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Chen Z, Chen M, Fu Y, Zhang J. The KRAS signaling pathway's impact on the characteristics of pancreatic cancer cells. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154603. [PMID: 37356222 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is classified as a cancer with high metastasis so that its mortality rate is high and most of the patients could not survive longer than 5 years. RAS signaling participate in cellular processes, so it has a key role in PDAC.RAS activation is associated via three different signaling pathway including somatic oncogenic point mutations in KRAS, upstream signaling like EGFR, oncogenic activation of the downstream B-RAF molecule. Several targeted therapies have been developed against kinase effectors particularly those in the MAPK and PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/mTOR signaling pathways and several inhibitors are undergoing clinical studies at the moment. However, because it is highly metastatic and frequently diagnosed at advanced disease stages, pancreatic cancer continues to be a challenging cancer to treat. This article will explore therapeutic approaches that focus on oncogenic KRAS signaling in pancreatic cancer and provide an updated synopsis of our knowledge of how mutant KRAS function in the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhangXing Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Success Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China
| | - Meiyan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Success Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China.
| | - Yuka Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Success Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Success Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China
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2
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Hu H, Zhao M, Li Z, Nie H, He J, Chen Z, Yuan J, Guo H, Zhang X, Yang H, Wu T, He M. Plasma miR-193b-3p Is Elevated in Type 2 Diabetes and Could Impair Glucose Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:814347. [PMID: 35712251 PMCID: PMC9197112 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.814347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore differentially expressed miRNAs in type 2 diabetes and their potential cellular functions. METHODS We screened plasma miRNAs by miRNA array analysis and validated them by TaqMan real-time PCR in 113 newly diagnosed, untreated type 2 diabetes cases and 113 healthy controls. Low-abundance plasma proteins encoded by miR-193b-3p target genes were explored in this study population. We further investigated the potential cellular functions of the differentially expressed miRNAs in HepG2 cells. RESULTS miR-193b-3p was differentially expressed in type 2 diabetes cases compared to healthy controls (fold change = 2.01, P = 0.006). Plasma levels of triosephosphate isomerase (TPI1, a protein involved in the glycolytic pathway) decreased in type 2 diabetes cases (fold change = 1.37, P = 0.002). The effect of miR-193b-3p on TPI1 was verified by transfection of miR-193b-3p into HepG2 cells. miR-193b-3p inhibited the expression of YWHAZ/14-3-3ζ in the PI3K-AKT pathway, subsequently altering the expression of FOXO1 and PCK1. After transfection, cells were incubated in glucose-free medium for another 4 h. Glucose levels in medium from cells with elevated miR-193b-3p levels were significantly higher than those in medium from negative control cells (P = 0.016). In addition, elevated miR-193b-3p reduced glucose uptake by inhibiting insulin receptor (IR) and GLUT2 expression. CONCLUSION Plasma miR-193b-3p levels increased in type 2 diabetes cases, and TPI1 levels decreased in both plasma and HepG2 cells with increased miR-193b-3p levels, while extracellular lactate levels did not significantly changed. Moreover, miR-193b-3p may affect glucose metabolism by directly targeting YWHAZ/14-3-3ζ and upregulating the transcription factor FOXO1 downstream of the PI3K-AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Hu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongli Nie
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Handong Yang
- Dongfeng Central Hospital, Dongfeng Motor Corporation and Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meian He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health for Incubating, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Meian He,
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3
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Rajpurohit T, Bhattacharya S. Moving Towards Dawn: KRas Signaling and Treatment in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2022; 15:904-928. [PMID: 35088684 DOI: 10.2174/1874467215666220128161647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
"Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)" is robust, nearly clueless, and all-around deadly among all tumors. Below 10 %, the general 5-year endurance period has remained adamantly unaltered in the last 30 years, regardless of enormous clinical and therapeutic endeavors. The yearly number of deaths is more than the number of recently analyzed cases. Not a classic one, but "Carbohydrate Antigen CA19- 9" remains the prevailing tool for diagnosis. MicroRNAs and non-invasive techniques are now incorporated for the effective prognosis of PDAC than just CA19-9. Mutated "Rat sarcoma virus Ras" conformation "V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog KRas" is 95 % accountable for PDAC, and its active (GTP-bound) formation activates signaling cascade comprising "Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma Raf"/"Mitogen-activated protein kinase MEK"/ "Extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK" with "Phosphoinositide 3-kinase PI3K"/ "protein kinase B Akt"/ "mammalian target of rapamycin mTOR" pathways. KRas has acquired the label of 'undruggable' since the crosstalk in the nexus of pathways compensates for Raf and PI3K signaling cascade blocking. It is arduous to totally regulate KRascoordinated PDAC with traditional medicaments like "gemcitabine GEM" plus nabpaclitaxel/ FOLFIRINOX. For long-haul accomplishments aiming at KRas, future endeavors should be directed to combinatorial methodologies to adequately block KRas pathways at different standpoints. Currently they are contributing to healing PDAC. In this review article, we outline the function of KRas in carcinogenesis in PDAC, its signaling cascade, former techniques utilized in hindering Kras, current and future possibilities for targeting Kras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Rajpurohit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra 425405, India
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4
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Olatunde A, Nigam M, Singh RK, Panwar AS, Lasisi A, Alhumaydhi FA, Jyoti Kumar V, Mishra AP, Sharifi-Rad J. Cancer and diabetes: the interlinking metabolic pathways and repurposing actions of antidiabetic drugs. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:499. [PMID: 34535145 PMCID: PMC8447515 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers are regarded as one of the main causes of death and result in high health burden worldwide. The management of cancer include chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy. The chemotherapy, which involves the use of chemical agents with cytotoxic actions is utilised as a single treatment or combined treatment. However, these managements of cancer such as chemotherapy poses some setbacks such as cytotoxicity on normal cells and the problem of anticancer drug resistance. Therefore, the use of other therapeutic agents such as antidiabetic drugs is one of the alternative interventions used in addressing some of the limitations in the use of anticancer agents. Antidiabetic drugs such as sulfonylureas, biguanides and thiazolidinediones showed beneficial and repurposing actions in the management of cancer, thus, the activities of these drugs against cancer is attributed to some of the metabolic links between the two disorders and these includes hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress as well as obesity. Furthermore, some studies showed that the use of antidiabetic drugs could serve as risk factors for the development of cancerous cells particularly pancreatic cancer. However, the beneficial role of these chemical agents overweighs their detrimental actions in cancer management. Hence, the present review indicates the metabolic links between cancer and diabetes and the mechanistic actions of antidiabetic drugs in the management of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Olatunde
- Department of Biochemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, 740272, Nigeria
| | - Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India.
| | - Rahul Kunwar Singh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
| | - Abhaya Shikhar Panwar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
| | - Abdulwahab Lasisi
- Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust, Hermitage Lane, Maidstone, Kent, ME169QQ, UK
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vijay Jyoti Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Garhwal, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
| | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Free State, 205, Nelson Mandela Drive, Park West, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Li HY, Qi WL, Wang YX, Meng LH. Covalent inhibitor targets KRasG12C: A new paradigm for drugging the undruggable and challenges ahead. Genes Dis 2021; 10:403-414. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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6
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Cuesta C, Arévalo-Alameda C, Castellano E. The Importance of Being PI3K in the RAS Signaling Network. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1094. [PMID: 34356110 PMCID: PMC8303222 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras proteins are essential mediators of a multitude of cellular processes, and its deregulation is frequently associated with cancer appearance, progression, and metastasis. Ras-driven cancers are usually aggressive and difficult to treat. Although the recent Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of the first Ras G12C inhibitor is an important milestone, only a small percentage of patients will benefit from it. A better understanding of the context in which Ras operates in different tumor types and the outcomes mediated by each effector pathway may help to identify additional strategies and targets to treat Ras-driven tumors. Evidence emerging in recent years suggests that both oncogenic Ras signaling in tumor cells and non-oncogenic Ras signaling in stromal cells play an essential role in cancer. PI3K is one of the main Ras effectors, regulating important cellular processes such as cell viability or resistance to therapy or angiogenesis upon oncogenic Ras activation. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the understanding of Ras-dependent activation of PI3K both in physiological conditions and cancer, with a focus on how this signaling pathway contributes to the formation of a tumor stroma that promotes tumor cell proliferation, migration, and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Esther Castellano
- Tumour-Stroma Signalling Laboratory, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (C.C.); (C.A.-A.)
