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Yang M, Mao K, Cao X, Liu H, Mao W, Hao L. Integrated network toxicology, transcriptomics and gut microbiomics reveals hepatotoxicity mechanism induced by benzo[a]pyrene exposure in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 491:117050. [PMID: 39111554 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.117050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant posing various toxicity effects on organisms. Previous studies demonstrated that BaP could induce hepatotoxicity, while the underlying mechanism remains incompletely elucidated. In this study, a comprehensive strategy including network toxicology, transcriptomics and gut microbiomics was applied to investigate the hepatotoxicity and the associated mechanism of BaP exposure in mice. The results showed that BaP induced liver damage, liver oxidative stress and hepatic lipid metabolism disorder. Mechanistically, BaP may disrupt hepatic lipid metabolism through increasing the uptake of free fatty acid (FFA), promoting the synthesis of FA and triglyceride (TG) in the liver and suppressing lipid synthesis in white adipose tissue. Moreover, integrated network toxicology and hepatic transcriptomics revealed that BaP induced hepatotoxicity by acting on several core targets, such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) and toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Further analysis suggested that BaP inhibited JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway, as supported by molecular docking and western blot. The 16S rRNA sequencing showed that BaP changed the composition of gut microbiota which may link to the hepatotoxicity based on the correlation analysis. Taken together, this study demonstrated that BaP caused liver injury, hepatic lipid metabolism disorder and gut microbiota dysbiosis, providing novel insights into the hepatotoxic mechanism induced by BaP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Kanmin Mao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xin Cao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hongjuan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Weifeng Mao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, No. 37, Guangqu Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100022, China.
| | - Liping Hao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Li C, Cao Y, Peng Y, Ma T, Wu F, Hua Y, Wang X, Bai T, Wei Y, Ji P. Changes in PI3K/AKT and NRF2/HO-1 signaling expression and intestinal microbiota in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 190:114796. [PMID: 38852756 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is the outcome of the prolonged interstitial pneumonia, characterized by excessive accumulation of fibroblasts and collagen deposition, leading to its development. This study aimed to study the changes in PI3K/AKT and NRF2/HO-1 signaling expression and intestinal microbiota in a rat model of a novel bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The findings of our study showed the model was successfully established. The results showed that the alveolar septum in the model was significantly widened and infiltrated by severe inflammatory cells. Alveolar atrophy occurred due to the formation of multiple inflammatory foci. During this period, fibrous tissue was distributed in strips and patches, primarily around the pulmonary interstitium and bronchus. Moreover, lung damage and fibrosis progressively worsened over time. The mRNA expression of HO-1 and NRF2 in the model decreased while the mRNA expression of HIF-1α, VEGF, PI3K and AKT increased. Furthermore, it was observed to decrease the protein expression of E-cad, HO-1 and NRF2, and increase the protein expression of α-SMA and p-AKT. Additionally, this model leaded to an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota. This study demonstrate that the novel pulmonary fibrosis model activates the NRF2/HO-1 pathway and the PI3K/AKT pathway in rat lung tissues, and leading to intestinal barrier disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yuxia Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yousheng Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ting Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Fanlin Wu
- Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yongli Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiuqin Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry, Yinchuan, 750002, Ningxia, China
| | - Tong Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yanming Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| | - Peng Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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Li S, Qiao Z, Huang M, Lao Q, Zhang Q, Xing Y, Pan S, Martin FL, Liu H, Pang W. Combined exposure of polystyrene microplastics and benzo[a]pyrene in rat: Study of the oxidative stress effects in the liver. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 278:116390. [PMID: 38705037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) are prevalent environmental pollutants. Numerous studies have extensively reported their individual adverse effects on organisms. However, the combined effects and mechanisms of exposure in mammals remain unknown. Thus, this study aims to investigate the potential effects of oral administration of 0.5μm polystyrene (PS) MPs (1 mg/mL or 5 mg/mL), B[a]P (1 mg/mL or 5 mg/mL) and combined (1 mg/mL or 5 mg/mL) on 64 male SD rats by gavage method over 6-weeks. The results demonstrate that the liver histopathological examination showed that the liver lobules in the combined (5 mg/kg) group had blurred and loose boundaries, liver cord morphological disorders, and significant steatosis. The levels of AST, ALT, TC, and TG in the combined dose groups were significantly higher than those in the other groups, the combined (5 mg/kg) group had the lowest levels of antioxidant enzymes and the highest levels of oxidants. The expression of Nrf2 was lowest and the expression of P38, NF-κB, and TNF-α was highest in the combined (5 mg/kg) group. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the combination of PSMPs and B[a]P can cause the highest levels of oxidative stress and elicit markedly enhanced toxic effects, which cause severe liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengle Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China
| | - Zipeng Qiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China
| | - Meidie Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China
| | - Qiufeng Lao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China
| | - Qingquan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China
| | - Yu Xing
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China
| | - Songying Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China
| | - Francis L Martin
- Biocel UK Ltd, Hull HU10 6TS, UK; Department of Cellular Pathology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Whinney Heys Road, Blackpool FY3 8NR, UK
| | - Hui Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China.
| | - Weiyi Pang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China; School of Humanities and Management, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541199, China.
