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Nwabufo CK, Luc J, McGeer A, Hirota JA, Mubareka S, Doxey AC, Moraes TJ. COVID-19 severity gradient differentially dysregulates clinically relevant drug processing genes in nasopharyngeal swab samples. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 90:2137-2158. [PMID: 38817198 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.16124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM Understanding how COVID-19 impacts the expression of clinically relevant drug metabolizing enzymes and membrane transporters (DMETs) is vital for addressing potential safety and efficacy concerns related to systemic and peripheral drug concentrations. This study investigates the impact of COVID-19 severity on DMETs expression and the underlying mechanisms to inform the design of precise clinical dosing regimens for affected patients. METHODS Transcriptomics analysis of 102 DMETs, 10 inflammatory markers, and 12 xenosensing regulatory genes was conducted on nasopharyngeal swabs from 50 SARS-CoV-2 positive (17 outpatients, 16 non-ICU, and 17 ICU) and 13 SARS-CoV-2 negative individuals, clinically tested through qPCR, in the Greater Toronto area from October 2020 to October 2021. RESULTS We observed a significant differential gene expression for 42 DMETs, 6 inflammatory markers, and 9 xenosensing regulatory genes. COVID-19 severity was associated with the upregulation of AKR1C1, MGST1, and SULT1E1, and downregulation of ABCC10, CYP3A43, and SLC29A4 expressions. Altogether, SARS-CoV-2-positive patients showed an upregulation in CYP2C9, CYP2C19, AKR1C1, SULT1B1, SULT2B1, and SLCO4A1 and downregulation in FMO5, MGST3, ABCC5, and SLCO4C1 compared with SARS-CoV-2 negative individuals. These dysregulations were associated with significant changes in the expression of inflammatory and xenosensing regulatory genes driven by the disease. GSTM3, PPARA, and AKR1C1 are potential biomarkers of the observed DMETs dysregulation pattern in nasopharyngeal swabs of outpatients, non-ICU, and ICU patients, respectively. CONCLUSION The severity of COVID-19 is associated with the dysregulation of DMETs involved in processing commonly prescribed drugs, suggesting potential disease-drug interactions, especially for narrow therapeutic index drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwunonso K Nwabufo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- OneDrug Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica Luc
- Department of Biology and Waterloo Centre for Microbial Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Allison McGeer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy Alexander Hirota
- Department of Biology and Waterloo Centre for Microbial Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health-Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew C Doxey
- Department of Biology and Waterloo Centre for Microbial Research, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Elmileegy IMH, Waly HSA, Alghriany AAI, Abou Khalil NS, Mahmoud SMM, Negm EA. Gallic acid rescues uranyl acetate induced-hepatic dysfunction in rats by its antioxidant and cytoprotective potentials. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:423. [PMID: 37993853 PMCID: PMC10664358 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liver was identified as a primary target organ for the chemo-radiological effects of uranyl acetate (UA). Although the anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic properties of gallic acid (GA) make it a promising phytochemical to resist its hazards, there is no available data in this area of research. METHODS To address this issue, eighteen rats were randomly and equally divided into three groups. One group was received carboxymethyl cellulose (vehicle of GA) and kept as a control. The UA group was injected intraperitoneally with UA at a single dose of 5 mg/kg body weight. The third group (GA + UA group) was treated with GA orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for 14 days before UA exposure. UA was injected on the 15th day of the experiment in either the UA group or the GA + UA group. The biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical findings in the GA + UA group were compared to both control and UA groups. RESULTS The results showed that UA exposure led to a range of adverse effects. These included elevated plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, total protein, globulin, glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very-low-density lipoprotein and decreased plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The exposure also disrupted the redox balance, evident through decreased plasma total antioxidant capacity and hepatic nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase and increased hepatic oxidized glutathione and malondialdehyde. Plasma levels of albumin and alanine aminotransferase did not significantly change in all groups. Histopathological analysis revealed damage to liver tissue, characterized by deteriorations in tissue structure, excessive collagen accumulation, and depletion of glycogen. Furthermore, UA exposure up-regulated the immuno-expression of cleaved caspase-3 and down-regulated the immuno-expression of nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 in hepatic tissues, indicating an induction of apoptosis and oxidative stress response. However, the pre-treatment with GA proved to be effective in mitigating these negative effects induced by UA exposure, except for the disturbances in the lipid profile. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that GA has the potential to act as a protective agent against the adverse effects of UA exposure on the liver. Its ability to restore redox balance and inhibit apoptosis makes it a promising candidate for countering the harmful effects of chemo-radiological agents such as UA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtisam M H Elmileegy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Hanan S A Waly
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Nasser S Abou Khalil
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Merit University, Sohag, Egypt.
