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Asif M, Fakhar-E-Alam M, Tahir M, Jamil F, Sardar H, Rehman J, Dahlous KA. Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of the Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities of Zinc Oxide and Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanocomposites. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1216. [PMID: 39338378 PMCID: PMC11435269 DOI: 10.3390/ph17091216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In this research, we developed undoped and aluminum-doped zinc oxide for antimicrobial and anticancer activities. This study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and biological activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanocomposites (Zn1-xAlxO NCs) at varying concentrations (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 wt%) using the coprecipitation method. Various characterization techniques such as XRD, UV-Vis, FTIR, EDX, and SEM were performed to analyze the crystal structure, optical properties, functional group identification, elemental composition, and surface morphology. The antimicrobial activity test showed that Zn0.75Al0.25O NCs exhibited the strongest inhibition zone against Bacillus cereus compared to Staphylococcus aureus > Pasteurella multocida > Escherichia coli. Moreover, the cytotoxicity and cell viability of liver cancer (HepG-2), breast cancer (MCF-7), ovarian cancer (SKOV3), and normal liver cell lines) were evaluated using the MTT assay, demonstrating that Zn0.75Al0.25O NCs not only enhance cell destruction but also show low cytotoxicity and high biocompatibility at low concentrations. These results suggest that Zn0.75Al0.25O NCs could be a promising candidate for in vivo anticancer applications and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asif
- Department of Physics, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fakhar-E-Alam
- Department of Physics, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tahir
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Farah Jamil
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Sardar
- Department of Physics, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Javed Rehman
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
- MEU Research Unit, Middle East University, Amman 11831, Jordan
| | - Kholood A Dahlous
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Kotb ES, Alhamdi HW, Alfaifi MY, Darweesh O, Shati AA, Elbehairi SEI, Serag WM, Hassan YA, Elshaarawy RFM. Examining the quaternary ammonium chitosan Schiff base-ZnO nanocomposite's potential as protective therapy for rats' cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133616. [PMID: 39009258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite cisplatin's long history as a cornerstone in cancer therapy, both acquired chemoresistance and significant impacts on healthy tissues limit its use. Hepatotoxicity is one of its side effects. Adjunct therapies have shown promise in not only attenuating liver damage caused by cisplatin but also in enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy. In this context, a new quaternary ammonium chitosan Schiff base (QACSB) was synthesized and applied as an encapsulating agent for the in-situ synthesis of QACSB-ZnO nanocomposite. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty male albino rats were classified into Group 1 (control) distilled water, Group 2 (Cisplatin-treated) (12 mg/kg, i.p), and Group 3 (QACSB-ZnO NCs/cisplatin-treated) (150 mg/kg/day QACSB-ZnO NCs, i.p) for 14 days + a single dose of cisplatin. Liver functions, tissue TNF-α, MDA, and GSH were measured as well as histopathological and immunohistochemical studies were performed. RESULTS The QACSB-ZnO NCs significantly restore liver functions, tissue TNF-α, MDA, and GSH levels (p < 0.001). Histopathological examination showed patchy necrosis in the cisplatin-treated group versus other groups. The QACSB-ZnO NCs showed a weak TGF-β1 (score = 4) and a moderate Bcl-2 immunohistochemistry expression (score = 6) versus the CP group. CONCLUSIONS QACSB-ZnO NCs have been shown to protect the liver from cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam S Kotb
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez University, 43533 Suez, Egypt
| | - Heba W Alhamdi
- College of Sciences, Biology Department, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y Alfaifi
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia; Tissue Culture and Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omeed Darweesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, Iraq
| | - Ali A Shati
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia; Tissue Culture and Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Serag Eldin I Elbehairi
- King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia; Tissue Culture and Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia; Cell Culture Lab, Egyptian Organization for Biological Products and Vaccines (VACSERA Holding Company), 51 Wezaret El-Zeraa St., Agouza, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Waleed M Serag
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez University, 43533 Suez, Egypt
| | - Yasser A Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, Iraq; Department of pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Reda F M Elshaarawy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez University, 43533 Suez, Egypt; Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Setyawati DR, Sekaringtyas FC, Pratiwi RD, Rosyidah A, Azhar R, Gustini N, Syahputra G, Rosidah I, Mardliyati E, Tarwadi, El Muttaqien S. Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 15:1105-1116. [PMID: 39188757 PMCID: PMC11346304 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.15.