1
|
Niclou A, Vesi L, Arorae M, Naseri NC, Savusa KF, Naseri T, DeLany JP, McGarvey ST, Rivara AC, Ocobock C. When the cold gets under your skin: Evidence for brown adipose tissue activity in Samoan adults. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2024; 183:e24848. [PMID: 37740598 PMCID: PMC10843446 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a heat-producing organ aiding nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) during cold stress. Due to its potential cold-adaptive role BAT has been predominantly studied in cold and temperate climate populations, but not among warm-climate adults. This work explores if BAT activity can be inferred in Samoans. MATERIALS AND METHODS We inferred BAT activity by comparing metabolic rate and surface heat dissipation using indirect calorimetry and thermal imaging between room temperature and cold exposure among Samoans (N = 61, females: n = 38) from 'Upolu Island, Samoa. BAT activity was inferred using ANOVA linear regression models with the variables measured at cold exposure as outcomes. T-tests were used to compare changes in surface temperature between room temperature and cold exposure. RESULTS Metabolic rate significantly increased after cooling. In both the supraclavicular area, a known BAT location, and the sternum, a non-BAT location, temperatures decreased significantly upon cold exposure. Differences in supraclavicular temperatures between room temperature and cold were significantly smaller than differences in sternum temperatures between exposures. These results suggest that BAT thermogenesis occurred in known BAT-locations and thus contributed to NST during cooling. CONCLUSIONS This study adds to our understanding of BAT activity across different populations and climates. Further study may illuminate whether the cold-adaptive properties of BAT may have played a role in the successful expansion of populations across the globe, including warm-climate groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Niclou
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| | - Lupesina Vesi
- Obesity, Lifestyle and Genetic Adaptations (OLaGA) Study Group, Apia, Samoa
| | - Maria Arorae
- Obesity, Lifestyle and Genetic Adaptations (OLaGA) Study Group, Apia, Samoa
| | | | | | | | - James P. DeLany
- AdventHealth Orlando, Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL
| | - Stephen T. McGarvey
- International Health Institute & Departments of Epidemiology and Anthropology, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Anna C. Rivara
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT
| | - Cara Ocobock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vaičiulis V, Jaakkola JJK, Radišauskas R, Tamošiūnas A, Lukšienė D, Ryti NRI. Risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in relation to cold spells in four seasons. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:554. [PMID: 36959548 PMCID: PMC10037875 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15459-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cold winter weather increases the risk of stroke, but the evidence is scarce on whether the risk increases during season-specific cold weather in the other seasons. The objective of our study was to test the hypothesis of an association between personal cold spells and different types of stroke in the season-specific context, and to formally assess effect modification by age and sex. METHODS We conducted a case-crossover study of all 5396 confirmed 25-64 years old cases with stroke in the city of Kaunas, Lithuania, 2000-2015. We assigned to each case a one-week hazard period and 15 reference periods of the same calendar days of other study years. A personal cold day was defined for each case with a mean temperature below the fifth percentile of the frequency distribution of daily mean temperatures of the hazard and reference periods. Conditional logistic regression was applied to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) representing associations between time- and place-specific cold weather and stroke. RESULTS There were positive associations between cold weather and stroke in Kaunas, with each additional cold day during the week before the stroke increases the risk by 3% (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.00-1.07). The association was present for ischemic stroke (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.09) but not hemorrhagic stroke (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.91-1.06). In the summer, the risk of stroke increased by 8% (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.00-1.16) per each additional cold day during the hazard period. Age and sex did not modify the effect. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that personal cold spells increase the risk of stroke, and this pertains to ischemic stroke specifically. Most importantly, cold weather in the summer season may be a previously unrecognized determinant of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vidmantas Vaičiulis
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jouni J K Jaakkola
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ričardas Radišauskas
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Laboratory of Population Studies, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Abdonas Tamošiūnas
- Laboratory of Population Studies, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dalia Lukšienė
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Laboratory of Population Studies, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Niilo R I Ryti
- Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Eglin CM, Wright J, Maley MJ, Hollis S, Massey H, Montgomery H, Tipton MJ. The peripheral vascular responses in non-freezing cold injury and matched controls. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:420-437. [PMID: 36807667 PMCID: PMC10103892 DOI: 10.1113/ep090721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does non-freezing cold injury (NFCI) alter normal peripheral vascular function? What is the main finding and its importance? Individuals with NFCI were more cold sensitive (rewarmed more slowly and felt more discomfort) than controls. Vascular tests indicated that extremity endothelial function was preserved with NFCI and that sympathetic vasoconstrictor response might be reduced. The pathophysiology underpinning the cold sensitivity associated with NFCI thus remains to be identified. ABSTRACT The impact of non-freezing cold injury (NFCI) on peripheral vascular function was investigated. Individuals with NFCI (NFCI group) and closely matched controls with either similar (COLD group) or limited (CON group) previous cold exposure were compared (n = 16). Peripheral cutaneous vascular responses to deep inspiration (DI), occlusion (PORH), local cutaneous heating (LH) and iontophoresis of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were investigated. The responses to a cold sensitivity test (CST) involving immersion of a foot in 15°C water for 2 min followed by spontaneous rewarming, and a foot cooling protocol (footplate cooled from 34°C to 15°C), were also examined. The vasoconstrictor response to DI was lower in NFCI compared to CON (toe: 73 (28)% vs. 91 (17)%; P = 0.003). The responses to PORH, LH and iontophoresis were not reduced compared to either COLD or CON. During the CST, toe skin temperature rewarmed more slowly in NFCI than COLD or CON (10 min: 27.4 (2.3)°C vs. 30.7 (3.7)°C and 31.7 (3.9)°C, P < 0.05, respectively); however, no differences were observed during the footplate cooling. NFCI were more cold-intolerant (P < 0.0001) and reported colder and more uncomfortable feet during the CST and footplate cooling than COLD and CON (P < 0.05). NFCI showed a decreased sensitivity to sympathetic vasoconstrictor activation than CON and greater cold sensitivity (CST) compared to COLD and CON. None of the other vascular function tests indicated endothelial dysfunction. However, NFCI perceived their extremities to be colder and more uncomfortable/painful than the controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare M. Eglin
