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Pezacki AT, Gonciarz RL, Okamura T, Matier CD, Torrente L, Cheng K, Miller SG, Ralle M, Ward NP, DeNicola GM, Renslo AR, Chang CJ. A tandem activity-based sensing and labeling strategy reveals antioxidant response element regulation of labile iron pools. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2401579121. [PMID: 38968123 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2401579121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for life owing to its ability to participate in a diverse array of oxidation-reduction reactions. However, misregulation of iron-dependent redox cycling can also produce oxidative stress, contributing to cell growth, proliferation, and death pathways underlying aging, cancer, neurodegeneration, and metabolic diseases. Fluorescent probes that selectively monitor loosely bound Fe(II) ions, termed the labile iron pool, are potentially powerful tools for studies of this metal nutrient; however, the dynamic spatiotemporal nature and potent fluorescence quenching capacity of these bioavailable metal stores pose challenges for their detection. Here, we report a tandem activity-based sensing and labeling strategy that enables imaging of labile iron pools in live cells through enhancement in cellular retention. Iron green-1 fluoromethyl (IG1-FM) reacts selectively with Fe(II) using an endoperoxide trigger to release a quinone methide dye for subsequent attachment to proximal biological nucleophiles, providing a permanent fluorescent stain at sites of elevated labile iron. IG1-FM imaging reveals that degradation of the major iron storage protein ferritin through ferritinophagy expands the labile iron pool, while activation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) antioxidant response elements (AREs) depletes it. We further show that lung cancer cells with heightened NRF2 activation, and thus lower basal labile iron, have reduced viability when treated with an iron chelator. By connecting labile iron pools and NRF2-ARE activity to a druggable metal-dependent vulnerability in cancer, this work provides a starting point for broader investigations into the roles of transition metal and antioxidant signaling pathways in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan T Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Ryan L Gonciarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Toshitaka Okamura
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Carson D Matier
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Laura Torrente
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Sophia G Miller
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Martina Ralle
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Nathan P Ward
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Gina M DeNicola
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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2
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Liu P, Shui X, Shi M, Kang M, Liu Y, Yang X, Zhang G. The comparative study of two new Schiff bases derived from 5-(thiophene-2-yl)isoxazole as "Off-On-Off" fluorescence sensors for the sequential detection of Ga 3+ and Fe 3+ ions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 315:124247. [PMID: 38599023 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Two new Schiff bases, TIC ((E)-N'-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)-5-(thiophene-2-yl)isoxazole-3-carbohydrazide) and TIE ((E)-N'-(3-ethoxy-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-5-(thiophene-2-yl)isoxazole-3-carbohydrazide), have been designed and synthesized as chemosensors for distinct recognition of Ga3+ and Fe3+ ions. TIE demonstrated a prominent "turn on" response characterized by clear distinguished fluorescence when coordination with Ga3+ ions in the DMSO/H2O buffer solution. In comparison, TIC also showed "turn on" response of blue fluorescence which was more selective and sensitive than that of TIE due to the steric hindrance of ethoxy group of TIE. The newly formed complexes TIC-Ga3+ and TIE-Ga3+ may act as selective "turn-off" fluorescent probes towards Fe3+ ions. Limits of detection of TIC and TIE towards Ga3+ ions were 7.8809 × 10-9 M and 2.6277 × 10-8 M, respectively. Limits of detection of TIC-Ga3+ and TIE-Ga3+ towards Fe3+ ions were 8.6562 × 10-9 M and 3.3764 × 10-7 M, respectively. The molar ratio of the complex between the sensor and Ga3+ or Fe3+ ions were all 1:2 determined through Job's Plot, mass spectrometry, and theoretical calculations. Both sensors were utilized for the determination of target ions in environment water samples, and the portable paper sensors for detecting Ga3+ ions have been successfully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiaoxing Shui
- Henan Sanmenxia Aoke Chemical Industry Co. Ltd., Sanmenxia 472000, China.
| | - Manman Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Mingyi Kang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yuanying Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Guangyou Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
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3
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Berndt C, Alborzinia H, Amen VS, Ayton S, Barayeu U, Bartelt A, Bayir H, Bebber CM, Birsoy K, Böttcher JP, Brabletz S, Brabletz T, Brown AR, Brüne B, Bulli G, Bruneau A, Chen Q, DeNicola GM, Dick TP, Distéfano A, Dixon SJ, Engler JB, Esser-von Bieren J, Fedorova M, Friedmann Angeli JP, Friese MA, Fuhrmann DC, García-Sáez AJ, Garbowicz K, Götz M, Gu W, Hammerich L, Hassannia B, Jiang X, Jeridi A, Kang YP, Kagan VE, Konrad DB, Kotschi S, Lei P, Le Tertre M, Lev S, Liang D, Linkermann A, Lohr C, Lorenz S, Luedde T, Methner A, Michalke B, Milton AV, Min J, Mishima E, Müller S, Motohashi H, Muckenthaler MU, Murakami S, Olzmann JA, Pagnussat G, Pan Z, Papagiannakopoulos T, Pedrera Puentes L, Pratt DA, Proneth B, Ramsauer L, Rodriguez R, Saito Y, Schmidt F, Schmitt C, Schulze A, Schwab A, Schwantes A, Soula M, Spitzlberger B, Stockwell BR, Thewes L, Thorn-Seshold O, Toyokuni S, Tonnus W, Trumpp A, Vandenabeele P, Vanden Berghe T, Venkataramani V, Vogel FCE, von Karstedt S, Wang F, Westermann F, Wientjens C, Wilhelm C, Wölk M, Wu K, Yang X, Yu F, Zou Y, Conrad M. Ferroptosis in health and disease. Redox Biol 2024; 75:103211. [PMID: 38908072 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a pervasive non-apoptotic form of cell death highly relevant in various degenerative diseases and malignancies. The hallmark of ferroptosis is uncontrolled and overwhelming peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids contained in membrane phospholipids, which eventually leads to rupture of the plasma membrane. Ferroptosis is unique in that it is essentially a spontaneous, uncatalyzed chemical process based on perturbed iron and redox homeostasis contributing to the cell death process, but that it is nonetheless modulated by many metabolic nodes that impinge on the cells' susceptibility to ferroptosis. Among the various nodes affecting ferroptosis sensitivity, several have emerged as promising candidates for pharmacological intervention, rendering ferroptosis-related proteins attractive targets for the treatment of numerous currently incurable diseases. Herein, the current members of a Germany-wide research consortium focusing on ferroptosis research, as well as key external experts in ferroptosis who have made seminal contributions to this rapidly growing and exciting field of research, have gathered to provide a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review on ferroptosis. Specific topics include: basic mechanisms, in vivo relevance, specialized methodologies, chemical and pharmacological tools, and the potential contribution of ferroptosis to disease etiopathology and progression. We hope that this article will not only provide established scientists and newcomers to the field with an overview of the multiple facets of ferroptosis, but also encourage additional efforts to characterize further molecular pathways modulating ferroptosis, with the ultimate goal to develop novel pharmacotherapies to tackle the various diseases associated with - or caused by - ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Berndt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hamed Alborzinia
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM GGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vera Skafar Amen
- Rudolf Virchow Zentrum, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging - University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Scott Ayton
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Uladzimir Barayeu
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Alexander Bartelt
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Hülya Bayir
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Christina M Bebber
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Translational Genomics, Cologne, Germany; CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kivanc Birsoy
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Jan P Böttcher
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany
| | - Simone Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Ashley R Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry1-Pathobiochemistry, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Giorgia Bulli
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alix Bruneau
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Quan Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Gina M DeNicola
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tobias P Dick
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Germany; Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ayelén Distéfano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET, National University of Mar Del Plata, Argentina
| | - Scott J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jan B Engler
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | | | - Maria Fedorova
- Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of TU Dresden, Germany
| | - José Pedro Friedmann Angeli
