC50 value of 10.31 μM and a Ki value of 3.73 ± 1.52 μM. Taken together, the extremely reduced Ki value and the increased number of BChE–methylrosmarinate interactions presuppose that methylrosmarinate is a good inhibitor of BChE, despite the fact that the mechanism for the effect of BChE inhibition on several pathological conditions in vivo remains unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sani Muhammad Uzairu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria
- Corresponding author.
| | - Yahaya Tijani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Madu Adamu Gadaka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Babagana Modu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Miriam Watafua
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Hadiza Ali Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | | | - Aminu Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, Kano, P.M.B. 30ll Kano, Nigeria
| | - Aliyu Daja
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Hassan Zanna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069 Maiduguri, Nigeria
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Severi I, Abbatelli S, Perugini J, Di Mercurio E, Senzacqua M, Giordano A. Butyrylcholinesterase distribution in the mouse gastrointestinal tract: An immunohistochemical study. J Anat 2022; 242:245-256. [PMID: 36004682 PMCID: PMC9877478 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is a hydrolytic enzyme that together with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) belongs to the cholinesterase family. Whereas AChE has a well-established role in regulating cholinergic neurotransmission in central and peripheral synapses, the physiological role of BChE remains elusive. In this morphological immunohistochemical and double-label confocal microscopy study we investigated the distribution of BChE in the mouse gastrointestinal tract. BChE-positive cells were detected in the liver (both in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes), in the keratinised layers of the squamous epithelium of the oesophagus and forestomach, in the oxyntic mucosa of the stomach, in the mucus-secreting cells of duodenal Brunner glands and the small and large intestinal mucosa. Interestingly, BChE-positive cells were often detected close to gastrointestinal proliferative niches. In the oxyntic mucosa, the close proximity of ghrelin-producing and BChE-positive parietal cells suggests that BChE may be involved in ghrelin hydrolysation through paracrine action. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive morphological study performed to gain insight into the physiological role of BChE in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Severi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineMarche Polytechnic UniversityAnconaItaly
| | - Silvia Abbatelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineMarche Polytechnic UniversityAnconaItaly
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineMarche Polytechnic UniversityAnconaItaly
| | - Eleonora Di Mercurio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineMarche Polytechnic UniversityAnconaItaly
| | - Martina Senzacqua
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineMarche Polytechnic UniversityAnconaItaly
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineMarche Polytechnic UniversityAnconaItaly
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15
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Baig MH, Ahmad K, Moon JS, Park SY, Ho Lim J, Chun HJ, Qadri AF, Hwang YC, Jan AT, Ahmad SS, Ali S, Shaikh S, Lee EJ, Choi I. Myostatin and its Regulation: A Comprehensive Review of Myostatin Inhibiting Strategies. Front Physiol 2022; 13:876078. [PMID: 35812316 PMCID: PMC9259834 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.876078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is a well-reported negative regulator of muscle growth and a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF) family. MSTN has important functions in skeletal muscle (SM), and its crucial involvement in several disorders has made it an important therapeutic target. Several strategies based on the use of natural compounds to inhibitory peptides are being used to inhibit the activity of MSTN. This review delivers an overview of the current state of knowledge about SM and myogenesis with particular emphasis on the structural characteristics and regulatory functions of MSTN during myogenesis and its involvements in various muscle related disorders. In addition, we review the diverse approaches used to inhibit the activity of MSTN, especially in silico approaches to the screening of natural compounds and the design of novel short peptides derived from proteins that typically interact with MSTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hassan Baig
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Jun Sung Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - So-Young Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Lim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Chun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Afsha Fatima Qadri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Ye Chan Hwang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, India
| | - Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Shahid Ali
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Sibhghatulla Shaikh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Eun Ju Lee, ; Inho Choi,
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Eun Ju Lee, ; Inho Choi,
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16
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A highly effective and stable butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor with multi-faceted neuroprotection and cognition improvement. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 239:114510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sassi M, Morgan AH, Davies JS. Ghrelin Acylation-A Post-Translational Tuning Mechanism Regulating Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050765. [PMID: 35269387 PMCID: PMC8909677 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis—the generation of new functional neurones in the adult brain—is impaired in aging and many neurodegenerative disorders. We recently showed that the acylated version of the gut hormone ghrelin (acyl-ghrelin) stimulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis while the unacylated form of ghrelin inhibits it, thus demonstrating a previously unknown function of unacyl-ghrelin in modulating hippocampal plasticity. Analysis of plasma samples from Parkinson’s disease patients with dementia demonstrated a reduced acyl-ghrelin:unacyl-ghrelin ratio compared to both healthy controls and cognitively intact Parkinson’s disease patients. These data, from mouse and human studies, suggest that restoring acyl-ghrelin signalling may promote the activation of pathways to support memory function. In this short review, we discuss the evidence for ghrelin’s role in regulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis and the enzymes involved in ghrelin acylation and de-acylation as targets to treat mood-related disorders and dementia.
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18
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Santos GPCD, Assis CRDD, Oliveira VM, Cahu TB, Silva VL, Santos JF, Yogui GT, Bezerra RS. Acetylcholinesterase from the charru mussel Mytella charruana: kinetic characterization, physicochemical properties and potential as in vitro biomarker in environmental monitoring of mollusk extraction areas. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 252:109225. [PMID: 34744030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) from aquatic organisms have been used to evaluate the exposure of specimens to pesticides and heavy metals at sublethal levels in environmental samples. AChE of Mytella charruana was extracted to characterize its physicochemical and kinetic properties as well as the effect of organophosphate (dichlorvos, diazinon, chlorpyrifos, methyl-parathion and temephos), carbamates (carbaryl, carbofuran and aldicarb), benzoylureas (diflubenzuron and novaluron), pyrethroid (cypermethrin) and juvenile hormone analog - JHA (pyriproxyfen) and the effect of metal ions: Hg2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, As3+, Cu2+ and Zn2+, in order to evaluate the potential of the enzyme as biomarker. The optimum pH of M. charruana AChE was 8.5 and the maximum activity peak occurred at 48 °C, being highly thermostable maintaining 97.8% of its activity after incubation at 60 °C. The Michaelis-Menten constants (km) for the substrates acetylthiocholine and propionylthiocholine were 2.8 ± 1.26 and 4.94 ± 6.9 mmol·L-1, respectively. The Vmax values for the same substrates were 22.6 ± 0.90 and 10.2 ± 4.94 mU·mg-1, respectively. Specific inhibition results suggest an AChE presenting active site with dimensions between those of AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The IC20 values related to the effect of the pesticides on the enzyme showed higher inhibitory power of temephos (0.17 μmol·L-1), followed by aldicarb (0.19 μmol·L-1) and diflubenzuron (0.23 μmol·L-1). Metal ions inhibited M. charruana enzyme in the following order: Hg2+ > Pb2+ > Cd2+ > As3+ > Cu2+ > Zn2+. These data suggest that the enzyme showed potential as in vitro biomarker of the exposure to temephos, mercury, zinc and copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glauber Pereira Carvalho Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Enzimologia - LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica - DBIOq, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Instituto de Tecnologia de Pernambuco - ITEP, Recife, Brazil
| | - Caio Rodrigo Dias de Assis
- Laboratório de Enzimologia - LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica - DBIOq, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisiologia Comparada e Comportamento Animal - LabFCCA, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia - DFF, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Laboratório de Fisioecologia em Aquicultura - LAFAq and Laboratório de Sistemas de Produção Aquícola - LAPAq, Departamento Pesca e Aquicultura - DEPAq, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil; Laboratório de Compostos Orgânicos em Ecossistemas Costeiros e Marinhos - OrganoMAR, Departamento de Oceanografia - DOCEAN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
| | - Vagne Melo Oliveira
- Laboratório de Tecnologia de Produtos Bioativos - LABTECBIO, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal - DMFA, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Thiago Barbosa Cahu
- Laboratório de Enzimologia - LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica - DBIOq, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Valdir Luna Silva