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise ScienceUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
| | - Jennifer Wright
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise ScienceUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
| | - Matthew J. Maley
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough School of Design and Creative ArtsLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Sarah Hollis
- Regional Occupational Health Team (ROHT) CatterickCatterick GarrisonUK
| | - Heather Massey
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise ScienceUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
| | | | - Michael J. Tipton
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise ScienceUniversity of PortsmouthPortsmouthUK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tian X, Xu R, Liu W. Facial skin temperature and overall thermal sensation of sub-tropically acclimated Chinese subjects in summer. J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103422. [PMID: 36796884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the facial skin temperature and thermal sensation of sub-tropically acclimated subjects in summer. We conducted a summer experiment that simulated the common indoor temperatures in Changsha, China. Twenty healthy subjects experienced five exposure conditions: 24, 26, 28, 30 and 32 °C with a relative humidity of 60%. During exposure (140min), the sitting participants documented their thermal sensation, comfort and acceptability of the environment. Their facial skin temperatures were continuously and automatically recorded by using iButtons. These facial parts include the forehead, nose, left and right ears, left and right cheeks and chin. The results found that the maximum facial skin temperature difference increased with air temperature reduction. The forehead skin temperature was the highest. Nose skin temperature is lowest when air temperature is not higher than 26 °C during summer. Correlation analysis confirmed that the nose is the potential facial part that is most suitable to evaluate thermal sensation. Based on the published winter experiment, we further explored their seasonal effects. The seasonal analysis showed that, compared with winter, thermal sensation is more sensitive to indoor temperature changes and facial skin temperatures were less susceptible to thermal sensation changes in summer. Facial skin temperatures were higher in summer under the same thermal conditions. It suggests that seasonal effects should be considered when facial skin temperature can be used as an important parameter for indoor environment control in the future through monitoring thermal sensation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Tian
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Runpu Xu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- School of Architecture and Art, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ryti NRI, Nurmi J, Salo A, Antikainen H, Kuisma M, Jaakkola JJK. Cold Weather and Cardiac Arrest in 4 Seasons: Helsinki, Finland, 1997‒2018. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:107-115. [PMID: 34936410 PMCID: PMC8713612 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To test the a priori hypothesis that out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is associated with cold weather during all seasons, not only during the winter. Methods. We applied a case‒crossover design to all cases of nontraumatic OHCA in Helsinki, Finland, over 22 years: 1997 to 2018. We statistically defined cold weather for each case and season, and applied conditional logistic regression with 2 complementary models a priori according to the season of death. Results. There was an association between cold weather and OHCA during all seasons, not only during the winter. Each additional cold day increased the odds of OHCA by 7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4%, 10%), with similar strength of association during the autumn (6%; 95% CI = 0%, 12%), winter (6%; 95% CI = 1%, 12%), spring (8%; 95% CI = 2%, 14%), and summer (7%; 95% CI = 0%, 15%). Conclusions. Cold weather, defined according to season, increased the odds of OHCA during all seasons in similar quantity. Public Health Implications. Early warning systems and cold weather plans focus implicitly on the winter season. This may lead to incomplete measures in reducing excess mortality related to cold weather. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(1):107-115. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306549).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niilo R I Ryti
- Niilo R. I. Ryti is with the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. Jouni Nurmi, Ari Salo, and Markku Kuisma are with the Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Harri Antikainen is with the Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu. Jouni J. K. Jaakkola is with CERH, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, and the Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki
| | - Jouni Nurmi
- Niilo R. I. Ryti is with the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. Jouni Nurmi, Ari Salo, and Markku Kuisma are with the Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Harri Antikainen is with the Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu. Jouni J. K. Jaakkola is with CERH, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, and the Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki
| | - Ari Salo
- Niilo R. I. Ryti is with the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. Jouni Nurmi, Ari Salo, and Markku Kuisma are with the Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Harri Antikainen is with the Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu. Jouni J. K. Jaakkola is with CERH, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, and the Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki
| | - Harri Antikainen