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Chen B, Zeng G, Sun L, Jiang C. When smoke meets gut: deciphering the interactions between tobacco smoking and gut microbiota in disease development. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:854-864. [PMID: 38265598 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2446-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a prevalent and detrimental habit practiced worldwide, increasing the risk of various diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease, liver disease, and cancer. Although previous research has explored the detrimental health effects of tobacco smoking, recent studies suggest that gut microbiota dysbiosis may play a critical role in these outcomes. Numerous tobacco smoke components, such as nicotine, are found in the gastrointestinal tract and interact with gut microbiota, leading to lasting impacts on host health and diseases. This review delves into the ways tobacco smoking and its various constituents influence gut microbiota composition and functionality. We also summarize recent advancements in understanding how tobacco smoking-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis affects host health. Furthermore, this review introduces a novel perspective on how changes in gut microbiota following smoking cessation may contribute to withdrawal syndrome and the degree of health improvements in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guangyi Zeng
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lulu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health and Fertility Promotion, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Center of Basic Medical Research, Institute of Medical Innovation and Research, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Center for Obesity and Metabolic Disease Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Women's Reproductive Health and Fertility Promotion, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Pei G, Guo L, Liang S, Chen F, Ma N, Bai J, Deng J, Li M, Qin C, Feng T, He Z. Long-Term Erythromycin Treatment Alters the Airway and Gut Microbiota: Data from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients and Mice with Emphysema. Respiration 2024; 103:461-479. [PMID: 38663359 DOI: 10.1159/000538911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although long-term macrolide antibiotics could reduce the recurrent exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the side effect of bacterial resistance and the impact on the microbiota remain concerning. We investigated the influence of long-term erythromycin treatment on the airway and gut microbiota in mice with emphysema and patients with COPD. METHODS We conducted 16S rRNA gene sequencing to explore the effect of erythromycin treatment on the lung and gut microbiota in mice with emphysema. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for lung metabolomics. A randomized controlled trial was performed to investigate the effect of 48-week erythromycin treatment on the airway and gut microbiota in COPD patients. RESULTS The mouse lung and gut microbiota were disrupted after cigarette smoke exposure. Erythromycin treatment depleted harmful bacteria and altered lung metabolism. Erythromycin treatment did not alter airway or gut microbial diversity in COPD patients. It reduced the abundance of pathogens, such as Burkholderia, in the airway of COPD patients and increased levels of symbiotic bacteria, such as Prevotella and Veillonella. The proportions of Blautia, Ruminococcus, and Lachnospiraceae in the gut were increased in COPD patients after erythromycin treatment. The time to the first exacerbation following treatment was significantly longer in the erythromycin treatment group than in the COPD group. CONCLUSION Long-term erythromycin treatment reduces airway and gut microbe abundance in COPD patients but does not affect microbial diversity and restores microbiota balance in COPD patients by reducing the abundance of pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangsheng Pei
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Liyan Guo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Siqiao Liang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fugang Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jingmin Deng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chunhai Qin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guiping People's Hospital, Guiping, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiyi He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Yang Y, Wang X, Yang M, Wei S, Li Y. Integrated Analysis of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Exposure and Metabolic Profiling of Elderly Residents Living near Industrial Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4104-4114. [PMID: 38373080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely used in industrial production, causing potential health risks to the residents living around chemical industrial plants; however, the lack of data on population exposure and adverse effects impedes our understanding and ability to prevent risks. In this study, we performed screening and association analysis on exogenous PFAS pollutants and endogenous small-molecule metabolites in the serum of elderly residents living near industrial plants. Exposure levels of 11 legacy and novel PFASs were determined. PFOA and PFOS were major contributors, and PFNA, PFHxS, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA also showed high detection frequencies. Association analysis among PFASs and 287 metabolites identified via non-target screening was performed with adjustments of covariates and false discovery rate. Strongly associated metabolites were predominantly lipid and lipid-like molecules. Steroid hormone biosynthesis, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and fatty-acid-related pathways, including biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid metabolism, α-linolenic acid metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis, were enriched as the metabolic pathways associated with mixed exposure to multiple PFASs, providing metabolic explanation and evidence for the potential mediating role of adverse health effects as a result of PFAS exposure. Our study achieved a comprehensive screening of PFAS exposure and associated metabolic profiling, demonstrating the promising application for integrated analysis of exposome and metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Minmin Yang