- Rudolf Virchow Zentrum, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging - University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Dominic C Fuhrmann
- Institute of Biochemistry1-Pathobiochemistry, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Ana J García-Sáez
- Institute for Genetics, CECAD, University of Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - Magdalena Götz
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | - Wei Gu
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, And Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Linda Hammerich
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Xuejun Jiang
- Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Aicha Jeridi
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Helmholtz Munich, Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - Yun Pyo Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
| | | | - David B Konrad
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Kotschi
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Marlène Le Tertre
- Center for Translational Biomedical Iron Research, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Sima Lev
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Deguang Liang
- Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carolin Lohr
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Svenja Lorenz
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Axel Methner
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | - Anna V Milton
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Junxia Min
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Eikan Mishima
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | | | - Hozumi Motohashi
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Shohei Murakami
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - James A Olzmann
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gabriela Pagnussat
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, CONICET, National University of Mar Del Plata, Argentina
| | - Zijan Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Bettina Proneth
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas Ramsauer
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Germany
| | | | - Yoshiro Saito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Felix Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany
| | - Carina Schmitt
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Almut Schulze
- Division of Tumour Metabolism and Microenvironment, DKFZ Heidelberg and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annemarie Schwab
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Anna Schwantes
- Institute of Biochemistry1-Pathobiochemistry, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Mariluz Soula
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Benedikt Spitzlberger
- Department of Immunobiology, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland; Center of Allergy and Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leonie Thewes
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan; Center for Integrated Sciences of Low-temperature Plasma Core Research (iPlasma Core), Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Wulf Tonnus
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM GGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Vanden Berghe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vivek Venkataramani
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix C E Vogel
- Division of Tumour Metabolism and Microenvironment, DKFZ Heidelberg and DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silvia von Karstedt
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Translational Genomics, Cologne, Germany; CECAD Cluster of Excellence, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Germany
| | - Fudi Wang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Chantal Wientjens
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Wilhelm
- Immunopathology Unit, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Michele Wölk
- Center of Membrane Biochemistry and Lipid Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine of TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Katherine Wu
- Department of Pathology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, NY, USA
| | - Xin Yang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, And Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fan Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yilong Zou
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China; Westlake Four-Dimensional Dynamic Metabolomics (Meta4D) Laboratory, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany.
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4
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Grover K, Koblova A, Pezacki AT, Chang CJ, New EJ. Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes for Binding- and Activity-Based Sensing of Redox-Active Biological Metals. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5846-5929. [PMID: 38657175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Although transition metals constitute less than 0.1% of the total mass within a human body, they have a substantial impact on fundamental biological processes across all kingdoms of life. Indeed, these nutrients play crucial roles in the physiological functions of enzymes, with the redox properties of many of these metals being essential to their activity. At the same time, imbalances in transition metal pools can be detrimental to health. Modern analytical techniques are helping to illuminate the workings of metal homeostasis at a molecular and atomic level, their spatial localization in real time, and the implications of metal dysregulation in disease pathogenesis. Fluorescence microscopy has proven to be one of the most promising non-invasive methods for studying metal pools in biological samples. The accuracy and sensitivity of bioimaging experiments are predominantly determined by the fluorescent metal-responsive sensor, highlighting the importance of rational probe design for such measurements. This review covers activity- and binding-based fluorescent metal sensors that have been applied to cellular studies. We focus on the essential redox-active metals: iron, copper, manganese, cobalt, chromium, and nickel. We aim to encourage further targeted efforts in developing innovative approaches to understanding the biological chemistry of redox-active metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karandeep Grover
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Alla Koblova
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Aidan T Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Elizabeth J New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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5
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Liao F, Yang W, Long L, Yu R, Qu H, Peng Y, Lu J, Ren C, Wang Y, Fu C. Elucidating Iron Metabolism through Molecular Imaging. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2798-2818. [PMID: 38666905 PMCID: PMC11049567 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron is essential for many physiological processes, and the dysregulation of its metabolism is implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Recent advances in iron metabolism research have revealed multiple complex pathways critical for maintaining iron homeostasis. Molecular imaging, an interdisciplinary imaging technique, has shown considerable promise in advancing research on iron metabolism. Here, we comprehensively review the multifaceted roles of iron at the cellular and systemic levels (along with the complex regulatory mechanisms of iron metabolism), elucidate appropriate imaging methods, and summarize their utility and fundamental principles in diagnosing and treating diseases related to iron metabolism. Utilizing molecular imaging technology to deeply understand the complexities of iron metabolism and its critical role in physiological and pathological processes offers new possibilities for early disease diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and the development of novel therapies. Despite technological limitations and the need to ensure the biological relevance and clinical applicability of imaging results, molecular imaging technology's potential to reveal the iron metabolic process is unparalleled, providing new insights into the link between iron metabolism abnormalities and various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Liao
- Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China; (F.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.P.); (J.L.); (C.R.)
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (W.Y.); (L.L.); (H.Q.)
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (W.Y.); (L.L.); (H.Q.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Linzi Long
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (W.Y.); (L.L.); (H.Q.)
| | - Ruotong Yu
- Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China; (F.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.P.); (J.L.); (C.R.)
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (W.Y.); (L.L.); (H.Q.)
| | - Hua Qu
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (W.Y.); (L.L.); (H.Q.)
| | - Yuxuan Peng
- Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China; (F.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.P.); (J.L.); (C.R.)
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (W.Y.); (L.L.); (H.Q.)
| | - Jieming Lu
- Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China; (F.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.P.); (J.L.); (C.R.)
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (W.Y.); (L.L.); (H.Q.)
| | - Chenghuan Ren
- Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100105, China; (F.L.); (R.Y.); (Y.P.); (J.L.); (C.R.)
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (W.Y.); (L.L.); (H.Q.)
| | - Yueqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Changgeng Fu
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100091, China; (W.Y.); (L.L.); (H.Q.)
