Effect of gender, age, diet and smoking status on chronomics of circulating plasma lipid components in healthy Indians

Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Circadian Clock Disruption, and Metabolic Consequences

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of apnea and hypopnea during sleep. It is associated with various cardiovascular and metabolic complications, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Many pathways can be responsible for T2DM development in OSA patients, e.g., those related to HIF-1 and SIRT1 expression. Moreover, epigenetic mechanisms, such as miRNA181a or miRNA199, are postulated to play a pivotal role in this link. It has been proven that OSA increases the occurrence of circadian clock disruption, which is also a risk factor for metabolic disease development. Circadian clock disruption impairs the metabolism of glucose, lipids, and the secretion of bile acids. Therefore, OSA-induced circadian clock disruption may be a potential, complex, underlying pathway involved in developing and exacerbating metabolic diseases among OSA patients. The current paper summarizes the available information pertaining to the relationship between OSA and circadian clock disruption in the context of potential mechanisms leading to metabolic disorders.

Association of thyroid-stimulating hormone and lipid levels with suicide attempts among adolescents with major depressive disorder in China

OBJECTIVES

Evidence suggested that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and lipid levels were associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, its role in suicide attempts in adolescents with MDD was unclear. This investigation was to probe into the relationship between TSH, lipid levels, and attempted suicide in adolescents with MDD.

METHODS

A total of 179 adolescents with MDD were included from January 2021 to January 2022. Socio-demographic data and clinical data were obtained through self-made questionnaires. TSH and lipid levels were analyzed by a recognized laboratory. The Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to assess the severity of depression. Questions about whether there was a behavior of suicide attempts were completed through conversation interviews.

RESULTS

Results showed that the CES-D total score, TSH, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of suicide attempters were significantly higher than those of non-suicide attempters. Ordinary family relationships were more likely to attempt suicide than good family relationships. The CES-D total score, ordinary family relationships, TSH and LDL-C were still significant in binary logistic regression, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.04, 3.42, 5.14, and 1.76, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) ranged from 0.60 to 0.74.

CONCLUSION

Suicide attempts are common among adolescents with MDD and were associated with CES-D total score, ordinary family relationships, TSH, and LDL-C. Given the association between suicide attempts and TSH and LDL-C, the dynamic changes in TSH and LDL-C levels should be detected regularly.

Diagnostic significance of plasma lipid markers and machine learning-based algorithm for gastric cancer

Biomarkers may be of value for the early detection of gastric cancer (GC) and the preoperative identification of tumor characteristics to guide treatment strategies. The present study analyzed the expression levels of phospholipids in plasma from patients with GC using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) to detect reliable biomarkers for GC. Furthermore, combining the results with a machine learning strategy, the present study attempted to establish a diagnostic system for GC. A total of 20 plasma samples from preoperative patients with GC and 16 plasma samples from tumor-free patients (controls) were selected from our biobank named ‘SHINGEN (Yamanashi Biobank of Gastroenterological Cancers)’, which includes a total of 1,592 plasma samples, and were analyzed by LC/ESI-MS. The obtained data were discriminated using a machine learning-based diagnostic algorithm, whose discriminant ability was confirmed through leave-one-out cross-validation. Using LC/ESI-MS, the levels of 236 lipid molecules were determined. Biomarker analysis revealed that a few lipids that were downregulated in the GC group could discriminate between the GC and control groups. Whole lipid composition analysis using partial least squares regression revealed good discrimination ability between the GC and control groups. Integrative analysis of all molecules using the aforementioned machine learning method exhibited a diagnostic accuracy of 94.4% (specificity, 93.8%; sensitivity, 95.0%). In conclusion, the outcomes of the present study suggested the potential future application of the aforementioned system in clinical settings. By accumulating more reliable data, the present system will be able to detect early-stage cancer and will be capable of predicting the efficacy of each therapeutic strategy.

Age and Gender Characteristics of the Infrared Spectra of Normal Human Saliva

The comparison of the characteristics of the infrared (IR) spectra of saliva of healthy volunteers was carried out based on gender and age. It is shown that statistically significant differences between male and female groups are observed for the absorption bands of proteins and lipids. At the same time, the absorbance of the bands assigned to proteins and nucleic acids is higher for males, whereas the absorbance of the bands assigned to lipids is higher in the group of females. It is established that the correlation relationships of the characteristics of the spectra and age are weakly expressed. Thus, when forming the criteria of the norm and pathology for saliva, it is necessary to take into account the gender of the subjects, while there are no strict requirements for taking into account age periodization. Nevertheless, the revealed patterns are valid only for the composition of the saliva of healthy volunteers, the extension of the results to groups of patients with various diseases, as well as other biological fluids, requires additional testing.

Circadian Clock Regulation on Lipid Metabolism and Metabolic Diseases

The basic helix-loop-helix-PAS transcription factor (CLOCK, Circadian locomotor output cycles protein kaput) was discovered in 1994 as a circadian clock. Soon after its discovery, the circadian clock, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein 1 (ARNTL, also call BMAL1), was shown to regulate adiposity and body weight by controlling on the brain hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Farther, circadian clock genes were determined to exert several of lipid metabolic and diabetes effects, overall indicating that CLOCK and BMAL1 act as a central master circadian clock. A master circadian clock acts through the neurons and hormones, with expression in the intestine, liver, kidney, lung, heart, SCN of brain, and other various cell types of the organization. Among circadian clock genes, numerous metabolic syndromes are the most important in the regulation of food intake (via regulation of circadian clock genes or clock-controlled genes in peripheral tissue), which lead to a variation in plasma phospholipids and tissue phospholipids. Circadian clock genes affect the regulation of transporters and proteins included in the regulation of phospholipid metabolism. These genes have recently received increasing recognition because a pharmacological target of circadian clock genes may be of therapeutic worth to make better resistance against insulin, diabetes, obesity, metabolism syndrome, atherosclerosis, and brain diseases. In this book chapter, we focus on the regulation of circadian clock and summarize its phospholipid effect as well as discuss the chemical, physiology, and molecular value of circadian clock pathway regulation for the treatment of plasma lipids and atherosclerosis.