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Comparada e Comportamento Animal - LabFCCA, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia - DFF, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Juliana Ferreira Santos
- Laboratório de Fisioecologia em Aquicultura - LAFAq and Laboratório de Sistemas de Produção Aquícola - LAPAq, Departamento Pesca e Aquicultura - DEPAq, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Gilvan Takeshi Yogui
- Laboratório de Compostos Orgânicos em Ecossistemas Costeiros e Marinhos - OrganoMAR, Departamento de Oceanografia - DOCEAN, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Ranilson Souza Bezerra
- Laboratório de Enzimologia - LABENZ, Departamento de Bioquímica - DBIOq, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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19
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Butyrylcholinesterase-Protein Interactions in Human Serum. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910662. [PMID: 34639003 PMCID: PMC8508650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring various biochemical and cellular components in the blood is a routine procedure in clinical practice. Human serum contains hundreds of diverse proteins secreted from all cells and tissues in healthy and diseased states. Moreover, some serum proteins have specific strong interactions with other blood components, but most interactions are probably weak and transient. One of the serum proteins is butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), an enzyme existing mainly as a glycosylated soluble tetramer that plays an important role in the metabolism of many drugs. Our results suggest that BChE interacts with plasma proteins and forms much larger complexes than predicted from the molecular weight of the BChE tetramer. To investigate and isolate such complexes, we developed a two-step strategy to find specific protein–protein interactions by combining native size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with affinity chromatography with the resin that specifically binds BChE. Second, to confirm protein complexes′ specificity, we fractionated blood serum proteins by density gradient ultracentrifugation followed by co-immunoprecipitation with anti-BChE monoclonal antibodies. The proteins coisolated in complexes with BChE were identified by mass spectroscopy. These binding studies revealed that BChE interacts with a number of proteins in the human serum. Some of these interactions seem to be more stable than transient. BChE copurification with ApoA-I and the density of some fractions containing BChE corresponding to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) during ultracentrifugation suggest its interactions with HDL. Moreover, we observed lower BChE plasma activity in individuals with severely reduced HDL levels (≤20 mg/dL). The presented two-step methodology for determination of the BChE interactions can facilitate further analysis of such complexes, especially from the brain tissue, where BChE could be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of AD.
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Awan S, Hashmi AN, Taj R, Munir S, Habib R, Batool S, Azam M, Qamar R, Nurulain SM. Genetic Association of Butyrylcholinesterase with Major Depressive Disorder. Biochem Genet 2021; 60:720-737. [PMID: 34414522 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized as clinical depression, which primarily affects the mood and behaviour of an individual. In the present study butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), a co-regulatory cholinergic neurotransmitter enzyme implicated in several putative neuronal and non-neuronal physiological roles was investigated for its role in MDD. Eighty MDD patients and sixty-one healthy controls were recruited for the study. BChE activity was measured by Ellman's method using serum while DNA samples of the patients were genotyped for BCHE polymorphisms rs3495 (c.*189G > A) and rs1803274 (c.1699G > A) by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and tetra-primer Amplification Refractory Mutation System- polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). The genotyping was further validated by Sanger Sequencing. Biochemical estimation of serum BChE levels revealed a statistically significant decrease of enzyme activity in MDD patients (69.96) as compared to healthy controls (90.97), which was independent of age and gender. BCHE single nucleotide polymorphism rs1803274 genotype GA was found to be associated with the disease under a dominant model (OR 2.32; 95% CI 1.09-4.96; p value = 0.025). Furthermore, risk allele-A frequency was higher in cases (p value = 0.013) than control. Carriers of rs1803274 GA genotype showed reduced mean BChE activity than wild-type allele GG homozygotes (p value = 0.040). Gender-based analysis revealed a protective role of rs3495 in females (χ2 = 6.87, p value = 0.032, RM: OR 0.173, CI = 0.043-0.699 (p value = 0.017). In addition, rs1803274 risk allele-A was observed to be significantly higher in males (χ2 = 4.258, p value = 0.039). In conclusion, the present study is indicative of a role of BChE in the pathophysiology of MDD where genetic polymorphisms were observed to effect BChE activity. Further replication studies in different ethnicities are recommended to validate the current observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sliha Awan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Aisha N Hashmi
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Taj
- Department of Psychiatry, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Munir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Habib
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Sajida Batool
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Maleeha Azam
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan. .,Translational Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Tarlai Kalan, Park Road, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Raheel Qamar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.,Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Science and Technology Sector, ICESCO, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Syed M Nurulain
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
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21
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Davis TR, Pierce MR, Novak SX, Hougland JL. Ghrelin octanoylation by ghrelin O-acyltransferase: protein acylation impacting metabolic and neuroendocrine signalling. Open Biol 2021; 11:210080. [PMID: 34315274 PMCID: PMC8316800 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The acylated peptide hormone ghrelin impacts a wide range of physiological processes but is most well known for controlling hunger and metabolic regulation. Ghrelin requires a unique posttranslational modification, serine octanoylation, to bind and activate signalling through its cognate GHS-R1a receptor. Ghrelin acylation is catalysed by ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), a member of the membrane-bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) enzyme family. The ghrelin/GOAT/GHS-R1a system is defined by multiple unique aspects within both protein biochemistry and endocrinology. Ghrelin serves as the only substrate for GOAT within the human proteome and, among the multiple hormones involved in energy homeostasis and metabolism such as insulin and leptin, acts as the only known hormone in circulation that directly stimulates appetite and hunger signalling. Advances in GOAT enzymology, structural modelling and inhibitor development have revolutionized our understanding of this enzyme and offered new tools for investigating ghrelin signalling at the molecular and organismal levels. In this review, we briefly summarize the current state of knowledge regarding ghrelin signalling and ghrelin/GOAT enzymology, discuss the GOAT structural model in the context of recently reported MBOAT enzyme superfamily member structures, and highlight the growing complement of GOAT inhibitors that offer options for both ghrelin signalling studies and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasha R Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA
| | - Mariah R Pierce
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA
| | - Sadie X Novak
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA
| | - James L Hougland
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA.,BioInspired Syracuse, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA
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22
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Zhao Y, Schuhmacher LN, Roberts M, Kakugawa S, Bineva-Todd G, Howell S, O'Reilly N, Perret C, Snijders AP, Vincent JP, Jones EY. Notum deacylates octanoylated ghrelin. Mol Metab 2021; 49:101201. [PMID: 33647468 PMCID: PMC8010218 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The only proteins known to be modified by O-linked lipidation are Wnts and ghrelin, and enzymatic removal of this post-translational modification inhibits ligand activity. Indeed, the Wnt-deacylase activity of Notum is the basis of its ability to act as a feedback inhibitor of Wnt signalling. Whether Notum also deacylates ghrelin has not been determined. METHODS We used mass spectrometry to assay ghrelin deacylation by Notum and co-crystallisation to reveal enzyme-substrate interactions at the atomic level. CRISPR/Cas technology was used to tag endogenous Notum and assess its localisation in mice while liver-specific Notum knock-out mice allowed us to investigate the physiological role of Notum in modulating the level of ghrelin deacylation. RESULTS Mass spectrometry detected the removal of octanoyl from ghrelin by purified active Notum but not by an inactive mutant. The 2.2 Å resolution crystal structure of the Notum-ghrelin complex showed that the octanoyl lipid was accommodated in the hydrophobic pocket of the Notum. The knock-in allele expressing HA-tagged Notum revealed that Notum was produced in the liver and present in the bloodstream, albeit at a low level. Liver-specific inactivation of Notum in animals fed a high-fat diet led to a small but significant increase in acylated ghrelin in the circulation, while no such increase was seen in wild-type animals on the same diet. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data demonstrate that Notum can act as a ghrelin deacylase, and that this may be physiologically relevant under high-fat diet conditions. Our study therefore adds Notum to the list of enzymes, including butyrylcholinesterase and other carboxylesterases, that modulate the acylation state of ghrelin. The contribution of multiple enzymes could help tune the activity of this important hormone to a wide range of physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christine Perret