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Brøndsted F, Fang Y, Li L, Zhou X, Grant S, Stains CI. Single Atom Stabilization of Phosphinate Ester-Containing Rhodamines Yields Cell Permeable Probes for Turn-On Photoacoustic Imaging. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303038. [PMID: 37852935 PMCID: PMC10926271 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging imaging technique that uses pulsed laser excitation with near-infrared (NIR) light to elicit local temperature increases through non-radiative relaxation events, ultimately leading to the production of ultrasound waves. The classical xanthene dye scaffold has found numerous applications in fluorescence imaging, however, xanthenes are rarely utilized for PAI since they do not typically display NIR absorbance. Herein, we report the ability of Nebraska Red (NR) xanthene dyes to produce photoacoustic (PA) signal and provide a rational design approach to reduce the hydrolysis rate of ester containing dyes, affording cell permeable probes. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we construct the first cell permeable rhodamine-based, turn-on PAI imaging probe for hypochlorous acid (HOCl) with maximal absorbance within the range of commercial PA instrumentation. This probe, termed SNR700 -HOCl, is capable of detecting exogenous HOCl in mice. This work provides a new set of rhodamine-based PAI agents as well as a rational design approach to stabilize esterified versions of NR dyes with desirable properties for PAI. In the long term, the reagents described herein could be utilized to enable non-invasive imaging of HOCl in disease-relevant model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Brøndsted
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 22904, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 22904, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 23298, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xinqi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 68588, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Current Address: Department of Chemistry, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Steven Grant
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 23298, Richmond, VA, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 23298, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Cliff I Stains
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 22904, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, 22908, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Virginia Drug Discovery Consortium, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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7
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Abstract
Recently developed molecular imaging approaches can be used to visualize specific host responses and pathology in a quest to image infections where few microbe-specific tracers have been developed and in recognition that host responses contribute to morbidity and mortality in their own right. Here we highlight several recent examples of these imaging approaches adapted for imaging infections. The early successes and new avenues described here encompass diverse imaging modalities and leverage diverse aspects of the host response to infection-including inflammation, tissue injury and healing, and key nutrients during host-pathogen interactions. Clearly, these approaches merit further preclinical and clinical study as they are complementary and orthogonal to the pathogen-focused imaging modalities currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Foss
- Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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8
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Zeng F, Nijiati S, Tang L, Ye J, Zhou Z, Chen X. Ferroptosis Detection: From Approaches to Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300379. [PMID: 36828775 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the intricate molecular machinery that governs ferroptosis and leveraging this accumulating knowledge could facilitate disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Emerging approaches for the in situ detection of the major regulators and biological events across cellular, tissue, and in living subjects provide a multiscale perspective for studying ferroptosis. Furthermore, advanced applications that integrate ferroptosis detection and the latest technologies hold tremendous promise in ferroptosis research. In this review, we first briefly summarize the mechanisms and key regulators underlying ferroptosis. Ferroptosis detection approaches are then presented to delineate their design, mechanisms of action, and applications. Special interest is placed on advanced ferroptosis applications that integrate multifunctional platforms. Finally, we discuss the prospects and challenges of ferroptosis detection approaches and applications, with the aim of providing a roadmap for the theranostic development of a broad range of ferroptosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fantian Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Sureya Nijiati
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Longguang Tang
- Affiliated Gaozhou People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, 524023, China
| | - Jinmin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zijian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
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9
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Xiao G, Li H, Zhao M, Zhou B. Assessing metal ion transporting activity of ZIPs: Intracellular zinc and iron detection. Methods Enzymol 2023; 687:157-184. [PMID: 37666631 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Zrt/Irt-like proteins (ZIPs or SLC39A) are a large family of metal ion transporters mainly responsible for zinc uptake. Some ZIPs have been shown to specifically transport zinc, whereas others have broader substrate specificity in divalent metal ion trafficking, notably those of zinc and iron ions. Measuring intracellular zinc and iron levels helps assess their molecular and physiological activities. This chapter presents step-by-step methods for evaluating intracellular metal ion concentrations, including direct measurement using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), chemical staining, fluorescent probes, and indirect reporter assays such as activity analysis of enzymes whose activities are dependent on metal ion availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiran Xiao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Huihui Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Mengran Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, P.R. China.
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10
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Li A, Liu Y, Chen Z, Li S, Zhong R, Cheng D, Chen L, He L. Development of a Golgi-targeted fluorescent chemosensor for detecting ferrous ions overload under Golgi stress. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 294:122560. [PMID: 36881962 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ferrous ion (Fe2+) is a crucial metal ion in the body and participates in the diseases related to oxidation and reduction. Golgi apparatus is the main subcellular organelle of Fe2+ transport in cells, and the stability of its structure is related to the Fe2+ at an appropriate concentration. In this work, a turn-on type Golgi-targeting fluorescent chemosensor Gol-Cou-Fe2+ was rationally designed for sensitive and selective detection of Fe2+. Gol-Cou-Fe2+ showed excellent capacity of detecting exogenous and endogenous Fe2+ in HUVEC and HepG2 cells. It was used to capture the up-regulated Fe2+ level during the hypoxia. Moreover, the fluorescence of sensor was enhanced over time under Golgi stress combining with the reduce of Golgi matrix protein GM130. However, elimination of Fe2+ or addition of nitric oxide (NO) would restore the fluorescence intensity of Gol-Cou-Fe2+ and the expression of GM130 in HUVEC. Thus, development of chemosensor Gol-Cou-Fe2+ provides a new window for tracking Golgi Fe2+ and elucidating Golgi stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Yalan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Zhe Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Songjiao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Rongbin Zhong
- Cinical Research Institute, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Dan Cheng
- Cinical Research Institute, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Linxi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.
| | - Longwei He
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.
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11
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Wang Y, Li C, Zhuo J, Hui H, Zhou B, Tian J. The Detection of Divalent Iron and Reactive Oxygen Species During Ferroptosis with the Use of a Dual-Reaction Turn-On Fluorescent Probe. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:423-434. [PMID: 36195741 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-022-01774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ferroptosis, a programmed cell death modality, is an iron-dependent, non-apoptosis pathway that is characterized by the upregulation of divalent iron and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. However, the sensitive and rapid detection to track changes in ferroptosis is challenging, partially due to the lack of methods for monitoring the Fe(II) accumulation and ROS generation. PROCEDURES Herein, we reported a dual-reaction fluorescent probe DR-1 with turn-on response, which realized the simultaneous visualizing of Fe(II) and ROS with a single probe. The structure of fluorescence quenching group and turn-on fluorophore constitute a double switch for DR-1, which increases its specificity and stability. RESULTS During ferroptotic cell death, the upregulation of ROS levels led to the cleavage of quenching group of DR-1, and the aggregation of Fe(II) resulting in fluorescence recovery. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study provides a new dual-reaction probe that shows the great potential to explore the mechanism of ferroptosis in vitro and in vivo by fluorescence imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Changjian Li
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine (Beihang University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jiaming Zhuo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hui Hui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Bing Zhou
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Jie Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, The State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Key Laboratory of Big Data-Based Precision Medicine (Beihang University), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Affiliated With Jinan University, Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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12
