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Chen J, Wen Y, Lin L, Cui Y, Chen Z, Gao J, Zhuang Y, Chen Q. Fosl2 Deficiency Predisposes Mice to Osteopetrosis, Leading to Bone Marrow Failure. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:1081-1093. [PMID: 38380993 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Arthritis causes Fos-like 2 (Fosl2) inactivation, and various immune cells contribute to its pathogenesis. However, little is known about the role of Fosl2 in hematopoiesis and the possible pathological role of Fosl2 inactivation in the hematopoietic system in arthritis. In this study, we show that Fosl2 maintains hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) quiescence and differentiation while controlling the inflammatory response via macrophages. Fosl2-specific deletion in the hematopoietic system caused the expansion of HSCs and myeloid cell growth while affecting erythroid and B cell differentiation. Fosl2 inactivation enhanced macrophage M1 polarization and stimulated proinflammatory cytokines and myeloid growth factors, skewing HSCs toward myeloid cell differentiation, similar to hematopoietic alterations in arthritic mice. Loss of Fosl2 mediated by Vav-iCre also displays an unexpected deletion in embryonic erythro-myeloid progenitor-derived osteoclasts, leading to osteopetrosis and anemia. The reduced bone marrow cellularity in Vav-iCreFosl2f/f mice is a consequence of the reduced bone marrow space in osteopetrotic mice rather than a direct role of Fosl2 in hematopoiesis. Thus, Fosl2 is indispensable for erythro-myeloid progenitor-derived osteoclasts to maintain the medullary cavity to ensure normal hematopoiesis. These findings improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of bone-destructive diseases and provide important implications for developing therapeutic approaches for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yi Wen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuchen Cui
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yifang Zhuang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Zhang X, Zheng G, Gao S, Zhou F, Pan T, Shi Q, Li J, Zhang X, Huang Z, Quan X. Synthesis and anti-tumor activity evaluation of 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide derivatives with phenyl sulfonamide groups as potent RSK2 inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14376. [PMID: 37852922 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome S6 Protein Kinase 2 (RSK2) is involved in many signal pathways such as cell growth, proliferation, survival and migration in tumors. Also, RSK2 can phosphorylate YB-1, which induces the expression of tumor initiating cells, leading to poor prognosis of triple negative breast cancer. Herein, phenyl sulfonamide was introduced to a series of 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide derivatives to obtain novel RSK2 inhibitors which were evaluated RSK2 inhibitory activity and proliferation inhibitory activity against MDA-MB-468. The newly introduced sulfonamide group was observed to form a hydrogen bond with target residue LEU-74 which played crucial role in activity. The results showed that most of compounds exhibited RSK2 enzyme inhibitory with IC50 up to 1.7 nM. Compound B1 exhibited the strongest MDA-MB-468 cell anti-proliferation activity (IC50 = 0.13 μM). The in vivo tumor growth inhibitory activities were evaluated with compounds B1-B3 in MDA-MB-468 xenograft model which gave up to 54.6% of TGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guochuang Zheng
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shang Gao
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Pan
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiqi Shi
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiani Li
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhangjian Huang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Quan
- R &D Center, Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Lin YW, Kao HJ, Chen WT, Kao CF, Wu JY, Chen YT, Lee YC. Cell-based screen identifies porphyrins as FGFR3 activity inhibitors with therapeutic potential for achondroplasia and cancer. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e171257. [PMID: 37824212 PMCID: PMC10721322 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.171257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Overactive fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) signaling drives pathogenesis in a variety of cancers and a spectrum of short-limbed bone dysplasias, including the most common form of human dwarfism, achondroplasia (ACH). Targeting FGFR3 activity holds great promise as a therapeutic approach for treatment of these diseases. Here, we established a receptor/adaptor translocation assay system that can specifically monitor FGFR3 activation, and we applied it to identify FGFR3 modulators from complex natural mixtures. An FGFR3-suppressing plant extract of Amaranthus viridis was identified from the screen, and 2 bioactive porphyrins, pheophorbide a (Pa) and pyropheophorbide a, were sequentially isolated from the extract and functionally characterized. Further analysis showed that Pa reduced excessive FGFR3 signaling by decreasing its half-life in FGFR3-overactivated multiple myeloma cells and chondrocytes. In an ex vivo culture system, Pa alleviated defective long bone growth in humanized ACH mice (FGFR3ACH mice). Overall, our study presents an approach to discovery and validation of plant extracts or drug candidates that target FGFR3 activation. The compounds identified by this approach may have applications as therapeutics for FGFR3-associated cancers and skeletal dysplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Wen Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Jung Kao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fu Kao
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tsong Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yi-Ching Lee
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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Schaeffer S, Gupta B, Calatayud AL, Calderaro J, Caruso S, Hirsch TZ, Pelletier L, Zucman-Rossi J, Rebouissou S. RSK2 inactivation cooperates with AXIN1 inactivation or β-catenin activation to promote hepatocarcinogenesis. J Hepatol 2023; 79:704-716. [PMID: 37201672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Recurrent somatic mutations of the RPS6KA3 gene encoding for the serine/threonine kinase RSK2 were identified in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), suggesting its tumour-suppressive function. Our goal was to demonstrate the tumour suppressor role of RSK2 in the liver and investigate the functional consequences of its inactivation. METHODS We analysed a series of 1,151 human HCCs for RSK2 mutations and 20 other driver genetic alterations. We then modelled RSK2 inactivation in mice in various mutational contexts recapitulating or not those naturally found in human HCC, using transgenic mice and liver-specific carcinogens. These models were monitored for liver tumour appearance and subjected to phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses. Functional consequences of RSK2 rescue were also investigated in a human RSK2-deficient HCC cell line. RESULTS RSK2-inactivating mutations are specific to human HCC and frequently co-occur with AXIN1-inactivating or β-catenin-activating mutations. Modelling of these co-occurrences in mice showed a cooperative effect in promoting liver tumours with transcriptomic profiles recapitulating those of human HCCs. By contrast, there was no cooperation in liver tumour induction between RSK2 loss and BRAF-activating mutations chemically induced by diethylnitrosamine. In human liver cancer cells, we also showed that RSK2 inactivation confers some dependency to the activation of RAS/MAPK signalling that can be targeted by MEK inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the tumour suppressor role of RSK2 and its specific synergistic effect in hepatocarcinogenesis when its loss of function is specifically combined with AXIN1 inactivation or β-catenin activation. Furthermore, we identified the RAS/MAPK pathway as a potential therapeutic target for RSK2-inactivated liver tumours. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS This study demonstrated the tumour suppressor role of RSK2 in the liver and showed that its inactivation specifically synergises with AXIN1 inactivation or β-catenin activation to promote the development of HCC with similar transcriptomic profiles as found in humans. Furthermore, this study highlights that activation of the RAS/MAPK pathway is one of the key signalling pathways mediating the oncogenic effect of RSK2 inactivation that can be targeted with already available anti-MEK therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Schaeffer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Barkha Gupta
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Anna-Line Calatayud
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Julien Calderaro
- Service d'Anatomopathologie, Hôpital Henri Mondor, APHP, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France
| | - Stefano Caruso
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Théo Z Hirsch
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Laura Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP, Paris, France.