- Affiliated Qingdao Third People's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266041, People's Republic of China
| | - Si Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqian Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
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Yadav B, Bhattacharya SS, Rosen L, Nagpal R, Yadav H, Yadav JS. Oro-Respiratory Dysbiosis and Its Modulatory Effect on Lung Mucosal Toxicity during Exposure or Co-Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes and Cigarette Smoke. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:314. [PMID: 38334585 PMCID: PMC10856953 DOI: 10.3390/nano14030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The oro-respiratory microbiome is impacted by inhalable exposures such as smoking and has been associated with respiratory health conditions. However, the effect of emerging toxicants, particularly engineered nanoparticles, alone or in co-exposure with smoking, is poorly understood. Here, we investigated the impact of sub-chronic exposure to carbon nanotube (CNT) particles, cigarette smoke extract (CSE), and their combination. The oral, nasal, and lung microbiomes were characterized using 16S rRNA-based metagenomics. The exposures caused the following shifts in lung microbiota: CNT led to a change from Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes and Tenericutes; CSE caused a shift from Proteobacteria to Bacteroidetes; and co-exposure (CNT+CSE) had a mixed effect, maintaining higher numbers of Bacteroidetes (due to the CNT effect) and Tenericutes (due to the CSE effect) compared to the control group. Oral microbiome analysis revealed an abundance of the following genera: Acinetobacter (CNT), Staphylococcus, Aggregatibacter, Allobaculum, and Streptococcus (CSE), and Alkalibacterium (CNT+CSE). These proinflammatory microbial shifts correlated with changes in the relative expression of lung mucosal homeostasis/defense proteins, viz., aquaporin 1 (AQP-1), surfactant protein A (SP-A), mucin 5b (MUC5B), and IgA. Microbiota depletion reversed these perturbations, albeit to a varying extent, confirming the modulatory role of oro-respiratory dysbiosis in lung mucosal toxicity. This is the first demonstration of specific oro-respiratory microbiome constituents as potential modifiers of toxicant effects in exposed lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh Yadav
- Pulmonary Pathogenesis and Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA; (B.Y.)
| | - Sukanta S. Bhattacharya
- Pulmonary Pathogenesis and Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA; (B.Y.)
| | - Lauren Rosen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, UC Health University Hospital Laboratory Medicine Building, Suite 110234 Goodman Street, Cincinnati, OH 45219-0533, USA
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Hariom Yadav
- USF Center for Microbiome Research, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Internal Medicine-Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Jagjit S. Yadav
- Pulmonary Pathogenesis and Immunotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA; (B.Y.)
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Qu Z, Tian J, Sun J, Shi Y, Yu J, Zhang W, Zhuang C. Diallyl trisulfide inhibits 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced lung cancer via modulating gut microbiota and the PPARγ/NF-κB pathway. Food Funct 2024; 15:158-171. [PMID: 38086660 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03914e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Smoking is the primary risk factor for developing lung cancer. Chemoprevention could be a promising strategy to reduce the incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer. Recently, we reported that A/J mice exposed to tobacco smoke carcinogens displayed the reshaping of gut microbiota. Additionally, garlic oil was found to effectively inhibit the carcinogenic effects of tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in lung tumorigenesis. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), which is the predominant compound in garlic oil, exhibits various biological activities. To further explore the chemopreventive action and potential mechanism of DATS on lung tumorigenesis, we established a lung adenocarcinoma model in A/J mice stimulated by NNK. Subsequently, we employed multi-omics combined molecular biology technologies to clarify the mechanism. The results indicated that DATS significantly decreased the number of lung tumors in NNK induced A/J mice. Interestingly, we discovered that DATS could modulate gut microbiota, particularly increasing the abundance of F. rodentium, which has inhibitory effects on tumor growth. Mechanistically, DATS could activate the PPARγ pathway, leading to the negative regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and subsequent suppression of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory factors. Collectively, these findings provide support for DATS as a potential novel chemopreventive agent for tobacco carcinogen-induced lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Qu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China.
| | - Jiahui Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China.
| | - Jiachen Sun
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, 409 Guangrong Road, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Ying Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China.
| | - Jianqiang Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China.
| | - Wannian Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China.