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Pham VN, Chang CJ. Metalloallostery and Transition Metal Signaling: Bioinorganic Copper Chemistry Beyond Active Sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213644. [PMID: 36653724 PMCID: PMC10754205 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal chemistry is essential to life, where metal binding to DNA, RNA, and proteins underpins all facets of the central dogma of biology. In this context, metals in proteins are typically studied as static active site cofactors. However, the emergence of transition metal signaling, where mobile metal pools can transiently bind to biological targets beyond active sites, is expanding this conventional view of bioinorganic chemistry. This Minireview focuses on the concept of metalloallostery, using copper as a canonical example of how metals can regulate protein function by binding to remote allosteric sites (e.g., exosites). We summarize advances in and prospects for the field, including imaging dynamic transition metal signaling pools, allosteric inhibition or activation of protein targets by metal binding, and metal-dependent signaling pathways that underlie nutrient vulnerabilities in diseases spanning obesity, fatty liver disease, cancer, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanha N Pham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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13
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Pham VN, Chang CJ. Metalloallostery and Transition Metal Signaling: Bioinorganic Copper Chemistry Beyond Active Sites. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202213644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanha N. Pham
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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14
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Liu S, Li J, Hou T, Shen X. The study of a novel high selectivity pyrenyl-based fluorescence probe with aggregation-induced emission characteristics for Fe 3+ detection designed by a structure modulation strategy. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:5081-5090. [PMID: 36459146 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01780f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed the feat of fluorescent probes for Fe3+ detection, where eliminating the interference by other metal ions plays a pivotal role in its detection by probes in complex environments. Herein, by taking advantage of the substituent effects, the electron-withdrawing group (EWG) -CF3 and electron-donating group (EDG) -CH3 were introduced to 2-(1-pyrenyl)pyridine (pypyr) to prepare two turn-off fluorescence probes, 5-trifluoromethyl-2-(1-pyrenyl)pyridine (pypyr-CF3) and 5-methyl-2-(1-pyrenyl)pyridine (pypyr-CH3). Intriguingly, both probes displayed novel aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics in MeCN/H2O mixtures and the size and morphology of the aggregated particles were studied via DLS and TEM. By the modulation strategy, pypyr-CF3 can detect Fe3+ in the presence of 29 different metal ions without interference. Comparatively, pypyr-CH3 experienced serious interference from other metal ions such as Hg2+ and Zr4+. Besides, pypyr-CF3 not only demonstrated a higher photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 65.25% and wider pH adaptability but is also capable of Fe3+ detection over a wide pH range of 2-11 with a short response time (5 seconds). A plausible quenching mechanism based on the inner filter effect has also been demonstrated. More importantly, the versatile applications of pypyr-CF3, such as the quantitative analysis of Fe3+ in actual water samples, anti-forgery ink, fingerprint identification, etc., further corroborate its superb capabilities. This study aims to lend concrete support to the design and selectivity modulation of probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
- Zhangjiagang Institute of Nanjing Tech University, Suzhou 215600, P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Tianjiao Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Xuan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
- Zhangjiagang Institute of Nanjing Tech University, Suzhou 215600, P. R. China
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15
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Qi YL, Wang HR, Chen LL, Duan YT, Yang SY, Zhu HL. Recent advances in small-molecule fluorescent probes for studying ferroptosis. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7752-7778. [PMID: 36052828 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01167g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent, non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death driven by excessive lipid peroxidation (LPO). Mounting evidence suggests that the unique modality of cell death is involved in the development and progression of several diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), neurodegenerative disorders, etc. However, the pathogenesis and signalling pathways of ferroptosis are not fully understood, possibly due to the lack of robust tools for the highly selective and sensitive imaging of ferroptosis analytes in complex living systems. Up to now, various small-molecule fluorescent probes have been applied as promising chemosensors for studying ferroptosis through tracking the biomolecules or microenvironment-related parameters in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we comprehensively reviewed the recent development of small-molecule fluorescent probes for studying ferroptosis, with a focus on the analytes, design strategies and bioimaging applications. We also provided new insights to overcome the major challenges in this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lin Qi
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, China. .,Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Hai-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Li-Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yong-Tao Duan
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, China. .,Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, China
| | - Sheng-Yu Yang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, China. .,Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450018, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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16
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Vitharana N, Kaushalya C, Perera T, Deraniyagala SP, Sameera WMC, Cooray AT. Dipicolylamine-Based Fluorescent Probes and Their Potential for the Quantification of Fe 3+ in Aqueous Solutions. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:28342-28350. [PMID: 35990462 PMCID: PMC9386695 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We have synthesized two ligand systems, N(SO2)(R1)dpa (L1) and N(SO2)(R2)dpa (L2), where R1 = biphenyl and R2 = azobenzene, which are sulfonamide derivatives of the NNN-donor chelating dipicolylamine. Both L1 and L2 can be used as sensors for detecting Fe3+ and are highly sensitive and selective over a wide range of common cations. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations confirmed that the key excitations of L2 and the [Fe(L2)(H2O)3]3+ model complex involve -R2-unit-based π and π* charge transfer. L2 demonstrates a relatively high photostability, a fluorescence turn-on mechanism, and a detection limit of 0.018 μM with 1.00 μM L2 concentration, whereas L1 has a detection limit of 0.67 μM. Thus, both ligands have the potential to be used as fluorosensors for the detection of Fe3+ in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipuni
N. Vitharana
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Chiranthi Kaushalya
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Theshini Perera
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Samitha P. Deraniyagala
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - W. M. C. Sameera
- Institute
of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19-W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colombo, Colombo 00300, Sri Lanka
| | - Asitha T. Cooray
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
- Instrument
Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University
of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
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17
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Lokesh KN, Raichur AM. Bioactive nutraceutical ligands and their efficiency to chelate elemental iron of varying dynamic oxidation states to mitigate associated clinical conditions. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:517-543. [PMID: 35943179 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2106936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The natural bioactive or nutraceuticals exhibit several health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, metal chelation, antiviral, and antimicrobial activity. The inherent limitation of nutraceuticals or bioactive ligand(s) in terms of poor pharmacokinetic and other physicochemical properties affects their overall therapeutic efficiency. The excess of iron in the physiological compartments and its varying dynamic oxidation state [Fe(II) and Fe(III)] precipitates various clinical conditions such as non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI), labile iron pool (LIP), ferroptosis, cancer, etc. Though several natural bioactive ligands are proposed to chelate iron, the efficiency of bioactive ligands is limited due to poor bioavailability, denticity, and other related physicochemical properties. The present review provides insight into the relevance of studying the dynamic oxidation state of iron(II) and iron(III) in the physiological compartments and its clinical significance for selecting diagnostics and therapeutic regimes. We suggested a three-pronged approach, i.e., diagnosis, selection of therapeutic regime (natural bioactive), and integration of novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) or nanotechnology-based principles. This systematic approach improves the overall therapeutic efficiency of natural iron chelators to manage iron overload-related clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Lokesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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18
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Das M, Kumar Madduluri V, Jaswal V, Sarkar M. Bis(2-pyridyl)diimine as a naked eye colorimetric fluorescence turn off probe selectively for Fe(II) ions as a consequence of energy changes in the electronic states upon complexation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron−dependent form of regulated cell death. It has attracted more and more research interests since it was found because of its potential physiological and pathological roles. In recent years, many efforts have been made for the developments and applications of selective fluorescence probes for real−time and in situ tracking of bioactive species during ferroptosis process, which is necessary and significant to further study the modulation mechanisms and pathological functions of ferroptosis. In this review, we will focus on summarizing the newly developed fluorescence probes that have been applied for ferroptosis imaging in the recent years, and comprehensively discussing their design strategies, including the probes for iron, reactive oxygen species, biothiols and intracellular microenvironmental factors.