| | - Sara M M Mahmoud
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Eman A Negm
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
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Markovic M, Ranin J, Bukumiric Z, Jerotic D, Savic-Radojevic A, Pljesa-Ercegovac M, Djukic T, Ercegovac M, Asanin M, Milosevic I, Stevanovic G, Simic T, Coric V, Matic M. GPX3 Variant Genotype Affects the Risk of Developing Severe Forms of COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16151. [PMID: 38003341 PMCID: PMC10671662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In SARS-CoV-2 infection, excessive activation of the immune system intensively increases reactive oxygen species levels, causing harmful hyperinflammatory and oxidative state cumulative effects which may contribute to COVID-19 severity. Therefore, we assumed that antioxidant genetic profile, independently and complemented with laboratory markers, modulates COVID-19 severity. The study included 265 COVID-19 patients. Polymorphism of GSTM1, GSTT1, Nrf2 rs6721961, GSTM3 rs1332018, GPX3 rs8177412, GSTP1 rs1695, GSTO1 rs4925, GSTO2 rs156697, SOD2 rs4880 and GPX1 rs1050450 genes was determined with appropriate PCR-based methods. Inflammation (interleukin-6, CRP, fibrinogen, ferritin) and organ damage (urea, creatinine, transaminases and LDH) markers, complete blood count and coagulation status (d-dimer, fibrinogen) were measured. We found significant association for COVID-19 progression for patients with lymphocytes below 1.0 × 109/L (OR = 2.97, p = 0.002). Increased IL-6 and CRP were also associated with disease progression (OR = 8.52, p = 0.001, and OR = 10.97, p < 0.001, respectively), as well as elevated plasma AST and LDH (OR = 2.25, p = 0.021, and OR = 4.76, p < 0.001, respectively). Of all the examined polymorphisms, we found significant association with the risk of developing severe forms of COVID-19 for GPX3 rs8177412 variant genotype (OR = 2.42, p = 0.032). This finding could be of particular importance in the future, complementing other diagnostic tools for prediction of COVID-19 disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Markovic
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.M.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (G.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Jovan Ranin
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.M.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (G.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Zoran Bukumiric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djurdja Jerotic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre for Excellence for Redox Medicine, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Savic-Radojevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre for Excellence for Redox Medicine, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Pljesa-Ercegovac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre for Excellence for Redox Medicine, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Djukic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre for Excellence for Redox Medicine, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Ercegovac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Clinic of Neurology, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milika Asanin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Clinic of Cardiology, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Milosevic
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.M.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (G.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Goran Stevanovic
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.M.); (J.R.); (I.M.); (G.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
| | - Tatjana Simic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre for Excellence for Redox Medicine, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Coric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre for Excellence for Redox Medicine, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Matic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (Z.B.); (D.J.); (A.S.-R.); (M.P.-E.); (T.D.); (M.E.); (M.A.); (T.S.)
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Centre for Excellence for Redox Medicine, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Yazdanparast S, Bakhtiyaridovvombaygi M, Mikanik F, Ahmadi R, Ghorbani M, Mansoorian MR, Mansoorian M, Chegni H, Moshari J, Gharehbaghian A. Spotlight on contributory role of host immunogenetic profiling in SARS-CoV-2 infection: Susceptibility, severity, mortality, and vaccine effectiveness. Life Sci 2023:121907. [PMID: 37394094 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread continuously worldwide, characterized by various clinical symptoms. The immune system responds to SARS-CoV-2 infection by producing Abs and secreting cytokines. Recently, numerous studies have highlighted that immunogenetic factors perform a putative role in COVID-19 pathogenesis and implicate vaccination effectiveness. AIM This review summarizes the relevant articles and evaluates the significance of mutation and polymorphism in immune-related genes regarding susceptibility, severity, mortality, and vaccination effectiveness of COVID-19. Furthermore, the correlation between host immunogenetic and SARS-CoV-2 reinfection is discussed. METHOD A comprehensive search was conducted to identify relevant articles using five databases until January 2023, which resulted in 105 total articles. KEY FINDINGS Taken to gather this review summarized that: (a) there is a plausible correlation between immune-related genes and COVID-19 outcomes, (b) the HLAs, cytokines, chemokines, and other immune-related genes expression profiles can be a prognostic factor in COVID-19-infected patients, and (c) polymorphisms in immune-related genes have been associated with the effectiveness of vaccination. SIGNIFICANCE Regarding the importance of mutation and polymorphisms in immune-related genes in COVID-19 outcomes, modulating candidate genes is expected to help clinical decisions, patient outcomes management, and innovative therapeutic approach development. In addition, the manipulation of host immunogenetics is hypothesized to induce more robust cellular and humoral immune responses, effectively increase the efficacy of vaccines, and subsequently reduce the incidence rates of reinfection-associated COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Yazdanparast
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Bakhtiyaridovvombaygi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mikanik
- Student Research Committee, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Ahmadi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghorbani
- Laboratory Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
| | | | - Mozhgan Mansoorian
- Nursing Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Hamid Chegni
- Department of Immunology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalil Moshari
- School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Science, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Gharehbaghian
- Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, School of Allied Medical Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Pediatric Congenital Hematologic Disorders Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Bowen DR, Pathak S, Nadar RM, Parise RD, Ramesh S, Govindarajulu M, Moore A, Ren J, Moore T, Dhanasekaran M. Oxidative stress and COVID-19-associated neuronal dysfunction: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1153-1167. [PMID: 37357527 PMCID: PMC10465323 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 virus causes novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and there is a possible role for oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases associated with COVID-19. Excessive oxidative stress could be responsible for the thrombosis and other neuronal dysfunctions observed in COVID-19. This review discusses the role of oxidative stress associated with SARS-CoV-2 and the mechanisms involved. Furthermore, the various therapeutics implicated in treating COVID-19 and the oxidative stress that contributes to the etiology and pathogenesis of COVID-19-induced neuronal dysfunction are discussed. Further mechanistic and clinical research to combat COVID-19 is warranted to understand the exact mechanisms, and its true clinical effects need to be investigated to minimize neurological complications from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan R. Bowen
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Suhrud Pathak
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Rishi M. Nadar
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Rachel D. Parise
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Manoj Govindarajulu
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Austin Moore
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of CardiologyZhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghai200032China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Timothy Moore
- Department of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentHarrison College of PharmacyAuburn UniversityAuburn-AL36849USA
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Mazari AMA, Zhang L, Ye ZW, Zhang J, Tew KD, Townsend DM. The Multifaceted Role of Glutathione S-Transferases in Health and Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:688. [PMID: 37189435 PMCID: PMC10136111 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, the cytosolic glutathione S-transferase (GST) family of proteins is encoded by 16 genes presented in seven different classes. GSTs exhibit remarkable structural similarity with some overlapping functionalities. As a primary function, GSTs play a putative role in Phase II metabolism by protecting living cells against a wide variety of toxic molecules by conjugating them with the tripeptide glutathione. This conjugation reaction is extended to forming redox sensitive post-translational modifications on proteins: S-glutathionylation. Apart from these catalytic functions, specific GSTs are involved in the regulation of stress-induced signaling pathways that govern cell proliferation and apoptosis. Recently, studies on the effects of GST genetic polymorphisms on COVID-19 disease development revealed that the individuals with higher numbers of risk-associated genotypes showed higher risk of COVID-19 prevalence and severity. Furthermore, overexpression of GSTs in many tumors is frequently associated with drug resistance phenotypes. These functional properties make these proteins promising targets for therapeutics, and a number of GST inhibitors have progressed in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslam M. A. Mazari