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Over recent decades, nanomedicine has played an important role in the enhancement of therapeutic outcomes compared to those of conventional therapy. At the same time, nanoparticle drug delivery systems offer a significant reduction in side effects of treatments by lowering the off-target biodistribution of the active pharmaceutical ingredients. Cancer nanomedicine represents the most extensively studied nanotechnology application in the field of pharmaceutics and pharmacology since the first nanodrug for cancer treatment, liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil®), has been approved by the FDA. The advancement of cancer nanomedicine and its enormous technological success also included various other target diseases, including hepatic fibrosis. This confirms the versatility of nanomedicine for improving therapeutic activity. In this review, we summarize recent updates of nanomedicine platforms for improving therapeutic efficacy regarding liver fibrosis. We first emphasize the challenges of conventional drugs for penetrating the biological barriers of the liver. After that, we highlight design principles of nanocarriers for achieving improved drug delivery of antifibrosis drugs through passive and active targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damai Ria Setyawati
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drugs, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), LAPTIAB 1, PUSPIPTEK, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
| | - Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drugs, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), LAPTIAB 1, PUSPIPTEK, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
| | - Riyona Desvy Pratiwi
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drugs, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), LAPTIAB 1, PUSPIPTEK, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
| | - A’liyatur Rosyidah
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drugs, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), LAPTIAB 1, PUSPIPTEK, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
| | - Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), LAPTIAB 1, PUSPIPTEK, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
| | - Nunik Gustini
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drugs, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), LAPTIAB 1, PUSPIPTEK, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
| | - Gita Syahputra
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drugs, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), LAPTIAB 1, PUSPIPTEK, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
| | - Idah Rosidah
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), LAPTIAB 1, PUSPIPTEK, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
| | - Etik Mardliyati
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drugs, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), LAPTIAB 1, PUSPIPTEK, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
| | - Tarwadi
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drugs, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), LAPTIAB 1, PUSPIPTEK, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
| | - Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien
- Research Center for Vaccine and Drugs, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), LAPTIAB 1, PUSPIPTEK, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
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Attia FM, Kassab RB, Ahmed-Farid OA, Abdel Moneim AE, El-Yamany NA. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Attenuated Neurochemical and Histopathological Alterations Associated with Aluminium Chloride Intoxication in Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04292-4. [PMID: 38963645 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The present investigation explored the potential neuroprotective role of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-mediated Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like symptoms. Rats were distributed into four treatment groups equally: control, ZnONPs (4 mg/kg b.wt.), AlCl3 (100 mg/kg b.wt.), and ZnONPs + AlCl3 groups. Rats were treated for 42 consecutive days. ZnONPs injection into AlCl3-treated rats suppressed the development of oxidative challenge in the cortical and hippocampal tissues, as demonstrated by the decreased neuronal pro-oxidants (malondialdehyde and nitric oxide), and the increased glutathione and catalase levels. Additionally, ZnONPs injection showed anti-inflammatory potency in response to AlCl3 by decreasing levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β. Moreover, pretreatment with ZnONPs prevented neuronal cell loss by decreasing the level of pro-apoptotic caspase-3 and enhancing the anti-apoptotic B cell lymphoma 2. Furthermore, ZnONPs ameliorated the disturbed acetylcholinesterase activity, monoamines (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin), excitatory (glutamic and aspartic acids), and inhibitory amino acids (GABA and glycine) in response to AlCl3 exposure. These findings indicate that ZnONPs may have the potential as an alternative therapy to minimize or prevent the neurological deficits in AD model by exhibiting antioxidative, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and neuromodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M Attia
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rami B Kassab
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, Almakhwah, Al Baha University, Al Baha, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Ahmed E Abdel Moneim
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nabil A El-Yamany
- Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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Ali SB, Mohamed AS, Fahmy SR, El-Garhy M, Mousa MR, Abdel-Ghaffar F. Anthelmintic and Hepatoprotective Activities of the Green-Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Against Parascaris equorum Infection in Rats. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:283-301. [PMID: 38057445 PMCID: PMC11001740 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00728-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSIONS Green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticle is a promising treatment modality against parasitic infection through its powerful anthelmintic, antioxidant, healing promotion, and anti-inflammation effects. BACKGROUND Nanoparticles have many properties, depending on their size, shape, and morphology, allowing them to interact with microorganisms, plants, and animals. OBJECTIVES Investigation of the therapeutic effects of green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on Parascaris equorum infection in rats. METHODS Thirty-six rats were divided into two divisions: the first division is noninfected groups were allocated into three groups. Group 1: Control, group 2: ZnO NPs (30 mg/kg), and group 3: ZnO NPs (60 mg/kg). The second division is infected groups were allocated into three groups. Group 1: vehicle, group 2: ZnO NPs (30 mg/kg), and group 3: ZnO NPs (60 mg/kg). FINDINGS Ten days post-infection, two larvae per gram of liver tissue were present in the vehicle group compared to the control group. No larvae were recovered from ZnO NPs (30 mg/kg), and one larva/g.tissue from ZnO NPs (60 mg/kg)-treated groups compared to untreated infected animals. Green-synthesized ZnO NPs caused a significant decrease in liver functions, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol, triglycerides, malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO). While it caused a significant increase in hemoglobin (HB), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in infected treated rats. The histological inflammation and fibroplasia scores showed a significant enhancement during the treatment with ZnO NPs (30, 60 mg/kg) compared to the infected untreated animals that scored the highest pathological destruction score. Immunohistochemical markers of NF-κB showed a significant decrease during the treatment with ZnO NPs (30, 60 mg/kg) compared to the infected untreated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bayoumi Ali
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | | | - Sohair R Fahmy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Manal El-Garhy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed R Mousa
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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Jafar Sameri1 M, Savari F, Mard SA, Rezaie A, Kalantar M. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Ameliorate Histological Alterations Through Apoptotic Gene Regulation in Rat Model of Liver Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 12:619-630. [PMID: 39086591 PMCID: PMC11288243 DOI: 10.61186/rbmb.12.4.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Background Organ ischemia-reperfusion (IR) is a common clinical condition associated with various situations such as trauma surgery, organ transplantation, and myocardial ischemia. Current therapeutic methods for IR injury have limitations, and nanotechnology, particularly zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), offers new approaches for disease diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we investigated the protective and anti-apoptotic effects of ZnO NPs in liver ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in rats. Methods Forty-eight male rats were divided into six groups: sham, ZnO5, ZnO10, ischemia-reperfusion (IR), IR+ZnO5, and IR+ZnO10. The protective effect of ZnO NPs was evaluated by liver enzymes (AST, ALT, Bilirubin, ALP), biochemical (TAC, TNF-α, and MDA), molecular examinations (Bcl2, BAX), and histopathological evaluations (H&E, TUNEL). Results Pre-treatment with ZnO5 and ZnO10 improved hepatic function in IR liver injury, attenuated the levels of oxidants (P = 0.03) and inflammatory mediators, and reduced apoptosis (P = 0). ZnO10 was found to have a greater effect on ischemic reperfusion injury than ZnO5 did. Histopathological examination also showed a dose-dependent decrease in alterations in the IR+ZnO5 and IR+ZnO10 groups. Conclusion Administration of ZnO5 and ZnO10 improved liver function after IR. The findings of this study suggest that ZnO NPs have a protective effect against oxidative stress and apoptosis in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. These results may have important implications for developing advanced methods in ischemia-reperfusion treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jafar Sameri1
- Department of physiology, medicine faculty, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
| | - Feryal Savari
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, Iran.
| | - Seyyed Ali Mard
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Alimentary Tract Research Center, Department of Physiology, The School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Anahita Rezaie
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Kalantar
- Department of Occupational Health, Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, Iran.
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Lubna S, Ahmad R. Clinical and biochemical understanding of Zinc interaction during liver diseases: A paradigm shift. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 77:127130. [PMID: 36641955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential and the second most abundant trace element after Iron. It can apply antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activity. It is assumed to be indispensable for cell division, cellular differentiation and cell signalling. Zinc is essential for proper liver function which is also the site of its metabolism. Depleted Zn concentrations have been observed in both acute and chronic hepatic diseases. It is reported that Zn deficiency or abnormal Zn metabolism during majority of liver diseases is attributed to deficient dietary intake of Zn, augmented disposal of Zn in the urine, activation of certain Zn transporters, and expression of hepatic metallothionein. Undoubtedly, Zn is involved in generating many diseases but how and whether it plays role from acute to fulminant stage of all chronic liver diseases remains to be cleared. Here, we will discuss the role of Zn in development of different diseases specifically the involvement of Zn to understand the aetiology and intricate mechanism of dynamic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiba Lubna
- Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202001, India
| | - Riaz Ahmad
- Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202001, India.