- Niilo R. I. Ryti is with the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. Jouni Nurmi, Ari Salo, and Markku Kuisma are with the Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Harri Antikainen is with the Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu. Jouni J. K. Jaakkola is with CERH, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, and the Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki
| | - Markku Kuisma
- Niilo R. I. Ryti is with the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. Jouni Nurmi, Ari Salo, and Markku Kuisma are with the Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Harri Antikainen is with the Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu. Jouni J. K. Jaakkola is with CERH, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, and the Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki
| | - Jouni J K Jaakkola
- Niilo R. I. Ryti is with the Center for Environmental and Respiratory Health Research (CERH), Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. Jouni Nurmi, Ari Salo, and Markku Kuisma are with the Department of Emergency Medicine and Services, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Harri Antikainen is with the Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu. Jouni J. K. Jaakkola is with CERH, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, and Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, and the Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
El Marzouki H, Aboussaleh Y, Najimi M, Chigr F, Ahami A. Effect of Cold Stress on Neurobehavioral and Physiological Parameters in Rats. Front Physiol 2021; 12:660124. [PMID: 34603068 PMCID: PMC8485037 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.660124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Cold stress is an important current issue and implementing control strategies to limit its sometimes harmful effects is crucial. Cold is a common stressor that can occur in our work and our occupational or leisure time activities every day. There are substantial studies on the effects of chronic stress on memory and behavior, although, the cognitive changes and anxiety disorders that can occur after exposure to chronic intermittent cold stress are not completely characterized. Therefore, the present study was undertaken with an aim to investigate the effects of chronic intermittent cold stress on body weight, food intake and working memory, and to elucidate cold stress related anxiety disorders using cognitive and behavioral test batteries. Methods: We generated a cold stress model by exposing rats to chronic intermittent cold stress for 5 consecutive days and in order to test for the potential presence of sex differences, a comparable number of male and female rats were tested in the current study. Then, we measured the body weights, food intake and the adrenal glands weight. Working memory and recognition memory were assessed using the Y maze and the Novel Object Recognition (NOR) tasks. While, sex differences in the effects of chronic stress on behavior were evaluated by the elevated plus maze (EPM), open field maze (OF), and Marble burying (MB) tests. Results: We found that 2 h exposure to cold (4°C) resulted in an increase in the relative weight of the adrenal glands in male rats. Given the same chronic stress 5 days of cold exposure (2 h per day), increased weight gain in male rats, while females showed decreased food intake and no change in body weight. Both sexes successfully performed the Y maze and object recognition (OR) tasks, indicating intact spatial working memory performance and object recognition abilities in both male and female rats. In addition, we have shown that stress caused an increase in the level of anxiety in male rats. In contrast, the behavior of the female rats was not affected by cold exposure. Conclusion: Overall, the current results provide preliminary evidence that chronic intermittent cold stress model may not be an efficient stressor to female rats. Females exhibit resilience to cold exposure that causes an increase in the level of anxiety in male rats, which demonstrates that they are affected differently by stress and the gender is an important consideration in experimental design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajar El Marzouki
- Biology and Health Laboratory, Unit of Clinical and Cognitive-Behavioural Neurosciences and Applied Nutrition Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Youssef Aboussaleh
- Biology and Health Laboratory, Unit of Clinical and Cognitive-Behavioural Neurosciences and Applied Nutrition Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Najimi
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan MoulaySlimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Fatiha Chigr
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan MoulaySlimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Ahami
- Biology and Health Laboratory, Unit of Clinical and Cognitive-Behavioural Neurosciences and Applied Nutrition Health, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Roussey G, Bernard T, Fontanari P, Louis J. Heat acclimation training with intermittent and self-regulated intensity may be used as an alternative to traditional steady state and power-regulated intensity in endurance cyclists. J Therm Biol 2021; 98:102935. [PMID: 34016357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the effects of self-regulated and variable intensities sustained during short-term heat acclimation training on cycling performance. Seventeen competitive-level male athletes performed a 20-km cycling time trial before (TT-PRE), immediately after (TT-POST1) and one week after (TT-POST2) a 5-day acclimation training program, including either RPE-regulated intermittent (HA-HIT, N = 9) or fixed and low-intensity (HA-LOW, N = 8) training sessions in the heat (39 °C; 40% relative humidity). Total training volume was 23% lower in HA-HIT compared to HA-LOW. Physiological responses were evaluated during a 40-min fixed-RPE cycling exercise performed before (HST-PRE) and immediately after (HST-POST) heat acclimation. All participants in HA-LOW group tended to improve mean power output from TT-PRE to TT-POST1 (+8.1 ± 5.2%; ES = 0.55 ± 0.23), as well as eight of the nine athletes in HA-HIT group (+4.3 ± 2.0%; ES = 0.29 ± 0.31) without difference between groups, but TT-POST2 results showed that improvements were dissipated one week after. Similar improvements in thermal sensation and lower elevations of core temperature in HST-POST following HA-LOW and HA-HIT training protocols suggest that high intensity and RPE regulated bouts could be an efficient strategy for short term heat acclimation protocols, for example prior to the competition. Furthermore, the modest impact of lowered thermal sensation on cycling performance confirms that perceptual responses of acclimated athletes are dissociated from physiological stress when exercising in the heat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Roussey
- Laboratoire Motricité Humaine, Education, Sport, Santé (LAMHESS), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Thierry Bernard