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
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Sun M, Peng Z, Shen W, Guo X, Liao Y, Huang Y, Ye P, Hu M, Lin Q, Liu R. Synergism of Fusobacterium periodonticum and N-nitrosamines promote the formation of EMT subtypes in ESCC by modulating Wnt3a palmitoylation. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2391521. [PMID: 39193618 PMCID: PMC11364064 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2391521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
N-Nitrosamine disinfection by-products (NAs-DBPs) have been well proven for its role in esophageal carcinogenesis. However, the role of intratumoral microorganisms in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not yet been well explored in the context of exposure to NAs-DBPs. Here, the multi-omics integration reveals F. periodonticum (Fp) as "facilitators" is highly enriched in cancer tissues and promotes the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like subtype formation of ESCC. We demonstrate that Fp potently drives de novo synthesis of fatty acids, migration, invasion and EMT phenotype through its unique FadAL adhesin. However, N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine upregulates the transcription level of FadAL. Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation coupled to mass spectrometry shows that FadAL interacts with FLOT1. Furthermore, FLOT1 activates PI3K-AKT/FASN signaling pathway, leading to triglyceride and palmitic acid (PA) accumulation. Innovatively, the results from the acyl-biotin exchange demonstrate that FadAL-mediated PA accumulation enhances Wnt3A palmitoylation on a conserved cysteine residue, Cys-77, and promotes Wnt3A membrane localization and the translocation of β-catenin into the nucleus, further activating Wnt3A/β-catenin axis and inducing EMT phenotype. We therefore propose a "microbiota-cancer cell subpopulation" interaction model in the highly heterogeneous tumor microenvironment. This study unveils a mechanism by which Fp can drive ESCC and identifies FadAL as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenyan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weitao Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinxin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinghao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Ye
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mohan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Oncology, North China Petroleum Bureau General Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Renqiu, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Tian J, Zhao W, Wu Y, Shi Y, Yu J, Zhang W, Xing C, Zhuang C, Qu Z. Diallyl Disulfide Blocks Cigarette Carcinogen 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-Induced Lung Tumorigenesis via Activation of the Nrf2 Antioxidant System and Suppression of NF-κB Inflammatory Response. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:17763-17774. [PMID: 37956253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemoprevention is a potential strategy to reduce lung cancer incidence and death. Recently, we reported that garlic oil significantly inhibits 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung tumorigenesis. Diallyl disulfide (DADS) is a bioactive ingredient in garlic. Our goal was to examine the chemopreventive effectiveness and mechanism of DADS on NNK-triggered lung cancer in vivo and in vitro in the current investigation. The results indicated that DADS significantly reduced the number of lung nodules in the NNK-induced A/J mice. Consistent with the in vivo results, DADS markedly inhibited NNK-induced decrease of MRC-5 cells' viability. Mechanistically, DADS could promote Nrf2 dissociated from the Keap1-Nrf2 complex and accelerate Nrf2 nuclear translocation, which in turn upregulates its downstream target genes. Besides, DADS further inhibited the NF-κB signaling cascade, thus reducing the accumulation of inflammatory factors. Collectively, these discoveries supported the potential of DADS as a novel candidate for the chemoprevention of tobacco-carcinogen-induced lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Wenli Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Yanran Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Ying Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Jianqiang Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
| | - Wannian Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhuo Qu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750004, China
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11
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Cai JA, Zhang YZ, Yu ED, Ding WQ, Li ZS, Zhong L, Cai QC. Association of cigarette smoking with risk of colorectal cancer subtypes classified by gut microbiota. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:99. [PMID: 37529669 PMCID: PMC10377954 DOI: 10.18332/tid/168515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both cigarette smoking and gut microbiota play important roles in colorectal carcinogenesis. We explored whether the association between smoking and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk varies by gut microbial enterotypes and how smoking-related enterotypes promote colorectal carcinogenesis. METHODS A case-control study was conducted. Fecal microbiota was determined by 16S rDNA sequencing. The cases with CRC or adenoma were subclassified by gut microbiota enterotypes. Multivariate analyses were used to test associations between smoking and the odds of colorectal neoplasm subtypes. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to find differential genera, genes, and pathways between the subtypes. RESULTS Included in the study were 130 CRC patients (type I: n=77; type II: n=53), 120 adenoma patients (type I: n=66; type II: n=54), and 130 healthy participants. Smoking increased the odds for type II tumors significantly (all p for trend <0.05) but not for type I tumors. The associations of smoking with increased odds of colorectal neoplasm significantly differed by gut microbiota enterotypes (p<0.05 for heterogeneity). An increase in carcinogenic bacteria (genus Escherichia shigella) and a decrease in probiotics (family Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae) in type II tumors may drive disease progression by upregulating oncogenic signaling pathways and inflammatory/oxidative stress response pathways, as well as protein phospholipase D1/2, cytochrome C, and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Smoking was associated with a higher odds of type II colorectal neoplasms but not type I tumors, supporting a potential role for the gut microbiota in mediating the association between smoking and colorectal neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-An Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, 928 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Force, Haikou, China