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20
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Jiang H, Muir RK, Gonciarz RL, Olshen AB, Yeh I, Hann BC, Zhao N, Wang YH, Behr SC, Korkola JE, Evans MJ, Collisson EA, Renslo AR. Ferrous iron–activatable drug conjugate achieves potent MAPK blockade in KRAS-driven tumors. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213060. [PMID: 35262628 PMCID: PMC8916116 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutations drive a quarter of cancer mortality, and most are undruggable. Several inhibitors of the MAPK pathway are FDA approved but poorly tolerated at the doses needed to adequately extinguish RAS/RAF/MAPK signaling in the tumor cell. We found that oncogenic KRAS signaling induced ferrous iron (Fe2+) accumulation early in and throughout mutant KRAS-mediated transformation. We converted an FDA-approved MEK inhibitor into a ferrous iron–activatable drug conjugate (FeADC) and achieved potent MAPK blockade in tumor cells while sparing normal tissues. This innovation allowed sustainable, effective treatment of tumor-bearing animals, with tumor-selective drug activation, producing superior systemic tolerability. Ferrous iron accumulation is an exploitable feature of KRAS transformation, and FeADCs hold promise for improving the treatment of KRAS-driven solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Jiang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ryan K. Muir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ryan L. Gonciarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Adam B. Olshen
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Byron C. Hann
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yung-hua Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Spencer C. Behr
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - James E. Korkola
- Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Michael J. Evans
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Eric A. Collisson
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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21
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Xing W, Xu H, Ma H, Abedi SAA, Wang S, Zhang X, Liu X, Xu H, Wang W, Lou K. A PET-based fluorescent probe for monitoring labile Fe(II) pools in macrophage activations and ferroptosis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2979-2982. [PMID: 35147150 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06611k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescent probe (COU-LIP-1) for monitoring labile Fe(II) pools (LIP) with high selectivity and sensitivity was developed utilizing coumarin 343 as the fluorophore and 3-nitrophenylazanyl ester as both the reactive group and the fluorescence quenching group. Fe(II)-induced reductive cleavage of the N-O bond results in a turn-on response via a photo-induced photon transfer (PET) mechanism. The probe was applied for monitoring labile iron(II) changes in M1 and M2a macrophage activations and also erastin-induced ferroptosis, providing a powerful tool for selectively sensing LIP under both physiological and stressed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjin Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Hang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Huijuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Syed Ali Abbas Abedi
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Shanshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Xingchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Fluorescence Research Group, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Huan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0207, USA.
| | - Kaiyan Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactor, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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22
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Meng X, Zhang D, Zhao R, Zhou Z, Zhang P, Zhao J, Wang M, Guo H, Deng K. Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) from poly(1,4-dihydropyridine)s synthesized by Hantzsch polymerization and their specific detection of Fe 2+ ions. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00950a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As an important metal element widely existing in nature and the human body, the simple and specific detection of Fe2+ ions has always been of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Meng
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Da Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Ronghui Zhao
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Zhixia Zhou
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Jingyuan Zhao
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Huiying Guo
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Kuilin Deng
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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23
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Zhou Z, Feng S, Zhou J, Ji X, Long YQ. On-Demand Activation of a Bioorthogonal Prodrug of SN-38 with Fast Reaction Kinetics and High Releasing Efficiency In Vivo. J Med Chem 2021; 65:333-342. [PMID: 34963283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although a myriad of bioorthogonal prodrugs have been developed, very few of them present both fast reaction kinetics and complete cleavage. Herein, we report a new bioorthogonal prodrug strategy with both fast reaction kinetics (k2: ∼103 M-1 s-1) and complete cleavage (>90% within minutes) using the bioorthogonal reaction pair of N-oxide and boron reagent. Distinctively, an innovative 1,6-elimination-based self-immolative linker is masked by N-oxide, which can be bioorthogonally demasked by a boron reagent for the release of both amino and hydroxy-containing payload in live cells. Such a strategy was applied to prepare a bioorthogonal prodrug for a camptothecin derivative, SN-38, resulting in 10-fold weakened cytotoxicity against A549 cells, 300-fold enhanced water solubility, and "on-demand" activation upon a click reaction both in vitro and in vivo. This novel bioorthogonal prodrug strategy presents significant advances over the existing ones and may find wide applications in drug delivery in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shun Feng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jujun Zhou
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xingyue Ji
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ya-Qiu Long
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
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24
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Nagarajan R, Vanjare BD, Hwan Lee K. The first tryptophan based turn-off chemosensor for Fe 2+ ion detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 262:120103. [PMID: 34198117 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this research work, we have designed and synthesized a novel Tryptophan-Quinoline conjugated turn-off chemosensor 4 for the selective detection of Fe2+ ion with high sensitivity (3.06 μM) among 21 metal cations such as Ag+, Ca+, Cs+, Cu+, K+, Na+, NH4+, Ba2+, Ca2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Al3+, Au3+, Cr3+ and Fe3+ in DMF-HEPES (1 mM, pH = 7.0, 1:1, v/v) aqueous-organic solvent system. It showed a fluorescence quenching mechanism through the blocked PET process. The optical properties, binding mode of the metal ion with the receptor, plausible electron transfer mechanism, and its practical applications have been discussed. This work will open up a new avenue in amino acid-based Fe2+ ion sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Nagarajan
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Balasaheb D Vanjare
- Department of Biological Science, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hwan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungnam 32588, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Zeidan RS, Han SM, Leeuwenburgh C, Xiao R. Iron homeostasis and organismal aging. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101510. [PMID: 34767974 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron is indispensable for normal body functions across species because of its critical roles in red blood cell function and many essential proteins and enzymes required for numerous physiological processes. Regulation of iron homeostasis is an intricate process involving multiple modulators at the systemic, cellular, and molecular levels. Interestingly, emerging evidence has demonstrated that many modulators of iron homeostasis contribute to organismal aging and longevity. On the other hand, the age-related dysregulation of iron homeostasis is often associated with multiple age-related pathologies including bone resorption and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Thus, a thorough understanding on the interconnections between systemic and cellular iron balance and organismal aging may help decipher the etiologies of multiple age-related diseases, which could ultimately lead to developing therapeutic strategies to delay aging and treat various age-related diseases. Here we present the current understanding on the mechanisms of iron homeostasis. We also discuss the impacts of aging on iron homeostatic processes and how dysregulated iron metabolism may affect aging and organismal longevity.
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26
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Ma Q, Zhang Y, Jiao Y, Zhang T, Chu Q, Xiao H, Zhou Z, Liu Y. New β-diketone-boron difluoride based near-infrared fluorescent probes for polarity detection. Analyst 2021; 146:5873-5879. [PMID: 34487127 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00912e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new β-diketone-boron difluoride based near-infrared fluorescent probes 1 and 2 which exhibit polarity sensitivity have been designed and synthesized. Probes 1 and 2 are composed of a β-diketone-boron difluoride moiety as an acceptor unit, and a diethylamino group and a phenolic hydroxyl group as donor units. The long conjugate structures form a "donor-acceptor-donor" configuration, induce intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), and confer near-infrared fluorescence emission and excellent polarity sensitivity. The photophysical properties of these two probes were investigated in detail. Experimental data demonstrated that as the environmental polarity decreased, the fluorescence intensity of the probes increased obviously, accompanied by a blue-shift of the maximum emission wavelength. In addition, these two probes were photostable and solely sensitive to polarity without interference from viscosity, pH and common active species. Theoretical calculations indicated that probes 1 and 2 displayed lower energy gaps and faster non-radiative decay in polar solvents. Furthermore, probes 1 and 2 were utilized to quantitatively detect the polarity of a binary mixture through the satisfactory linear relationship between the fluorescence emission intensity ratios and the orientation polarizability of the mixed solvent. Additionally, probe 1 was successfully utilized to visualize the polarity distribution of live cells. Both of these probes are perfect candidates for studying polarity in vitro and even in live systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Yunxiao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Yawen Jiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Tian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Qingyan Chu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Haibin Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Ziyan Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
| | - Yuying Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China.