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7
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Wang Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Tang S, Feng C, Pan L, Lu Q, Tao Y, Xie Y, Wang Q, Tang Z. Transcriptomic Analysis of Gene Networks Regulated by U11 Small Nuclear RNA in Bladder Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:695597. [PMID: 34276798 PMCID: PMC8283811 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.695597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Small nuclear RNA is a class of non-coding RNA that widely exist in the nucleus of eukaryotes. Accumulated evidences have shown that small nuclear RNAs are associated with the regulation of gene expression in various tumor types. To explore the gene expression changes and its potential effects mediated by U11 snRNA in bladder cancer cells, U11 snRNA knockout and overexpressed cell lines were constructed and further used to analyze the gene expression changes by RNA sequencing. The differentially expressed genes were found to be mainly enriched in tumor-related pathways both in the U11 knockout and overexpression cell lines, such as NF-kappa B signaling pathway, bladder cancer and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Furthermore, alternative splicing events were proposed to participate in the potential regulatory mechanism induced by the U11 knockout or overexpression. In conclusion, U11 may be involved in the regulation of gene expression in bladder cancer cells, which may provide a potentially new biomarker for clinical diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yaobang Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Shaomei Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Lixin Pan
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Qinchen Lu
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yuting Tao
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Yuanliang Xie
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China.,Department of Urology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiuyan Wang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Zhong Tang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning, China.,School of Information and Management, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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8
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Konishi T, Yoshidome H, Shida T, Furukawa K, Takayashiki T, Kuboki S, Takano S, Miyazaki M, Ohtsuka M. Phosphorylated mTOR expression as a predictor of survival after liver resection for colorectal liver metastases. J Surg Oncol 2021; 124:598-606. [PMID: 34061356 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) plays a crucial role in the process of cancer progression. Common gene mutations of colorectal cancer lead to the activation of the PI3k/Akt/mTOR pathway. In this study, we determined whether p-mTOR expression in colorectal liver metastases is a predictive marker of prognosis following liver resection. METHODS Eighty-one patients with colorectal liver metastases who had undergone curative resection were evaluated using immunohistochemistry of p-mTOR. Data regarding clinicopathological features and patient survival were analyzed. RESULTS The p-mTOR expression in colorectal liver metastases was detected in 55 (67.9%) patients. Patients whose metastases had high p-mTOR expression showed a significantly lower overall survival rate after resection as compared to patients with low p-mTOR expression (p = 0.016), while there was no significant difference in the disease-free survival between the two groups. Repeat resection for recurrence was performed more frequently in patients with p-mTOR positive than others (p = 0.024). Multivariate analysis showed that p-mTOR expression was an independent prognostic factor of overall survival after liver resection (p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS mTOR was frequently activated in colorectal liver metastases, and the p-mTOR expression was a biological marker for predicting the overall survival of patients with colorectal liver metastases following liver resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Konishi
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshidome
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Oami Municipal Hospital, Oami-Shirasato-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Shida
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsunori Furukawa
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Takayashiki
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuboki
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigetsugu Takano
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masaru Miyazaki
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohtsuka
- Department of General Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-Ku, Chiba, Japan
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9
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Avery JT, Zhang R, Boohaker RJ. GLI1: A Therapeutic Target for Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:673154. [PMID: 34113570 PMCID: PMC8186314 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.673154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
GLI1 is a transcriptional effector at the terminal end of the Hedgehog signaling (Hh) pathway and is tightly regulated during embryonic development and tissue patterning/differentiation. GLI1 has low-level expression in differentiated tissues, however, in certain cancers, aberrant activation of GLI1 has been linked to the promotion of numerous hallmarks of cancer, such as proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, metabolic rewiring, and chemotherapeutic resistance. All of these are driven, in part, by GLI1’s role in regulating cell cycle, DNA replication and DNA damage repair processes. The consequences of GLI1 oncogenic activity, specifically the activity surrounding DNA damage repair proteins, such as NBS1, and cell cycle proteins, such as CDK1, can be linked to tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms driving GLI1 dysregulation can provide prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers to identify a patient population that would derive therapeutic benefit from either direct inhibition of GLI1 or targeted therapy towards proteins downstream of GLI1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Avery
- Oncology Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ruowen Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Rebecca J Boohaker
- Oncology Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, United States
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10
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Prill M, Karkucinska-Wieckowska A, Lebiedzinska-Arciszewska M, Morciano G, Charzynska A, Dabrowski M, Pronicki M, Pinton P, Grajkowska W, Wieckowski MR. Ras, TrkB, and ShcA Protein Expression Patterns in Pediatric Brain Tumors. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10102219. [PMID: 34065573 PMCID: PMC8160917 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10102219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous papers have reported altered expression patterns of Ras and/or ShcA proteins in different types of cancers. Their level can be potentially associated with oncogenic processes. We analyzed samples of pediatric brain tumors reflecting different groups such as choroid plexus tumors, diffuse astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors, embryonal tumors, ependymal tumors, and other astrocytic tumors as well as tumor malignancy grade, in order to characterize the expression profile of Ras, TrkB, and three isoforms of ShcA, namely, p66Shc, p52Shc, and p46Shc proteins. The main aim of our study was to evaluate the potential correlation between the type of pediatric brain tumors, tumor malignancy grade, and the expression patterns of the investigated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Prill
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.P.); (M.L.-A.)
| | | | - Magdalena Lebiedzinska-Arciszewska
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.P.); (M.L.-A.)
| | - Giampaolo Morciano
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (G.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Agata Charzynska
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Michal Dabrowski
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.D.)
| | - Maciej Pronicki
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.-W.); (M.P.)
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (G.M.); (P.P.)
| | - Wieslawa Grajkowska
- Department of Pathology, The Children’s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.-W.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: (W.G.); (M.R.W.)
| | - Mariusz R. Wieckowski
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (M.P.); (M.L.-A.)
- Correspondence: (W.G.); (M.R.W.)
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11
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Ischenko I, D'Amico S, Rao M, Li J, Hayman MJ, Powers S, Petrenko O, Reich NC. KRAS drives immune evasion in a genetic model of pancreatic cancer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1482. [PMID: 33674596 PMCID: PMC7935870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21736-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune evasion is a hallmark of KRAS-driven cancers, but the underlying causes remain unresolved. Here, we use a mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma to inactivate KRAS by CRISPR-mediated genome editing. We demonstrate that at an advanced tumor stage, dependence on KRAS for tumor growth is reduced and is manifested in the suppression of antitumor immunity. KRAS-deficient cells retain the ability to form tumors in immunodeficient mice. However, they fail to evade the host immune system in syngeneic wild-type mice, triggering strong antitumor response. We uncover changes both in tumor cells and host immune cells attributable to oncogenic KRAS expression. We identify BRAF and MYC as key mediators of KRAS-driven tumor immune suppression and show that loss of BRAF effectively blocks tumor growth in mice. Applying our results to human PDAC we show that lowering KRAS activity is likewise associated with a more vigorous immune environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ischenko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Stephen D'Amico
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Manisha Rao
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jinyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Hayman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Scott Powers
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Oleksi Petrenko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
| | - Nancy C Reich
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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12
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Zhang J, Sun B, Ruan X, Hou X, Zhi J, Meng X, Zheng X, Gao M. Oncoprotein HBXIP promotes tumorigenesis through MAPK/ERK pathway activation in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 18:105-119. [PMID: 33628588 PMCID: PMC7877173 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The oncoprotein, hepatitis B X-interacting protein (HBXIP), has been reported to play an important role in human malignancies. However, its functions in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are poorly understood. The goal of the present study was to identify the role of HBXIP in the regulation of NSCLC development. Methods: The level of HBXIP expression in NSCLC tissue was assessed by immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses, and its relationships with clinicopathological features and outcomes were statistically evaluated. The effects of HBXIP on NSCLC cell progression were assessed through cell viability, colony formation, and flow cytometry analyses in vitro. The mechanism by which HBXIP regulated the MAPK pathway was studied by Western blot, immunofluorescence, and immunoprecipitation assays. In addition, in vivo experiments were performed to evaluate the progression of NSCLC and ERK signaling pathway activation after HBXIP knockdown. Results: HBXIP was overexpressed in human NSCLC and was correlated with the invasiveness of NSCLC. The high expression of HBXIP in NSCLC was significantly correlated with gender (P = 0.033), N stage (P = 0.002), and tumor-node-metastasis stage (P = 0.008). In vitro experiments using an NSCLC cell line revealed that HBXIP knockdown resulted in the suppression of cell proliferation and colony formation, which was consistent with the enhanced cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. The results of a mechanistic investigation suggested that binding of HBXIP to MEK1 protein promoted MAPK/ERK signaling pathway activation in NSCLC by preventing the proteasome-mediated degradation of MEK1. In addition, the results obtained using in vivo subcutaneous tumor xenografts confirmed that HBXIP deficiency decreased MEK1 protein levels and NSCLC tumor growth. Conclusions: Taken together, our results showed that the HBXIP-MEK interaction promoted oncogenesis via the MAPK/ERK pathway, which may serve as a novel therapeutic target for cancers in which MAPK/ERK signaling is a dominant feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Breast Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of Outpatient Office, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xianhui Ruan
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xiukun Hou
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Jingtai Zhi
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xiangrui Meng
- Department of Lymphoma, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xiangqian Zheng
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
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13