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Singh S, Sharma N, Shukla S, Behl T, Gupta S, Anwer MK, Vargas-De-La-Cruz C, Bungau SG, Brisc C. Understanding the Potential Role of Nanotechnology in Liver Fibrosis: A Paradigm in Therapeutics. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062811. [PMID: 36985782 PMCID: PMC10057127 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a vital organ that plays a crucial role in the physiological operation of the human body. The liver controls the body's detoxification processes as well as the storage and breakdown of red blood cells, plasma protein and hormone production, and red blood cell destruction; therefore, it is vulnerable to their harmful effects, making it more prone to illness. The most frequent complications of chronic liver conditions include cirrhosis, fatty liver, liver fibrosis, hepatitis, and illnesses brought on by alcohol and drugs. Hepatic fibrosis involves the activation of hepatic stellate cells to cause persistent liver damage through the accumulation of cytosolic matrix proteins. The purpose of this review is to educate a concise discussion of the epidemiology of chronic liver disease, the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of liver fibrosis, the symptoms of liver fibrosis progression and regression, the clinical evaluation of liver fibrosis and the research into nanotechnology-based synthetic and herbal treatments for the liver fibrosis is summarized in this article. The herbal remedies summarized in this review article include epigallocathechin-3-gallate, silymarin, oxymatrine, curcumin, tetrandrine, glycyrrhetinic acid, salvianolic acid, plumbagin, Scutellaria baicalnsis Georgi, astragalosides, hawthorn extract, and andrographolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Saurabh Shukla
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Tapan Behl
- School of Health Sciences &Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Md Khalid Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Celia Vargas-De-La-Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology, Bromatology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 150001, Peru
- E-Health Research Center, Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades, Lima 15001, Peru
| | - Simona Gabriela Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Cristina Brisc
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania
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Wu S, Wang X, Xing W, Li F, Liang M, Li K, He Y, Wang J. An update on animal models of liver fibrosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1160053. [PMID: 37035335 PMCID: PMC10076546 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1160053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of liver fibrosis primarily determines quality of life as well as prognosis. Animal models are often used to model and understand the underlying mechanisms of human disease. Although organoids can be used to simulate organ development and disease, the technology still faces significant challenges. Therefore animal models are still irreplaceable at this stage. Currently, in vivo models of liver fibrosis can be classified into five categories based on etiology: chemical, dietary, surgical, transgenic, and immune. There is a wide variety of animal models of liver fibrosis with varying efficacy, which have different implications for proper understanding of the disease and effective screening of therapeutic agents. There is no high-quality literature recommending the most appropriate animal models. In this paper, we will describe the progress of commonly used animal models of liver fibrosis in terms of their development mechanisms, applications, advantages and disadvantages, and recommend appropriate animal models for different research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShuTing Wu
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - XinXin Wang
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - WenBo Xing
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - FenYao Li
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Liang
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - KeShen Li
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan He
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yan He,
| | - JianMing Wang
- Institute of Regenerative and Translational Medicine, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Tianyou Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- JianMing Wang,
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Hashim M, Mujahid H, Hassan S, Bukhari S, Anjum I, Hano C, Abbasi BH, Anjum S. Implication of Nanoparticles to Combat Chronic Liver and Kidney Diseases: Progress and Perspectives. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1337. [PMID: 36291548 PMCID: PMC9599274 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver and kidney diseases are the most frequently encountered problems around the globe. Damage to the liver and kidney may occur as a result of exposure to various drugs, chemicals, toxins, and pathogens, leading to severe disease conditions such as cirrhosis, fibrosis, hepatitis, acute kidney injury, and liver and renal failure. In this regard, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) has emerged as a rapidly developing field of study in terms of safe delivery of various medications to target organs with minimal side effects. Due to their physical characteristics, NPs have inherent pharmacological effects, and an accidental buildup can have a significant impact on the structure and function of the liver and kidney. By suppressing the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines iNOS and COX-2, NPs are known to possess anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, NPs have demonstrated their ability to operate as an antioxidant, squelching the generation of ROS caused by substances that cause oxidative stress. Finally, because of their pro-oxidant properties, they are also known to increase the level of ROS, which causes malignant liver and kidney cells to undergo apoptosis. As a result, NPs can be regarded as a double-edged sword whose inherent therapeutic benefits can be refined as we work to comprehend them in terms of their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Hashim
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Jail Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Huma Mujahid
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Samina Hassan
- Department of Botany, Kinnaird College for Women, Jail Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shanila Bukhari
- Department of Botany, Kinnaird College for Women, Jail Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Iram Anjum
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Jail Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Christophe Hano
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Orleans, Eure & Loir Campus, 28000 Chartres, France
| | - Bilal Haider Abbasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 15320, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Anjum