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27
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Liang Y, Zhang Y, Li M, Meng Z, Gao Y, Yin J, Yang Y, Wang Z, Wang S. A highly effective "turn-on" camphor-based fluorescent probe for rapid and sensitive detection and its biological imaging of Fe 2. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6267-6277. [PMID: 34355255 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel fluorescent probe CBO was synthesized for detecting Fe2+ using the natural monoterpenketone camphor as the starting material. The probe CBO displayed turn-on fluorescence to Fe2+ accompanied by the solution change from colorless to green. As expected, there was an excellent linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity of probe CBO and the concentration of Fe2+ (0-20 μM), and the detection limit was as low as 1.56×10-8 M. In particular, CBO could selectively sense Fe2+ more than other analytes (Fe3+ included) through the N-oxide strategy, and quickly responded to Fe2+ (60 s) over a wide pH (4-14) range. Additionally, based on the rapid fluorescence response of CBO to Fe2+, a simple test strip-based detector was designed for boosting practical applicability. The probe CBO had been successfully applied to the fluorescence imaging of Fe2+ in onion cells and living zebrafish. The probe CBO was a powerful tool of detecting Fe2+ level in organisms, which was of significance to understand the role of Fe2+ in Fe2+-related physical processes and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyin Liang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Mingxin Li
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zhiyuan Meng
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yiqin Yang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zhonglong Wang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Shifa Wang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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28
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Haris U, Kagalwala HN, Kim YL, Lippert AR. Seeking Illumination: The Path to Chemiluminescent 1,2-Dioxetanes for Quantitative Measurements and In Vivo Imaging. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2844-2857. [PMID: 34110136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemiluminescence is a fascinating phenomenon that evolved in nature and has been harnessed by chemists in diverse ways to improve life. This Account tells the story of our research group's efforts to formulate and manifest spiroadamantane 1,2-dioxetanes with triggerable chemiluminescence for imaging and monitoring important reactive analytes in living cells, animals, and human clinical samples. Analytes like reactive sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen species, as well as pH and hypoxia can be indicators of cellular function or dysfunction and are often implicated in the causes and effects of disease. We begin with a foundation in binding-based and activity-based fluorescence imaging that has provided transformative tools for understanding biological systems. The intense light sources required for fluorescence excitation, however, introduce autofluorescence and light scattering that reduces sensitivity and complicates in vivo imaging. Our work and the work of our collaborators were the first to demonstrate that spiroadamantane 1,2-dioxetanes had sufficient brightness and biological compatibility for in vivo imaging of enzyme activity and reactive analytes like hydrogen sulfide (H2S) inside of living mice. This launched an era of renewed interest in 1,2-dioxetanes that has resulted in a plethora of new chemiluminescence imaging agents developed by groups around the world. Our own research group focused its efforts on reactive sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen species, pH, and hypoxia, resulting in a large family of bright chemiluminescent 1,2-dioxetanes validated for cell monitoring and in vivo imaging. These chemiluminescent probes feature low background and high sensitivity that have been proven quite useful for studying signaling, for example, the generation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-) in cellular models of immune function and phagocytosis. This high sensitivity has also enabled real-time quantitative reporting of oxygen-dependent enzyme activity and hypoxia in living cells and tumor xenograft models. We reported some of the first ratiometric chemiluminescent 1,2-dioxetane systems for imaging pH and have introduced a powerful kinetics-based approach for quantification of reactive species like azanone (nitroxyl, HNO) and enzyme activity in living cells. These tools have been applied to untangle complex signaling pathways of peroxynitrite production in radiation therapy and as substrates in a split esterase system to provide an enzyme/substrate pair to rival luciferase/luciferin. Furthermore, we have pushed chemiluminescence toward commercialization and clinical translation by demonstrating the ability to monitor airway hydrogen peroxide in the exhaled breath of asthma patients using transiently produced chemiluminescent 1,2-dioxetanedione intermediates. This body of work shows the powerful possibilities that can emerge when working at the interface of light and chemistry, and we hope that it will inspire future scientists to seek out ever brighter and more illuminating ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uroob Haris
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Husain N. Kagalwala
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Yujin Lisa Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Alexander R. Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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29
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Camarena V, Huff TC, Wang G. Epigenomic regulation by labile iron. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 170:44-49. [PMID: 33493555 PMCID: PMC8217092 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient metal for cellular functions but can generate highly reactive oxygen species resulting in oxidative damage. For these reasons its uptake and metabolism is highly regulated. A small but dynamic fraction of ferrous iron inside the cell, termed intracellular labile iron, is redox-reactive and ready to participate multiples reactions of intracellular enzymes. Due to its nature its determination and precise quantification has been a roadblock. However, recent progress in the development of intracellular labile iron probes are allowing the reevaluation of our current understanding and unmasking new functions. The role of intracellular labile iron in regulating the epigenome was recently discovered. This chapter examine how intracellular labile iron can modulate histone and DNA demethylation and how its pool can mediate a signaling pathway from cAMP serving as a sensor of the metabolic needs of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Camarena
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Tyler C Huff
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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30
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Gonciarz RL, Renslo AR. Emerging role of ferrous iron in bacterial growth and host-pathogen interaction: New tools for chemical (micro)biology and antibacterial therapy. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 61:170-178. [PMID: 33714882 PMCID: PMC8106656 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chemical tools capable of detecting ferrous iron with oxidation-state specificity have only recently become available. Coincident with this development in chemical biology has been increased study and appreciation for the importance of ferrous iron during infection and more generally in host-pathogen interaction. Some of the recent findings are surprising and challenge long-standing assumptions about bacterial iron homeostasis and the innate immune response to infection. Here, we review these recent developments and their implications for antibacterial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Gonciarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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31
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Gardner SH, Reinhardt CJ, Chan J. Advances in Activity-Based Sensing Probes for Isoform-Selective Imaging of Enzymatic Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5000-5009. [PMID: 32274846 PMCID: PMC7544620 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, there were no generalizable methods for assessing the effects of post-translational regulation on enzymatic activity. Activity-based sensing (ABS) has emerged as a powerful approach for monitoring small-molecule and enzyme activities within living systems. Initial examples of ABS were applied for measuring general enzymatic activity; however, a recent focus has been placed on increasing the selectivity to monitor a single enzyme or isoform. The highest degree of selectivity is required for differentiating between isoforms, where the targets display significant structural similarities as a result of a gene duplication or alternative splicing. This Minireview highlights key examples of small-molecule isoform-selective probes with a focus on the relevance of isoform differentiation, design strategies to achieve selectivity, and applications in basic biology or in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Gardner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Christopher J Reinhardt
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jefferson Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Peng W, Athukorale S, Hu J, Cui X, Zhang D. Kinetic spectroscopic quantification using two-step chromogenic and fluorogenic reactions: From theoretical modeling to experimental quantification of biomarkers in practical samples. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1153:338293. [PMID: 33714449 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic chromogenic (CG) and fluorogenic (FG) quantification deduces analyte concentration based on the reaction rate between the CG/FG probe and its targeted molecule. Little progress has been made in the past half century in either the theory or the applications of the kinetic spectroscopic quantification methods. Current kinetic CG/FG quantification is limited only to a subset of CG/FG reactions that can be approximated as the single-step process, and more problematically, to research samples with no matrix interferences. Reported herein is a kinetic quantification model established for multistep CG/FG reactions and a proof-of-concept demonstration of direct kinetic FG quantification of biomarkers in practical samples. The kinetic spectral intensity of the CG/FG reactions with two rate-limiting steps comprises three temporal regions: an accelerating period where rate of signal change is increasingly rapid, a linear region where the rate of signal change is approximately constant, and a deceleration region where the rate of signal increase becomes progressively small. Kinetic quantification is performed through simple linear-curve-fitting of the kinetic signal in its linear time-course region. The theoretical model is validated with the dual CG/FG 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and malondialdehyde (MDA) reaction. Proof-of-concept kinetic spectroscopic quantification of analytes in practical samples is demonstrated with the FG quantification of MDA in canned chicken. The only sample preparation is bench-top centrifugation followed by two sequential syringe filtrations. The total kinetic FG assay time is less than 10 min, more than 10 times more efficient than the current equilibrium-based MDA assay. The theoretical model and the measurement design strategies offered by this work should help transform the current kinetic spectroscopic quantification from a niche research tool to an indispensable technique for time-sensitive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, United States
| | - Sumudu Athukorale
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, United States
| | - Juan Hu
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, 60604, United States
| | - Xin Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, United States
| | - Dongmao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, United States.