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President Street, DDB410, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Leilei Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President Street, DDB410, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President Street, DDB410, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President Street, DDB410, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kenneth D. Tew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President Street, DDB410, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Danyelle M. Townsend
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 274 Calhoun Street, MSC141, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Orlewska K, Klusek J, Zarębska-Michaluk D, Kocańda K, Oblap R, Cedro A, Witczak B, Klusek J, Śliwczyński A, Orlewska E. Association between Glutathione S-Transferases Gene Variants and COVID-19 Severity in Previously Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Polish Patients with Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3752. [PMID: 36834445 PMCID: PMC9965089 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As the outcome of COVID-19 is associated with oxidative stress, it is highly probable that polymorphisms of genes related to oxidative stress were associated with susceptibility and severity of COVID-19. The aim of the study was to assess the association of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) gene polymorphisms with COVID-19 severity in previously vaccinated and unvaccinated Polish patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. A total of 92 not vaccinated and 84 vaccinated patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 were included. The WHO COVID-19 Clinical Progression Scale was used to assess COVID-19 severity. GSTs genetic polymorphisms were assessed by appropriate PCR methods. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed, including logistic regression analysis. GSTP1 Ile/Val genotype was found to be associated with a higher risk of developing a severe form of the disease in the population of vaccinated patients with COVID-19 (OR: 2.75; p = 0.0398). No significant association was observed for any of the assessed GST genotypes with COVID-19 disease severity in unvaccinated patients with COVID-19. In this group of patients, BMI > 25 and serum glucose level > 99 mg% statistically significantly increased the odds towards more severe COVID-19. Our results may contribute to further understanding of risk factors of severe COVID-19 and selecting patients in need of strategies focusing on oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justyna Klusek
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | | | - Kamila Kocańda
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Ruslan Oblap
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Anna Cedro
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Bartosz Witczak
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Jolanta Klusek
- Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Andrzej Śliwczyński
- Faculty of Medicine, Lazarski University, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland
- Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Orlewska
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
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8
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Labarrere CA, Kassab GS. Glutathione deficiency in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its effects upon the host immune response in severe COVID-19 disease. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:979719. [PMID: 36274722 PMCID: PMC9582773 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.979719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) has numerous risk factors leading to severe disease with high mortality rate. Oxidative stress with excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lower glutathione (GSH) levels seems to be a common pathway associated with the high COVID-19 mortality. GSH is a unique small but powerful molecule paramount for life. It sustains adequate redox cell signaling since a physiologic level of oxidative stress is fundamental for controlling life processes via redox signaling, but excessive oxidation causes cell and tissue damage. The water-soluble GSH tripeptide (γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) is present in the cytoplasm of all cells. GSH is at 1-10 mM concentrations in all mammalian tissues (highest concentration in liver) as the most abundant non-protein thiol that protects against excessive oxidative stress. Oxidative stress also activates the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) redox regulator pathway, releasing Nrf2 to regulate the expression of genes that control antioxidant, inflammatory and immune system responses, facilitating GSH activity. GSH exists in the thiol-reduced and disulfide-oxidized (GSSG) forms. Reduced GSH is the prevailing form accounting for >98% of total GSH. The concentrations of GSH and GSSG and their molar ratio are indicators of the functionality of the cell and its alteration is related to various human pathological processes including COVID-19. Oxidative stress plays a prominent role in SARS-CoV-2 infection following recognition of the viral S-protein by angiotensin converting enzyme-2 receptor and pattern recognition receptors like toll-like receptors 2 and 4, and activation of transcription factors like nuclear factor kappa B, that subsequently activate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) expression succeeded by ROS production. GSH depletion may have a fundamental role in COVID-19 pathophysiology, host immune response and disease severity and mortality. Therapies enhancing GSH could become a cornerstone to reduce severity and fatal outcomes of COVID-19 disease and increasing GSH levels may prevent and subdue the disease. The life value of GSH makes for a paramount research field in biology and medicine and may be key against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease.
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Delshad M, Sanaei MJ, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Bashash D. Host genetic diversity and genetic variations of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 pathogenesis and the effectiveness of vaccination. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 111:109128. [PMID: 35963158 PMCID: PMC9359488 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has shown a vast range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic to life-threatening symptoms. To figure out the cause of this heterogeneity, studies demonstrated the trace of genetic diversities whether in the hosts or the virus itself. With this regard, this review provides a comprehensive overview of how host genetic such as those related to the entry of the virus, the immune-related genes, gender-related genes, disease-related genes, and also host epigenetic could influence the severity of COVID-19. Besides, the mutations in the genome of SARS-CoV-2 __leading to emerging of new variants__ per se affect the affinity of the virus to the host cells and enhance the immune escape capacity. The current review discusses these variants and also the latest data about vaccination effectiveness facing the most important variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahda Delshad
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Javad Sanaei
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Lu LW, Gao Y, Quek SY, Foster M, Eason CT, Liu M, Wang M, Chen JH, Chen F. The landscape of potential health benefits of carotenoids as natural supportive therapeutics in protecting against Coronavirus infection. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113625. [PMID: 36058151 PMCID: PMC9428603 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic urges researching possibilities for prevention and management of the effects of the virus. Carotenoids are natural phytochemicals of anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties and may exert potential in aiding in combatting the pandemic. This review presents the direct and indirect evidence of the health benefits of carotenoids and derivatives based on in vitro and in vivo studies, human clinical trials and epidemiological studies and proposes possible mechanisms of action via which carotenoids may have the capacity to protect against COVID-19 effects. The current evidence provides a rationale for considering carotenoids as natural supportive nutrients via antioxidant activities, including scavenging lipid-soluble radicals, reducing hypoxia-associated superoxide by activating antioxidant enzymes, or suppressing enzymes that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Carotenoids may regulate COVID-19 induced over-production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, pro-inflammatory enzymes and adhesion molecules by nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) and interleukins-6- Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (IL-6-JAK/STAT) pathways and suppress the polarization of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage. Moreover, carotenoids may modulate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ by acting as agonists to alleviate COVID-19 symptoms. They also may potentially block the cellular receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). These activities may reduce the severity of COVID-19 and flu-like diseases. Thus, carotenoid supplementation may aid in combatting the pandemic, as well as seasonal flu. However, further in vitro, in vivo and in particular long-term clinical trials in COVID-19 patients are needed to evaluate this hypothesis.