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Jail Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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Lokman M, Ashraf E, Kassab RB, Abdel Moneim AE, El-Yamany NA. Aluminum Chloride-Induced Reproductive Toxicity in Rats: the Protective Role of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:4035-4044. [PMID: 34741695 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-03010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive toxicity is a major challenge associated with aluminum (Al) exposure. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnONP) treatment on Al-induced reproductive toxicity in rats. Thirty-two adult male albino rats were allocated into four equal groups as follows: control, AlCl3 orally administered group (100 mg/kg bwt), ZnONPs injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) group (4 mg/kg bwt), and ZnONPs + AlCl3-treated group. The treatment was daily extended for 42 consecutive days. Oral administration of AlCl3 showed an oxidative damage confirmed by an increase in malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels and superoxide dismutase activity and accompanied by a decrease in glutathione content and catalase activity. Also, AlCl3 administration increased the pro-inflammatory mediator tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Furthermore, significant declines in the levels of serum male reproductive hormones testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in AlCl3-intoxicated rats were noticed. In parallel, severe histopathological alterations were observed in testis tissues. Additionally, the immunohistochemical analysis showed that AlCl3 administration potentiates cell death in the testicular tissue by elevating the immunostaining intensity signal for the pro-apoptotic protein, cysteinyl aspartate specific protease-3 (caspase-3) and a marked depletion in the cell proliferation expression marker, Ki-67, in germinal cells of AlCl3-treated group. On the other hand, the daily i.p. injection to rats with ZnONPs before AlCl3 was found to ameliorate the reproductive toxicity induced by Al administration through reducing the testicular oxidative stress and improving the inflammatory, apoptotic, and reproductive markers as well as histopathological alterations in the testis. These results suggest that ZnONPs could be used as an alternative agent to minimize the reproductive toxicity associated with Al exposure through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and reproductive modulatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Lokman
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman Ashraf
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rami B Kassab
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Al-Baha University, Almakhwah, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed E Abdel Moneim
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nabil A El-Yamany
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
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12
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Thomas S, Gunasangkaran G, Arumugam VA, Muthukrishnan S. Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles of Solanum nigrum and Its Anticancer Activity via the Induction of Apoptosis in Cervical Cancer. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2684-2697. [PMID: 34448982 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02898-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Effective cancer therapy can be achieved by using nano-drug delivery systems which provide a targeted drug delivery strategy by overcoming the drawbacks of conventional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation. ZnO nanoparticles are a potent anticancer agent that causes tumor cell destruction with the targeted drug delivery. In this present study, green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles has been done using the plant Solanum nigrum. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were studied by the characterization techniques like UV-visible spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, DLS, zeta potential, FTIR, and XRD. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles of Solanum nigrum exhibited a significant anticancer activity against HeLa cell lines through the apoptotic pathway. The cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles was assessed using MTT assay, wound healing assay, DAPI staining, and acridine orange and ethidium bromide double staining. The expression patterns of β-catenin, p53, caspase-3, and caspase-9 were analyzed using reverse transcriptase-PCR. The results obtained from the study indicate that the ZnO nanoparticles of Solanum nigrum possess a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect against HeLa cell lines through the inhibition of β-catenin and increasing the levels of p53, caspase-3, and caspase-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffy Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Vijaya Anand Arumugam
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Genetics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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13
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Shehata AM, Salem FMS, El-Saied EM, Abd El-Rahman SS, Mahmoud MY, Noshy PA. Evaluation of the Ameliorative Effect of Zinc Nanoparticles against Silver Nanoparticle-Induced Toxicity in Liver and Kidney of Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1201-1211. [PMID: 33855683 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have various pharmaceutical and biomedical applications owing to their unique physicochemical properties. Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element, a strong antioxidant, and has a primary role in gene expression, enzymatic reactions, and protein synthesis. The present study aims to explore the toxic effects of Ag-NPs (50 nm) on the liver and kidney of rats and also to evaluate the potential protective effect of Zn-NPs (100 nm) against these adverse effects. Forty adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: control group, Ag-NPs group, Zn-NPs group, and Ag-NPs + Zn-NPs group. Ag-NPs (50 mg/kg) and/or Zn-NPs (30 mg/kg) were administered daily by gavage for 90 days. The results showed that exposure to Ag-NPs increased serum ALT, AST, urea, and creatinine. Ag-NPs also induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation and increased inflammatory cytokines in hepatic and renal tissues. Moreover, histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations revealed various histological alterations and positive caspase-3 expressions in the liver and kidney following exposure to Ag-NPs. On the other hand, most of these toxic effects were ameliorated by co-administration of Zn-NPs. It was concluded that Ag-NPs have hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects in rats via different mechanisms including oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis and that Zn-NPs can be used to alleviate these harmful effects by their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M Shehata
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fatma M S Salem
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eiman M El-Saied
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sahar S Abd El-Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Y Mahmoud
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Peter A Noshy
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
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14