- Laboratoire Motricité Humaine, Education, Sport, Santé (LAMHESS), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Pierre Fontanari
- Laboratoire Motricité Humaine, Education, Sport, Santé (LAMHESS), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, Byrom Street, L3 3AF, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jones DM, Bailey SP, De Pauw K, Folger S, Roelands B, Buono MJ, Meeusen R. Evaluation of cognitive performance and neurophysiological function during repeated immersion in cold water. Brain Res 2019; 1718:1-9. [PMID: 31047884 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to cold causes disturbances in cognitive performance that can have a profound impact on the safety, performance, and success of populations that frequent cold environments. It has recently been suggested that repeated cold stress, resulting in cold acclimation, may be a potential strategy to mitigate the cognitive impairments frequently seen upon exposure to cold temperatures. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine cognitive and neurophysiological function during repeated cold water immersion. Twelve healthy participants consisting of 8 males and 4 females (mean ± SD age: 26 ± 5 years, height: 174.0 ± 8.9 cm, weight: 75.6 ± 13.1 kg) completed seven 90-minute immersions in 10 °C water, each separated by 24 h. During immersions 1, 4, and 7, a double-digit addition task and a computer-based psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) were administered to assess cognitive performance, while neurophysiological function was assessed using electroencephalography (EEG) measurements collected during the PVT. Findings suggest that participants experienced an insulative type of cold acclimation, evidenced by greater heat retention and less shivering, with possible improvements in cognitive performance. Participants had more correct responses on the double-digit addition task on Immersion 7 (39 ± 5) compared with Immersion 1 (33 ± 6); p < 0.001, yet no differences were observed for reaction time between Immersion 7 (286 ± 31 ms) and Immersion 1 (281 ± 19 ms); p = 0.59. Additionally, EEG analyses indicate no beneficial changes in neurophysiological function. Results demonstrate that individuals who are frequently exposed to cold water may be more suited to handle certain cognitive challenges after several exposures, although additional investigations are needed to provide neurophysiological support for this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Jones
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium; San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States.
| | - Stephen P Bailey
- Elon University, 100 Campus Drive, Elon, NC 27244, United States
| | - Keven De Pauw
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Steve Folger
- Elon University, 100 Campus Drive, Elon, NC 27244, United States
| | - Bart Roelands
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Michael J Buono
- San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Levy SB, Klimova TM, Zakharova RN, Federov AI, Fedorova VI, Baltakhinova ME, Leonard WR. Brown adipose tissue, energy expenditure, and biomarkers of cardio‐metabolic health among the Yakut (Sakha) of northeastern Siberia. Am J Hum Biol 2018; 30:e23175. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie B. Levy
- Department of Anthropology Yale University New Haven Connecticut
- Department of Anthropology CUNY Hunter College New York City New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kaikaew K, van den Beukel JC, Neggers SJCMM, Themmen APN, Visser JA, Grefhorst A. Sex difference in cold perception and shivering onset upon gradual cold exposure. J Therm Biol 2018; 77:137-144. [PMID: 30196892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To maintain a thermal balance when experiencing cold, humans reduce heat loss and enhance heat production. A potent and rapid mechanism for heat generation is shivering. Research has shown that women prefer a warmer environment and feel less comfortable than men in the same thermal condition. Using the Blanketrol® III, a temperature management device commonly used to study brown adipose tissue activity, we tested whether the experimental temperature (TE) at which men and women start to shiver differs. Twenty male and 23 female volunteers underwent a cooling protocol, starting at 24 °C and gradually decreasing by 1-2 °C every 5 min until an electromyogram detected the shivering or the temperature reached 9 °C. Women started shivering at a higher TE than men (11.3 ± 1.8 °C for women vs 9.6 ± 1.8 °C for men, P = 0.003). In addition, women felt cool, scored by a visual analogue scale, at a higher TE than men (18.3 ± 3.0 °C for women vs 14.6 ± 2.6 °C for men, P < 0.001). This study demonstrates a sex difference in response to cold exposure: women require shivering as a source of heat production earlier than men. This difference could be important and sex should be considered when using cooling protocols in physiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasiphak Kaikaew
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Johanna C van den Beukel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastian J C M M Neggers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Axel P N Themmen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Aldo Grefhorst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cold acclimation and cognitive performance: A review. Auton Neurosci 2017; 208:36-42. [PMID: 29158117 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Athletes, occupational workers, and military personnel experience cold temperatures through cold air exposure or cold water immersion, both of which impair cognitive performance. Prior work has shown that neurophysiological pathways may be sensitive to the effects of temperature acclimation and, therefore, cold acclimation may be a potential strategy to attenuate cold-induced cognitive impairments for populations that are frequently exposed to cold environments. This review provides an overview of studies that examine repeated cold stress, cold acclimation, and measurements of cognitive performance to determine whether or not cold acclimation provides beneficial protection against cold-induced cognitive performance decrements. Studies included in this review assessed cognitive measures of reaction time, attention, logical reasoning, information processing, and memory. Repeated cold stress, with or without evidence of cold acclimation, appears to offer no added benefit of improving cognitive performance. However, research in this area is greatly lacking and, therefore, it is difficult to draw any definitive conclusions regarding the use of cold acclimation to improve cognitive performance during subsequent cold exposures. Given the current state of minimal knowledge on this topic, athletes, occupational workers, and military commands looking to specifically enhance cognitive performance in cold environments would likely not be advised to spend the time and effort required to become acclimated to cold. However, as more knowledge becomes available in this area, recommendations may change.