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Tsermpini EE, Glamočlija U, Ulucan-Karnak F, Redenšek Trampuž S, Dolžan V. Molecular Mechanisms Related to Responses to Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative Therapies in COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1609. [PMID: 36009328 PMCID: PMC9405444 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is a leading global health and economic challenge. What defines the disease's progression is not entirely understood, but there are strong indications that oxidative stress and the defense against reactive oxygen species are crucial players. A big influx of immune cells to the site of infection is marked by the increase in reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Our article aims to highlight the critical role of oxidative stress in the emergence and severity of COVID-19 and, more importantly, to shed light on the underlying molecular and genetic mechanisms. We have reviewed the available literature and clinical trials to extract the relevant genetic variants within the oxidative stress pathway associated with COVID-19 and the anti-oxidative therapies currently evaluated in the clinical trials for COVID-19 treatment, in particular clinical trials on glutathione and N-acetylcysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Eirini Tsermpini
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Una Glamočlija
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- School of Medicine, University of Mostar, 88000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Fulden Ulucan-Karnak
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sara Redenšek Trampuž
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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Alsayed BA, Mir R. Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia and Genetic Susceptibility: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e23636. [PMID: 35371838 PMCID: PMC8971094 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) morbidity and mortality continues to evolve. This report presents a case of an apparently healthy male adult who developed severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and a study on relevant genetic mutations, namely, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2-rs4646994 I/D) gene, glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 and T1 gene, and miR-423 rs6505162 C>A gene polymorphism. Results showed that the ACE-DD genotype of ACE2, (GSTM1+/+) (GSTT1−/−) genotype of GST gene, and CA genotype (heterozygosity) of miR-423 rs6505162 genes, which were found in the patient, could be independent risk factors of severe COVID-19, even without comorbidities.
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13
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Adli A, Rahimi M, Khodaie R, Hashemzaei N, Hosseini SM. Role of Genetic Variants and Host Polymorphisms on COVID‐19: From Viral Entrance Mechanisms to Immunological Reactions. J Med Virol 2022; 94:1846-1865. [PMID: 35076118 PMCID: PMC9015257 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by a highly pathogenic emerging virus, is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of this virus is in infancy; however, investigation on the pathogenic mechanisms of the SARS‐CoV‐2 is underway. In COVID‐19, one of the most remarkable characteristics is the wide range of disease manifestation and severity seen across individuals of different ethnic backgrounds and geographical locations. To effectively manage COVID‐19 in the populations, beyond SARS‐CoV‐2 detection, serological response assessment, and analytic techniques, it is critical to obtain knowledge about at‐risk individuals and comprehend the identified variations in the disease's severity in general and also in the populations' levels. Several factors can contribute to variation in disease presentation, including population density, gender and age differences, and comorbid circumstances including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity. Genetic factors presumably influence SARS‐CoV‐2 infection susceptibility. Besides this, COVID‐19 has also been linked with a higher risk of mortality in men and certain ethnic groups, revealing that host genetic characteristics may affect the individual risk of death. Also, genetic variants involved in pathologic processes, including virus entrance into cells, antiviral immunity, and inflammatory response, are not entirely understood. Regarding SARS‐CoV‐2 infection characteristics, the present review suggests that various genetic polymorphisms influence virus pathogenicity and host immunity, which might have significant implications for understanding and interpreting the matter of genetics in SARS‐CoV‐2 pathogenicity and customized integrative medical care based on population investigation. Genetic factors presumably influence SARS‐CoV‐2 infection susceptibility. Genetic variants were involved in the pathologic processes of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Various genetic polymorphisms influence virus pathogenicity and host immunity. Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) may play a vital role in SARS‐CoV‐2 susceptibility. Polymorphisms in several genes such as IL‐6, TMPRSS2, IFITM3, CD26, ACE, and DBP were associated with the COVID‐19 severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Adli
- Human Genetic Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehran1435916471Iran
| | - Mandana Rahimi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hasheminejad Kidney Center, Iran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Reza Khodaie
- Department of Biology, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | | | - Sayed Mostafa Hosseini
- Human Genetic Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehran1435916471Iran