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Alam P, Leung NL, Zhang J, Kwok RT, Lam JW, Tang BZ. AIE-based luminescence probes for metal ion detection. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Chen J, Gonciarz RL, Renslo AR. Expanded scope of Griesbaum co-ozonolysis for the preparation of structurally diverse sensors of ferrous iron. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34338-34342. [PMID: 35497286 PMCID: PMC9042324 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05932g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterically shielded 1,2,4-trioxolanes prepared by Griesbaum co-ozonolysis have been utilized as chemical sensors of ferrous iron in several recently described chemical probes of labile iron. Here we report optimized conditions for co-ozonolysis that proceed efficiently and with high diastereoselectivity across an expanded range of substrates, and should enable a new generation of labile iron probes with altered reaction kinetics and physicochemical properties. Improved, low temperature conditions for Griesbaum co-ozonolysis enables the preparation of structurally diverse 1,2,4-trioxolane-based sensors of ferrous iron for caging of reporters and therapeutic payloads.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Ryan L. Gonciarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
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Gonciarz RL, Collisson EA, Renslo AR. Ferrous Iron-Dependent Pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:7-18. [PMID: 33261861 PMCID: PMC7754709 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of oxidation state selective probes of cellular iron has produced a more nuanced understanding of how cells utilize this crucial nutrient to empower enzyme function, and also how labile ferrous iron contributes to iron-dependent cell death (ferroptosis) and other disease pathologies including cancer, bacterial infections, and neurodegeneration. These findings, viewed in light of the Fenton chemistry promoted by ferrous iron, suggest a new category of therapeutics exhibiting ferrous iron-dependent pharmacology. While still in its infancy, this nascent field draws inspiration from the remarkable activity and tremendous clinical impact of the antimalarial artemisinin. Here, we review recent insights into the role of labile ferrous iron in biology and disease, and describe new therapeutic approaches designed to exploit this divalent transition metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. Gonciarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Eric A. Collisson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158,Correspondence:
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37
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Krishnan Y, Zou J, Jani MS. Quantitative Imaging of Biochemistry in Situ and at the Nanoscale. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:1938-1954. [PMID: 33274271 PMCID: PMC7706076 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical reactions in eukaryotic cells occur in subcellular, membrane-bound compartments called organelles. Each kind of organelle is characterized by a unique lumenal chemical composition whose stringent regulation is vital to proper organelle function. Disruption of the lumenal ionic content of organelles is inextricably linked to disease. Despite their vital roles in cellular homeostasis, there are large gaps in our knowledge of organellar chemical composition largely from a lack of suitable probes. In this Outlook, we describe how, using organelle-targeted ratiometric probes, one can quantitatively image the lumenal chemical composition and biochemical activity inside organelles. We discuss how excellent fluorescent detection chemistries applied largely to the cytosol may be expanded to study organelles by chemical imaging at subcellular resolution in live cells. DNA-based reporters are a new and versatile platform to enable such approaches because the resultant probes have precise ratiometry and accurate subcellular targeting and are able to map multiple chemicals simultaneously. Quantitatively mapping lumenal ions and biochemical activity can drive the discovery of new biology and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junyi Zou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Grossman Institute of Neuroscience,
Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Maulik S. Jani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Grossman Institute of Neuroscience,
Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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38
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Abstract
Abstract
Transition metals such as zinc, copper and iron play vital roles in maintaining physiological functions and homeostasis of living systems. Molecular imaging, including two-photon imaging (TPI), bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and photoacoustic imaging (PAI), could act as non-invasive toolkits for capturing dynamic events in living cells, tissues and whole animals. Herein, we review the recent progress in the development of molecular probes for essential transition metals and their biological applications. We emphasize the contributions of metallostasis to health and disease, and discuss the future research directions about how to harness the great potential of metal sensors.
Graphic Abstract
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39
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Hirayama T, Niwa M, Hirosawa S, Nagasawa H. High-Throughput Screening for the Discovery of Iron Homeostasis Modulators Using an Extremely Sensitive Fluorescent Probe. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2950-2958. [PMID: 32885952 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput methods for monitoring subcellular labile Fe(II) are important for conducting studies on iron homeostasis and for the discovery of potential drug candidates for the treatment of iron deficiency or overload. Herein, a highly sensitive and robust fluorescent probe for the detection of intracellular labile Fe(II) is described. The probe was designed through the rational optimization of the reactivity and responsiveness for an Fe(II)-induced fluorogenic reaction based on deoxygenation of an N-oxide, which was developed in-house. The probe is ready to use for a 96-well-plate-based high-content imaging of labile Fe(II) in living cells. Using this simple method, we were able to conduct high-throughput screening of a chemical library containing 3399 compounds. The compound lomofungin was identified as a potential drug candidate for the intracellular enhancement of labile Fe(II) via a novel mechanism in which the ferritin protein was downregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Hirayama
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Masato Niwa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shusaku Hirosawa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hideko Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigaku-nishi, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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40
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Gardner SH, Reinhardt CJ, Chan J. Fortschritte bei aktivitätsbasierten Sonden für die isoformselektive Bildgebung enzymatischer Aktivität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H. Gardner
- Department of Biochemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Christopher J. Reinhardt
- Department of Chemistry Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Jefferson Chan
- Department of Chemistry Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
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41
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Philpott CC, Patel SJ, Protchenko O. Management versus miscues in the cytosolic labile iron pool: The varied functions of iron chaperones. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118830. [PMID: 32835748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Iron-containing proteins rely on the incorporation of a set of iron cofactors for activity. The cofactors must be synthesized or assembled from raw materials located within the cell. The chemical nature of this pool of raw material - referred to as the labile iron pool - has become clearer with the identification of micro- and macro-molecules that coordinate iron within the cell. These molecules function as a buffer system for the management of intracellular iron and are the focus of this review, with emphasis on the major iron chaperone protein coordinating the labile iron pool: poly C-binding protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarju J Patel
- Genetics and Metabolism Section, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olga Protchenko
- Genetics and Metabolism Section, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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42
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Bruemmer KJ, Crossley SWM, Chang CJ. Activity-Based Sensing: A Synthetic Methods Approach for Selective Molecular Imaging and Beyond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13734-13762. [PMID: 31605413 PMCID: PMC7665898 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Emerging from the origins of supramolecular chemistry and the development of selective chemical receptors that rely on lock-and-key binding, activity-based sensing (ABS)-which utilizes molecular reactivity rather than molecular recognition for analyte detection-has rapidly grown into a distinct field to investigate the production and regulation of chemical species that mediate biological signaling and stress pathways, particularly metal ions and small molecules. Chemical reactions exploit the diverse chemical reactivity of biological species to enable the development of selective and sensitive synthetic methods to decipher their contributions within complex living environments. The broad utility of this reaction-driven approach facilitates application to imaging platforms ranging from fluorescence, luminescence, photoacoustic, magnetic resonance, and positron emission tomography modalities. ABS methods are also being expanded to other fields, such as drug and materials discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Bruemmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Steven W M Crossley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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43