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Dong L, Mao Y, Zhou A, Liu XM, Zhou J, Wan J, Qian SB. Relaxed initiation pausing of ribosomes drives oncogenic translation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/8/eabd6927. [PMID: 33597240 PMCID: PMC7888950 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd6927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Translation is a crucial process in cancer development and progression. Many oncogenic signaling pathways target the translation initiation stage to satisfy the increased anabolic demands of cancer cells. Using quantitative profiling of initiating ribosomes, we found that ribosomal pausing at the start codon serves as a "brake" to restrain the translational output. In response to oncogenic RAS signaling, the initiation pausing relaxes and contributes to the increased translational flux. Intriguingly, messenger RNA (mRNA) m6A modification in the vicinity of start codons influences the behavior of initiating ribosomes. Under oncogenic RAS signaling, the reduced mRNA methylation leads to relaxed initiation pausing, thereby promoting malignant transformation and tumor growth. Restored initiation pausing by inhibiting m6A demethylases suppresses RAS-mediated oncogenic translation and subsequent tumorigenesis. Our findings unveil a paradigm of translational control that is co-opted by RAS mutant cancer cells to drive malignant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiming Dong
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Yuanhui Mao
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Aidong Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Min Liu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Jun Zhou
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ji Wan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shu-Bing Qian
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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14
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Nollmann FI, Ruess DA. Targeting Mutant KRAS in Pancreatic Cancer: Futile or Promising? Biomedicines 2020; 8:E281. [PMID: 32796566 PMCID: PMC7459579 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most fatal cancers with a dismal prognosis for the patient. This is due to limited diagnostic options for the early detection of the disease as well as its rather aggressive nature. Despite major advances in oncologic research in general, the treatment options in the clinic for PDAC have only undergone minor changes in the last decades. One major treatment advance would be the successful targeting of the oncogenic driver KRASmut. In the past, the indirect targeting of KRAS has been exploited, e. g., via upstream inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinases or via downstream MEK or PI3K inhibition. However, the experience gained from clinical trials and from the clinic itself in the treatment of KRASmut cancer entities has dampened the initial euphoria. Lately, with the development of KRASG12C-specific inhibitors, not only the direct but also the indirect targeting of KRASmut has gained momentum again. Though preclinical studies and preliminary early clinical studies of monotherapies have shown promising results, they have been overshadowed by the swift development of resistances resulting in inconsistent responses in patient cohorts. Currently, several different combination therapies for KRASmut cancer are being explored. If they hold the promise they have made in preclinical studies, they might also be suitable treatment options for patients suffering from PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dietrich Alexander Ruess
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Center of Surgery, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
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15
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Cespedes A, Villa M, Benito-Cuesta I, Perez-Alvarez MJ, Ordoñez L, Wandosell F. Energy-Sensing Pathways in Ischemia: The Counterbalance Between AMPK and mTORC. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4763-4770. [PMID: 31820693 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191210152156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is an important cause of death and disability, and it is the second leading cause of death worldwide. In humans, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) is the most common cause of ischemic stroke. The damage occurs due to the lack of nutrients and oxygen contributed by the blood flow. The present review aims to analyze to what extent the lack of each of the elements of the system leads to damage and which mechanisms are unaffected by this deficiency. We believe that the specific analysis of the effect of lack of each component could lead to the emergence of new therapeutic targets for this important brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Cespedes
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". CSIC-UAM. Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Research Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics - Tolima University, Santa Helena - 730006299, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Mario Villa
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". CSIC-UAM. Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología (Fisiología Animal). Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. C/Darwin 2. 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Benito-Cuesta
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". CSIC-UAM. Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Perez-Alvarez
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". CSIC-UAM. Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Biología (Fisiología Animal). Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. C/Darwin 2. 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lara Ordoñez
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". CSIC-UAM. Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Wandosell
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa". CSIC-UAM. Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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16
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Arner EN, Du W, Brekken RA. Behind the Wheel of Epithelial Plasticity in KRAS-Driven Cancers. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1049. [PMID: 31681587 PMCID: PMC6798880 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular plasticity, a feature associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), contributes to tumor cell survival, migration, invasion, and therapy resistance. Phenotypic plasticity of the epithelium is a critical feature in multiple phases of human cancer in an oncogene- and tissue-specific context. Many factors can drive epithelial plasticity, including activating mutations in KRAS, which are found in an estimated 30% of all cancers. In this review, we will introduce cellular plasticity and its effect on cancer progression and therapy resistance and then summarize the drivers of EMT with an emphasis on KRAS effector signaling. Lastly, we will discuss the contribution of cellular plasticity to metastasis and its potential clinical implications. Understanding oncogenic KRAS cellular reprogramming has the potential to reveal novel strategies to control metastasis in KRAS-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Arner
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Department of Surgery and the Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Wenting Du
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Department of Surgery and the Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Department of Surgery and the Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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17
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Li Y, Sun D, Sun W, Yin D. Retracted: Ras-PI3K-AKT signaling promotes the occurrence and development of uveal melanoma by downregulating H3K56ac expression. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16032-16042. [PMID: 30770562 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uveal melanoma (UM) is an intraocular malignant tumor characterized by rapid progression and recurrence. The current conventional treatments are unsatisfactory. Histone acetylation at H3 lysine 56 (H3K56ac) has been reported to be a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. However, whether H3K56ac prevents the occurrence and development of UM remains uninvestigated. The study aimed to explore the regulatory effect of H3K56ac on Ras-PI3K-AKT induced UM cells proliferation and migration. METHODS The vectors of pEGFP-RasWT , pEGFP-K-Ras G12V/Y40C , and pEGFP-N1 were transfected into MP46 cells, and protein levels of phosphorylated AKT Ser473 and H3K56ac were examined using western blot analysis. The effect of H3K56ac on cell proliferation and migration were studied using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, colony formation, and Transwell assays. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were performed to determine the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) downstream genes. Further, the regulatory effects of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog-1 (SIRT1), general control nonderepressible 5 (GCN5), and mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) on Ras-PI3K-AKT affected H3K56ac expression were also investigated. RESULTS H3K56ac expression was specifically downregulated by Ras-PI3K-AKT activation pathway. H3K56ac inhibited the tumorigenic effect of Ras-PI3K-AKT on MP46 cells viability, colony formation, and migration, as well as participated in regulating the transcription of PI3K/AKT downstream genes. SIRT1 silence recovered H3K56ac expression, and reversed the tumorigenic effect of Ras-PI3K-AKT activation on MP46 cells. Downregulation of H3K56ac induced by Ras-PI3K-AKT activation was found to be associated with MDM2-mediated the degradation of GCN5. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrated that Ras-PI3K-AKT signaling promoted UM cells proliferation and migration via downregulation of H3K56ac expression, which might be related to MDM2-mediated the degradation of GCN5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dajun Sun
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Weixuan Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dexin Yin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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18
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p110γ deficiency protects against pancreatic carcinogenesis yet predisposes to diet-induced hepatotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14724-14733. [PMID: 31266893 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813012116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is notorious for its poor survival and resistance to conventional therapies. PI3K signaling is implicated in both disease initiation and progression, and specific inhibitors of selected PI3K p110 isoforms for managing solid tumors are emerging. We demonstrate that increased activation of PI3K signals cooperates with oncogenic Kras to promote aggressive PDAC in vivo. The p110γ isoform is overexpressed in tumor tissue and promotes carcinogenesis via canonical AKT signaling. Its selective blockade sensitizes tumor cells to gemcitabine in vitro, and genetic ablation of p110γ protects against Kras-induced tumorigenesis. Diet/obesity was identified as a crucial means of p110 subunit up-regulation, and in the setting of a high-fat diet, p110γ ablation failed to protect against tumor development, showing increased activation of pAKT and hepatic damage. These observations suggest that a careful and judicious approach should be considered when targeting p110γ for therapy, particularly in obese patients.
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19
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Shin H, Braendle C, Monahan KB, Kaplan REW, Zand TP, Mote FS, Peters EC, Reiner DJ. Developmental fidelity is imposed by genetically separable RalGEF activities that mediate opposing signals. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008056. [PMID: 31086367 PMCID: PMC6534338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The six C. elegans vulval precursor cells (VPCs) are induced to form the 3°-3°-2°-1°-2°-3° pattern of cell fates with high fidelity. In response to EGF signal, the LET-60/Ras-LIN-45/Raf-MEK-2/MEK-MPK-1/ERK canonical MAP kinase cascade is necessary to induce 1° fate and synthesis of DSL ligands for the lateral Notch signal. In turn, LIN-12/Notch receptor is necessary to induce neighboring cells to become 2°. We previously showed that, in response to graded EGF signal, the modulatory LET-60/Ras-RGL-1/RalGEF-RAL-1/Ral signal promotes 2° fate in support of LIN-12. In this study, we identify two key differences between RGL-1 and RAL-1. First, deletion of RGL-1 confers no overt developmental defects, while previous studies showed RAL-1 to be essential for viability and fertility. From this observation, we hypothesize that the essential functions of RAL-1 are independent of upstream activation. Second, RGL-1 plays opposing and genetically separable roles in VPC fate patterning. RGL-1 promotes 2° fate via canonical GEF-dependent activation of RAL-1. Conversely, RGL-1 promotes 1° fate via a non-canonical GEF-independent activity. Our genetic epistasis experiments are consistent with RGL-1 functioning in the modulatory 1°-promoting AGE-1/PI3-Kinase-PDK-1-AKT-1 cascade. Additionally, animals lacking RGL-1 experience 15-fold higher rates of VPC patterning errors compared to the wild type. Yet VPC patterning in RGL-1 deletion mutants is not more sensitive to environmental perturbations. We propose that RGL-1 functions to orchestrate opposing 1°- and 2°-promoting modulatory cascades to decrease developmental stochasticity. We speculate that such switches are broadly conserved but mostly masked by paralog redundancy or essential functions. Developmental signals are increasingly conceptualized in the context of networks rather than linear pathways. Patterning of C. elegans vulval fates is mostly governed by two major signaling cascades that operate antagonistically to induce two cell identities. An additional pair of minor cascades support each of the major cascades. All components in this system are conserved in mammalian oncogenic signaling networks. We find that RGL-1, a component of one of the minor cascades, performs two antagonistic functions. Its deletion appears to abolish both opposing modulatory signals, resulting in a 15-fold increase in the basal error rate in development of these cells. We hypothesize that the bifunctional RGL-1 protein defines a novel mechanism by which signaling networks are interwoven to mitigate developmental errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Shin