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Coric V, Milosevic I, Djukic T, Bukumiric Z, Savic-Radojevic A, Matic M, Jerotic D, Todorovic N, Asanin M, Ercegovac M, Ranin J, Stevanovic G, Pljesa-Ercegovac M, Simic T. GSTP1 and GSTM3 Variant Alleles Affect Susceptibility and Severity of COVID-19. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:747493. [PMID: 34988113 PMCID: PMC8721193 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.747493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the premise that oxidative stress plays an important role in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, we speculated that variations in the antioxidant activities of different members of the glutathione S-transferase family of enzymes might modulate individual susceptibility towards development of clinical manifestations in COVID-19. The distribution of polymorphisms in cytosolic glutathione S-transferases GSTA1, GSTM1, GSTM3, GSTP1 (rs1695 and rs1138272), and GSTT1 were assessed in 207 COVID-19 patients and 252 matched healthy individuals, emphasizing their individual and cumulative effect in disease development and severity. GST polymorphisms were determined by appropriate PCR methods. Among six GST polymorphisms analyzed in this study, GSTP1 rs1695 and GSTM3 were found to be associated with COVID-19. Indeed, the data obtained showed that individuals carrying variant GSTP1-Val allele exhibit lower odds of COVID-19 development (p = 0.002), contrary to carriers of variant GSTM3-CC genotype which have higher odds for COVID-19 (p = 0.024). Moreover, combined GSTP1 (rs1138272 and rs1695) and GSTM3 genotype exhibited cumulative risk regarding both COVID-19 occurrence and COVID-19 severity (p = 0.001 and p = 0.025, respectively). Further studies are needed to clarify the exact roles of specific glutathione S-transferases once the SARS-CoV-2 infection is initiated in the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Coric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Milosevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Djukic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Bukumiric
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Savic-Radojevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Matic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djurdja Jerotic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Todorovic
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milika Asanin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Ercegovac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Cardiology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovan Ranin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Stevanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Pljesa-Ercegovac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Simic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
- Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
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15
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Starcevic Cizmarevic N, Kapovic M, Roncevic D, Ristic S. Could the CCR5-Delta32 mutation be protective in SARS-CoV-2 infection? Physiol Res 2021; 70:S249-S252. [PMID: 34913355 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence points to host genetics as a factor in COVID-19 prevalence and outcome. CCR5 is a receptor for proinflammatory chemokines that are involved in host responses, especially to viruses. The CCR5-delta32 minor allele is an interesting variant, given the role of CCR5 in some viral infections, particularly HIV-1. Recent studies of the impact of CCR5-delta32 on COVID-19 risk and severity have yielded contradictory results. This ecologic study shows that the CCR5-delta32 allelic frequency in a European population was significantly negatively correlated with the number of COVID-19 cases (p=0.035) and deaths (p=0.006) during the second pandemic wave. These results suggest that CCR5-delta32 may be protective against SARS-CoV-2 infection, as it is against HIV infection, and could be predictive of COVID-19 risk and severity. Further studies based on samples from populations of different genetic backgrounds are needed to validate these statistically obtained findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Starcevic Cizmarevic
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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16
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Fonseca W, Asai N, Yagi K, Malinczak CA, Savickas G, Johnson CC, Murray S, Zoratti EM, Lukacs NW, Li J, Schuler IV CF. COVID-19 Modulates Inflammatory and Renal Markers That May Predict Hospital Outcomes among African American Males. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122415. [PMID: 34960684 PMCID: PMC8708877 DOI: 10.3390/v13122415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: African Americans and males have elevated risks of infection, hospitalization, and death from SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with other populations. We report immune responses and renal injury markers in African American male patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective study of 56 COVID-19 infected hospitalized African American males 50+ years of age selected from among non-intensive care unit (ICU) and ICU status patients. Demographics, hospitalization-related variables, and medical history were collected from electronic medical records. Plasma samples collected close to admission (≤2 days) were evaluated for cytokines and renal markers; results were compared to a control group (n = 31) and related to COVID-19 in-hospital mortality. Results: Among COVID-19 patients, eight (14.2%) suffered in-hospital mortality; seven (23.3%) in the ICU and one (3.8%) among non-ICU patients. Interleukin (IL)-18 and IL-33 were elevated at admission in COVID-19 patients in comparison with controls. IL-6, IL-18, MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-1α/CCL3, IL-33, GST, and osteopontin were upregulated at admission in ICU patients in comparison with controls. In addition to clinical factors, MCP-1 and GST may provide incremental value for risk prediction of COVID-19 in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: Qualitatively similar inflammatory responses were observed in comparison to other populations reported in the literature, suggesting non-immunologic factors may account for outcome differences. Further, we provide initial evidence for cytokine and renal toxicity markers as prognostic factors for COVID-19 in-hospital mortality among African American males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.F.); (N.A.); (K.Y.); (C.-A.M.); (N.W.L.)
| | - Nobuhiro Asai
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.F.); (N.A.); (K.Y.); (C.-A.M.); (N.W.L.)
| | - Kazuma Yagi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.F.); (N.A.); (K.Y.); (C.-A.M.); (N.W.L.)
| | - Carrie-Anne Malinczak
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.F.); (N.A.); (K.Y.); (C.-A.M.); (N.W.L.)
| | - Gina Savickas
- Translational and Clinical Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (G.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Christine C. Johnson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.C.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Shannon Murray
- Translational and Clinical Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (G.S.); (S.M.)
| | - Edward M. Zoratti
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Nicholas W. Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (W.F.); (N.A.); (K.Y.); (C.-A.M.); (N.W.L.)
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (C.C.J.); (J.L.)