| | - En-Da Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Qun Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Shen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan-Cai Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Shanghai, China
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12
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Huang YJ, Tsai MS, Panyod S, Liu PY, Lu KH, Weng CY, Huang HS, Hsu CC, Sheen LY. Garlic essential oil ameliorates depression-like behaviors in unpredictable chronic mild stress by modulating the brain NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and influencing the gut barrier and microbiota. Food Funct 2023; 14:6998-7010. [PMID: 37435927 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00270e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a severe mental disorder, with approximately 300 million people suffering from it. Recent studies have demonstrated that chronic neuroinflammation is significantly associated with intestinal flora and barrier function in depression. As a therapeutic herb, garlic (Allium sativum L.) has detoxification, antibacterial activity, and antiinflammatory functions; however, its antidepressant effect through gut microbiota and barrier function has not been reported yet. The present study investigated the effect of garlic essential oil (GEO) and its active constituent diallyl disulfide (DADS) on depressive behavior by attenuating the NLRP3 inflammasome, alternating intestinal barrier function and gut microbiota in an unpredictable chronic mild stress (US) model in rats. This study found that dopamine and serotonin turnover rates were reduced significantly with a low dose of GEO (25 mg per kg bw). The GEO groups effectively reversed sucrose preference and increased the total distance traveled in the behavioral test. Moreover, 25 mg per kg bw GEO inhibited the UCMS-induced activated inflammatory response, reflected by reduced expression in the frontal cortex of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, and its downstream IL-1β proteins, as well as the concentration of IL-1β and TNF-α in the serum. Supplementation with GEO increased the expression of occludin and ZO-1 and the concentration of short-chain fatty acids to influence the impact of intestinal permeability in depressive conditions. The results revealed that GEO administration caused significant changes in the α and β diversity and abundance of certain bacteria. At the genus level, GEO administration significantly increased the relative abundance, particularly beneficial SCFA-producing bacteria, and may improve depression-like behavior. In conclusion, these results indicated the antidepressant effects of GEO involved in the inflammatory pathway, short-chain fatty acids, intestinal integrity, and intestinal composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ju Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 710301, Taiwan
| | - Min-Shiuan Tsai
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan.
| | - Suraphan Panyod
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Yu Liu
- School of Medicine, College of Medcine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Lu
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100025, Taiwan
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100025, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Weng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Syuan Huang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Yan Sheen
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan.
- Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan
- National Center for Food Safety Education and Research, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106216, Taiwan
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13
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Fan J, Zhou Y, Meng R, Tang J, Zhu J, Aldrich MC, Cox NJ, Zhu Y, Li Y, Zhou D. Cross-talks between gut microbiota and tobacco smoking: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. BMC Med 2023; 21:163. [PMID: 37118782 PMCID: PMC10148467 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02863-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considerable evidence has been reported that tobacco use could cause alterations in gut microbiota composition. The microbiota-gut-brain axis also in turn hinted at a possible contribution of the gut microbiota to smoking. However, population-level studies with a higher evidence level for causality are lacking. METHODS This study utilized the summary-level data of respective genome-wide association study (GWAS) for 211 gut microbial taxa and five smoking phenotypes to reveal the causal association between the gut microbiota and tobacco smoking. Two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) design was deployed and comprehensively sensitive analyses were followed to validate the robustness of results. We further performed multivariable MR to evaluate the effect of neurotransmitter-associated metabolites on observed associations. RESULTS Our univariable MR results confirmed the effects of smoking on three taxa (Intestinimonas, Catenibacterium, and Ruminococcaceae, observed from previous studies) with boosted evidence level and identified another 13 taxa which may be causally affected by tobacco smoking. As for the other direction, we revealed that smoking behaviors could be potential consequence of specific taxa abundance. Combining with existing observational evidence, we provided novel insights regarding a positive feedback loop of smoking through Actinobacteria and indicated a potential mechanism for the link between parental smoking and early smoking initiation of their children driven by Bifidobacterium. The multivariable MR results suggested that neurotransmitter-associated metabolites (tryptophan and tyrosine, also supported by previous studies) probably played a role in the action pathway from the gut microbiota to smoking, especially for Actinobacteria and Peptococcus. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the current study suggested the role of the specific gut microbes on the risk for cigarette smoking (likely involving alterations in metabolites) and in turn smoking on specific gut microbes. Our findings highlighted the hazards of tobacco use for gut flora dysbiosis and shed light on the potential role of specific gut microbiota for smoking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Fan