Collapse
|
12
|
Yoneshiro T, Matsushita M, Nakae S, Kameya T, Sugie H, Tanaka S, Saito M. Brown adipose tissue is involved in the seasonal variation of cold-induced thermogenesis in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R999-R1009. [PMID: 27030666 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00057.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) contributes to whole-body energy expenditure (EE), especially cold-induced thermogenesis (CIT), in humans. Although it is known that EE and CIT vary seasonally, their relationship with BAT has not been investigated. In the present study, we examined the impact of BAT on seasonal variations of EE/CIT and thermal responses to cold exposure in a randomized crossover design. Forty-five healthy male volunteers participated, and their BAT was assessed by positron emission tomography and computed tomography. CIT, the difference of EE at 27ºC and after 2-h cold exposure at 19ºC, significantly increased in winter compared to summer, being greater in subjects with metabolically active BAT (High BAT, 185.6 kcal/d, 18.3 kcal/d, P<0.001) than those without (Low BAT, 90.6 kcal/d, -46.5 kcal/d, P<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis revealed a significant interaction effect between season and BAT on CIT (P<0.001). The cold-induced drop of tympanic temperature (Tty) and skin temperature (Tskin) in the forehead region and in the supraclavicular region close to BAT deposits were smaller in the High BAT group than in the Low BAT group in winter but not in summer. In contrast, the drop of Tskinin the subclavicular and peripheral regions distant from BAT was similar in the two groups in both seasons. In conclusion, CIT increased from summer to winter in a BAT-dependent manner, paralleling cold-induced changes in Tty/Tskin, indicating a role of BAT in seasonal changes in the thermogenic and thermal responses to cold exposure in humans.
Collapse
|
13
|
Finger skin temperatures in 8- to 11-year-old children: determinants including physical characteristics and seasonal variation. The Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) Study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 116:405-13. [PMID: 26611892 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The fingertip skin temperature (FST) reflects skin blood flow, and FST measurement has been suggested for the investigation of vascular responses. As a limitation, the multifactorial nature and the seasonal variation in measured values have been earlier described in adults but not in children. In the present study, we identify the modifiers of FST in a population sample of Finnish children. METHODS FST was measured in children (age range 8-11 years, n = 432) with infrared thermometer, and its possible determinants including the subjects' physical characteristics and seasonal variables, such as daylight time and outdoor temperature, were identified. RESULTS In univariate regression models, FST was dependent on the sex, age and anthropometric characteristics of the children with the higher body fat content-related variables and a lower surface area-to-mass ratio as strongest single modifiers of FST. There was interaction between sex and puberty with FST. In addition, FST was directly related to daylight time and outdoor temperature although the children had stayed inside for at least 2 h before the measurements. The FST values were lowest in the winter and highest in the summer. In multivariate regression model, main determinants of FST were a higher body fat percentage (standardized regression coefficient β = 0.472; p < 0.001), male sex (β = 0.291; p < 0.001) and longer daylight time (0.226; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Altogether, complex effects of body composition and sex with the confounding effect of seasonal variation may complicate the use of FST as a tool to study the vascular function in children.
Collapse
|
14
|
Nishimura T, Motoi M, Egashira Y, Choi D, Aoyagi K, Watanuki S. Seasonal variation of non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) during mild cold exposure. J Physiol Anthropol 2015; 34:11. [PMID: 25858699 PMCID: PMC4364327 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-015-0051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The physiological function of non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) has been investigated in recent years, and some studies have discussed the importance of NST with respect to human cold adaptation. The present study aimed to clarify individual and seasonal variations in NST that occurred as a result of mild cold exposure. Methods Seventeen male university students participated in the present study during summer and winter. The climate chamber used was programmed so that ambient temperature dropped from 28°C to 16°C over an 80-min period. Physiological parameters of test subjects were recorded during the experiments. Results Increases in oxygen intake (VO2) during cold exposure were significantly greater without shivering in winter than they were in summer. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was significantly lower during thermoneutral baseline and cold exposure in winter than it was during the same periods in summer. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between ΔVO2 and ΔRER. Conclusions Increase of VO2 without shivering indicated increase of NST, and decrease of RER depends on the metabolization of fat in winter. These results suggested that NST activity was activated by seasonal acclimatization, and individual variation of NST depends on individual variation of fat metabolism.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gao C, Lin LY, Halder A, Kuklane K, Holmér I. Validation of standard ASTM F2732 and comparison with ISO 11079 with respect to comfort temperature ratings for cold protective clothing. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2015; 46 Pt A:44-53. [PMID: 25042791 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
American standard ASTM F2732 estimates the lowest environmental temperature for thermal comfort for cold weather protective clothing. International standard ISO 11079 serves the same purpose but expresses cold stress in terms of required clothing insulation for a given cold climate. The objective of this study was to validate and compare the temperature ratings using human subject tests at two levels of metabolic rates (2 and 4 MET corresponding to 116.4 and 232.8 W/m(2)). Nine young and healthy male subjects participated in the cold exposure at 3.4 and -30.6 °C. The results showed that both standards predict similar temperature ratings for an intrinsic clothing insulation of 1.89 clo and for 2 MET activity. The predicted temperature rating for 2 MET activity is consistent with test subjects' thermophysiological responses, perceived thermal sensation and thermal comfort. For 4 MET activity, however, the whole body responses were on the cold side, particularly the responses of the extremities. ASTM F2732 is also limited due to its omission and simplification of three climatic variables (air velocity, radiant temperature and relative humidity) and exposure time in the cold which are of practical importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuansi Gao
- Thermal Environment Laboratory, Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 221 00, Sweden.