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F75014 Paris, France
| | | | | | - E Yvonne Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
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23
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Li Q, Chen Y, Xing S, Liao Q, Xiong B, Wang Y, Lu W, He S, Feng F, Liu W, Chen Y, Sun H. Highly Potent and Selective Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors for Cognitive Improvement and Neuroprotection. J Med Chem 2021; 64:6856-6876. [PMID: 33973470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) has been considered as a potential therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease (AD) because of its compensation capacity to hydrolyze acetylcholine (ACh) and its close association with Aβ deposit. Here, we identified S06-1011 (hBChE IC50 = 16 nM) and S06-1031 (hBChE IC50 = 25 nM) as highly effective and selective BChE inhibitors, which were proved to be safe and long-acting. Candidate compounds exhibited neuroprotective effects and the ability to improve cognition in scopolamine- and Aβ1-42 peptide-induced cognitive deficit models. The best candidate S06-1011 increased the level of ghrelin, a substrate of BChE, which can function as improving the mental mood appetite. The weight gain of the S06-1011-treated group remarkably increased. Hence, BChE inhibition not only plays a protective role against dementia but also exerts a great effect on treating and nursing care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaishuai Xing
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghong Liao
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Baichen Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixuan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, No. 4 Meicheng Road, Huai'an 223003, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
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24
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Contribution of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) signaling in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the regulation of social motivation in male mice. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:230. [PMID: 33879778 PMCID: PMC8058340 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Most psychiatric disorders are characterized by deficits in the ability to interact socially with others. Ghrelin, a hormone normally associated with the regulation of glucose utilization and appetite, is also implicated in the modulation of motivated behaviors including those associated with food and sex rewards. Here we hypothesized that deficits in ghrelin receptor (growth hormone secretagogue receptor; GHSR) signaling are also associated with deficits in social motivation in male mice. To test this hypothesis, we compared social motivation in male mice lacking GHSR or mice treated with the GHSR antagonist JMV2959 with that of WT or vehicle-treated mice. GHSR signaling in dopamine cells of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been implicated in the control of sexual behavior, thus we further hypothesized that GHSR signaling in the VTA is important for social motivation. Thus, we conducted studies where we delivered JMV2959 to block GHSR in the VTA of mice, and studies where we rescued the expression of GHSR in the VTA of GHSR knockout (KO) mice. Mice lacking GHSR or injected with JMV2959 peripherally for 3 consecutive days displayed lower social motivation as reflected by a longer latency to approach a novel conspecific and shorter interaction time compared to WT or vehicle-treated controls. Furthermore, intra-VTA infusion of JMV2959 resulted in longer latencies to approach a novel conspecific, whereas GHSR KO mice with partial rescue of the GHSR showed decreased latencies to begin a novel social interaction. Together, these data suggest that GHSR in the VTA facilitate social approach in male mice, and GHSR-signaling deficits within the VTA result in reduced motivation to interact socially.
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25
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Tomioka M, Yoneyama T, Tobisawa Y, Kawase K, Nakai C, Takai M, Kato D, Iinuma K, Nakane K, Mizutani K, Hashimoto Y, Koie T. Ghrelin after chemotherapy as a prognostic predictor of progression-free survival in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Transl Androl Urol 2021; 10:1192-1201. [PMID: 33850754 PMCID: PMC8039575 DOI: 10.21037/tau-20-1489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) generally have poor prognosis, the utility of these biomarkers for the prediction of oncological outcomes in MIBC has not been completely explored. Ghrelin regulates processes associated with cancer, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, cell invasion, and angiogenesis. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the impact of serum ghrelin levels on survival in MIBC. Methods In this study, we reviewed the clinical and pathological records of 56 patients who were diagnosed with MIBC between November 2015 and November 2019 at Gifu and Hirosaki University Hospitals. We focused on 27 patients who had received chemotherapy and collected blood samples before and after chemotherapy. Blood samples were collected before chemotherapy and after completing two cycles of chemotherapy. Serum acyl (AG) and desacyl ghrelin (DG) were measured using AG and DG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (SCETI, Tokyo, Japan), respectively. Results The 3-year overall and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 82.9% and 68.3%, respectively. According to the AG level after chemotherapy, the 3-year PFS rates were 77.5% and 53.0% in patients with AG levels ≥1.34 and <1.34 pg/mL, respectively (P=0.038). With regard to DG levels after chemotherapy, the 3-year PFS rates were 90.9% and 43.3% in patients with DG levels <92.3 and ≥92.3 pg/mL, respectively (P=0.039). On multivariate analysis, serum AG levels were significantly associated with PFS. Conclusions This study suggested the usefulness of the ghrelin as a prognostic predictor of PFS in patients with MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Tomioka
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tohru Yoneyama
- Department of Urology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Tobisawa
- Department of Urology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kota Kawase
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Chie Nakai
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Manabu Takai
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Daiki Kato
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Koji Iinuma
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keita Nakane
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kosuke Mizutani
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hashimoto
- Department of Urology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Takuya Koie
- Department of Urology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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26
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Santana MS, Sandrini-Neto L, Di Domenico M, Prodocimo MM. Pesticide effects on fish cholinesterase variability and mean activity: A meta-analytic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143829. [PMID: 33248758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fish cholinesterases (ChEs) - like acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) - are common biomarkers of environmental contamination due to their sensitivity to a variety of toxicants. To understand pesticide effects on fish ChEs mean activity and variability, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses. Our goal was to verify (i) if brain and muscle ChEs responded differently to pesticide exposure; (ii) how fish size and life stage (i.e., juvenile and adult) influence ChEs variability and mean activity; (iii) what type of pesticides (i.e., herbicide, insecticide, and fungicide) has the strongest effect, and if the analytical-grade compounds differ from commercial formulations; (iv) if increasing concentrations combined with prolonged exposure leads to stronger ChEs inhibition; and (v) how each class of pesticide affects these enzymes. We validated ChEs reliability as biomarkers and identified factors influencing their response. Regardless of tissue, BChE response was more variable than AChE, and no difference between their average activity was detected. The size of juvenile fish is an important factor affecting ChEs mean activity and variability, whereas pesticide had no significant effect on adult fish ChEs. Insecticides were stronger inhibitors compared to herbicides and fungicides. Analytical-grade compounds decreased ChEs mean activity to a higher degree than commercial formulations. The combined effect of concentration and time was only significant for fungicides and insecticides. Among classes, organophosphorus insecticides had the strongest effect on ChEs, followed by carbamates, organochlorines, and pyrethroids. Organophosphorus herbicides and oxazolidinones were the only herbicides to decrease ChEs mean activity significantly, and their effects were similar from those of pyrethroids and organochlorines. Additionally, our results identified research gaps, such as the small number of studies on fungicides, neonicotinoids and other relevant pesticides. These findings suggest future directions, which might help researchers identify robust cause-effect relationships between fish ChEs and pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela S Santana
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP 81.531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Sandrini-Neto
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maikon Di Domenico
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maritana Mela Prodocimo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEP 81.531-980 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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27
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Berton MP, de Antunes Lemos MV, Seleguim Chud TC, Bonvino Stafuzza N, Kluska S, Amorim ST, Silva Ferlin Lopes L, Cravo Pereira AS, Bickhart D, Liu G, Galvão de Albuquerque L, Baldi F. Genome-wide association study between copy number variation regions and carcass- and meat-quality traits in Nellore cattle. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Context
Indicine breeds are the main source of beef products in tropical and subtropical regions. However, genetic improvement for carcass- and meat-quality traits in zebu cattle have been limited and genomics studies concerning structural variations that influence these traits are essential.