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | | | - Kimberly B Monahan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Rebecca E W Kaplan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Tanya P Zand
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Francisca Sefakor Mote
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Eldon C Peters
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - David J Reiner
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, United States of America.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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20
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Bi K, Chen T, He Z, Gao Z, Zhao Y, Fu Y, Cheng J, Xie J, Jiang D. Proto-oncogenes in a eukaryotic unicellular organism play essential roles in plasmodial growth in host cells. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:881. [PMID: 30522435 PMCID: PMC6282348 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The eukaryotic unicellular protist Plasmodiophora brassicae is an endocellular parasite of cruciferous plants. In host cortical cells, this protist develops a unicellular structure that is termed the plasmodium. The plasmodium is actually a multinucleated cell, which subsequently splits and forms resting spores. The mechanism for the growth of this endocellular parasite in host cell is unclear. RESULTS Here, combining de novo genome sequence and transcriptome analysis of strain ZJ-1, we identified top five significant enriched KEGG pathways of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), namely translation, cell growth and death, cell communication, cell motility and cancers. We detected 171 proto-oncogenes from the genome of P. brassicae that were implicated in cancer-related pathways, of which 46 were differential expression genes. Three predicted proto-oncogenes (Pb-Raf1, Pb-Raf2, and Pb-MYB), which showed homology to the human proto-oncogenes Raf and MYB, were specifically activated during the plasmodial growth in host cortical cells, demonstrating their involvement in the multinucleate development stage of the unicellular protist organism. Gene networks involved in the tumorigenic-related signaling transduction pathways and the activation of 12 core genes were identified. Inhibition of phosphoinositol-3-kinase relieved the clubroot symptom and significantly suppressed the development process of plasmodia. CONCLUSIONS Proto-oncogene-related regulatory mechanisms play an important role in the plasmodial growth of P. brassicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangchao He
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Fu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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O'Bryan JP. Pharmacological targeting of RAS: Recent success with direct inhibitors. Pharmacol Res 2018; 139:503-511. [PMID: 30366101 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RAS has long been viewed as undruggable due to its lack of deep pockets for binding of small molecule inhibitors. However, recent successes in the development of direct RAS inhibitors suggest that the goal of pharmacological inhibition of RAS in patients may soon be realized. This review will discuss the role of RAS in cancer, the approaches used to develop direct RAS inhibitors, and highlight recent successes in the development of novel RAS inhibitory compounds that target different aspects of RAS biochemistry. In particular, this review will discuss the different properties of RAS that have been targeted by various inhibitors including membrane localization, the different activation states of RAS, effector binding, and nucleotide exchange. In addition, this review will highlight the recent success with mutation-specific inhibitors that exploit the unique biochemistry of the RAS(G12C) mutant. Although this mutation in KRAS accounts for 11% of all KRAS mutations in cancer, it is the most prominent KRAS mutant in lung cancer suggesting that G12C-specific inhibitors may provide a new approach for treating the subset of lung cancer patients harboring this mutant allele. Finally, this review will discuss the involvement of dimerization in RAS function and highlight new approaches to inhibit RAS by specifically interfering with RAS:RAS interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P O'Bryan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, United States; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, 29401, United States.
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22
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Adhikari H, Counter CM. Interrogating the protein interactomes of RAS isoforms identifies PIP5K1A as a KRAS-specific vulnerability. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3646. [PMID: 30194290 PMCID: PMC6128905 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05692-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In human cancers, oncogenic mutations commonly occur in the RAS genes KRAS, NRAS, or HRAS, but there are no clinical RAS inhibitors. Mutations are more prevalent in KRAS, possibly suggesting a unique oncogenic activity mediated by KRAS-specific interaction partners, which might be targeted. Here, we determine the specific protein interactomes of each RAS isoform by BirA proximity-dependent biotin identification. The combined interactomes are screened by CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-function assays for proteins required for oncogenic KRAS-dependent, NRAS-dependent, or HRAS-dependent proliferation and censored for druggable proteins. Using this strategy, we identify phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase PIP5K1A as a KRAS-specific interactor and show that PIP5K1A binds to a unique region in KRAS. Furthermore, PIP5K1A depletion specifically reduces oncogenic KRAS signaling and proliferation, and sensitizes pancreatic cancer cell lines to a MAPK inhibitor. These results suggest PIP5K1A as a potential target in KRAS signaling for the treatment of KRAS-mutant cancers. RAS isoforms are frequently mutated in cancer but their inhibition remains challenging. By comparing the protein interactomes of the highly similar isoforms HRAS, NRAS and KRAS, the authors here identify PIP5K1A as a KRAS-specific interactor and a target to inhibit KRAS-driven cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hema Adhikari
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC-3813, Durham, NC, 27713, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC-3813, Durham, NC, 27713, USA. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC-3813, Durham, NC, 27713, USA.
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23
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Waters AM, Der CJ. KRAS: The Critical Driver and Therapeutic Target for Pancreatic Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:a031435. [PMID: 29229669 PMCID: PMC5995645 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RAS genes (HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS) comprise the most frequently mutated oncogene family in human cancer. With the highest RAS mutation frequencies seen with the top three causes of cancer deaths in the United States (lung, colorectal, and pancreatic cancer), the development of anti-RAS therapies is a major priority for cancer research. Despite more than three decades of intense effort, no effective RAS inhibitors have yet to reach the cancer patient. With bitter lessons learned from past failures and with new ideas and strategies, there is renewed hope that undruggable RAS may finally be conquered. With the KRAS isoform mutated in 84% of all RAS-mutant cancers, we focus on KRAS. With a near 100% KRAS mutation frequency, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is considered the most RAS-addicted of all cancers. We review the role of KRAS as a driver and therapeutic target in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Waters
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Channing J Der
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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24
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Tripathi K, Garg M. Mechanistic regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition through RAS signaling pathway and therapeutic implications in human cancer. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:513-527. [PMID: 29330773 PMCID: PMC6039341 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0441-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RAS effector signaling instead of being simple, unidirectional and linear cascade, is actually recognized as highly complex and dynamic signaling network. RAF-MEK-ERK cascade, being at the center of complex signaling network, links to multiple scaffold proteins through feed forward and feedback mechanisms and dynamically regulate tumor initiation and progression. Three isoforms of Ras harbor mutations in a cell and tissue specific manner. Besides mutations, their epigenetic silencing also attributes them to exhibit oncogenic activities. Recent evidences support the functions of RAS oncoproteins in the acquisition of tumor cells with Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) features/ epithelial plasticity, enhanced metastatic potential and poor patient survival. Google Scholar electronic databases and PubMed were searched for original papers and reviews available till date to collect information on stimulation of EMT core inducers in a Ras driven cancer and their regulation in metastatic spread. Improved understanding of the mechanistic basis of regulatory interactions of microRNAs (miRs) and EMT by reprogramming the expression of targets in Ras activated cancer, may help in designing effective anticancer therapies. Apparent lack of adverse events associated with the delivery of miRs and tissue response make 'drug target miRNA' an ideal therapeutic tool to achieve progression free clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Tripathi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Minal Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India.
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25
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Jiang H, Xu M, Li L, Grierson P, Dodhiawala P, Highkin M, Zhang D, Li Q, Wang-Gillam A, Lim KH. Concurrent HER or PI3K Inhibition Potentiates the Antitumor Effect of the ERK Inhibitor Ulixertinib in Preclinical Pancreatic Cancer Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:2144-2155. [PMID: 30065098 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Effective treatment for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an urgent, unmet medical need. Targeting KRAS, the oncogene that is present in >95% of PDAC, is a heavily pursued strategy, but remains unsuccessful in the clinic. Therefore, targeting key effector cascades of KRAS oncoprotein, particularly the mitogenic RAF-MEK-ERK pathway, represents the next best strategy. However, RAF or MEK inhibitors have failed to show clinical efficacy in PDAC. Several studies have shown that cancer cells treated with RAF or MEK inhibitors adopt multiple mechanisms to reactivate ERK signaling. Therefore, development of ERK-specific inhibitors carries the promise to effectively abrogate this pathway. Ulixertinib (or BVD-523) is a first-in-class ERK-specific inhibitor that has demonstrated promising antitumor activity in a phase I clinical trial for advanced solid tumors with NRAS and BRAF mutations, providing a strong rationale to test this inhibitor in PDAC. In this study, we show that ulixertinib effectively inhibits in vitro growth of multiple PDAC lines and potentiates the cytotoxic effect of gemcitabine. Moreover, we found that PDAC cells treated with ulixertinib upregulates the parallel PI3K-AKT pathway through activating the HER/ErbB family proteins. Concurrent inhibition of PI3K or HER proteins synergizes with ulixertinib in suppressing PDAC cell growth in vitro and in vivo Overall, our study provides the preclinical rationale for testing combinations of ulixertinib with chemotherapy or PI3K and HER inhibitors in PDAC patients. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(10); 2144-55. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Jiang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Mai Xu
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Lin Li
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Patrick Grierson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Paarth Dodhiawala
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Maureen Highkin
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Daoxiang Zhang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Qiong Li
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Andrea Wang-Gillam
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri.
| | - Kian-Huat Lim
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri.