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Zhou Q, Peng Z, Huang X. Establishment of a Stable Acute Drug-Induced Liver Injury Mouse Model by Sodium Cyclamate. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:1599-1615. [PMID: 35264869 PMCID: PMC8901264 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s354273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To establish a stable acute DILI mouse model and explore its possible pathogenesis. Methods Mice were randomly divided into control, low-dose, middle-dose and high-dose sodium cyclamate groups. Mice in the model group were intraperitoneally injected with corresponding doses of sodium cyclamate, and in the control group intraperitoneally injected with 0.9% normal saline. The toxic effects of sodium cyclamate on liver, heart, kidney were evaluated by biochemical index level and histomorphologically observed. The expression of TNF-α and IL-1β were measured by immunohistochemistry. Results 1. The level of ALT in the low-dose and middle-dose groups at 24h, 72h, 120h and 168h were increased, also in the high-dose group at 24h, 72h and 120h. The level of AST in the low-dose group at 72h, 120h, 168h and in the middle-dose group at 168h were increased, also in the middle-dose and high-dose groups at 24h, 72h and 120h. The levels of CK, CK-MB and cTnT in the low-dose and middle-dose groups at 168h were increased, also in the high-dose group at 24h, 72h and 120h. 2. The damage of hepatocytes increased with the increase of sodium cyclamate dosage and treated time. 3. At 120h, the IOD/Area of TNF-α and IL-1β positive expression increased in the liver tissues with the increase of the dosage. In the heart and kidney tissues, the IOD/Area of TNF-α and IL-1β positive expression in the high-dose group increased significantly. In the kidney tissues, the IOD/Area of IL-1β positive expression in the middle-dose group increased significantly. Conclusion Sodium cyclamate-induced acute DILI mouse model can be established by intraperitoneal injection of 6000 mg/kg/day sodium cyclamate for 5 days successfully. The toxicity of sodium cyclamate to liver showed a dose-response and time-response relationship. Sodium cyclamate induced liver, heart and kidney injury closely related to the inflammatory response mediated by TNF-α and IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, 410000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongtian Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zhongtian Peng, Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13873488377, Email
| | - Xialing Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiyang People’s Hospital, Leiyang, Hunan, 421800, People’s Republic of China
- Xialing Huang, Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiyang People’s Hospital, Leiyang, Hunan, 421800, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 15200522185, Email
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15
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Singh M, Verma Y, Rana SVS. Attributes of oxidative stress in the reproductive toxicity of nickel oxide nanoparticles in male rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:5703-5717. [PMID: 34424461 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15657-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The nanoparticles of nickel are now being widely used in industrial, commercial, and biomedical applications. In recent years, health safety issues posed by them have aroused concerns among health scientists. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of oxidative stress in male reproductive toxicity induced by nickel oxide nanoparticles in rats. Male Wistar rats (140-170 g) were administered with nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) (particles size <30 nm) (5 mg/kg body weight) by gavage for 30 days. Its effects on different parameters, viz., sperm count, motility, and morphology, were investigated. DNA damage in sperms was monitored through comet assay. All these observations indicated a spermicidal effect of NiONPs. Results on lipid peroxidation (MDA, H2O2, and NO) and oxidative stress (GSH, GPx, and catalase) thus studied in testes exhibited adverse effects of NiONPs. Histopathological results on male reproductive organs, viz., testis, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and prostate also demonstrated moderate to severe toxicity. A comparison of these results with those obtained on nickel oxide microparticle (NiOMP)-treated rats showed that NiONPs are more toxic than NiOMPs. Furthermore, NiONPs could create an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in the testes. It is concluded that redox imbalance in testes constitutes a major mechanism of NiONP-induced reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Singh
- Department of Toxicology, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250 004, India
| | - Yeshvandra Verma
- Department of Toxicology, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250 004, India
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16
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Zangeneh Monfared F, Shahabadi N, Mahmoudi Hashemi M, Meibodi FS, Mirjafari Z. Studies of Ponceau 4R food colorant and zinc oxide nanoparticles containing it interactions with DNA and evaluation of their antimicrobial activity. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahid Shahabadi
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry Razi University Kermanshah Iran
- Center of Medical Biology Research (MBRC) Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | | | - Farhat Sadat Meibodi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry Razi University Kermanshah Iran
| | - Zohreh Mirjafari
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
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17
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Rani V, Verma Y, Rana SVS. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Ameliorate Dimethylnitrosamine-Induced Renal Toxicity in Rat. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 194:1699-1715. [PMID: 34855113 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) is an established carcinogen. It is toxic to several organs, viz., the liver, kidney, and lungs, and immune system. Several drugs have been used in the past to modulate its toxicity using experimental animal models. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on renal toxicity caused by DMN in laboratory rat. Since oxidative mechanisms are mainly involved in its toxicity, the proposed study focuses on the amelioration of oxidative stress response by ZnONPs, if any. The present results show that administration of ZnONPs (50 mg/kg body weight/rat) to DMN (2 μl/100 g body weight/rat)-treated rats diminuted the concentration of malonaldehyde, H2O2, and NO in the kidney. However, reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration increased after ZnONP treatment. Results on glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase favored its antioxidative effects. These results are supported by the recovery of oxidative DNA damage and less pronounced histopathological changes in the kidney. It is hypothesized that ZnONPs might be toxic to renal tissue; however, its strong therapeutic/antioxidative potential helps in ameliorating DMN-induced renal toxicity in rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Rani
- Department of Toxicology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India
| | - Yeshvandra Verma
- Department of Toxicology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India
| | - S V S Rana
- Department of Toxicology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India.