Aim
The aim of this study was to perform a genome-wide association study between copy number variation regions (CNVRs) and carcass- and meat quality-traits in Nellore cattle.
Methods
In total, 3794 animals, males and females included, were genotyped using a 777962 single-nucleotide polymorphism platform of BovineHD BeadChip (777k; Illumina Inc.). Of these, 1751 Nellore bulls were slaughtered at 24 months of age for further carcass beef analysis. The following traits were studied: beef tenderness, marbling, rib-eye area, backfat thickness and meat colour (lightness, redness and yellowness). The CNV detection was conducted through PennCNV software. The association analyses were performed using CNVRuler software.
Key results
Several identified genomic regions were linked to quantitative trait loci associated with fat deposition (FABP7) and lipid metabolism (PPARA; PLA2 family; BCHE), extracellular matrix (INS; COL10A1), contraction (SLC34A3; TRDN) and muscle development (CAPZP). The gene-enrichment analyses highlighted biological mechanisms directly related to the metabolism and synthesis of lipids and fatty acids.
Conclusions
The large number of potential candidate genes identified within the CNVRs, as well as the functions and pathways identified, should help better elucidate the genetic mechanisms involved in the expression of beef and carcass traits in Nellore cattle. Several CNVRs harboured genes that might have a functional impact to improve the beef and carcass traits.
Implications
The results obtained contribute to upgrade the sensorial and organoleptic attributes of Nellore cattle and make feasible the genetic improvement of carcass- and meat-quality traits.
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Alozi M, Rawas-Qalaji M. Treating organophosphates poisoning: management challenges and potential solutions. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:764-779. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1837069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alozi
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mutasem Rawas-Qalaji
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
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Molina-Pintor IB, Rojas-García AE, Bernal-Hernández YY, Medina-Díaz IM, González-Arias CA, Barrón-Vivanco BS. Relationship between butyrylcholinesterase activity and lipid parameters in workers occupationally exposed to pesticides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:39365-39374. [PMID: 32648216 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OP) has been associated with the inhibition of cholinesterase enzymatic activity, such as butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Changes in BuChE activity have been associated with obesity, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and metabolic syndrome. However, few studies have evaluated the effects of pesticides on both BuChE and lipid parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate lipid parameters in urban sprayers and their association with BuChE activity. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in workers exposed to pesticides. The pesticide exposures were evaluated by the measurement of urinary dialkylphosphates. BuChE activity was determined spectrophotometrically in serum, and biochemical parameters were determined at a certified laboratory. Information regarding general characteristics, lifestyle, and other aspects was obtained from a structured questionnaire. The results showed variations in glucose, cholesterol, albumin, atherogenic index, creatinine, LDL, VLDL, triglycerides, and total lipids according to the level of exposure to pesticides in individuals with overweight and obesity. Furthermore, positive correlations between BuChE activity and lipid parameters were observed; these effects were associated with the body mass index. More studies are needed in human population to better elucidate the role of BuChE in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Betzaida Molina-Pintor
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Los Fresnos, 63190, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológico Agropecuarias, Unidad Académica de Agricultura, Km. 9 Carretera Tepic-Compostela, Xalisco, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Aurora Elizabeth Rojas-García
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Los Fresnos, 63190, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Yael Yvette Bernal-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Los Fresnos, 63190, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Irma Martha Medina-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Los Fresnos, 63190, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Cyndia Azucena González-Arias
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Los Fresnos, 63190, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Briscia Socorro Barrón-Vivanco
- Laboratorio de Contaminación y Toxicología Ambiental, Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura s/n. Col. Los Fresnos, 63190, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico.
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30
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Xing S, Li Q, Xiong B, Chen Y, Feng F, Liu W, Sun H. Structure and therapeutic uses of butyrylcholinesterase: Application in detoxification, Alzheimer's disease, and fat metabolism. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:858-901. [PMID: 33103262 DOI: 10.1002/med.21745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Structural information of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and its variants associated with several diseases are discussed here. Pure human BChE has been proved safe and effective in treating organophosphorus (OPs) poisoning and has completed Phase 1 and 2 pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety studies. The introduction of specific mutations into native BChE to endow it a self-reactivating property has gained much progress in producing effective OPs hydrolases. The hydrolysis ability of native BChE on cocaine has been confirmed but was blocked to clinical application due to poor PK properties. Several BChE mutants with elevated cocaine hydrolysis activity were published, some of which have shown safety and efficiency in treating cocaine addiction of human. The increased level of BChE in progressed Alzheimer's disease patients made it a promising target to elevate acetylcholine level and attenuate cognitive status. A variety of selective BChE inhibitors with high inhibitory activity published in recent years are reviewed here. BChE could influence the weight and insulin secretion and resistance of BChE knockout (KO) mice through hydrolyzing ghrelin. The BChE-ghrelin pathway could also regulate aggressive behaviors of BChE-KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Xing
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Baichen Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Characterization of four BCHE mutations associated with prolonged effect of suxamethonium. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2020; 21:165-173. [PMID: 33024248 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-020-00192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) deficiency is characterized by prolonged apnea after the use of muscle relaxants (suxamethonium or mivacurium) in patients who have mutations in the BCHE gene. Here, we report the characterization of four BCHE mutations associated with prolonged effect of suxamethonium (amino acid numbering based on the matured enzyme): p.20delValPheGlyGlyThrValThr, p.Leu88His, p.Ile140del and p.Arg386Cys. Expression of recombinant BCHE mutants, kinetic analysis and molecular dynamics were undertaken to understand how these mutations induce BChE deficiency. Three of the mutations studied (p.20delValPheGlyGlyThrValThr, p.Ile140del and p.Arg386Cys) lead to a "silent" BChE phenotype. Recombinant BCHE expression studies for these mutants revealed BChE activity levels comparable to untransfected cells. Only the last one (hBChE-L88H) presented BChE activity in the transfected cell culture medium. This BChE mutant (p.Leu88His) is associated with a lower kcat value compare to the wild-type enzyme. Molecular dynamics simulations analyses suggest that a destabilization of a structure implicated in enzyme activity (Ω-loop) can explain the modification of the kinetic parameter of the mutated protein.