- School of Public Health and the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, 481 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ran Meng
- School of Public Health and the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinsong Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, 481 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Melinda C Aldrich
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nancy J Cox
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yingjun Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, 481 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Dan Zhou
- School of Public Health and the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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14
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Cicchinelli S, Rosa F, Manca F, Zanza C, Ojetti V, Covino M, Candelli M, Gasbarrini A, Franceschi F, Piccioni A. The Impact of Smoking on Microbiota: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041144. [PMID: 37189762 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke is a classic risk factor for many diseases. The microbiota has been recently indicated as a new, major player in human health. Its deregulation-dysbiosis-is considered a new risk factor for several illnesses. Some studies highlight a cross-interaction between these two risk factors-smoke and dysbiosis-that may explain the pathogenesis of some diseases. We searched the keywords "smoking OR smoke AND microbiota" in the title of articles on PubMed®, UptoDate®, and Cochrane®. We included articles published in English over the last 25 years. We collected approximately 70 articles, grouped into four topics: oral cavity, airways, gut, and other organs. Smoke may impair microbiota homeostasis through the same harmful mechanisms exerted on the host cells. Surprisingly, dysbiosis and its consequences affect not only those organs that are in direct contact with the smoke, such as the oral cavity or the airways, but also involve distant organs, such as the gut, heart, vessels, and genitourinary tract. These observations yield a deeper insight into the mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of smoke-related diseases, suggesting a role of dysbiosis. We speculate that modulation of the microbiota may help prevent and treat some of these illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cicchinelli
- Department of Emergency, Ospedale SS. Filippo e Nicola, 67051 Avezzano, Italy
| | - Federico Rosa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Federica Manca
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Christian Zanza
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Emergency Medicine, Ospedale Michele e Pietro Ferrero, 12060 Cuneo, Italy
| | - Veronica Ojetti
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedale San Carlo di Nancy, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Covino
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Marcello Candelli
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Franceschi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Piccioni
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
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15
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Chen P, Hu T, Jiang H, Li B, Li G, Ran P, Zhou Y. Chronic exposure to ampicillin alters lung microbial composition in laboratory rat. Exp Lung Res 2023; 49:116-130. [PMID: 37318203 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2023.2219790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-throughput sequencing technologies have revealed that the lungs contain a variety of low biomass microbiota associated with various lung diseases. Rat model is an important tool to understand the possible causal relationship between pulmonary microbiota and diseases. Antibiotic exposure can alter the microbiota, however, a direct influence of long-term ampicillin exposure on commensal bacteria of healthy lungs has not been investigated, which could be useful in the study of the relation between microbiome and long-term lung diseases, especially in animal model-making of lung diseases. METHODS The rats were aerosolized ampicillin of different concentrations for five months, and then the effect on the lung microbiota was investigated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS The ampicillin treatment by a certain concentration (LA5, 0.2 ml of 5 mg/ml ampicillin) administration leads to profound changes in the rat lung microbiota but not in the low critical ampicillin concentration (LA01 and LA1, 0.1 and 1 mg/ml ampicillin), when compared to the untreated group (LC). The genus Acidobacteria_Gp16 dominated the ampicillin treated lung microbiota while the genera Brucella, Acinetobacter, Acidobacteria_Gp14, Sphingomonas, and Tumebacillus dominated the untreated lung microbiota. The predicted KEGG pathway analysis profile revealed some difference in the ampicillin treated group. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrated the effects of different concentrations of ampicillin treatment on lung microbiota of rats in a relatively long term. It could serve as a basis for the clinical use of antibiotic and the use of ampicillin to control certain bacteria in the animal model-making of respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Chen
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Hu
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Haonan Jiang
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Bing Li
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Cell Fate Regulation and Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Guiying Li
- Shool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Pixin Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yumin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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16