| | - Li-Yen Lin
- Department of Testing and Certification, Taiwan Textile Research Institute (TTRI), 6 Chengtian Road, Tucheng District, New Taipei, 23674, Taiwan
| | - Amitava Halder
- Thermal Environment Laboratory, Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | - Kalev Kuklane
- Thermal Environment Laboratory, Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | - Ingvar Holmér
- Thermal Environment Laboratory, Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nakayama K, Miyashita H, Iwamoto S. Seasonal effects of the UCP3 and the RPTOR gene polymorphisms on obesity traits in Japanese adults. J Physiol Anthropol 2014; 33:38. [PMID: 25533680 PMCID: PMC4347541 DOI: 10.1186/1880-6805-33-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) involves a substantial amount of energy expenditure in humans and, thus, contributes to reducing the risk for obesity. Molecular evolutionary studies have reported that SNPs in/near the uncoupling protein 3 gene (UCP3) and the regulatory associated protein of mTOR complex 1 gene (RPTOR) might influence NST and confer adaptive advantages for modern human dispersal into cold environments. In the present study, the impact of these SNPs on obesity-related traits was investigated. Methods Study subjects consisted of 2,834 Japanese adults (percentage of female: 46%, mean age: 51.5). Associations of the UCP3-55C/T and the RPTOR-26934C/T - the 2 potential genetic variations involved in cold adaptation and thermogenic mechanisms in mammals, with quantitative obesity-related traits including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, visceral fat area (VFA), VFA adjusted for BMI, and selected blood parameters - were tested using multiple linear regression models. Sliding windowsampling analysis was applied to depict seasonal effects of the SNPs on the obesity-related phenotypes. Results UCP3-55C/T and the RPTOR-26934C/T did not show any association with obesity traits and blood chemical parameters in multiple linear regression models consisting of the whole subjects. Moreover, sliding window sampling-based association analyses involving seasonality also failed to find associations between these two SNPs and obesity-related traits. Conclusions UCP3-55C/T and the RPTOR-26934C/T may only have subtle effects on the development of obesity-related traits in the present humans. These two SNPs might be irrelevant to inter-individual variations in energy metabolism and efficiency of NST.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakayama
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nishimura T, Watanuki S. Relationship between mitochondrial haplogroup and seasonal changes of physiological responses to cold. J Physiol Anthropol 2014; 33:27. [PMID: 25183371 PMCID: PMC4169230 DOI: 10.1186/1880-6805-33-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physiological responses to cold exhibit individual variation that can be affected by various factors, such as morphological characteristics, seasonal changes, and lifestyle; however, the genetic factors associated with this variation remain unclear. Recent studies have identified mtDNA as a potential genetic factor affecting cold adaptation. In addition, non-shivering thermogenesis (NST), a process closely related to mitochondrial dynamics, has also been suggested as an important factor affecting human response to cold. The present study aimed to clarify the relationship between mitochondrial haplogroup and NST during periods of mild cold exposure. Methods Seventeen healthy university students (D: n = 8, non-D: n = 9) participated in the present study during summer and winter. A climate chamber was programmed so that ambient temperature inside dropped from 28°C to 16°C over the course of an 80-minute period. Physiological parameters were recorded throughout the course of the experiments. Results Increases in VO2 were significantly greater during periods of cold exposure in winter than they were during periods of cold exposure in summer, and individuals from the D group exhibited greater winter values of ΔVO2 than individuals from the non-D group. Tre was significantly lower during periods of rest and cold exposure in winter; however, no significant difference was observed between Tre values of individuals in the D and non-D groups. In addition, although
T¯dist was significantly lower during periods of rest in winter than it was during those same periods in summer, no significant seasonal differences in values of
T¯dist were observed during periods of cold exposure. Conclusions Results of the present study indicated that NST was greater in winter, and that the D group exhibited greater NST than the non-D group during winter. Despite the differences between groups in NST, no significant differences in rectal and skin temperatures were found between groups in either season. Therefore, it was supposed that mitochondrial DNA haplogroups had a greater effect on variation in energy expenditure involving NST than they had on insulative responses. Future studies are necessary in order to investigate more multiple candidate genes related to human cold adaptation and to elucidate the relationship between gene polymorphism and physiological polytypism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nishimura