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26
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Kimura Y, Fukuda A, Ogawa S, Maruno T, Takada Y, Tsuda M, Hiramatsu Y, Araki O, Nagao M, Yoshikawa T, Ikuta K, Yoshioka T, Wang Z, Akiyama H, Wright CV, Takaori K, Uemoto S, Chiba T, Seno H. ARID1A Maintains Differentiation of Pancreatic Ductal Cells and Inhibits Development of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma in Mice. Gastroenterology 2018; 155:194-209.e2. [PMID: 29604291 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The ARID1A gene encodes a protein that is part of the large adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF and is frequently mutated in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs). We investigated the functions of ARID1A during formation of PDACs in mice. METHODS We performed studies with Ptf1a-Cre;KrasG12D mice, which express activated Kras in the pancreas and develop pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs), as well as those with disruption of Aird1a (Ptf1a-Cre;KrasG12D;Arid1af/f mice) or disruption of Brg1 (encodes a catalytic ATPase of the SWI/SNF complex) (Ptf1a-Cre;KrasG12D; Brg1f/fmice). Pancreatic ductal cells (PDCs) were isolated from Arid1af/f mice and from Arid1af/f;SOX9OE mice, which overexpress human SOX9 upon infection with an adenovirus-expressing Cre recombinase. Pancreatic tissues were collected from all mice and analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry; cells were isolated and grown in 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional cultures. We performed microarray analyses to compare gene expression patterns in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) from the different strains of mice. We obtained 58 samples of IPMNs and 44 samples of PDACs from patients who underwent pancreatectomy in Japan and analyzed them by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Ptf1a-Cre;KrasG12D mice developed PanINs, whereas Ptf1a-Cre;KrasG12D;Arid1af/f mice developed IPMNs and PDACs; IPMNs originated from PDCs. ARID1A-deficient IPMNs did not express SOX9. ARID1A-deficient PDCs had reduced expression of SOX9 and dedifferentiated in culture. Overexpression of SOX9 in these cells allowed them to differentiate and prevented dilation of ducts. Among mice with pancreatic expression of activated Kras, those with disruption of Arid1a developed fewer PDACs from IPMNs than mice with disruption of Brg1. ARID1A-deficient IPMNs had reduced activity of the mTOR pathway. Human IPMN and PDAC specimens had reduced levels of ARID1A, SOX9, and phosphorylated S6 (a marker of mTOR pathway activation). Levels of ARID1A correlated with levels of SOX9 and phosphorylated S6. CONCLUSIONS ARID1A regulates expression of SOX9, activation of the mTOR pathway, and differentiation of PDCs. ARID1A inhibits formation of PDACs from IPMNs in mice with pancreatic expression of activated KRAS and is down-regulated in IPMN and PDAC tissues from patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihisa Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahisa Maruno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Takada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Tsuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hiramatsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Araki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Munemasa Nagao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Yoshikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kozo Ikuta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuto Yoshioka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Zong Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Christopher V Wright
- Program in Developmental Biology and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kyoichi Takaori
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto Japan
| | - Tsutomu Chiba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Seno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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27
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Anderson GR, Winter PS, Lin KH, Nussbaum DP, Cakir M, Stein EM, Soderquist RS, Crawford L, Leeds JC, Newcomb R, Stepp P, Yip C, Wardell SE, Tingley JP, Ali M, Xu M, Ryan M, McCall SJ, McRee AJ, Counter CM, Der CJ, Wood KC. A Landscape of Therapeutic Cooperativity in KRAS Mutant Cancers Reveals Principles for Controlling Tumor Evolution. Cell Rep 2018; 20:999-1015. [PMID: 28746882 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial inhibition of effector and feedback pathways is a promising treatment strategy for KRAS mutant cancers. However, the particular pathways that should be targeted to optimize therapeutic responses are unclear. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we systematically mapped the pathways whose inhibition cooperates with drugs targeting the KRAS effectors MEK, ERK, and PI3K. By performing 70 screens in models of KRAS mutant colorectal, lung, ovarian, and pancreas cancers, we uncovered universal and tissue-specific sensitizing combinations involving inhibitors of cell cycle, metabolism, growth signaling, chromatin regulation, and transcription. Furthermore, these screens revealed secondary genetic modifiers of sensitivity, yielding a SRC inhibitor-based combination therapy for KRAS/PIK3CA double-mutant colorectal cancers (CRCs) with clinical potential. Surprisingly, acquired resistance to combinations of growth signaling pathway inhibitors develops rapidly following treatment, but by targeting signaling feedback or apoptotic priming, it is possible to construct three-drug combinations that greatly delay its emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace R Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Peter S Winter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin H Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Merve Cakir
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Stein
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ryan S Soderquist
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lorin Crawford
- Department of Statistics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jim C Leeds
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rachel Newcomb
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Priya Stepp
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Catherine Yip
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Suzanne E Wardell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jennifer P Tingley
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Moiez Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Meagan Ryan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Autumn J McRee
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Channing J Der
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kris C Wood
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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28
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Hu J, Hu J, Jiao H, Li Q. Anesthetic effects of isoflurane and the molecular mechanism underlying isoflurane‑inhibited aggressiveness of hepatic carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:184-192. [PMID: 29749446 PMCID: PMC6059668 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anesthesia is produced by drugs or other methods, and refers to the attenuation of pain via reversible suppression of neuronal transmission in the central and peripheral nervous systems, during surgery. Clinical investigations have indicated that the anesthetic action of isoflurane is efficient to alleviate pain during tumor resection clinical trials. In addition, it has been reported that isoflurane can induce caspase-3 activation and is associated with apoptosis of tumor cells. The present study investigated the anesthetic effects and molecular mechanisms underlying isoflurane-induced apoptosis in patients with hepatic carcinoma. Furthermore, the pain of patients with hepatic carcinoma was evaluated during the perioperative period according to the pain index. The apoptotic rate of hepatic carcinoma cells was analyzed in tumor tissues using TUNEL assay. The expression levels of apoptosis-associated proteins were detected in liver cancer cells following anesthesia in patients. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathways were also analyzed in liver cancer cells following treatment with isoflurane. The results demonstrated that isoflurane inhibited growth and decreased viability of liver cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the apoptotic rate was increased in cells obtained from isoflurane-treated patients. The results also demonstrated that isoflurane upregulated the expression levels of proapoptotic genes and downregulated anti-apoptotic mRNA expression. In addition, a molecular mechanism analysis indicated that isoflurane inhibited PI3K and AKT expression in liver cancer cells. Isoflurane also induced caspase-3 activation in liver cancer cells. Furthermore, isoflurane treatment attenuated NF-κB activity and inhibited migration and invasion of liver cancer cells. In conclusion, these findings indicated that isoflurane treatment efficiently attenuated surgical pain and inhibited tumor aggressiveness via regulation of NF-κB activity and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thus suggesting that isoflurane is an efficient anesthetic drug that induces pain remission and promotes apoptosis of liver cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linyi Cancer Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276001, P.R. China
| | - Jingli Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linyi Cancer Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276001, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linyi Cancer Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276001, P.R. China
| | - Qingguo Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Linyi Cancer Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276001, P.R. China
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29
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Akao Y, Kumazaki M, Shinohara H, Sugito N, Kuranaga Y, Tsujino T, Yoshikawa Y, Kitade Y. Impairment of K-Ras signaling networks and increased efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors by a novel synthetic miR-143. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:1455-1467. [PMID: 29498789 PMCID: PMC5980131 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable research on K‐Ras inhibitors, none had been established until now. We synthesized nuclease‐resistant synthetic miR‐143 (miR‐143#12), which strongly silenced K‐Ras, its effector signal molecules AKT and ERK, and the K‐Ras activator Sos1. We examined the anti‐proliferative effect of miR‐143#12 and the mechanism in human colon cancer DLD‐1 cell (G13D) and other cell types harboring K‐Ras mutations. Cell growth was markedly suppressed in a concentration‐dependent manner by miR‐143#12 (IC50: 1.32 nmol L−1) with a decrease in the K‐Ras mRNA level. Interestingly, this mRNA level was also downregulated by either a PI3K/AKT or MEK inhibitor, which indicates a positive circuit of K‐Ras mRNA expression. MiR‐143#12 silenced cytoplasmic K‐Ras mRNA expression and impaired the positive circuit by directly targeting AKT and ERK mRNA. Combination treatment with miR‐143#12 and a low‐dose EGFR inhibitor induced a synergistic inhibition of growth with a marked inactivation of both PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways. However, silencing K‐Ras by siR‐KRas instead of miR‐143#12 did not induce this synergism through the combined treatment with the EGFR inhibitor. Thus, miR‐143#12 perturbed the K‐Ras expression system and K‐Ras activation by silencing Sos1 and, resultantly, restored the efficacy of the EGFR inhibitors. The in vivo results also supported those of the in vitro experiments. The extremely potent miR‐143#12 enabled us to understand K‐Ras signaling networks and shut them down by combination treatment with this miRNA and EGFR inhibitor in K‐Ras‐driven colon cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Akao
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Minami Kumazaki
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Haruka Shinohara
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Sugito
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuki Kuranaga
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsujino
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshikawa
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yukio Kitade
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Japan
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30
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Kariya Y, Oyama M, Hashimoto Y, Gu J, Kariya Y. β4-Integrin/PI3K Signaling Promotes Tumor Progression through the Galectin-3- N-Glycan Complex. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1024-1034. [PMID: 29549127 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant transformation is associated with aberrant N-glycosylation, but the role of protein N-glycosylation in cancer progression remains poorly defined. β4-integrin is a major carrier of N-glycans and is associated with poor prognosis, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Here, N-glycosylation of β4-integrin contributes to the activation of signaling pathways that promote β4-dependent tumor development and progression. Increased expression of β1,6GlcNAc-branched N-glycans was found to be colocalized with β4-integrin in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma tissues, and that the β1,6GlcNAc residue was abundant on β4-integrin in transformed keratinocytes. Interruption of β1,6GlcNAc-branching formation on β4-integrin with the introduction of bisecting GlcNAc by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III overexpression was correlated with suppression of cancer cell migration and tumorigenesis. N-Glycan deletion on β4-integrin impaired β4-dependent cancer cell migration, invasion, and growth in vitro and diminished tumorigenesis and proliferation in vivo The reduced abilities of β4-integrin were accompanied with decreased phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signals and were restored by the overexpression of the constitutively active p110 PI3K subunit. Binding of galectin-3 to β4-integrin via β1,6GlcNAc-branched N-glycans promoted β4-integrin-mediated cancer cell adhesion and migration. In contrast, a neutralizing antibody against galectin-3 attenuated β4-integrin N-glycan-mediated PI3K activation and inhibited the ability of β4-integrin to promote cell motility. Furthermore, galectin-3 knockdown by shRNA suppressed β4-integrin N-glycan-mediated tumorigenesis. These findings provide a novel role for N-glycosylation of β4-integrin in tumor development and progression, and the regulatory mechanism for β4-integrin/PI3K signaling via the galectin-3-N-glycan complex.Implications:N-Glycosylation of β4-integrin plays a functional role in promoting tumor development and progression through PI3K activation via the galectin-3-N-glycan complex. Mol Cancer Res; 16(6); 1024-34. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kariya
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Midori Oyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hashimoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Jianguo Gu
- Division of Regulatory Glycobiology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kariya
- Department of Biochemistry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.