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18
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Story MJ. Essential sufficiency of zinc, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin D and magnesium for prevention and treatment of COVID-19, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases and cancer. Biochimie 2021; 187:94-109. [PMID: 34082041 PMCID: PMC8166046 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the development of a number of vaccines for COVID-19, there remains a need for prevention and treatment of the virus SARS-CoV-2 and the ensuing disease COVID-19. This report discusses the key elements of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 that can be readily treated: viral entry, the immune system and inflammation, and the cytokine storm. It is shown that the essential nutrients zinc, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), vitamin D and magnesium provide the ideal combination for prevention and treatment of COVID-19: prevention of SARS-CoV-2 entry to host cells, prevention of proliferation of SARS-CoV-2, inhibition of excessive inflammation, improved control of the regulation of the immune system, inhibition of the cytokine storm, and reduction in the effects of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and associated non-communicable diseases. It is emphasized that the non-communicable diseases associated with COVID-19 are inherently more prevalent in the elderly than the young, and that the maintenance of sufficiency of zinc, ω-3 PUFAs, vitamin D and magnesium is essential for the elderly to prevent the occurrence of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, lung diseases and cancer. Annual checking of levels of these essential nutrients is recommended for those over 65 years of age, together with appropriate adjustments in their intake, with these services and supplies being at government cost. The cost:benefit ratio would be huge as the cost of the nutrients and the testing of their levels would be very small compared with the cost savings of specialists and hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Story
- Story Pharmaceutics Pty Ltd, PO Box 6086, Linden Park, South Australia, 5065, Australia.
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19
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Zangeneh monfared F, Shahabadi N, Mahmoudi Hashemi M, Sadat Meibodi F, Mirjafari Z. Zinc oxide nanoparticles coated with food colorant Brilliant black: Synthesis, characterization, and comparative DNA interaction and antibacterial activity studies. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahid Shahabadi
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry Razi University Kermanshah Iran
- Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC) Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | | | - Farhat Sadat Meibodi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry Razi University Kermanshah Iran
| | - Zohreh Mirjafari
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
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20
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Bai X, Su G, Zhai S. Recent Advances in Nanomedicine for the Diagnosis and Therapy of Liver Fibrosis. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1945. [PMID: 33003520 PMCID: PMC7599596 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis, a reversible pathological process of inflammation and fiber deposition caused by chronic liver injury and can cause severe health complications, including liver failure, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Traditional diagnostic methods and drug-based therapy have several limitations, such as lack of precision and inadequate therapeutic efficiency. As a medical application of nanotechnology, nanomedicine exhibits great potential for liver fibrosis diagnosis and therapy. Nanomedicine enhances imaging contrast and improves tissue penetration and cellular internalization; it simultaneously achieves targeted drug delivery, combined therapy, as well as diagnosis and therapy (i.e., theranostics). In this review, recent designs and development efforts of nanomedicine systems for the diagnosis, therapy, and theranostics of liver fibrosis are introduced. Relative to traditional methods, these nanomedicine systems generally demonstrate significant improvement in liver fibrosis treatment. Perspectives and challenges related to these nanomedicine systems translated from laboratory to clinical use are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Gaoxing Su
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Shumei Zhai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
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21
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Rana SVS. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Induced by Toxic Elements-a Review of Recent Developments. Biol Trace Elem Res 2020; 196:10-19. [PMID: 31686395 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-019-01903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum of all eukaryotic cells is a membrane-bound organelle. Under electron microscope it appears as parallel arrays of "rough membranes" and a maze of "smooth vesicles" respectively. It performs various functions in cell, i.e., synthesis of proteins to degradation of xenobiotics. Bioaccumulation of drugs/chemicals/xenobiotics in the cytosol can trigger ER stress. It is recognized by the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of ER. Present review summarizes the present status of knowledge on ER stress caused by toxic elements, viz arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, copper, chromium, and nickel. While inorganic arsenic may induce various glucose-related proteins, i.e., GRP78, GRP94 and CHOP, XBP1, and calpains, cadmium upregulates GRP78. Antioxidants like ascorbic acid, NAC, and Se inhibit the expression of UPR. Exposure to lead also changes ER stress related genes, i.e., GRP 78, GRP 94, ATF4, and ATF6. Mercury too upregulates these genes. Nickel, a carcinogenic element upregulates the expression of Bak, cytochrome C, caspase-3, caspase-9, caspase-12, and GADD 153. Much is not known on ER stress caused by nanoparticles. The review describes inter-organelle association between mitochondria and ER. It also discusses the interdependence between oxidative stress and ER stress. A cross talk amongst different cellular components appears essential to disturb pathways leading to cell death. However, these molecular switches within the signaling network used by toxic elements need to be identified. Nevertheless, ER stress especially caused by toxic elements still remains to be an engaging issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V S Rana
- Department of Toxicology, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250 004, India.