| | - Charles F. Schuler IV
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 734-232-2154; Fax: 734-647-6263
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17
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Verd S, Verd M. Re: "COVID-19: A Redox Disease-What a Stress Pandemic Can Teach Us About Resilience and What We May Learn from the Reactive Species Interactome About Its Treatment" by Cumpstey et al. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1269-1270. [PMID: 34293954 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cumpstey et al. (Antioxid Redox Signal 2021;10.1089/ars.2021.0017) have thoroughly reviewed the changes to the redox biology that determine individual resilience against COVID-19, and that hint at future treatment regimes. Verd and Verd question whether paracetamol, in the words of Cumpstey et al., "has the potential to overwhelm the body's ability to cope and maintain homeostasis" in COVID-19 patients. In response to this letter, the authors of Cumpstey et al. (Feelisch, Cumpstey, Clarka, Santolinic, and Jacksondargue) argue that what matters for human resilience against SARS-CoV-2 and other stressors is not simply determined by what is ingested/inhaled but also by how these substances can be handled by the body. The ability to cope with competing demands is determined by the extent to which the building blocks essential for cell/organ protection, function, adjustment, and healing can continue to be made available in sufficient quantities. To this end, dietary quality and nutrient status are fundamental determinants of the metabolic background against which all of these factors (including over-the-counter medications such as paracetamol) operate and either support or compromise the balanced functioning of the reactive species interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Verd
- Pediatric Unit, La Vileta Surgery, Department of Primary Care,Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Mateo Verd
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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18
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Vitrone M, Mele F, Durante-Mangoni E, Zampino R. Drugs and liver injury: a not to be overlooked binomial in COVID-19. J Chemother 2021; 34:207-220. [PMID: 34644236 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2021.1988203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) results predominantly in pulmonary involvement but a direct, virus-induced liver damage may also occur, whose mechanisms are being actively investigated. Accordingly, it appears of utmost importance to monitor liver function and carefully evaluate hepatic safety of the various drugs administered during COVID-19. In this respect, many drugs, biological agents and novel molecules, whose efficacy in COVID-19 is under scrutiny, have also been shown to potentially cause or worsen liver damage. In this article, we review safety data of established as well as promising agents for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vitrone
- Department of Advanced Medical & Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - F Mele
- Department of Advanced Medical & Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - E Durante-Mangoni
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Unit of Infectious and Transplant Medicine, AORN Ospedali dei Colli - Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - R Zampino
- Department of Advanced Medical & Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Unit of Infectious and Transplant Medicine, AORN Ospedali dei Colli - Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
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19
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Saadat M. Prevalence and mortality of COVID-19 are associated with the L55M functional polymorphism of Paraoxonase 1. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2021. [PMCID: PMC9198663 DOI: 10.1177/20101058211040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Accumulating evidence recommends that infectious diseases including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are often associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1, OMIM: 168,820), a member of the paraoxonase gene family, has antioxidant properties. Enzyme activity of paraoxonase depends on a variety of influencing factors such as polymorphisms of PON1, ethnicity, gender, age, and a number of environmental variables. The PON1 has two common functional polymorphisms, namely, Q192R (rs662) and L55M (rs854560). The R192 and M55 alleles are associated with increase and decrease in enzyme activity, respectively. Objective The present study was conducted to investigate the possible association of rs662 and rs854560 polymorphisms with morbidity and mortality of COVID-19. Methods Data for the prevalence, mortality, and amount of accomplished diagnostic test (per 106 people) on 25 November 2020 from 48 countries were included in the present study. The Human Development Index (HDI) was used as a potential confounding variable. Results The frequency of M55 was positively correlated with the prevalence (partial r = 0.487, df = 36, p = 0.002) and mortality of COVID-19 (partial r = 0.551, df = 36, p < 0.001), after adjustments for HDI and amount of the accomplished diagnostic test as possible confounders. Conclusions This means that countries with higher M55 frequency have higher prevalence and mortality of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Saadat
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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20
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Abbas M, Verma S, Verma S, Siddiqui S, Khan FH, Raza ST, Siddiqi Z, Eba A, Mahdi F. Association of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms with COVID-19 susceptibility and its outcome. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5446-5451. [PMID: 33990973 PMCID: PMC8242761 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has become a global health issue and develops into a broad range of illnesses from asymptomatic to fatal respiratory diseases. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with oxidative stress that triggers cytokine production, inflammation, and other pathophysiological processes. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) is an important enzyme that catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with electrophiles to protect the cell from oxidative damage and participates in the antioxidant defense mechanism in the lungs. Thus, in this study, we investigated the role of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphism with COVID-19 susceptibility, as well as its outcome. The study included 269 RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients with mild (n = 149) and severe (n = 120) conditions. All subjects were genotyped for GSTM1 and GSTT1 by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) followed by statistical analysis. The frequency of GSTM1-/- , GSTT1-/- and GSTM1-/- /GSTT1-/- was higher in severe COVID-19 patients as compared to mild patients but we did not observe a significant association. In the Cox hazard model, death was significantly 2.28-fold higher in patients with the GSTT1-/- genotype (p = 0.047). In combination, patients having GSTM1+/+ and GSTT1-/- genotypes showed a poor survival rate (p = 0.02). Our results suggested that COVID-19 patients with the GSTT1-/- genotype showed higher mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abbas
- Department of Personalized and Molecular MedicineEra UniversityLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
- Department of MicrobiologyEra UniversityLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Sushma Verma
- Department of Personalized and Molecular MedicineEra UniversityLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Shrikant Verma
- Department of Personalized and Molecular MedicineEra UniversityLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Sahabjada Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry, Eras Lucknow Medical College and HospitalEra UniversityLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Faizan H. Khan
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of MedicineNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Syed T. Raza
- Department of Biochemistry, Eras Lucknow Medical College and HospitalEra UniversityLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Zeba Siddiqi
- Department of Medicine, Eras Lucknow Medical College and HospitalEra UniversityLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Ale Eba
- Department of Biochemistry, Eras Lucknow Medical College and HospitalEra UniversityLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
| | - Farzana Mahdi