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31
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Gómez Tejeda Zañudo J, Scaltriti M, Albert R. A network modeling approach to elucidate drug resistance mechanisms and predict combinatorial drug treatments in breast cancer. CANCER CONVERGENCE 2017; 1:5. [PMID: 29623959 PMCID: PMC5876695 DOI: 10.1186/s41236-017-0007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mechanistic models of within-cell signal transduction networks can explain how these networks integrate internal and external inputs to give rise to the appropriate cellular response. These models can be fruitfully used in cancer cells, whose aberrant decision-making regarding their survival or death, proliferation or quiescence can be connected to errors in the state of nodes or edges of the signal transduction network. Results Here we present a comprehensive network, and discrete dynamic model, of signal transduction in ER+ breast cancer based on the literature of ER+, HER2+, and PIK3CA-mutant breast cancers. The network model recapitulates known resistance mechanisms to PI3K inhibitors and suggests other possibilities for resistance. The model also reveals known and novel combinatorial interventions that are more effective than PI3K inhibition alone. Conclusions The use of a logic-based, discrete dynamic model enables the identification of results that are mainly due to the organization of the signaling network, and those that also depend on the kinetics of individual events. Network-based models such as this will play an increasing role in the rational design of high-order therapeutic combinations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41236-017-0007-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Gómez Tejeda Zañudo
- 1Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6300 USA.,2Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215 USA.,3Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Maurizio Scaltriti
- 4Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA.,5Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
| | - Réka Albert
- 1Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6300 USA.,6Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6300 USA
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Zamani P, Matbou Riahi M, Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Jamialahmadi K. Gankyrin: a novel promising therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:1301-1313. [PMID: 29025272 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1388250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is known as fifth common malignancies and third common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The identification of various mechanisms which are involved in hepatocarcinogenesis contributes in finding a variety of cellular and molecular targets for HCC diagnosis, prevention and therapy. Among various identified targets in HCC pathogenesis, Gankyrin is a crucial oncoprotein that is up-regulated in HCC and plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of the HCC. Oncogenic role of Gankyrin has been found to stem from inhibition of two ubiquitous tumour suppressor proteins, retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and P53, and also modulation of several vital cellular signalling pathways including Wnt/β-Catenin, NF-κB, STAT3/Akt, IL-1β/IRAK-1 and RhoA/ROCK. As a result, Gankyrin can be considered as a potential candidate for diagnosis and treatment of HCC. In this review, we summarized the physiological function and the significant role of Gankyrin as an important therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Zamani
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology , Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Maryam Matbou Riahi
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology , Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- b Nanotechnology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,c Department of Medical Biotechnology , Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
| | - Khadijeh Jamialahmadi
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology , Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran.,d Biotechnology Research Center , Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad , Iran
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Gao M, Guo KM, Wei YM, Ma MM, Cai JR, Xia TT, Ye QJ. Aspirin inhibits the proliferation of human uterine leiomyoma cells by downregulation of K‑Ras‑p110α interaction. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:2507-2517. [PMID: 28849118 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspirin has been confirmed as an effective antitumor drug in various cancers. However, the relationship between aspirin and uterine leiomyoma is still underexplored. Here, we explored the effects of aspirin on human uterine leiomyoma cells and provide insights into the underlying mechanisms. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and flow cytometry analysis showed that aspirin treatment inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in a dose- and time‑dependent manner of human uterine leiomyoma cells. Further studies revealed that aspirin blocked the interaction between K-Ras and p110α by co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. Western blotting demonstrated K‑Ras‑p110α interaction was required for the effects of aspirin‑induced inhibition on cell growth and cell cycle transition via cell cycle regulators, including cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). PI3K/Akt/caspase signaling pathway was involved in human uterine leiomyoma cell growth under aspirin treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that aspirin inhibited human uterine leiomyoma cell growth by regulating K‑Ras‑p110α interaction. Aspirin which targeting on interaction between K-Ras and p110α may serve as a new therapeutic drug for uterine leiomyoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Min Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Mei Wei
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Ming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiac and Cerebral Vascular Research Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Rong Cai
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Xia
- Department of Infertility, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Jian Ye
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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De Rosa M, Rega D, Costabile V, Duraturo F, Niglio A, Izzo P, Pace U, Delrio P. The biological complexity of colorectal cancer: insights into biomarkers for early detection and personalized care. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2016; 9:861-886. [PMID: 27803741 PMCID: PMC5076770 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x16659790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer has been ranked the third and second most prevalent of all cancers in men and women, respectively, and it represents the fourth most common cause of cancer deaths. In 2012, there were 1.4 million estimated cases of colorectal cancer worldwide, and 700,000 estimated deaths, which implies significant impact on public health, especially in economically-developed countries. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of tumors, although this has been accompanied by decreased mortality, due to more appropriate and available information, earlier diagnosis, and improvements in treatment. Colorectal cancers are characterized by great genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity, including tumor microenvironment and interactions between healthy and cancer cells. All of these traits confer a unique peculiarity to each tumor, which can thus be considered as an individual disease. Well conducted molecular and clinical characterization of each colorectal cancer is essential with a view to the implementation of precision oncology, and thus personalized care. This last aims at standardization of therapeutic plans chosen according to the genetic background of each specific neoplasm, to increase overall survival and reduce treatment side effects. Thus, prognostic and predictive molecular biomarkers assume a critical role in the characterization of colorectal cancer and in the determination of the most appropriate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina De Rosa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples ‘Federico II ’, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Rega
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology-Abdominal Oncology Department, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale’ IRCCS, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Costabile
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples ‘Federico II ’, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Duraturo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples ‘Federico II ’, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonello Niglio
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology-Abdominal Oncology Department, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale’ IRCCS, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Izzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples ‘Federico II ’, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Pace
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology-Abdominal Oncology Department, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale’ IRCCS, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Delrio
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology-Abdominal Oncology Department, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale’ IRCCS, I-80131 Naples, Italy
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Grant TJ, Hua K, Singh A. Molecular Pathogenesis of Pancreatic Cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 144:241-275. [PMID: 27865459 PMCID: PMC6260831 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancers arise predominantly from ductal epithelial cells of the exocrine pancreas and are of the ductal adenocarcinoma histological subtype (PDAC). PDAC is an aggressive disease associated with a poor clinical prognosis, weakly effective therapeutic options, and a lack of early detection methods. Furthermore, the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of PDAC complicates efforts to identify universally efficacious therapies. PDACs commonly harbor activating mutations in the KRAS oncogene, which is a potent driver of tumor initiation and maintenance. Inactivating mutations in tumor suppressor genes such as CDKN2A/p16, TP53, and SMAD4 cooperate with KRAS mutations to cause aggressive PDAC tumor growth. PDAC can be classified into 3-4 molecular subtypes by global gene expression profiling. These subtypes can be distinguished by distinct molecular and phenotypic characteristics. This chapter will provide an overview of the current knowledge of PDAC pathogenesis at the genetic and molecular level as well as novel therapeutic opportunities to treat this highly aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Grant
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - K Hua
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - A Singh
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
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Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly metastatic disease with a high mortality rate. Genetic and biochemical studies have shown that RAS signaling mediated by KRAS plays a pivotal role in disease initiation, progression and drug resistance. RAS signaling affects several cellular processes in PDAC, including cellular proliferation, migration, cellular metabolism and autophagy. 90% of pancreatic cancer patients harbor somatic oncogenic point mutations in KRAS, which lead to constitutive activation of the molecule. Pancreatic cancers lacking KRAS mutations show activation of RAS via upstream signaling through receptor mediated tyrosine kinases, like EGFR, and in a small fraction of patients, oncogenic activation of the downstream B-RAF molecule is detected. RAS-stimulated signaling of RAF/MEK/ERK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RalA/B is active in human pancreatic cancers, cancer cell lines and mouse models of PDAC, although activation levels of each signaling arm appear to be variable across different tumors and perhaps within different subclones of single tumors. Recently, several targeted therapies directed towards MEK, ERK, PI3K and mTOR have been assayed in pancreatic cancer cell lines and in mouse models of the disease with promising results for their ability to impede cellular growth or delay tumor formation, and several inhibitors are currently in clinical trials. However, therapy-induced cross activation of RAS effector molecules has elucidated the complexities of targeting RAS signaling. Combinatorial therapies are now being explored as an approach to overcome RAS-induced therapeutic resistance in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Mann
- Cancer Research Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph Juan
- Molecular Oncology Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nancy A Jenkins