- Department of Public Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tan CY, Ishikawa K, Virtue S, Vidal-Puig A. Brown adipose tissue in the treatment of obesity and diabetes: Are we hot enough? J Diabetes Investig 2014; 2:341-50. [PMID: 24843510 PMCID: PMC4019299 DOI: 10.1111/j.2040-1124.2011.00158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of functional brown adipose tissue in human adults has intensified interest in exploiting thermogenic energy expenditure for the purpose of weight management. However, food intake and energy expenditure are tightly regulated and it is generally accepted that variation in one component results in compensatory changes in the other. In the context of weight loss, additional biological adaptations occur in an attempt to further limit weight loss. In the present review, we discuss the relationship between increasing energy expenditure and body weight in humans, including the effects of cold exposure. The data raise the possibility that some processes, particularly those involved in thermogenesis, induce less compensatory food intake for a given magnitude of additional energy expenditure, a state we term the ‘thermogenic disconnect’. Although cold exposure increases thermogenesis and can putatively be exploited to induce weight loss, there are multiple adaptive responses to cold, of which many actually reduce energy expenditure. In order to optimally exploit either cold itself or agents that mimic cold for thermogenic energy expenditure, these non‐thermogenic cold responses must be considered. Finally, the relative contribution of brown adipose tissue vs other thermogenic processes in humans remains to be defined. However, overall the data suggest that activation of cold‐induced thermogenic processes are promising targets for interventions to treat obesity and its secondary metabolic complications. (J Diabetes Invest, doi:10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2011.00158.x, 2011)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Yew Tan
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ko Ishikawa
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nishimura T, Motoi M, Niri Y, Hoshi Y, Kondo R, Watanuki S. Relationship between seasonal cold acclimatization and mtDNA haplogroup in Japanese. J Physiol Anthropol 2012; 31:22. [PMID: 22929588 PMCID: PMC3443646 DOI: 10.1186/1880-6805-31-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to elucidate the interaction between mtDNA haplogroup and seasonal variation that contributes to cold adaptation. METHODS There were 15 subjects (seven haplotype D subjects and eight haplotype non-D subjects). In summer and winter, the subjects were placed in an environment where the ambient temperature dropped from 27 °C to 10 °C in 30 minutes. After that, they were exposed to cold for 60 minutes. RESULTS In summer, the decrease in rectal temperature and increase in oxygen consumption was smaller and cold tolerance was higher in the haplotype non-D group than in the haplotype D group. In winter, no significant differences were seen in rectal temperature or oxygen consumption, but the respiratory exchange ratio decreased in the haplotype D group. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study suggest that haplogroup D subjects are a group that changes energy metabolism more, and there appears to be a relationship between differences in cold adaptability and mtDNA polymorphism within the population. Moreover, group differences in cold adaptability seen in summer may decrease in winter due to supplementation by seasonal cold acclimatization.
Collapse
|
20
|
NISHIMURA TAKAYUKI, MOTOI MIDORI, HOSHI YOSHIKAZU, KONDO RYUICHIRO, WATANUKI SHIGEKI. Relationship between mitochondrial haplogroup and psychophysiological responses during cold exposure in a Japanese population. ANTHROPOL SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - MIDORI MOTOI
- Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka
| | | | - RYUICHIRO KONDO
- Department of Forest and Forest Products Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka
| | - SHIGEKI WATANUKI
- Depertment of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kochan TI, Eseva TV. Seasonal Dynamics of Clinically Significant Metabolic Parameters in Northern Residents of Different Age. Bull Exp Biol Med 2009; 147:757-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-009-0615-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
22
|
Zheng G, Chen Y, Zhang X, Cai T, Liu M, Zhao F, Luo W, Chen J. Acute cold exposure and rewarming enhanced spatial memory and activated the MAPK cascades in the rat brain. Brain Res 2008; 1239:171-80. [PMID: 18789908 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Revised: 08/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cold is a common stressor that is likely to occur in everyday occupational or leisure time activities. Although there is substantial literature on the effects of stress on memory from behavioral and pharmacologic perspectives, the effects of cold stress on learning and memory were little addressed. The aims of the present work were to investigate the effects of acute cold exposure on Y-maze learning and the activation of cerebral MAPK cascades of rats. We found that the 2-hour cold exposure (-15 degrees C) and a subsequent 30-min rewarming significantly increased the performance of the rats in the Y-maze test. Serum corticosterone (CORT) level was increased after the cold exposure. After a transient reduction following the cold exposure, the P-ERK levels in the hippocampus and PFC drastically increased 30 min later. The levels of P-JNK increased gradually after the cold exposure in all the three brain regions we investigated, but the level of P-p38 only increased in the PFC. The levels of GABAA receptor alpha1 subunit remained unchanged after the cold exposure. Furthermore, the performance of rats treated with cold plus muscimol or bicuculline in the Y-maze test was similar to that of the rats treated with those GABAergic agents alone. These results demonstrated that acute cold exposure and the subsequent rewarming could result in enhanced performance of spatial learning and memory, and the activation of MAPKs in the brain. However, GABAA receptor may not be involved in the acute cold exposure-induced enhancement of memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zheng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changlexi Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hanya G, Kiyono M, Hayaishi S. Behavioral thermoregulation of wild Japanese macaques: comparisons between two subpopulations. Am J Primatol 2007; 69:802-15. [PMID: 17294433 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We studied the behavioral thermoregulation of Japanese macaques in two troops that live in the coniferous (1,000-1,200 m in elevation) and coastal forests (0-200 m in elevation) of Yakushima. Frequency of sunbathing, huddling, and microhabitat selection during inactivity was compared. The difference in mean annual air temperature between the forests was more than 7 degrees C. In both forests, when the