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T. de Barros C, Rios AC, Alves TFR, Batain F, Crescencio KMM, Lopes LJ, Zielińska A, Severino P, G. Mazzola P, Souto EB, Chaud MV. Cachexia: Pathophysiology and Ghrelin Liposomes for Nose-to-Brain Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175974. [PMID: 32825177 PMCID: PMC7503373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia, a severe multifactorial condition that is underestimated and unrecognized in patients, is characterized by continuous muscle mass loss that leads to progressive functional impairment, while nutritional support cannot completely reverse this clinical condition. There is a strong need for more effective and targeted therapies for cachexia patients. There is a need for drugs that act on cachexia as a distinct and treatable condition to prevent or reverse excess catabolism and inflammation. Due to ghrelin properties, it has been studied in the cachexia and other treatments in a growing number of works. However, in the body, exogenous ghrelin is subject to very rapid degradation. In this context, the intranasal release of ghrelin-loaded liposomes to cross the blood-brain barrier and the release of the drug into the central nervous system may be a promising alternative to improve its bioavailability. The administration of nose-to-brain liposomes for the management of cachexia was addressed only in a limited number of published works. This review focuses on the discussion of the pathophysiology of cachexia, synthesis and physiological effects of ghrelin and the potential treatment of the diseased using ghrelin-loaded liposomes through the nose-to-brain route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia T. de Barros
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
| | - Alessandra C. Rios
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
| | - Thaís F. R. Alves
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
| | - Fernando Batain
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
| | - Kessi M. M. Crescencio
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
| | - Laura J. Lopes
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
| | - Aleksandra Zielińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.Z.); (E.B.S.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Patricia Severino
- Institute of Technology and Research, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), 49032-490 Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil;
- Tiradentes Institute, 150 Mt Vernon St, Dorchester, MA 02125, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Priscila G. Mazzola
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Candido Portinari Street, Campinas, 13083-871 São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.Z.); (E.B.S.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Marco V. Chaud
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology (LaBNUS), University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil; (C.T.d.B.); (A.C.R.); (T.F.R.A.); (F.B.); (K.M.M.C.); (L.J.L.)
- Bioprocess and Biotechnology College, University of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, 18078-005 São Paulo, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-15-98172-4431
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Enantioseparation, in vitro testing, and structural characterization of triple-binding reactivators of organophosphate-inhibited cholinesterases. Biochem J 2020; 477:2771-2790. [PMID: 32639532 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The enantiomers of racemic 2-hydroxyimino-N-(azidophenylpropyl)acetamide-derived triple-binding oxime reactivators were separated, and tested for inhibition and reactivation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibited with tabun (GA), cyclosarin (GF), sarin (GB), and VX. Both enzymes showed the greatest affinity toward the methylimidazole derivative (III) of 2-hydroxyimino-N-(azidophenylpropyl)acetamide (I). The crystal structure was determined for the complex of oxime III within human BChE, confirming that all three binding groups interacted with active site residues. In the case of BChE inhibited by GF, oximes I (kr = 207 M-1 min-1) and III (kr = 213 M-1 min-1) showed better reactivation efficiency than the reference oxime 2-PAM. Finally, the key mechanistic steps in the reactivation of GF-inhibited BChE with oxime III were modeled using the PM7R6 method, stressing the importance of proton transfer from Nε of His438 to Oγ of Ser203 for achieving successful reactivation.
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Pohanka M. Diagnoses of Pathological States Based on Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2994-3011. [PMID: 30706778 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190130161202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two cholinesterases exist: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). While AChE plays a crucial role in neurotransmissions, BChE has no specific function apart from the detoxification of some drugs and secondary metabolites from plants. Thus, both AChE and BChE can serve as biochemical markers of various pathologies. Poisoning by nerve agents like sarin, soman, tabun, VX, novichok and overdosing by drugs used in some neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer´s disease and myasthenia gravis, as well as poisoning by organophosphorus pesticides are relevant to this issue. But it appears that changes in these enzymes take place in other processes including oxidative stress, inflammation, some types of cancer and genetically conditioned diseases. In this review, the cholinesterases are introduced, the mechanism of inhibitors action is explained and the relations between the cholinesterases and pathologies are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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35
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Brimer L, Cottrill B, Dusemund B, Mulder P, Vollmer G, Binaglia M, Ramos Bordajandi L, Riolo F, Roldán‐Torres R, Grasl‐Kraupp B. Risk assessment of glycoalkaloids in feed and food, in particular in potatoes and potato-derived products. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06222. [PMID: 32788943 PMCID: PMC7417869 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of glycoalkaloids (GAs) in feed and food. This risk assessment covers edible parts of potato plants and other food plants containing GAs, in particular, tomato and aubergine. In humans, acute toxic effects of potato GAs (α-solanine and α-chaconine) include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. For these effects, the CONTAM Panel identified a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of 1 mg total potato GAs/kg body weight (bw) per day as a reference point for the risk characterisation following acute exposure. In humans, no evidence of health problems associated with repeated or long-term intake of GAs via potatoes has been identified. No reference point for chronic exposure could be identified from the experimental animal studies. Occurrence data were available only for α-solanine and α-chaconine, mostly for potatoes. The acute dietary exposure to potato GAs was estimated using a probabilistic approach and applying processing factors for food. Due to the limited data available, a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. The MOEs for the younger age groups indicate a health concern for the food consumption surveys with the highest mean exposure, as well as for the P95 exposure in all surveys. For adult age groups, the MOEs indicate a health concern only for the food consumption surveys with the highest P95 exposures. For tomato and aubergine GAs, the risk to human health could not be characterised due to the lack of occurrence data and the limited toxicity data. For horses, farm and companion animals, no risk characterisation for potato GAs could be performed due to insufficient data on occurrence in feed and on potential adverse effects of GAs in these species.