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22
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Boey A, Ho HK. All Roads Lead to the Liver: Metal Nanoparticles and Their Implications for Liver Health. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000153. [PMID: 32163668 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles (NPs) are frequently encountered in daily life, and concerns have been raised about their toxicity and safety. Among which, they naturally accumulate in the liver after introduction into the body, independent of the route of administration. Some NPs exhibit intrinsic pharmaceutical effects that are related to their physical parameters, and their inadvertent accumulation in the liver can exert strong effects on liver function and structure. Even as such physiological consequences are often categorically dismissed as toxic and deleterious, there are cell type-specific and NP-specific biological responses that elicit distinctive pharmacological consequences that can be harnessed for good. By limiting the scope of discussion to metallic NPs, this work attempts to provide a balanced perspective on their safety in the liver, and discusses both possible therapeutic benefits and potential accidental liver damage arising from their interaction with specific parenchymal and nonparenchymal cell types in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Boey
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117559, Singapore
| | - Han Kiat Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117559, Singapore
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23
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Keerthana S, Kumar A. Potential risks and benefits of zinc oxide nanoparticles: a systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:47-71. [PMID: 32186437 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1726282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Keerthana
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A. Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Raebareli, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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24
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Sizova E, Miroshnikov S, Nechitailo X. Assessment of the structural reorganization of liver and biochemical parameters of blood serum after introduction of zinc nanoparticles and its oxides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:17110-17120. [PMID: 31001782 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The demand for nanoparticles of metals and their oxides in medicine and biology is indisputable. To ensure the safe use of the unique capabilities of nanostructures, in particular, essential metals and their oxides, and to further search for ways leveling side effects of toxic effects in biomedical applications, a multifaceted approach to the study of their properties is needed, primarily affecting the effects on the organism level. In this connection, the purpose of the present research was to study the effect of zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on structural reorganization of the liver and morpho-biochemical parameters of rat blood. The test substances exhibit a hepatotoxic effect upon their single intraperitoneal administration to rats. In the experiment, increased activity of gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), increased expression of caspase-3, the presence of signs of oxidative stress, inflammation, and capillary-trophic insufficiency, and induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage) (GM-CSF) were registered in the experiment. The level of interferon-γ in the experimental groups tended to decrease in comparison with the control group. The observed effects progressed in time, most noticeably manifested in the case of ZnONPs. Comparing the dosages, ZnNPs are less toxic than ZnONPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sizova
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-Technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia.
| | - Sergey Miroshnikov
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-Technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Xenia Nechitailo
- Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agro-Technologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia
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25
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George J, Tsuchishima M, Tsutsumi M. Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of N-nitrosodimethylamine induced hepatic fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:18. [PMID: 30622238 PMCID: PMC6325159 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1272-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is marked by excessive synthesis and deposition of connective tissue proteins, especially interstitial collagens in the extracellular matrix of the liver. It is a result of an abnormal wound healing in response to chronic liver injury from various causes such as ethanol, viruses, toxins, drugs, or cholestasis. The chronic stimuli involved in the initiation of fibrosis leads to oxidative stress and generation of reactive oxygen species that serve as mediators of molecular events involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. These processes lead to cellular injury and initiate inflammatory responses releasing a variety of cytokines and growth factors that trigger activation and transformation of resting hepatic stellate cells into myofibroblast like cells, which in turn start excessive synthesis of connective tissue proteins, especially collagens. Uncontrolled and extensive fibrosis results in distortion of lobular architecture of the liver leading to nodular formation and cirrhosis. The perpetual injury and regeneration process could also results in genomic aberrations and mutations that lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. This review covers most aspects of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis with special emphasize on N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA; Dimethylnitorsmaine, DMN) as the inducing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph George
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
| | - Mutsumi Tsuchishima
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Tsutsumi
- Department of Hepatology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
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Gallic Acid Attenuates Dimethylnitrosamine-Induced Liver Fibrosis by Alteration of Smad Phosphoisoform Signaling in Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1682743. [PMID: 30627538 PMCID: PMC6304566 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1682743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) is a potent hepatotoxin, carcinogen, and mutagen. In our previous study, a candidate gallic acid (GA) that widely exists in food and fruit was selected for its capability to alleviate DMN toxicity in vivo. We aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of GA against DMN-induced liver fibrosis. During the first four weeks, DMN was administered to rats via intraperitoneal injection every other day, except the control group. GA or silymarin was given to rats by gavage once daily from the second to the sixth week. GA significantly reduced liver damage in serum parameters and improved the antioxidant capacity in liver and kidney tissues. Cytokines involved in liver fibrosis were measured at transcriptional and translational levels. These results indicate that GA exhibits robust antioxidant and antifibrosis effects and may be an effective candidate natural medicine for liver fibrosis treatment.
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