1
|
Lima LMA, da Silva AKJPF, Batista EK, Postal K, Kostenkova K, Fenton A, Crans DC, Silva WE, Belian MF, Lira EC. The antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of a sulfur-oxidovanadium(IV) complex. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 241:112127. [PMID: 36822888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis, characterization, and biological activity of a new class of antidiabetic oxidovanadium(IV)-complexes with S2O2 coordination mode. The target complex 3,6-dithio-1,8-octanediolatooxidovanadium(IV), abbreviated as ([VIVO(octd)]), where octd = 3,6-dithio-1,8-octanediol, is formed from the reaction between the 3,6-dithio-1,8-octanediol and vanadyl sulfate (VIVOSO4). The effects of treatment with ([VIVO(octd)] on blood glucose, lipidic profile, body weight, food intake, water intake, urinary volume, glycogen levels, and biomarkers for liver toxicity were investigated using a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats model. The results have shown that the [VIVO(octd)] complex caused a significant decrease in blood glucose (247.6 ± 19.3 mg/dL vs 430.1 ± 37.6 mg/dL diabetic group, p < 0.05), triglycerides (TG, 50%) and very low-density cholesterol (VLDL-C, 50%) levels in STZ-diabetic rats after 3 weeks of treatment. The [VIVO(octd)] has shown antihyperglycemic activity in diabetic rats as well as a reduction in elevated lipid levels. Time-dependent studies using EPR and 51V NMR spectroscopy of [VIVO(octd)] were done in aqueous solutions to determine the complex stability and species present in the oral gavage solution used for complex administration. The spectroscopic studies have shown that the antidiabetic/hypolipidemic activity could be attributed to [VIVO(octd)], vanadium species resulting from redox processes, the hydrolysis of [VIVO(octd)] and its decomposition products, or some combination of these factors. In summary, the oxidovanadium(IV) complex containing the S2O2 donor ligand has desirable antidiabetic properties eliminating the symptoms of Diabetes mellitus and its comorbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane M A Lima
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Amanda K J P F da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Eucilene K Batista
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Kahoana Postal
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80513, USA
| | - Kateryna Kostenkova
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80513, USA
| | - Alex Fenton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80513, USA
| | - Debbie C Crans
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80513, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80513, USA
| | - Wagner E Silva
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Mônica F Belian
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 52171-900 Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo C Lira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ghalichi F, Ostadrahimi A, Saghafi-Asl M. Vanadium and diabetic dyslipidemia: A systematic review of animal studies. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 71:126955. [PMID: 35303513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic dyslipidemia is caused by hyperglycemia and excessive mobilization of storage lipids, leading to increasing concentrations of triglycerides and total cholesterol. Due to the insulin-mimetic or insulin-enhancer features of vanadium, it has been recognized as a regulator of cell metabolism with hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties. The purpose of the current animal systematic review was to evaluate the effect of vanadium administration on diabetic dyslipidemia in diabetic animals. METHODS This is, to our knowledge, the first systematic review with the aim of investigating the relationship between vanadium and diabetic dyslipidemia among diabetes induced animals. Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, and web of science databases for animal studies examining the effect of vanadium on diabetic dyslipidemia in diabetic animals. RESULTS Of 124 full-text articles assessed, 48 animal studies were included in the present study with minor risk of bias. The majority of the studies confirmed the beneficial effects of different vanadium compounds in at least one of the parameters of lipid profile, especially regarding triglyceride and total cholesterol. CONCLUSION Current findings lend support to assess the long-term effects of different forms and doses of vanadium on lipid profile through well-designed clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Ghalichi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (TBZMED), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (TBZMED), Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Saghafi-Asl