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Moose JE, Leets KA, Mate NA, Chisholm JD, Hougland JL. An overview of ghrelin O-acyltransferase inhibitors: a literature and patent review for 2010-2019. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:581-593. [PMID: 32564644 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1776263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The peptide hormone ghrelin regulates physiological processes associated with energy homeostasis such as appetite, insulin signaling, glucose metabolism, and adiposity. Ghrelin has also been implicated in a growing number of neurological pathways involved in stress response and addiction behavior. For ghrelin to bind the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) and activate signaling, the hormone must first be octanoylated on a specific serine side chain. This key transformation is performed by the enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT), and therefore GOAT inhibitors may be useful in treating disorders related to ghrelin signaling such as diabetes, obesity, and related metabolic syndromes. AREAS COVERED This report covers ghrelin and GOAT as potential therapeutic targets and summarizes work on GOAT inhibitors through the end of 2019, highlighting recent successes with both peptidomimetics and small molecule GOAT inhibitors as potent modulators of GOAT-catalyzed ghrelin octanoylation. EXPERT OPINION A growing body of biochemical and structural knowledge regarding the ghrelin/GOAT system now enables multiple avenues for identifying and optimizing GOAT inhibitors. We are at the beginning of a new era with increased opportunities for leveraging ghrelin and GOAT in the understanding and treatment of multiple health conditions including diabetes, obesity, and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Moose
- Department of Chemistry and BioInspired Syracuse, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Katelyn A Leets
- Department of Chemistry and BioInspired Syracuse, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Nilamber A Mate
- Department of Chemistry and BioInspired Syracuse, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - John D Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry and BioInspired Syracuse, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - James L Hougland
- Department of Chemistry and BioInspired Syracuse, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
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Chen WN, Yeong KY. Scopolamine, a Toxin-Induced Experimental Model, Used for Research in Alzheimer’s Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 19:85-93. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200214104331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scopolamine as a drug is often used to treat motion sickness. Derivatives of scopolamine
have also found applications as antispasmodic drugs among others. In neuroscience-related research, it
is often used to induce cognitive disorders in experimental models as it readily permeates the bloodbrain
barrier. In the context of Alzheimer’s disease, its effects include causing cholinergic dysfunction
and increasing amyloid-β deposition, both of which are hallmarks of the disease. Hence, the application
of scopolamine in Alzheimer’s disease research is proven pivotal but seldom discussed. In this review,
the relationship between scopolamine and Alzheimer’s disease will be delineated through an
overall effect of scopolamine administration and its specific mechanisms of action, discussing mainly
its influences on cholinergic function and amyloid cascade. The validity of scopolamine as a model of
cognitive impairment or neurotoxin model will also be discussed in terms of advantages and limitations
with future insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Ning Chen
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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38
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Abizaid A, Hougland JL. Ghrelin Signaling: GOAT and GHS-R1a Take a LEAP in Complexity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:107-117. [PMID: 31636018 PMCID: PMC7299083 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin and the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) are important targets for disorders related to energy balance and metabolic regulation. Pharmacological control of ghrelin signaling is a promising avenue to address health issues involving appetite, weight gain, obesity, and related metabolic disorders, and may be an option for patients suffering from wasting conditions like cachexia. In this review, we summarize recent developments in the biochemistry of ghrelin and GHS-R1a signaling. These include unravelling the enzymatic transformations that generate active ghrelin and the discovery of multiple proteins that interact with ghrelin and GHS-R1a to regulate signaling. Furthermore, we propose that harnessing these processes will lead to highly selective treatments to address obesity, diabetes, and other metabolism-linked disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - James L Hougland
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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39
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Chen S, Lin Z, Tan KL, Chen R, Su W, Zhao H, Tan Q, Tan W. Enhanced Contextual Fear Memory and Elevated Astroglial Glutamate Synthase Activity in Hippocampal CA1 BChE shRNA Knockdown Mice. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:564843. [PMID: 33061920 PMCID: PMC7518375 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.564843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) efficiently hydrolyzes acetylcholine (ACh) at high concentrations when acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is substrate-inhibited. Recent studies have shown that BChE also has a function that is independent of ACh, but it has not been fully explored. Low BChE expression is accompanied with higher stress-induced aggression and ghrelin levels in stress models, and BChE knockout mice exhibit cognitive and memory impairments. However, the role of BChE in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of BChE in contextual fear memory and its regulatory effect on the expression of factors related to the glutamate (Glu)-glutamine (Gln) cycle via knockdown studies. We used AAVs and lentiviruses to knockdown BChE expression in the mouse hippocampal CA1 region and C8D1A astrocytes. Our behavioral data from those mice injected with AAV-shBChE in the hippocampal CA1 region showed strengthened fear memory and increased dendritic spine density. Elevated Glu levels and glutamine synthetase (GS) enzyme activity were detected in contextual fear conditioned-BChE knockdown animals and astrocytes. We observed that an AAV-shBChE induced lowering of BChE expression in the hippocampus CA1 region enhanced contextual fear memory expression and promoted the astrocytic Glu-Gln cycle but did not elevate ACh-hydrolyzing activity. This study provides new insight into the regulatory role of BChE in cognition and suggests potential target for stress-related psychiatric disorder such as PTSD where patients experience fear after exposure to severe life-threatening traumatic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, China.,Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengdong Lin
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai-Leng Tan
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Risheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenfang Su
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haishan Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwen Tan
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Tan
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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Seo M, Yamada T, Tamaki S, Hikoso S, Yasumura Y, Higuchi Y, Nakagawa Y, Uematsu M, Abe H, Fuji H, Mano T, Nakatani D, Fukunami M, Sakata Y. Prognostic Significance of Serum Cholinesterase Level in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Insights From the PURSUIT-HFpEF Registry. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 9:e014100. [PMID: 31847660 PMCID: PMC6988145 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.014100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Malnutrition is one of the most important comorbidities in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. We recently reported the prognostic significance of serum cholinesterase level and superior predictive power of cholinesterase level to other objective nutritional indices such as the controlling nutritional status score, prognostic nutritional index, and geriatric nutritional risk index in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. The aim of this study was to clarify the prognostic role of cholinesterase in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction/acute decompensated heart failure and investigate incremental cholinesterase value. Methods and Results We prospectively studied 274 consecutive patients from the PURSUIT‐HFpEF (Prospective Multicenter Observational Study of Patients with Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction) study. During a follow‐up period of 1.2±0.6 years, 56 patients reached the composite end points (cardiovascular death and readmission for worsening heart failure). In the multivariable Cox analysis, cholinesterase level was significantly associated with the composite end points after adjustment for major confounders. A Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that patients with low cholinesterase levels (stratified by tertile) had significantly greater risk of reaching the composite end points than those with middle or high cholinesterase levels (P=0.0025). Cholinesterase level showed the best C‐statistics (0.703) for prediction of the composite end points among the objective nutritional indices. C‐statistics of the Meta‐Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) risk score for prediction of the composite end points were improved when cholinesterase level was added (C‐statistics, from 0.601 to 0.705; P=0.0408). Conclusions Cholinesterase was a useful prognostic marker for prediction of adverse outcome in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction/acute decompensated heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Seo
- Division of Cardiology Osaka General Medical Center Osaka Japan
| | - Takahisa Yamada
- Division of Cardiology Osaka General Medical Center Osaka Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tamaki
- Division of Cardiology Osaka General Medical Center Osaka Japan
| | - Shungo Hikoso
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | - Yoshio Yasumura
- Department of Cardiology Amagasaki Chuo Hospital Amagasaki Japan
| | | | - Yusuke Nakagawa
- Division of Cardiology Kawanishi City Hospital Kawanishi Japan
| | - Masaaki Uematsu
- Cardiovascular Division National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital Osaka Japan
| | - Haruhiko Abe
- Cardiovascular Division National Hospital Organization Osaka National Hospital Osaka Japan
| | - Hisakazu Fuji
- Cardiovascular Division Kobe Ekisaikai Hospital Kobe Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mano
- Division of Cardiology Kansai Rosai Hospital Amagasaki Japan
| | - Daisaku Nakatani
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
| | | | - Yasushi Sakata
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Osaka Japan
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Carney Almroth B, Bresolin de Souza K, Jönsson E, Sturve J. Oxidative stress and biomarker responses in the Atlantic halibut after long term exposure to elevated CO2 and a range of temperatures. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 238:110321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Polyphenol Compounds and Biological Activity of Caper ( Capparis spinosa L.) Flowers Buds. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8120539. [PMID: 31775254 PMCID: PMC6963175 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze potential health-promoting components of caper flower buds (Capparis spinosa L.) at six stages of development in two cultivars. Polyphenol compounds (flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavan-3-ols) were identified by Liquid Chromatography- quadrupole Time-of-Flight -Mass Spectrofotometer/Mass Spectrofotometer (LC-qTOF-MS/MS) and quantified by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array-Fluorescence Detector (UPLC-PDA-FL). Moreover, antioxidant properties (ABTS+•, FRAP, and ORAC), anti-diabetic potential (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), and anti-aging activity (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE)) of the buds were examined. Total phenolic compounds in the investigated caper varied from 10,720 to 3256 mg/100 g dry weight (DW), and depended on a genotype and growing stage of caper flowers. Among six different growing stages, the one named 'nonpareilles' was characterized by significantly higher content of polyphenols than the remaining five stages. The flavonols in caper flowers represented a mixture of different glycosylated quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, and isorhamnetin derivatives, accounting for 38%-67%, 15%-36%, 4%-7%, and 0.8%-3%, respectively, of total flavonols,. Their contents strongly depended on the growth stage. 'Nonpareilles' and 'surfines' were richer in flavonols than 'fines' and 'gruesas'. Of the six investigated growth stages, 'nonpareilles' accumulated the greatest amounts of bioactive compounds that correlated with antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties, and were more potent BuChE than AChE inhibitors.