Effect of circadian rhythm type on serum lipid levels in shift workers: A 5-year cohort study

We investigated how differences in circadian rhythm type affect the health of workers engaged in shift work. Employees, who were newly hired in a steel company between 2007 and 2011, received the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) survey. The target participants were 153 male shift workers who were not being treated with any antihyperlipidemic drugs and underwent periodic physical examinations including blood tests at least twice. According to the score of the MEQ at the time of joining the company, we classified the subjects into five types. Longitudinal changes in serum lipid level were estimated among the circadian rhythm types adjusted for age, BMI, and other covariates using a linear mixed model. The regression coefficient of total cholesterol level in the "definitely and moderately morning" group was -17.83 (95% confidence interval (CI): -33.42 to -2.23), and in the "intermediate 'group' was -16.84 [95% CI: -30.40 to -3.28], compared to the moderate evening type." The total cholesterol level was higher in the moderately evening type than in any of the other groups. Between the Morningness-Eveningness (ME) type and Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, compared with the "moderately evening type" group, the regression coefficient in the "intermediate type" group was -16.08 (95% CI: -28.79 to -3.37), and in the "definitely and moderately morning type" group was -17.50 [95% CI: -32.11 to -2.88]. The "moderately evening type" group had a higher LDL cholesterol level than any of the other groups. Evening-type circadian rhythm type shift workers are more prone to elevated serum lipid levels.

Effect of Gender, Age, Diet and Smoking Status on the Circadian Rhythm of Serum Uric Acid of Healthy Indians of Different Age Groups

The circadian rhythm of uric acid concentration was studied under near-normal tropical conditions in 162 healthy volunteers (103 males and 59 females; 7 to 75 year). They were mostly medical students, staff members and members of their families. They were classified into 4 age groups: A (7-20 y; N = 42), B (21-40 y; N = 60), C (41-60 y; N = 35) and D (61-75 y; N = 25). They followed a diurnal activity from about 06:00 to about 22:00 and nocturnal rest. Blood samples were collected from each subject every 6 for 24 h (4 samples). Serum uric acid was measured spectrophotometrically. Data from each subject were analyzed by cosinor rhythmometry. Effects of gender, age, diet (vegetarian vs. omnivore), and smoking status on the rhythm-adjusted mean (MESOR) and circadian amplitude were examined by multiple-analysis of variance. A marked circadian variation was found in uric acid concentration in healthy Indians of all age groups. Furthermore, both the MESOR and circadian amplitude underwent changes with advancing age. In addition to effects of gender and age, diet and smoking were also found to affect the MESOR of circulating uric acid concentration in healthy Indians residing in northern India. The present observations confirmed a definite rhythm in uric acid concentrations with significant effect of gender, age, diet, and smoking status on uric acid concentration in clinical health. Mapping the circadian rhythm of serum uric acid is needed to explore their role in different pathophysiological conditions.

Gender Differences of Arterial Stiffness and Arterial Age in Smokers

The present study aimed to find gender differences for arterial stiffness and arterial aging in smokers. A total of 147 smokers (71 male and 76 female, matched for age) were explored using an Arteriograph in a cross-sectional survey. Pulse wave velocity (PWV), arterial age (AA), brachial and aortic augmentation index (AixBrach, AixAo), and blood pressure variables were assessed. Data about smoking intensity, such as the number of cigarettes smoked daily, smoking period, and smoking pack years (SPY) were used. No significant differences were found for PWV, AA, AixBrach and AixAo. Significant correlations were found between SPY and PWV, augmentation indices, and AA, respectively. The cut-off values for SPY were higher for an increased arterial stiffness in male compared to female smokers (18.5 and 7.5 pack year, respectively). SPY is significantly associated with an increased arterial stiffness in smokers regardless of gender, and with an increased SBPAo only in female smokers. The results of our study indicate gender differences for arterial stiffness and arterial age in smokers.

Circadian Periodicity of Circulating Plasma Lipid Peroxides, Uric Acid and Ascorbic Acid in Renal Stone Formers

Circadian periodicity of plasma lipid peroxides and serum ascorbic acid and uric acid levels were studied in one hundred renal stone formers (55 women and 45 men; age 20-60 years) and 50 clinically healthy volunteers (21 women and 29 men; age 21-45 years) with diurnal activity from 06:00 to 22:00 and nocturnal rest. A marked circadian variation was demonstrated by population-mean-cosinor for all studied variables in stone formers and healthy subjects. By comparison to the healthy controls, parameter tests indicate that the stone formers had a higher MESOR (±SE) of MDA (2.90 ± 0.03 vs. 2.28 ± 0.06; F = 94.929, p < 0.001), a lower MESOR of serum ascorbic acid (0.722 ± 0.010 vs. 0.839 ± 0.10; F = 32.083, p < 0.001), and a similar MESOR of serum uric acid. Furthermore, the patients also differed from the healthy subjects in terms of their circadian amplitude and acrophase (tested jointly) of all three variables (p < 0.001). The demonstration herein of a circadian rhythm in MDA, serum ascorbic and uric acid suggests that these variables could also serve as markers to optimize the timing of treatment and to assess the patient's response to treatment for further management.