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Tabriz university of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Xu J, Guo Y, Xue Y, Wang J, Xue C. Ameliorative effect of vanadyl(IV)-ascorbate complex on high-fat high-sucrose diet-induced hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress in mice. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 32:155-61. [PMID: 26302923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence demonstrating causative links between hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance, the core pathophysiological features of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Using a combinational approach, we synthesized a vanadium-antioxidant (i.e., l-ascorbic acid) complex and examined its effect on insulin resistance and oxidative stress. This study was designed to examine whether vanadyl(IV)-ascorbate complex (VOAsc) would reduce oxidative stress, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance in high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFSD)-induced type 2 diabetes in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a HFSD for 12 weeks to induce insulin resistance, rendering them diabetic. Diabetic mice were treated with rosiglitazone, sodium l-ascorbate, or VOAsc. At the end of treatment, fasting blood glucose, fasting serum insulin, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index, and serum adipocytokine levels were measured. Serum levels of nitric oxide (NO) parameters were also determined. The liver was isolated and used for determination of malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, and catalase levels, and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. VOAsc groups exhibited significant reductions in serum adipocytokine and NO levels, and oxidative stress parameters compared to the corresponding values in the untreated diabetic mice. The results indicated that VOAsc is non-toxic. In conclusion, we identified VOAsc as a potentially effective adjunct therapy for the management of type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Yongli Guo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Yong Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li L, Gao L, Liu S, Liu Q, Sun S, Huan Y, Li C, Peng J, Hou G, Li L, Liu W, Shen Z. Bis(α-furancarboxylato)oxovanadium(IV) exerts durable antidiabetic effects and suppresses matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity in spontaneous type 2 diabetic KKAy mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 153:329-39. [PMID: 23649370 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Vanadium compounds maintain euglycemic effects in diabetic rats long after drug withdrawal and bis(α-furancarboxylato)oxovanadium(IV) (BFOV) possesses potent antidiabetic effects in diabetic rats. Here, we investigated the treatment and posttreatment effects of BFOV in diabetic Kuo Kondo [1, 2] with Ay gene (KKAy) mice, and whether these effects were associated with changes in matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). KKAy mice received normal saline or BFOV initially at 70 μmol/kg/day for 1 month, which was tapered to 17 μmol/kg/day in the next 2 months and discontinued thereafter. Compared to diabetic controls, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was reduced by 46 and 19 % in KKAy mice after 70 μmol/kg BFOV for 1 month and 3 months after BFOV withdrawal, respectively. OGTT and ITT showed improved glucose tolerance and a better response of FPG to insulin with a significant decrease in HOMA-IR and a marked rise in the insulin sensitivity index after 70 μmol/kg BFOV for 1 month and 4 months after BFOV withdrawal (P <0.05 in all vs. diabetic controls). BFOV treatment resulted in a moderate but significant reduction in body weight and systolic blood pressure (SBP) at 1 month of treatment and 4 months following BFOV withdrawal (P <0.05 in all vs. diabetic controls). Gelatin zymography showed that serum MMP2 activity was significantly reduced and immunoblotting assays further showed that MMP2 expression was markedly downregulated in the liver after 1 month of treatment with 70 μmol/kg and 4 months after BFOV withdrawal (P <0.05 in all vs. diabetic controls). These results suggested that BFOV possessed potent treatment and posttreatment effects in KKAy mice with improved metabolic profile and reduced body weight and SBP. Furthermore, these effects were associated with decreased MMP2 expression and activity in diabetic KKAy mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wei YB, Yang XD. Synthesis, characterization and anti-diabetic therapeutic potential of a new benzyl acid-derivatized kojic acid vanadyl complex. Biometals 2012; 25:1261-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9587-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
6
|
Yaghmaei P, Esfahani-Nejad H, Ahmadi R, Hayati-Roodbari N, Ebrahim-Habibi A. Maternal zinc intake of Wistar rats has a protective effect in the alloxan-induced diabetic offspring. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 69:35-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
7
|
Hypoglycemic Properties of Oxovanadium (IV) Coordination Compounds with Carboxymethyl-Carrageenan and Carboxymethyl-Chitosan in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:691067. [PMID: 21804857 PMCID: PMC3144733 DOI: 10.1155/2011/691067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to avoid low absorption, incorporation, and undesirable side effects of inorganic oxovanadium compounds, the antidiabetic activities of organic oxovanadium (IV) compounds in alloxan-induced diabetic mice were investigated. Vanadyl carboxymethyl carrageenan (VOCCA) and vanadyl carboxymethyl chitosan (VOCCH) were synthesized and administrated through intragastric administration in different doses for 20 days in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Glibenclamide was administrated as the positive control. Our results showed that low-dose group, middle-dose group, and high-dose group of VOCCA and VOCCH could significantly reduce the levels of blood glucose (P < 0.05) compared with untreated group, but not in normal mice. Besides, high-dose groups of VOCCA and VOCCH exhibited more significant hypoglycemic activities (P < 0.01). After treated with VOCCH, the oral glucose tolerance of high-dose group of VOCCH was improved compared with model control group (P < 0.05).