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Lin X, Kapoor A, Gu Y, Chow MJ, Xu H, Major P, Tang D. Assessment of biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2019; 55:1194-1212. [PMID: 31638194 PMCID: PMC6831208 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of the risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR) is critical in the management of males with prostate cancer (PC). Over the past decades, a comprehensive effort has been focusing on improving risk stratification; a variety of models have been constructed using PC-associated pathological features and molecular alterations occurring at the genome, protein and RNA level. Alterations in RNA expression (lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA) constitute the largest proportion of the biomarkers of BCR. In this article, we systemically review RNA-based BCR biomarkers reported in PubMed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Individual miRNAs, mRNAs, lncRNAs and multi-gene panels, including the commercially available signatures, Oncotype DX and Prolaris, will be discussed; details related to cohort size, hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals will be provided. Mechanistically, these individual biomarkers affect multiple pathways critical to tumorigenesis and progression, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), Wnt, growth factor receptor, cell proliferation, immune checkpoints and others. This variety in the mechanisms involved not only validates their associations with BCR, but also highlights the need for the coverage of multiple pathways in order to effectively stratify the risk of BCR. Updates of novel biomarkers and their mechanistic insights are considered, which suggests new avenues to pursue in the prediction of BCR. Additionally, the management of patients with BCR and the potential utility of the stratification of the risk of BCR in salvage treatment decision making for these patients are briefly covered. Limitations will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozeng Lin
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Mathilda Jing Chow
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Pierre Major
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8V 5C2, Canada
| | - Damu Tang
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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44
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Cai Y, Zhou S, Stewart MJ, Zheng F, Zhan CG. Dimerization of human butyrylcholinesterase expressed in bacterium for development of a thermally stable bioscavenger of organophosphorus compounds. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 310:108756. [PMID: 31325422 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is a widely distributed plasma enzyme. For decades, numerous research efforts have been directed at engineering BChE as a bioscavenger of organophosphorus insecticides and chemical warfare nerve agents. However, it has been a grand challenge to cost-efficiently produce BChE in large-scale. Recently reported studies have successfully designed a truncated BChE mutant (with amino-acid substitutions on 47 residues that are far away from the catalytic site), denoted as BChE-M47 for convenience, which can be expressed in E. coli without loss of its catalytic activity. In this study, we aimed to dimerize the truncated BChE mutant protein expressed in a prokaryotic system (E. coli) in order to further improve its thermal stability by introducing a pair of cross-subunit disulfide bonds to the BChE-M47 structure. Specifically, the E377C/A516C mutations were designed and introduced to BChE-M47, and the obtained new protein entity, denoted as BChE-M48, with a pair of cross-subunit disulfide bonds indeed exists as a dimer with significantly improved thermostability and unaltered catalytic activity and reactivity compared to BChE-M47. These results provide a new strategy for optimizing protein stability for production in a cost-efficient prokaryotic system. Our enzyme, BChE-M48, has a half-life of almost one week at a 37°C, suggesting that it could be utilized as a highly stable bioscavenger of OP insecticides and chemical warfare nerve agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingting Cai
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA; West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17 People's South Road, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Shuo Zhou
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Madeline J Stewart
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Fang Zheng
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Molecular Modeling and Biopharmaceutical Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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45
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Jasiecki J, Żuk M, Krawczyńska N, Jońca J, Szczoczarz A, Lewandowski K, Waleron K, Wasąg B. Haplotypes of butyrylcholinesterase K-variant and their influence on the enzyme activity. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 307:154-157. [PMID: 31071335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is a serine hydrolase widely distributed throughout the body. It provides protection against administrated or inhaled poisons by hydrolyzing or sequestering the toxic compounds. The most frequent genetic variant of BCHE gene - K variant (p.A539T) is located in the C-terminal tetramerization domain, outside of the catalytic center. Many studies tried to reveal the nature of the lower activity of BChE K-variant but results and conclusions were often contradictory. The aim of this study is to estimate K allele frequency and its coexisting alterations in BCHE gene in a population of 162 individuals, as well as, assess influence on the enzyme activity in serum. We present three haplotypes of BChE-K variant, two of them coexist in strong linkage disequilibrium with alterations in 5'UTR (rs1126680), intron 2 (rs55781031) or in exon 2 (rs1799807). We demonstrate a negative role of these alterations on enzyme activity. By oneself BCHE-K (with no other alterations in BCHE gene) haplotype exhibits wild type enzyme activity. Based on our previous and presented results we conclude that SNPs localized outside the coding sequence, in 5'UTR or/and in intron 2 of BCHE gene, but not solely in K-variant alteration (p.A539T) itself, are responsible for reduced enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Jasiecki
- Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Monika Żuk
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, University Clinical Centre, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Natalia Krawczyńska
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Jońca
- Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Szczoczarz
- Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Waleron
- Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wasąg
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, University Clinical Centre, Gdańsk, Poland
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46
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Germain N, Cuenco J, Ling Y, Minnion JS, Bageacu S, Grouselle D, Estour B, Galusca B. Ghrelin acylation by ghrelin- O-acyltransferase can occur in healthy part of oncological liver in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G366-G371. [PMID: 30576216 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00143.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Activation of ghrelin is controlled by the enzyme ghrelin- O-acyl transferase (GOAT). In humans, localization of this acylation is poorly understood. The aim of this study is to explore GOAT localization and activation in the human liver by evaluating both bioactive and non-bioactive ghrelin in the bloodstream entering and leaving the liver and to simultaneously evaluate GOAT mRNA expression in the liver. A healthy part of oncologic hepatic tissue collected from nine patients undergoing hepatectomy was used to evaluate GOAT mRNA expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Simultaneously, blood from the portal vein, the suprahepatic vein, the subclavicular vein, and the radial artery was also sampled to assay total and acylated ghrelin. Acylated ghrelin level was significantly increased in the suprahepatic vein compared with the portal vein level (385 ± 42 ng/ml vs. 268 ± 24 ng/ml, P = 0.04). Suprahepatic-to-portal vein ratio for acylated ghrelin (acylation ratio) is 1.4 ± 0.1. Mean expression of GOAT mRNA in the liver, expressed as 2-∆Ct·µg total RNA-1·1 µl of liver tissue-1 was at 0.042 ± 0.021 arbitrary units. GOAT mRNA expression in the liver was correlated with acylated-to-total ghrelin ratio in the suprahepatic vein ( P = 0.016, R = 0.75) and with the acylation liver ratio ( P = 0.05, R = 0.61). Blood concentration of acylated ghrelin was found significantly increased after its passage through the liver, suggesting that acylation can occur in the liver. RT-qPCR data confirmed the presence of GOAT in the liver, with a positive correlation between GOAT expression and acylated ghrelin liver ratio. This study strongly suggests that the liver is a site of ghrelin acylation in humans. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although the activation of ghrelin by the enzyme ghrelin- O-acyl transferase (GOAT) is yet well demonstrated, its localization, especially in humans, remains poorly understood. We explored GOAT localization and activation in the human liver by simultaneously evaluating both bioactive and non-bioactive ghrelin in the bloodstream entering and leaving the liver and also GOAT mRNA expression in the liver. We therefore showed for the first time, to our knowledge, that GOAT localized in the liver is active and takes part in ghrelin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Germain