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Upreti D, Ishiguro S, Phillips M, Nakashima A, Suzuki K, Comer J, Tamura M. Euglena gracilis Extract Protects From Tobacco Smoke Carcinogen-Induced Lung Cancer by Altering Gut Microbiota Metabolome. Integr Cancer Ther 2023; 22:15347354231195323. [PMID: 37646331 PMCID: PMC10469252 DOI: 10.1177/15347354231195323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracts from Euglena gracilis have been shown to prevent cancer growth in mouse models. However, the molecular mechanism of this anti-cancer activity has not been determined nor has the effect of Euglena extracts on tobacco smoke carcinogen-induced carcinogenesis. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that this anti-cancer activity is a result of changes in the intestinal microbiota induced by oral administration of the extract. We found that a Euglena gracilis water extract prevents lung tumorigenesis induced by a tobacco smoke-specific carcinogen (NNK) in mice treated either 2 weeks before or 10 weeks after NNK injection. Both of these treatment regimens are associated with significant increases in 27 microbiota metabolites found in the mouse feces, including large increases in triethanolamine, salicylate, desaminotyrosine, N-acetylserine, glycolate, and aspartate. Increases in the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) including acetate, propionate and butyrate are also observed. We also detected a significant attenuation of lung carcinoma cell growth through the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis caused by low levels of SCFAs. This study provides strong evidence of anti-cancer activity in Euglena gracilis extracts against tobacco smoke carcinogen-induced tumorigenesis and demonstrates that this activity is linked to increased production of specific gut microbiota metabolites and the resultant induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of lung carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Upreti
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Susumu Ishiguro
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Morgan Phillips
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Comer
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Masaaki Tamura
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS, USA
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17
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Stella GM, Scialò F, Bortolotto C, Agustoni F, Sanci V, Saddi J, Casali L, Corsico AG, Bianco A. Pragmatic Expectancy on Microbiota and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Narrative Review. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133131. [PMID: 35804901 PMCID: PMC9264919 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that lung cancer relies on a number of genes aberrantly expressed because of somatic lesions. Indeed, the lungs, based on their anatomical features, are organs at a high risk of development of extremely heterogeneous tumors due to the exposure to several environmental toxic agents. In this context, the microbiome identifies the whole assemblage of microorganisms present in the lungs, as well as in distant organs, together with their structural elements and metabolites, which actively interact with normal and transformed cells. A relevant amount of data suggest that the microbiota plays a role not only in cancer disease predisposition and risk but also in its initiation and progression, with an impact on patients’ prognosis. Here, we discuss the mechanistic insights of the complex interaction between lung cancer and microbiota as a relevant component of the microenvironment, mainly focusing on novel diagnostic and therapeutic objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Maria Stella
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.S.); (A.G.C.)
- Unit of Respiratory Diseases IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Filippo Scialò
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.S.); (A.B.)
- Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a.r.l., 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Chandra Bortolotto
- Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Unit of Radiology, Department of Intensive Medicine, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Agustoni
- Unit of Oncology, Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Sanci
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.S.); (A.G.C.)
- Unit of Respiratory Diseases IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Jessica Saddi
- Radiation Therapy IRCCS Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Lucio Casali
- Honorary Consultant Student Support and Services, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Angelo Guido Corsico
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia Medical School, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (V.S.); (A.G.C.)
- Unit of Respiratory Diseases IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Bianco
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (F.S.); (A.B.)
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18
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Jia Y, He T, Wu D, Tong J, Zhu J, Li Z, Dong J. The treatment of Qibai Pingfei Capsule on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may be mediated by Th17/Treg balance and gut-lung axis microbiota. Lab Invest 2022; 20:281. [PMID: 35729584 PMCID: PMC9210581 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03481-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a prevalent, progressive respiratory disease, has become the third leading cause of death globally. Increasing evidence suggests that intestinal and pulmonary microbiota dysbiosis is associated with COPD. Researchers have shown that T helper (Th) 17/regulatory T (Treg) imbalance is involved in COPD. Qibai Pingfei Capsule (QBPF) is a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat COPD clinically in China. However, the effects of QBPF intervention on the Th17/Treg balance and microbiota in the gut and lung are still poorly understood. METHODS This study divided the rats into three groups (n = 8): control, model, and QBPF group. After establishing the model of COPD for four weeks and administering of QBPF for two weeks, Th17 cells, Treg cells, their associated cytokines, transcription factors, and intestinal and pulmonary microbiota of rats were analyzed. Furthermore, the correlations between intestinal and pulmonary microbiota and between bacterial genera and pulmonary function and immune function were measured. RESULTS The results revealed that QBPF could improve pulmonary function and contribute to the new balance of Th17/Treg in COPD rats. Meanwhile, QBPF treatment could regulate the composition of intestinal and pulmonary microbiota and improve community structure in COPD rats, suppressing the relative abundance of Coprococcus_2, Prevotella_9, and Blautia in the gut and Mycoplasma in the lung, but accumulating the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae_UCG_003 in the gut and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group in the lung. Additionally, gut-lung axis was confirmed by the significant correlations between the intestinal and pulmonary microbiota. Functional analysis of microbiota showed amino acid metabolism was altered in COPD rats in the gut and lung. Spearman correlation analysis further enriched the relationship between the microbiota in the gut and lung and pulmonary function and immune function in COPD model rats. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated that the therapeutic effects of QBPF may be achieved by maintaining the immune cell balance and regulating the gut-lung axis microbiota, providing references to explore the potential biomarkers of COPD and the possible mechanism of QBPF to treat COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jia