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Lazarou TS, Buccella D. Advances in imaging of understudied ions in signaling: A focus on magnesium. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 57:27-33. [PMID: 32408221 PMCID: PMC7483230 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of metal ions in the context of cell signaling has historically focused mainly on Ca2+, the second messenger par excellence. But recent studies support an emerging paradigm in which other metals, including magnesium and d-block metals, play a role in signal transduction as well. Armed with the right indicators, fluorescence microscopy offers a unique combination of spatial and temporal resolution perfectly suited to reveal metal transients in real time, while also helping identify possible sources of ion mobilization and molecular targets. With a focus on Mg2+, we highlight recent advancements in the development of molecular indicators and imaging strategies for the study of metal ions in signaling. We discuss remaining conceptual and technical challenges in the field, and we illustrate through the case of Mg2+ how the study of nontraditional ions in signaling is inspiring technological developments applicable more broadly to the study of metals in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas S Lazarou
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Daniela Buccella
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
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44
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Gao J, He Y, Chen Y, Song D, Zhang Y, Qi F, Guo Z, He W. Reversible FRET Fluorescent Probe for Ratiometric Tracking of Endogenous Fe3+ in Ferroptosis. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:10920-10927. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yueqin He
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuncong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dongfan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fen Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weijiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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45
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Liu C, Liu J, Zhang W, Wang Y, Liu Q, Song B, Yuan J, Zhang R. "Two Birds with One Stone" Ruthenium(II) Complex Probe for Biothiols Discrimination and Detection In Vitro and In Vivo. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000458. [PMID: 32714756 PMCID: PMC7375222 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a "two birds with one stone" ruthenium(II) complex probe, Ru-NBD, is proposed as an effective tool for biothiols detection and discrimination in vitro and in vivo. Ru-NBD is nonluminescent due to the quenching of Ru(II) complex emission by photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from Ru(II) center to NBD and the quenching of NBD emission through 4-substitution with "O" ether bond. Ru-NBD is capable of reacting with Cys/Hcy to form long-lived red-emitting Ru-OH and short-lived green-emitting NBD-NR, while reacting with GSH to produce Ru-OH and nonemissive NBD-SR. The long lifetime emission of Ru(II) complex allows elimination of short lifetime background and NBD-NR fluorescence for total biothiols detection ("bird" one) by time-gated luminescence (TGL) analysis, and the remarkable difference in luminescence color response allows discrimination GSH and Cys/Hcy ("bird" two) through steady-state luminescence analysis. Ru-NBD features high sensitivity and selectivity, rapid luminescence response, and low cytotoxicity, which enables it to be used as the probe for luminescence and background-free TGL detection and visualization of biothiols in live cells, zebrafish, and mice. The successful development of this probe is anticipated to contribute to the future biological studies of biothiols roles in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaolong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of Queensland, St. LuciaBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
| | - Wenzhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Yong‐Lei Wang
- Department of Materials and Environmental ChemistryStockholm UniversityStockholmSE‐10691Sweden
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Bo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Jingli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsSchool of Chemical EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian116024China
| | - Run Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of Queensland, St. LuciaBrisbaneQLD4072Australia
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46
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Khoo TC, Tubbesing K, Rudkouskaya A, Rajoria S, Sharikova A, Barroso M, Khmaladze A. Quantitative label-free imaging of iron-bound transferrin in breast cancer cells and tumors. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101617. [PMID: 32863219 PMCID: PMC7327243 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transferrin (Tf) is an essential serum protein which delivers iron throughout the body via transferrin-receptor (TfR)-mediated uptake and iron release in early endosomes. Currently, there is no robust method to assay the population of iron-bound Tf in intact cells and tissues. Raman hyperspectral imaging detected spectral peaks that correlated with iron-bound Tf in intact cells and tumor xenografts sections (~1270-1300 cm−1). Iron-bound (holo) and iron-free (apo) human Tf forms were endocytosed by MDAMB231 and T47D human breast cancer cells. The Raman iron-bound Tf peak was identified in cells treated with holo-Tf, but not in cells incubated with apo-Tf. A reduction in the Raman peak intensity between 5 and 30 min of Tf internalization was observed in T47D, but not in MDAMB231, suggesting that T47D can release iron from Tf more efficiently than MDAMB231. MDAMB231 may display a disrupted iron homeostasis due to iron release delays caused by alterations in the pH or ionic milieu of the early endosomes. In summary, we have demonstrated that Raman hyperspectral imaging can be used to identify iron-bound Tf in cell cultures and tumor xenografts and detect iron release behavior of Tf in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chean Khoo
- Physics Department, SUNY University at Albany, 1400, Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Kate Tubbesing
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Alena Rudkouskaya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Shilpi Rajoria
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Anna Sharikova
- Physics Department, SUNY University at Albany, 1400, Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Margarida Barroso
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| | - Alexander Khmaladze
- Physics Department, SUNY University at Albany, 1400, Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, USA.
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47
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Bruemmer KJ, Crossley SWM, Chang CJ. Aktivitätsbasierte Sensorik: ein synthetisch‐methodischer Ansatz für die selektive molekulare Bildgebung und darüber hinaus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Bruemmer
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | | | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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48
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Arora H, Ramesh M, Rajasekhar K, Govindaraju T. Molecular Tools to Detect Alloforms of Aβ and Tau: Implications for Multiplexing and Multimodal Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harshit Arora
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhu Ramesh
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Kolla Rajasekhar
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
- VNIR Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore Bioinnovation Center, Helix Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bengaluru 560100, Karnataka, India
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49
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Hirayama T, Miki A, Nagasawa H. Organelle-specific analysis of labile Fe(ii) during ferroptosis by using a cocktail of various colour organelle-targeted fluorescent probes. Metallomics 2020; 11:111-117. [PMID: 30215439 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00212f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an emerging type of cell death mode that is dependent on iron. Unfortunately, the detailed analysis of the function of organelle labile Fe(ii) in oxidative damage and lethality of the cells has not been demonstrated so far, mainly due to the lack of efficient methods to visualize labile Fe(ii) at the targeted organelles. We have recently reported a series of Fe(ii)-selective fluorescent probes, i.e., Ac-MtFluNox, Lyso-RhoNox, and ER-SiRhoNox, which can detect Fe(ii) specifically in the mitochondria, lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), respectively. These probes demonstrate similar reaction rates and off/on contrasts with various colours and intracellular distributions, enabling simultaneous multi-colour imaging that allows the monitoring of labile Fe(ii) levels at each targeted organelle. In this paper, by using a cocktail of these probes, we successfully visualised the aberrant elevation of labile Fe(ii) in the lysosomes and ER prior to HT1080 cell death induced by erastin, which is an inducer of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Hirayama
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
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50
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Zhang R, Hu L, Xu Z, Song Y, Li H, Zhang X, Gao X, Wang M, Xian C. A highly selective probe for fluorescence turn-on detection of Fe3+ ion based on a novel spiropyran derivative. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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