- Division of Endocrinology, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne , France.,EA 7423, Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Joyceline Cuenco
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College , London , United Kingdom
| | - Yiin Ling
- EA 7423, Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - James S Minnion
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Imperial College , London , United Kingdom
| | - Serban Bageacu
- Division of Gut Surgery, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Dominique Grouselle
- UMR 894 INSERM Psychiatry and Neurosciences Center, Paris Descartes University , Paris , France
| | - Bruno Estour
- Division of Endocrinology, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne , France.,EA 7423, Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group , Saint-Etienne , France
| | - Bogdan Galusca
- Division of Endocrinology, CHU Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne , France.,EA 7423, Eating Disorders, Addictions & Extreme Bodyweight Research Group , Saint-Etienne , France
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47
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Teralı K, Dalmizrak O, Uzairu SM, Ozer N. New insights into the interaction between mammalian butyrylcholinesterase and amitriptyline: a combined experimental and computational approach. TURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/tjb-2018-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Today, there is a growing recognition in the scientific community of the many roles of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in both physiological and pathological contexts.
Objective
Here, we aim at providing an accurate and comprehensive understanding of the mechanistic and structural aspects of mammalian BChE inhibition by the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline (AMI).
Materials and methods
The present work involves enzyme kinetic studies as well as protein–ligand docking and interaction profiling studies.
Results
We verify that AMI acts as an effective, mixed-type inhibitor of mammalian BChE, with an IC50 value of 10 μM and a Ki value of 2.25 μM. We also provide evidence showing that AMI penetrates deep into the active-site gorge of BChE where it interacts noncovalently with both the choline-binding and catalytic residues.
Conclusion
These findings could facilitate the prevention of the adverse metabolic sequelae of acquired BChE deficiency and also the design of new reversible anticholinesterase drugs.
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48
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Dalmizrak O, Teralı K, Yetkin O, Ogus IH, Ozer N. Computational and experimental studies on the interaction between butyrylcholinesterase and fluoxetine: implications in health and disease. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:803-810. [PMID: 30052110 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1506192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is a serine esterase that plays a role in the detoxification of natural as well as synthetic ester-bond-containing compounds. Alterations in BChE activity are associated with a number of diseases. Cholinergic system abnormalities in particular are correlated with the formation of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and administration of cholinesterase inhibitors is a common therapeutic approach used to treat AD. Here, our aim was to study the interaction between BChE and fluoxetine. Molecular docking simulations revealed that fluoxetine penetrated deep into the active-site gorge of BChE and that it was engaged in stabilizing noncovalent interactions with multiple subsites. In substrate kinetic studies, the Vm, Km, kcat and kcat/Km values were found to be 20.59 ± 0.36 U mg-1 protein, 194 ± 14 µM, 1.3 × 108 s-1 and 6.7 × 105 µM-1s-1, respectively. Based on inhibitory studies, fluoxetine appeared to inhibit BChE competitively, with an IC50 value of 104 µM and a Ki value of 36.3 ± 4.7 µM. Overall, both the low Ki value and the high number of BChE-fluoxetine interactions suggest that fluoxetine is a potent inhibitor of BChE, although in vivo mechanisms for the direct effects of BChE inhibition on various pathologies remain to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Dalmizrak
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Near East University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Kerem Teralı
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Near East University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Osman Yetkin
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Near East University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - I Hamdi Ogus
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Near East University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Nazmi Ozer
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Near East University , Mersin , Turkey
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49
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Jing L, Wu G, Kang D, Zhou Z, Song Y, Liu X, Zhan P. Contemporary medicinal-chemistry strategies for the discovery of selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. Drug Discov Today 2018; 24:629-635. [PMID: 30503804 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is considered a promising drug target for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we review medicinal-chemistry strategies that are currently available for the discovery of selective BChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Jing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Gaochan Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Zhongxia Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Yuning Song
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 West Culture Road, 250012 Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
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50
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Rösler TW, Salama M, Shalash AS, Khedr EM, El-Tantawy A, Fawi G, El-Motayam A, El-Seidy E, El-Sherif M, El-Gamal M, Moharram M, El-Kattan M, Abdel-Naby M, Ashour S, Müller U, Dempfle A, Kuhlenbäumer G, Höglinger GU. K-variant BCHE and pesticide exposure: Gene-environment interactions in a case-control study of Parkinson's disease in Egypt. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16525. [PMID: 30410011 PMCID: PMC6224461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticide exposure is associated with increased risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD). We investigated in Egypt whether common variants in genes involved in pesticide detoxification or transport might modify the risk of PD evoked by pesticide exposure. We recruited 416 PD patients and 445 controls. Information on environmental factors was collected by questionnaire-based structured interviews. Candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 15 pesticide-related genes were genotyped. We analyzed the influence of environmental factors and SNPs as well as the interaction of pesticide exposure and SNPs on the risk of PD. The risk of PD was reduced by coffee consumption [OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.43–0.90, P = 0.013] and increased by pesticide exposure [OR = 7.09, 95% CI: 1.12–44.01, P = 0.036]. The SNP rs1126680 in the butyrylcholinesterase gene BCHE reduced the risk of PD irrespective of pesticide exposure [OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.20–0.70, P = 0.002]. The SNP rs1803274, defining K-variant BCHE, interacted significantly with pesticide exposure (P = 0.007) and increased the risk of PD only in pesticide-exposed individuals [OR = 2.49, 95% CI: 1.50–4.19, P = 0.0005]. The K-variant BCHE reduces serum activity of butyrylcholinesterase, a known bioscavenger for pesticides. Individuals with K-variant BCHE appear to have an increased risk for PD when exposed to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Rösler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Toxicology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ali S Shalash
- Department of Neurology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman M Khedr
- Department of Neurology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Gharib Fawi
- Department of Neurology, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | | | - Ehab El-Seidy
- Department of Neurology, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Samia Ashour
- Department of Neurology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ulrich Müller
- Institute for Human Genetics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Astrid Dempfle
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Günter U Höglinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany. .,Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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