- Department of Personalized and Molecular MedicineEra UniversityLucknowUttar PradeshIndia
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21
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Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). There is growing evidence that host genetics play an important role in COVID-19 severity. Based on current knowledge about the human protein machinery for SARS-CoV-2 entry, the host innate immune response, and virus-host interactions, the potential effects of human genetic polymorphisms, which may contribute to clinical differences in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, may help to determine the individual risk for COVID-19 infection and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris R Delanghe
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Marijn M Speeckaert
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
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22
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Kaidashev I, Shlykova O, Izmailova O, Torubara O, Yushchenko Y, Tyshkovska T, Kyslyi V, Belyaeva A, Maryniak D. Host gene variability and SARS-CoV-2 infection: A review article. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07863. [PMID: 34458641 PMCID: PMC8382593 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a global threat that influenced healthcare systems around the world. This virus caused an infection in humans with different clinical signs and syndromes, severity, and mortality. The key components of the COVID-19 molecular pathogenesis are coronavirus entry and replication, antigen presentation, humoral and cellular immunity, cytokine storm, coronavirus immune evasion. The analysis of recent literature displayed possible molecular targets in the key components of the COVID-19 pathogenesis. Some of these targets might have gene polymorphisms that influenced the COVID-19 course. Unfortunately, several findings are still putative or extrapolated from SARS and MERS experimental investigations or clinical trials. We systematised original data about gene polymorphisms of possible molecular targets and associations with the COVID-19 course. Most data were obtained for angiotensin-converting enzymes 1 and 2, TMPRSS2 gene polymorphisms. Only a few results were found for gene polymorphisms of adhesion molecules, interferon system components, cytokines, and transcriptional factors, oxidative stress and metabolic molecules, as well as haemocoagulation. Understanding the host gene variability and its associations with COVID-19 can provide insights into the disease pathogenesis, individual susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, severity, complications, and mortality prognosis for the disease. Besides, these data might help in the identification of appropriate targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Kaidashev
- Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - O. Shlykova
- Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - O. Izmailova
- Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - O. Torubara
- Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | | | | | - V. Kyslyi
- Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - A. Belyaeva
- Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
| | - D. Maryniak
- Poltava State Medical University, Poltava, Ukraine
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23
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Kaltoum ABO. Mutations and polymorphisms in genes involved in the infections by covid 19: a review. GENE REPORTS 2021; 23:101062. [PMID: 33655087 PMCID: PMC7906531 DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Covid19 is the third most aggressive coronavirus that spreads rapidly and kills many people. It is a multigenic and multifactorial disease with many genetic and environmental determinants. The identification of these factors is key to better understanding the etiology of Covid-19 and it can also help predict the risk and prevent Covid-19 infection. Many predisposing factors have been described for this coronavirus such as advanced age, male gender, and geographic location. In addition to these elements, genetic factors have an important role in Covid19 infection. Interindividual variation in susceptibility to infection by Covid-19 has been associated with to the presence of genetic polymorphisms in many genes, especially in those that code for proteins implicated in the infection process. The present review gives a brief overview of different genes involved in the infection by SARS-CoV-2 and its association with disease severity. The results of our research showed that many different genes are associated with a higher risk for COVID-19, notably those coding for proteins involved in coronavirus-cell entry and fusion such as ACE2 (angiotensin I converting enzyme 2), TMPRSS2 (transmembrane protease, serine 2) and CD26.
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24
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Verd S, Verd M. Commentary: Paracetamol-Induced Glutathione Consumption: Is There a Link With Severe COVID-19 Illness? Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:625295. [PMID: 33574761 PMCID: PMC7870483 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.625295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Verd
- Pediatric Unit, La Vileta Surgery, Department of Primary Care, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Mateo Verd
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Son Espases University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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25
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Starčević Čizmarević N, Tota M, Ristić S. Does the CCR5-Δ32 mutation explain the variable coronavirus-2019 pandemic statistics in Europe? Croat Med J 2021. [PMID: 33410299 PMCID: PMC7821361 DOI: 10.3325/cmj.2020.61.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nad Starčević Čizmarević
- Nada Starčević Čizmarević, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia,
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26
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Saify K, Alborz MS, Saadat M. Susceptibility to the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is associated with ABO and Rh blood groups: a case-control study from Afghanistan. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2021; 22:1. [PMID: 38624675 PMCID: PMC7781646 DOI: 10.1186/s43042-020-00124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There are preliminary studies about the association between COVID-19 and ABO phenotypes and the results are controversial. There are only two studies which investigated the association of Rh blood groups in addition to ABO with COVID-19; however, in the statistical analysis ABO and Rh blood groups have been considered separately. Therefore, the present case-control study was performed to determine the association of COVID-19 with ABO blood groups considering the Rh blood groups simultaneously. The study was conducted in Kunduz COVID-19 treatment specific center, Spin-Zar Hospital (Kunduz Province, North East Afghanistan). A total of 301 confirmed COVID-19 cases and 1039 healthy blood donors as control group were included in the study. Results The Rh- phenotype strongly increased the risk of COVID-19 (OR = 2.97, 95% CI 1.86-3.89, P < 0.001). Although blood group A increased the risk of developing COVID-19, the association did not reach statistical significance. In analysis of the combination phenotypes, the A- blood group remarkably increased the risk of COVID-19 (OR = 7.24, 95% CI 3.62-14.4, P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that the interaction of Rh and ABO is significant (P < 0.013). Conclusion These findings indicate that susceptibility to COVID-19 is strongly associated with A- blood group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khyber Saify
- Department of Biology, College of Education Sciences, Kunduz University, Kunduz, Afghanistan
| | - Mohammad Sarwar Alborz
- Department of Nutrition, College of Medical Sciences Kabul, Abu Ali Ibne-Sina Medical Science University, Kabul, Afghanistan
| | - Mostafa Saadat
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71467-13565 Iran
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27