weather was clear, macaques spent more time being inactive in the sunshine in winter than in autumn. In winter, they huddled more often when it was clear than when cloudy. Microhabitat selection to stay in the sunshine during winter differed between the two forests. In winter, macaques spent more time inactive in open habitats in the coniferous forest and in the trees in the coastal forest than in autumn, respectively. This difference is related to the lower crown height in the coastal forest and the large open habitats (logged area) available only in the coniferous forest. In winter, skin temperature measured by temperature-sensitive transmitters was 1.32-1.71 degrees C higher when sunbathing, and 0.83-4.75 degrees C higher when huddling than staying in the shade without huddling. In winter, the proportion with which they stayed in the sunshine or huddled in winter did not differ between the two forests, in spite of the difference in air temperature. This suggests that Japanese macaques respond to seasonal changes in air temperature, not the absolute temperature, and that they acclimatize themselves to thermal conditions that require behavioral thermoregulation only during the season when thermoregulation is most costly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mäkinen TM. Human cold exposure, adaptation, and performance in high latitude environments. Am J Hum Biol 2007; 19:155-64. [PMID: 17286263 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold exposure is present to significant amounts in the everyday occupational and leisure time activities of circumpolar residents. A cross-sectional population study demonstrated that Finns reported being exposed to cold on average 4% of their total time. Factors modifying cold exposure are: age, gender, employment, education, health, and amount of physical exercise. Several symptoms and complaints are associated with wintertime cold exposure and start to appear more commonly when temperatures decrease below -10 degrees C. Urban circumpolar people do not evidently demonstrate cold acclimatization responses in terms of changes in thermoregulation, probably due to behavioral factors (adequate protective clothing, short cold exposures, and high housing temperatures). With regard to performance, we observed that moderate cold exposure, which may occur in everyday life, affects cognition negatively through the mechanisms of distraction and both positively and negatively through the mechanism of arousal (increased vigilance). It seems that especially simple cognitive tasks are adversely affected by cold, while in more complex tasks performance may even improve in mild or moderate cold. Repeated, short cold exposures in the laboratory, causing cold habituation responses, do not markedly improve neuromuscular or cognitive performance. The article discusses the functional significance of cold exposure, adaptation, and the specific environmental conditions and physiological mechanisms that affect behavior and performance in high latitude environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiina M Mäkinen
- Centre for Arctic Medicine, Thule Institute, Department of Public Health Sciences and General Practice, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kelechi TJ, Michel Y, Wiseman J. Are Infrared and Thermistor Thermometers Interchangeable for Measuring Localized Skin Temperature? J Nurs Meas 2006; 14:19-30. [PMID: 16764175 DOI: 10.1891/jnum.14.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Localized skin temperature must be measured by accurate and reliable thermometers to effectively evaluate treatment outcomes, monitor changes, and predict potential complications. This study compared localized skin temperature measurements with a contact thermistor thermometer used as a reference standard and a noncontact infrared (IR) skin thermometer to determine their interchangeability with calculated Bland-Altman limits of agreement. Fifty-five adults ages 50 to 89 participated in the study in which data were collected in a climate-controlled room over 3 measurement periods, 1 week apart. The thermistor and IR thermometers were interchangeable with a limit of agreement of ± 1.5°C. This limit of agreement is acceptable as a reference standard for IR thermometers to measure localized skin temperature in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa J Kelechi
- College of Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Palinkas LA, Mäkinen TM, Pääkkönen T, Rintamäki H, Leppäluoto J, Hassi J. Influence of seasonally adjusted exposure to cold and darkness on cognitive performance in circumpolar residents. Scand J Psychol 2005; 46:239-46. [PMID: 15842414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2005.00453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of seasonally adjusted 24-h exposure to cold and darkness on cognitive performance in urban circumpolar residents was assessed in 15 male subjects who spent three 24-h periods in a climatic chamber at 65 degrees latitude during the winter (January-March) and/or summer (August-September). Each subject was exposed to three different environmental conditions in random order: (1) 22 degrees C temperature and 500 lx lighting; (2) 10 degrees C temperature and 500 lx lighting; and (3) 10 degrees C temperature and 0.5-l lx lighting. Accuracy on an addition-subtraction task was significantly greater in the summer than in the winter (p= 0.038), while accuracy on a repeated acquisition task was significantly greater in the winter than in the summer (p < 0.001). Independent of season, exposure to cold and darkness was significantly associated with a decline in response time on five cognitive tests, an improvement in accuracy on three tests measuring complex cognitive tasks, and a decline in accuracy on two tests measuring simple tasks. Increased performance on complex tasks may result from increased arousal in response to the combination of cold temperatures and dim light characteristic of the winter in urban circumpolar settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A Palinkas
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0622, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|