- Cancer Research Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Neal G Copeland
- Cancer Research Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Ying H, Dey P, Yao W, Kimmelman AC, Draetta GF, Maitra A, DePinho RA. Genetics and biology of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Genes Dev 2016; 30:355-85. [PMID: 26883357 PMCID: PMC4762423 DOI: 10.1101/gad.275776.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ying et al. review pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) genetics and biology, particularly altered cancer cell metabolism, the complexity of immune regulation in the tumor microenvironment, and impaired DNA repair processes. With 5-year survival rates remaining constant at 6% and rising incidences associated with an epidemic in obesity and metabolic syndrome, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is on track to become the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths by 2030. The high mortality rate of PDAC stems primarily from the lack of early diagnosis and ineffective treatment for advanced tumors. During the past decade, the comprehensive atlas of genomic alterations, the prominence of specific pathways, the preclinical validation of such emerging targets, sophisticated preclinical model systems, and the molecular classification of PDAC into specific disease subtypes have all converged to illuminate drug discovery programs with clearer clinical path hypotheses. A deeper understanding of cancer cell biology, particularly altered cancer cell metabolism and impaired DNA repair processes, is providing novel therapeutic strategies that show strong preclinical activity. Elucidation of tumor biology principles, most notably a deeper understanding of the complexity of immune regulation in the tumor microenvironment, has provided an exciting framework to reawaken the immune system to attack PDAC cancer cells. While the long road of translation lies ahead, the path to meaningful clinical progress has never been clearer to improve PDAC patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Prasenjit Dey
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Wantong Yao
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Alec C Kimmelman
- Division of Genomic Stability and DNA Repair, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Giulio F Draetta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Institute for Applied Cancer Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; Sheikh Ahmed Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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A MEK/PI3K/HDAC inhibitor combination therapy for KRAS mutant pancreatic cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:15814-27. [PMID: 26158412 PMCID: PMC4599239 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive, metastatic disease with limited treatment options. Factors contributing to the metastatic predisposition and therapy resistance in pancreatic cancer are not well understood. Here, we used a mouse model of KRAS-driven pancreatic carcinogenesis to define distinct subtypes of PDAC metastasis: epithelial, mesenchymal and quasi-mesenchymal. We examined pro-survival signals in these cells and the therapeutic response differences between them. Our data indicate that the initiation and maintenance of the transformed state are separable, and that KRAS dependency is not a fundamental constant of KRAS-initiated tumors. Moreover, some cancer cells can shuttle between the KRAS dependent (drug-sensitive) and independent (drug-tolerant) states and thus escape extinction. We further demonstrate that inhibition of KRAS signaling alone via co-targeting the MAPK and PI3K pathways fails to induce extensive tumor cell death and, therefore, has limited efficacy against PDAC. However, the addition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors greatly improves outcomes, reduces the self-renewal of cancer cells, and blocks cancer metastasis in vivo. Our results suggest that targeting HDACs in combination with KRAS or its effector pathways provides an effective strategy for the treatment of PDAC.
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Zeitouni D, Pylayeva-Gupta Y, Der CJ, Bryant KL. KRAS Mutant Pancreatic Cancer: No Lone Path to an Effective Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8040045. [PMID: 27096871 PMCID: PMC4846854 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the deadliest cancers with a dismal 7% 5-year survival rate and is projected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths by 2020. KRAS is mutated in 95% of PDACs and is a well-validated driver of PDAC growth and maintenance. However, despite comprehensive efforts, an effective anti-RAS drug has yet to reach the clinic. Different paths to inhibiting RAS signaling are currently under investigation in the hope of finding a successful treatment. Recently, direct RAS binding molecules have been discovered, challenging the perception that RAS is an “undruggable” protein. Other strategies currently being pursued take an indirect approach, targeting proteins that facilitate RAS membrane association or downstream effector signaling. Unbiased genetic screens have identified synthetic lethal interactors of mutant RAS. Most recently, metabolic targets in pathways related to glycolytic signaling, glutamine utilization, autophagy, and macropinocytosis are also being explored. Harnessing the patient’s immune system to fight their cancer is an additional exciting route that is being considered. The “best” path to inhibiting KRAS has yet to be determined, with each having promise as well as potential pitfalls. We will summarize the state-of-the-art for each direction, focusing on efforts directed toward the development of therapeutics for pancreatic cancer patients with mutated KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zeitouni
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Yuliya Pylayeva-Gupta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Channing J Der
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Kirsten L Bryant
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Quah SY, Tan MS, Teh YH, Stanslas J. Pharmacological modulation of oncogenic Ras by natural products and their derivatives: Renewed hope in the discovery of novel anti-Ras drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 162:35-57. [PMID: 27016467 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic rat sarcoma (Ras) is linked to the most fatal cancers such as those of the pancreas, colon, and lung. Decades of research to discover an efficacious drug that can block oncogenic Ras signaling have yielded disappointing results; thus, Ras was considered "undruggable" until recently. Inhibitors that directly target Ras by binding to previously undiscovered pockets have been recently identified. Some of these molecules are either isolated from natural products or derived from natural compounds. In this review, we described the potential of these compounds and other inhibitors of Ras signaling in drugging Ras. We highlighted the modes of action of these compounds in suppressing signaling pathways activated by oncogenic Ras, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. The anti-Ras strategy of these compounds can be categorized into four main types: inhibition of Ras-effector interaction, interference of Ras membrane association, prevention of Ras-guanosine triphosphate (GTP) formation, and downregulation of Ras proteins. Another promising strategy that must be validated experimentally is enhancement of the intrinsic Ras-guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity by small chemical entities. Among the inhibitors of Ras signaling that were reported thus far, salirasib and TLN-4601 have been tested for their clinical efficacy. Although both compounds passed phase I trials, they failed in their respective phase II trials. Therefore, new compounds of natural origin with relevant clinical activity against Ras-driven malignancies are urgently needed. Apart from salirasib and TLN-4601, some other compounds with a proven inhibitory effect on Ras signaling include derivatives of salirasib, sulindac, polyamine, andrographolide, lipstatin, levoglucosenone, rasfonin, and quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Ying Quah
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Michelle Siying Tan
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yuan Han Teh
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Johnson Stanslas
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Puskás LG, Mán I, Szebeni G, Tiszlavicz L, Tsai S, James MA. Novel Anti-CRR9/CLPTM1L Antibodies with Antitumorigenic Activity Inhibit Cell Surface Accumulation, PI3K Interaction, and Survival Signaling. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:985-97. [PMID: 26939707 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We and others have recently shown cisplatin resistance-related protein 9 (CRR9)/Cleft Lip and Palate Transmembrane 1-Like (CLPTM1L) to affect survival and proliferation in lung and pancreatic tumor cells. Our research has indicated that CLPTM1L affects multiple survival signaling pathways in tumor cells under oncogenic, genotoxic, and microenvironmental stress. We have confirmed the association of CLPTM1L with pancreatic cancer by demonstrating overexpression of CLPTM1L in pancreatic tumors and poor survival in patients with high tumor expression of CLPTM1L. Predicting a transmembrane structure, we determined that CLPTM1L could be targeted at the plasma membrane. Herein, we describe the development of mAbs targeting CLPTM1L. Lead antibodies inhibited surface accumulation of CLPTM1L, Akt phosphorylation, anchorage-independent growth, and chemotherapeutic resistance in lung and pancreatic tumor cells. Gemcitabine promoted a physical interaction between CLPTM1L and p110α in pancreatic tumor cells, which was inhibited by anti-CLPTM1L. In vivo treatment with anti-CLPTM1L robustly inhibited the growth of both lung and pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts. The efficacy of anti-CLPTM1L correlated with specific epitopes representing important targets in human cancers, particularly those driven by KRas, for which effective targeted therapies have been elusive. This study is the first to report cell-surface exposure of the tumor survival protein CLPTM1L and inhibition of the function of surface CLPTM1L with novel, systematically developed inhibitory mAbs establishing proof of concept of clinically practical agents inhibiting this compelling new tumor survival target in cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 985-97. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Susan Tsai
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michael A James
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
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Jiang J, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Yu C, Chen M, Li Z, Tian S, Sun C. MicroRNA-3127 promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenicity in hepatocellular carcinoma by disrupting of PI3K/AKT negative regulation. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6359-72. [PMID: 25849943 PMCID: PMC4467442 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that multiple phosphatases deactivate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Here we demonstrated that, by suppressing multiple phosphatases, miR-3127 promotes growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our study also reveals clinical significance of miR-3127 expression in HCC patients. MiR-3127 expression was markedly upregulated in HCC tissues and cells. Furthermore, high miR-3127 expression was associated with an aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis. MiR-3127 overexpression promoted HCC cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Also, miR-3127 accelerated G1-S transition by activating AKT/ FOXO1 signaling, by directly targeting the 3' untranslated regions (3`UTR) of pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 1/2 (PHLPP1/2), inositol polyphosphate phosphatase 4A (INPP4A), and inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase J (INPP5J) mRNA, repressing their expression. In agreement, the miRNA antagonist antagomir-3127 suppressed HCC cell proliferation and tumor growth by inhibiting the AKT/FOXO1 signaling. Taken together, these findings suggest that silencing miR-3127 might be a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Medical Technology on Transplantation, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuting Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Meiyuan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhu Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Se Tian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Chengyi Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
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43
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Gankyrin regulates cell signaling network. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:5675-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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44