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No.1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tiantian He
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No.1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Control on Respiratory Disease, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, No. 117, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiabing Tong
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Control on Respiratory Disease, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, No. 117, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, No.1, Qianjiang Road, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Control on Respiratory Disease, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, No. 117, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Zegeng Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Control on Respiratory Disease, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, No. 117, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China. .,Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Jingcheng Dong
- Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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19
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The regulatory effect of fermented black barley on the gut microbiota and metabolic dysbiosis in mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Yang L, Yu S, Qin X, Li Z. Analysis of inter-individual variability of antitussive effect of Farfarae Flos and its fecal metabolites based on gut microbiota. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 217:114836. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Hudlikar RR, Sargsyan D, Cheng D, Kuo HCD, Wu R, Su X, Kong AN. Tobacco carcinogen 4-[methyl(nitroso)amino]-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone (NNK) drives metabolic rewiring and epigenetic reprograming in A/J mice lung cancer model and prevention with diallyl sulphide (DAS). Carcinogenesis 2022; 43:140-149. [PMID: 34888630 PMCID: PMC8947221 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of biomarkers in lung cancer is one of the best preventive strategies. Although many attempts have been made to understand the early events of lung carcinogenesis including cigarette smoking (CS) induced lung carcinogenesis, the integrative metabolomics and next-generation sequencing approaches are lacking. In this study, we treated the female A/J mice with CS carcinogen 4-[methyl(nitroso)amino]-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and naturally occurring organosulphur compound, diallyl sulphide (DAS) for 2 and 4 weeks after NNK injection and examined the metabolomic and DNA CpG methylomic and RNA transcriptomic profiles in the lung tissues. NNK drives metabolic changes including mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) metabolites and pathways including Nicotine and its derivatives like nicotinamide and nicotinic acid. RNA-seq analysis and Reactome pathway analysis demonstrated metabolism pathways including Phase I and II drug metabolizing enzymes, mitochondrial oxidation and signaling kinase activation pathways modulated in a sequential manner. DNA CpG methyl-seq analyses showed differential global methylation patterns of lung tissues from week 2 versus week 4 in A/J mice including Adenylate Cyclase 6 (ADCY6), Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3 (Rac3). Oral DAS treatment partially reversed some of the mitochondrial metabolic pathways, global methylation and transcriptomic changes during this early lung carcinogenesis stage. In summary, our result provides insights into CS carcinogen NNK's effects on driving alterations of metabolomics, epigenomics and transcriptomics and the chemopreventive effect of DAS in early stages of sequential lung carcinogenesis in A/J mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika R Hudlikar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Davit Sargsyan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - David Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Hsiao-Chen Dina Kuo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Renyi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Su
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Ah-Ng Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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22
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Zhang L, Qu Z, Song A, Yang J, Yu J, Zhang W, Zhuang C. Garlic oil blocks tobacco carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung tumorigenesis by inducing phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 157:112581. [PMID: 34562529 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer caused one-quarter of all cancer deaths that was more than other cancers. Chemoprevention is a potential strategy to reducing lung cancer incidence and death, and the effective chemopreventive agents are needed. We investigated the efficacy and mechanism of garlic oil (GO), the garlic product, in the chemoprevention of tobacco carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)-induced lung cancer in A/J mice and MRC-5 cell models in the present study. As a result, it was demonstrated that GO significantly inhibited the NNK-induced lung cancer in vivo and protected MRC-5 cells from NNK-induced cell damage. GO could induce the expressions of the phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes, including NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO-1), glutathione S-transferase alpha 1 (GSTA1), and antioxidative enzymes heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). These results supported the potential of GO as a novel candidate agent for the chemoprevention of tobacco carcinogens induced lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Zhuo Qu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Aiwei Song
- Montverde Academy Shanghai, 508 South Hanqing Road, Shanghai, 201201, China
| | - Jianhong Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jianqiang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Wannian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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