Collapse
|
8
|
Sheela A, Vijayaraghavan R. Synthesis, spectral characterization, and antidiabetic study of new furan-based vanadium(IV) complexes. J COORD CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2010.550916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angappan Sheela
- a Materials Division , School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University , Vellore 632 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zuo YQ, Liu WP, Niu YF, Tian CF, Xie MJ, Chen XZ, Li L. Bis(α-furancarboxylato)oxovanadium(IV) prevents and improves dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.10.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Previous studies showed that bis(α-furancarboxylato)oxovanadium(IV) (BFOV), an orally active antidiabetic organic vanadium complex, could improve insulin resistance in animals with type 2 diabetes. The present study has been carried out to evaluate the effects of BFOV on insulin-resistant glucose metabolism using dexamethasone-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes as an in-vitro model of insulin resistance. The results showed that BFOV, similar to vanadyl sulfate and rosiglitazone, caused a concentration-dependent increase in glucose consumption by insulin-resistant adipocytes. Moreover, BFOV enhanced the action of insulin and completely prevented the development of insulin resistance induced by dexamethasone, leading to glucose consumption equal to that by normal cells. In addition, dexamethasone reduced the mRNA expression of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, while BFOV normalized the expression of IRS-1 and GLUT4. These findings suggest that BFOV prevents and improves dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by enhancing expression of IRS-1 and GLUT4 mRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qing Zuo
- Yunnan Pharmacological Laboratories of Natural Products, Kunming Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - Wei-Ping Liu
- Kunming Institute of Precious Metals, Kunming, PR China
| | - Yan-Fen Niu
- Yunnan Pharmacological Laboratories of Natural Products, Kunming Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - Chang-Fu Tian
- Yunnan Pharmacological Laboratories of Natural Products, Kunming Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | - Ming-Jin Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Yunnan University, Kunming, PR China
| | - Xi-Zhu Chen
- Kunming Institute of Precious Metals, Kunming, PR China
| | - Ling Li
- Yunnan Pharmacological Laboratories of Natural Products, Kunming Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Anti-diabetic effects of sodium 4-amino-2,6-dipicolinatodioxovanadium(V) dihydrate in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:585-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 11/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
11
|
The effects of combined treatment of antioxidants on the liver injury in STZ diabetic rats. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:538-46. [PMID: 18712602 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether an antioxidant combination of vitamin C, vitamin E, and sodium selenate (Se) has an effect on the liver of diabetic rats. Vitamin C, vitamin E, and Se were administered for 30 days to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic and control groups. In the STZ diabetic group, blood glucose levels, liver lipid peroxidation (LPO), and nonenzymatic glycosylation (NEG) levels increased, but blood and liver glutathione levels decreased. On the other hand, combined antioxidant treatment reversed these effects. In the diabetic group, some degenerative changes were observed by light and electron microscopic examinations, but the degenerative changes decreased in the diabetic group given antioxidant combination. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry showed that the number of proliferative hepatocytes increased significantly with antioxidant treatment. It was concluded that combined treatment with vitamin C, vitamin E, and Se has a curative effect against the hepatotoxicity produced by STZ-induced diabetes.
Collapse
|
12
|
Pancreatic protective effects of sodium tungstate in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
13
|
A quantitative study of sodium tungstate protective effect on pancreatic beta cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Micron 2008; 39:1300-5. [PMID: 18400503 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2008.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a major public health problem. Development of new therapies that are able to improve glycemia management, cure diabetes, and can even protect from it, are of great interest. This study investigated the protective effect of sodium tungstate against STZ-induced beta-cell damages by means of stereological methods. Sixty rats were divided into six groups: control (C), tungstate-treated control (TC), STZ-induced diabetic (D), STZ-induced diabetic rats were treated by sodium tungstate from 1 week before STZ injection (TDB), food-restricted diabetic (FRD), and diabetic rats treated with sodium tungstate 1 week after STZ administration (TDA). Stereological estimation of pancreas volume, islets volume density, volume-weighted mean islets volume and mass of beta cells, islets, and pancreas and total number of islets were done. Islets volume density, volume-weighted mean islets volume, and mass of beta cells, islets, and pancreas of TDB group was significantly higher than D, FRD and TDA groups (P<0.001) and was comparable to controls (C and TC groups). Total number of islets, pancreas wet weight and volume did not show any significant changes between these groups (P>0.05). Results suggested that sodium tungstate preserves pancreatic beta cells from STZ-induced damages and diabetes induction in rats.
Collapse
|
14
|
Gao L, Niu Y, Liu W, Xie M, Liu X, Chen Z, Li L. The antilipolytic action of bis(α-furancarboxylato)oxovanadium(IV) in adipocytes. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 388:89-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 10/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
15
|
Niu Y, Liu W, Tian C, Xie M, Gao L, Chen Z, Chen X, Li L. Effects of bis(alpha-furancarboxylato)oxovanadium(IV) on glucose metabolism in fat-fed/streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 572:213-9. [PMID: 17651728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bis(alpha-furancarboxylato)oxovanadium(IV) (BFOV) is a new orally active anti-diabetic organic vanadium complex. In the previous studies, we found that BFOV exhibited a glucose-lowering activity following oral administration to type 1-like diabetic mice induced by alloxan and rats induced by streptozotocin, and the mechanism was not related to enhancing the insulin synthesis and secretion. Since the enhancement of insulin sensitivity is involved in one of the mechanisms by which vanadium exerts its anti-diabetic effects, BFOV has been further tested on fat-fed/streptozotocin-treated rats, a type 2-like diabetic animal model, in the present study. The results showed that 4 weeks of BFOV treatment significantly improved hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia, as well as increased insulin sensitivity index in the fat-fed/streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Furthermore, BFOV efficiently activated glucokinase, increased hepatic glycogen content and suppressed phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expression in the liver and kidney of the diabetic rats, which contributed to augmentation of hepatic glucose disposal and maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis. These findings suggested that BEOV had anti-diabetic and insulin-sensitizing effects in the diabetic rats, exhibiting the potential to be developed as a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Niu
- Yunnan Pharmacological Laboratories of Natural Products, Kunming Medical College, Kunming, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|