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Javle M, Golan T, Maitra A. Changing the course of pancreatic cancer--Focus on recent translational advances. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 44:17-25. [PMID: 26924195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, insightful preclinical research has led to important breakthroughs in our understanding of pancreatic cancer. Even though the vast majority of pancreatic cancers are KRAS mutated, not all pancreatic cancer tumors are "KRAS equal"; there seems to be varying dependencies on the KRAS pathway. While KRAS-targeting therapies have been disappointing in the clinic, 'synthetic lethal' approaches hold promise in this setting. The pancreatic cancer stromal microenvironment appears to have contradictory roles. While there is evidence to suggest that stromal barrier prevents drug delivery, in other circumstances, stroma can play a protective role and its disruption enhances tumor dissemination. Clinical trials aimed at manipulating the various stromal components are in progress. BRCA mutation-related pancreatic tumors illustrate a unique subtype with enhanced susceptibility to DNA damaging agents and PARP-inhibition. DNA repair defects in cancer extend beyond germ line BRCA mutation and may extend the indications for DNA repair-targeting agents. Immune strategies are an area of active investigation in pancreatic cancer. Although the initial trials of single-agent checkpoint inhibitors have been negative, combinational approaches using immune-modifying agents and vaccines appear promising and goal is to identify an 'immune-therapy responsive' profile in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milind Javle
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515, Holcombe Blvd, Unit 426, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Talia Golan
- Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Anirban Maitra
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515, Holcombe Blvd, Unit 426, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Hayes TK, Neel NF, Hu C, Gautam P, Chenard M, Long B, Aziz M, Kassner M, Bryant KL, Pierobon M, Marayati R, Kher S, George SD, Xu M, Wang-Gillam A, Samatar AA, Maitra A, Wennerberg K, Petricoin EF, Yin HH, Nelkin B, Cox AD, Yeh JJ, Der CJ. Long-Term ERK Inhibition in KRAS-Mutant Pancreatic Cancer Is Associated with MYC Degradation and Senescence-like Growth Suppression. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:75-89. [PMID: 26725216 PMCID: PMC4816652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Induction of compensatory mechanisms and ERK reactivation has limited the effectiveness of Raf and MEK inhibitors in RAS-mutant cancers. We determined that direct pharmacologic inhibition of ERK suppressed the growth of a subset of KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancer cell lines and that concurrent phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition caused synergistic cell death. Additional combinations that enhanced ERK inhibitor action were also identified. Unexpectedly, long-term treatment of sensitive cell lines caused senescence, mediated in part by MYC degradation and p16 reactivation. Enhanced basal PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling was associated with de novo resistance to ERK inhibitor, as were other protein kinases identified by kinome-wide siRNA screening and a genetic gain-of-function screen. Our findings reveal distinct consequences of inhibiting this kinase cascade at the level of ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tikvah K Hayes
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nicole F Neel
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chaoxin Hu
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Prson Gautam
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Brian Long
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meraj Aziz
- Departments of Cancer and Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Michelle Kassner
- Departments of Cancer and Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Kirsten L Bryant
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Raoud Marayati
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Swapnil Kher
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Samuel D George
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mai Xu
- Divisions of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrea Wang-Gillam
- Divisions of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Anirban Maitra
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Krister Wennerberg
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Hongwei H Yin
- Departments of Cancer and Cell Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Barry Nelkin
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Adrienne D Cox
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jen Jen Yeh
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Channing J Der
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Birtolo C, Go VLW, Ptasznik A, Eibl G, Pandol SJ. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase: A Link Between Inflammation and Pancreatic Cancer. Pancreas 2016; 45:21-31. [PMID: 26658038 PMCID: PMC4859755 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Even though a strong association between inflammation and cancer has been widely accepted, the underlying precise molecular mechanisms are still largely unknown. A complex signaling network between tumor and stromal cells is responsible for the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the cancer microenvironment. Tumor stromal cells such as pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and immune cells create a microenvironment that protects cancer cells through a complex interaction, ultimately facilitating their local proliferation and their migration to different sites. Furthermore, PSCs have multiple functions related to local immunity, angiogenesis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Recently, many studies have shown that members of the phosphoinositol-3-phosphate kinase (PI3K) family are activated in tumor cells, PSCs, and tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells to promote cancer growth. Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines secreted by immune cells and fibroblasts within the tumor environment can activate the PI3K pathway both in cancer and inflammatory cells. In this review, we focus on the central role of the PI3K pathway in regulating the cross talk between immune/stromal cells and cancer cells. Understanding the role of the PI3K pathway in the development of chronic pancreatitis and cancer is crucial for the discovery of novel and efficacious treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Birtolo
- Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,Department of Internal Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Vay Liang W. Go
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Andrzej Ptasznik
- Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Guido Eibl
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA
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Padavano J, Henkhaus RS, Chen H, Skovan BA, Cui H, Ignatenko NA. Mutant K-RAS Promotes Invasion and Metastasis in Pancreatic Cancer Through GTPase Signaling Pathways. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2015; 8:95-113. [PMID: 26512205 PMCID: PMC4612127 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s29407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive malignancies, characterized by the local invasion into surrounding tissues and early metastasis to distant organs. Oncogenic mutations of the K-RAS gene occur in more than 90% of human pancreatic cancers. The goal of this study was to investigate the functional significance and downstream effectors of mutant K-RAS oncogene in the pancreatic cancer invasion and metastasis. We applied the homologous recombination technique to stably disrupt K-RAS oncogene in the human pancreatic cell line MiaPaCa-2, which carries the mutant K-RAS (G12C) oncogene in both alleles. Using in vitro assays, we found that clones with disrupted mutant K-RAS gene exhibited low RAS activity, reduced growth rates, increased sensitivity to the apoptosis inducing agents, and suppressed motility and invasiveness. In vivo assays showed that clones with decreased RAS activity had reduced tumor formation ability in mouse xenograft model and increased survival rates in the mouse orthotopic pancreatic cancer model. We further examined molecular pathways downstream of mutant K-RAS and identified RhoA GTP activating protein 5, caveolin-1, and RAS-like small GTPase A (RalA) as key effector molecules, which control mutant K-RAS-dependent migration and invasion in MiaPaCa-2 cells. Our study provides rational for targeting RhoA and RalA GTPase signaling pathways for inhibition of pancreatic cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna Padavano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Undergraduate Biology Research Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Rebecca S Henkhaus
- Cancer Biology Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hwudaurw Chen
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Bethany A Skovan
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Haiyan Cui
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Natalia A Ignatenko
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Faes S, Dormond O. PI3K and AKT: Unfaithful Partners in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:21138-52. [PMID: 26404259 PMCID: PMC4613246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160921138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway regulates multiple cellular processes. An overactivation of the pathway is frequently present in human malignancies and plays a key role in cancer progression. Hence, its inhibition has become a promising approach in cancer therapy. However, the development of resistances, such as the abrogation of negative feedback mechanisms or the activation of other proliferative signaling pathways, has considerably limited the anticancer efficacy of PI3K/AKT inhibitors. In addition, emerging evidence points out that although AKT is acknowledged as the major downstream effector of PI3K, both PI3K and AKT can operate independently of each other in cancer, revealing another level of complexity in this pathway. Here, we highlight the complex relationship between PI3K and AKT in cancer and further discuss the consequences of this relationship for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraina Faes
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Pavillon 4, Av. de Beaumont, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
| | - Olivier Dormond
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Pavillon 4, Av. de Beaumont, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
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Hu C, Dadon T, Chenna V, Yabuuchi S, Bannerji R, Booher R, Strack P, Azad N, Nelkin BD, Maitra A. Combined Inhibition of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (Dinaciclib) and AKT (MK-2206) Blocks Pancreatic Tumor Growth and Metastases in Patient-Derived Xenograft Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1532-9. [PMID: 25931518 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is activated by mutation in the vast majority of cases of pancreatic cancer; unfortunately, therapeutic attempts to inhibit KRAS directly have been unsuccessful. Our previous studies showed that inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) reduces pancreatic cancer growth and progression, through blockage of the centrally important RAL effector pathway, downstream of KRAS. In the current study, the therapeutic effects of combining the CDK inhibitor dinaciclib (SCH727965; MK-7965) with the pan-AKT inhibitor MK-2206 were evaluated using orthotopic and subcutaneous patient-derived human pancreatic cancer xenograft models. The combination of dinaciclib (20 mg/kg, i.p., three times a week) and MK-2206 (60 mg/kg, orally, three times a week) dramatically blocked tumor growth and metastasis in all eight pancreatic cancer models examined. Remarkably, several complete responses were induced by the combination treatment of dinaciclib and MK-2206. The striking results obtained in these models demonstrate that the combination of dinaciclib with the pan-AKT inhibitor MK-2206 is promising for therapeutic evaluation in pancreatic cancer, and strongly suggest that blocking RAL in combination with other effector pathways downstream from KRAS may provide increased efficacy in pancreatic cancer. Based on these data, an NCI-CTEP-approved multicenter phase I clinical trial for pancreatic cancer of the combination of dinaciclib and MK-2206 (NCT01783171) has now been opened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxin Hu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tikva Dadon
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Venugopal Chenna
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Shinichi Yabuuchi
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Nilofer Azad
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Barry D Nelkin
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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