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Sestili P, Fimognari C. Paracetamol-Induced Glutathione Consumption: Is There a Link With Severe COVID-19 Illness? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:579944. [PMID: 33117175 PMCID: PMC7577213 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.579944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic is posing an unprecedented sanitary threat: antiviral and host-directed medications to treat the disease are urgently needed. A great effort has been paid to find drugs and treatments for hospitalized, severely ill patients. However, medications used for the domiciliary management of early symptoms, notwithstanding their importance, have not been and are not presently regarded with the same attention and seriousness. In analogy with other airways viral infections, COVID-19 patients in the early phase require specific antivirals (still lacking) and non-etiotropic drugs to lower pain, fever, and control inflammation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and paracetamol (PAC) are widely used as non-etiotropic agents in common airways viral infections and hence are both theoretically repurposable for COVID-19. However, a warning from some research reports and National Authorities raised NSAIDs safety concerns because of the supposed induction of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) levels (the receptor used by SARS-CoV2 to enter host airways cells), the increased risk of bacterial superinfections and masking of disease symptoms. As a consequence, the use of NSAIDs was, and is still, discouraged while the alternative adoption of paracetamol is still preferred. On the basis of novel data and hypothesis on the possible role of scarce glutathione (GSH) levels in the exacerbation of COVID-19 and of the GSH depleting activity of PAC, this commentary raises the question of whether PAC may be the better choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Sestili
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DISB), Università degli Studi di Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Rimini, Italy
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28
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Saadat M. The morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 are correlated with the Ile105Val glutathione S-transferase P1 polymorphism. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2020; 21:52. [PMID: 38624527 PMCID: PMC7527247 DOI: 10.1186/s43042-020-00094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress is an important issue in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Considering that glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) is involved in cellular detoxification, it may play an important role in susceptibility to infection with SARS-CoV-2 and/or its outcome. In the present study, the association between the Ile105Val GSTP1 polymorphism (rs1695) and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as its outcome was investigated. Data on the prevalence (per 106 people), case-fatality (per 100 infected cases), and mortality (per 106 people) of COVID-19 and various potential confounders (the life expectancy at birth, density of medical doctors, density of nursing and midwifery personnel, and the gross national income per capita) were used. The latest data available for 45 countries were used for the study. Results In multivariate linear regression analyses, the Val105 allelic frequency showed positive association with the log-prevalence (partial r = 0.308, p = 0.042) and log-mortality of COVID-19 (partial r = 0.316, p = 0.037). The log-fatality did not show association with the allelic frequency. In the next step, only countries with the gross national income per capita more than $15,000 were included in the analysis. In the selected countries, the frequency of Val105 was positively associated with the log-prevalence (partial r = 0.456, p = 0.009) and log-mortality of COVID-19 (partial r = 0.544, p = 0.001). Conclusions The present findings indicate that countries with higher Val105 allelic frequency of the rs1695 polymorphism showed higher prevalence and mortality of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Saadat
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71467-13565 Iran
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29
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ABO blood group system is associated with COVID-19 mortality: An epidemiological investigation in the Indian population. Transfus Clin Biol 2020; 27:253-258. [PMID: 32987167 PMCID: PMC7518849 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has spread worldwide, and to date presence of the virus has been recorded in 215 countries contributing 0.43 million of death. The role of blood groups in susceptibility/resistance to various infectious diseases has been reported. However, the association of blood groups with susceptibility to COVID-19 infections or related death are limited. In the present report, we performed an epidemiological investigation in the Indian population to decipher the importance of blood groups concerning susceptibility or mortality in COVID-19 infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data on COVID-19 infection and mortality was obtained from the website of the Government of India. Prevalence of ABO blood groups in different states and union territories of India were searched using different databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Relevant articles were downloaded, and data were extracted. Spearman's rank coefficient analysis was employed to study the correlation between blood group frequencies and COVID-19 infection or mortality rate. RESULTS A significant inverse correlation was observed between the frequency of O blood group and the COVID-19 mortality rate (Spearman r=-0.36, P=0.03), indicating a possible protective role of O blood group against COVID-19 related death. In contrast, the prevalence of blood group B was positively correlated with COVID-19 death/million (Spearman r=0.67, P<0.0001), suggesting B blood type as a deleterious factor in COVID-19 infection. CONCLUSIONS ABO blood group system is associated with poor prognosis of COVID-19 infection. Blood group O may protects, and subjects with blood type B could be susceptible to COVID-19 mortality. However, further studies on COVID-19 infected patients in different population are required to validate our findings.
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30
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Takahashi T, Luzum JA, Nicol MR, Jacobson PA. Pharmacogenomics of COVID-19 therapies. NPJ Genom Med 2020; 5:35. [PMID: 32864162 PMCID: PMC7435176 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-020-00143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A new global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in high mortality and morbidity. Currently numerous drugs are under expedited investigations without well-established safety or efficacy data. Pharmacogenomics may allow individualization of these drugs thereby improving efficacy and safety. In this review, we summarized the pharmacogenomic literature available for COVID-19 drug therapies including hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, azithromycin, remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin, lopinavir/ritonavir, darunavir/cobicistat, interferon beta-1b, tocilizumab, ruxolitinib, baricitinib, and corticosteroids. We searched PubMed, reviewed the Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase (PharmGKB®) website, Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pharmacogenomics information in the product labeling, and the FDA pharmacogenomics association table. We found several drug-gene variant pairs that may alter the pharmacokinetics of hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine (CYP2C8, CYP2D6, SLCO1A2, and SLCO1B1); azithromycin (ABCB1); ribavirin (SLC29A1, SLC28A2, and SLC28A3); and lopinavir/ritonavir (SLCO1B1, ABCC2, CYP3A). We also identified other variants, that are associated with adverse effects, most notable in hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine (G6PD; hemolysis), ribavirin (ITPA; hemolysis), and interferon β -1b (IRF6; liver toxicity). We also describe the complexity of the risk for QT prolongation in this setting because of additive effects of combining more than one QT-prolonging drug (i.e., hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine and azithromycin), increased concentrations of the drugs due to genetic variants, along with the risk of also combining therapy with potent inhibitors. In conclusion, although direct evidence in COVID-19 patients is lacking, we identified potential actionable genetic markers in COVID-19 therapies. Clinical studies in COVID-19 patients are deemed warranted to assess potential roles of these markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Takahashi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Jasmine A. Luzum
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Melanie R. Nicol
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Pamala A. Jacobson
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
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