| | - Sandra Rebouissou
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.
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Zhang X, Pan C, Wei X, Yu M, Liu S, An J, Yang J, Wei B, Hao W, Yao Y, Zhu Y, Zhang W. Cancer-keeper genes as therapeutic targets. iScience 2023; 26:107296. [PMID: 37520717 PMCID: PMC10382876 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Finding cancer-driver genes has been a central theme of cancer research. We took a different perspective; instead of considering normal cells, we focused on cancerous cells and genes that maintained abnormal cell growth, which we named cancer-keeper genes (CKGs). Intervening CKGs may rectify aberrant cell growth, making them potential cancer therapeutic targets. We introduced control-hub genes and developed an efficient algorithm by extending network controllability theory. Control hub are essential for maintaining cancerous states and thus can be taken as CKGs. We applied our CKG-based approach to bladder cancer (BLCA). All genes on the cell-cycle and p53 pathways in BLCA were identified as CKGs, showing their importance in cancer. We discovered that sensitive CKGs - genes easily altered by structural perturbation - were particularly suitable therapeutic targets. Experiments on cell lines and a mouse model confirmed that six sensitive CKGs effectively suppressed cancer cell growth, demonstrating the immense therapeutic potential of CKGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhe Zhang
- Early Intervention Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyu Pan
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinru Wei
- Early Intervention Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Transgenetic Animal Research, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuangjie Liu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun An
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jieping Yang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Baojun Wei
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenjun Hao
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Yao
- Department of Physiology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuyan Zhu
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Weixiong Zhang
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Department of Genetics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Li J, Lin J, Huang S, Li M, Yu W, Zhao Y, Guo J, Zhang P, Huang X, Qiao Y. Functional Phosphoproteomics in Cancer Chemoresistance Using CRISPR-Mediated Base Editors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200717. [PMID: 36045417 PMCID: PMC9596822 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Selective inhibition of targeted protein kinases is an effective therapeutic approach for treatment of human malignancies, which interferes phosphorylation of cellular substrates. However, a drug-imposed selection creates pressures for tumor cells to acquire chemoresistance-conferring mutations or activating alternative pathways, which can bypass the inhibitory effects of kinase inhibitors. Thus, identifying downstream phospho-substrates conferring drug resistance is of great importance for developing poly-pharmacological and targeted therapies. To identify functional phosphorylation sites involved in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance during its treatment of colorectal cancer cells, CRISPR-mediated cytosine base editor (CBE) and adenine base editor (ABE) are utilized for functional screens by mutating phosphorylated amino acids with two libraries specifically targeting 7779 and 10 149 phosphorylation sites. Among the top enriched gRNAs-induced gain-of-function mutants, the target genes are involved in cell cycle and post-translational covalent modifications. Moreover, several substrates of RSK2 and PAK4 kinases are discovered as main effectors in responding to 5-FU chemotherapy, and combinational treatment of colorectal cancer cells with 5-FU and RSK2 inhibitor or PAK4 inhibitor can largely inhibit cell growth and enhance cell apoptosis through a RSK2/TP53BP1/γ-H2AX phosphorylation signaling axis. It is proposed that this screen approach can be used for functional phosphoproteomics in chemotherapy of various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Li
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
- Zhejiang LabHangzhouZhejiang311121China
| | - Jianxiang Lin
- Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200125China
- Shanghai Institute of Precision MedicineShanghai200125China
| | | | - Min Li
- Precise Genome Engineering CenterSchool of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Wenxia Yu
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Yuting Zhao
- Precise Genome Engineering CenterSchool of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Junfan Guo
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
| | - Pumin Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic DiseaseThe First Affiliated Hospitaland Institute of Translational MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310029China
| | - Xingxu Huang
- School of Life Science and TechnologyShanghaiTech UniversityShanghai201210China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic DiseaseThe First Affiliated Hospitaland Institute of Translational MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310029China
| | - Yunbo Qiao
- Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200125China
- Shanghai Institute of Precision MedicineShanghai200125China
- Precise Genome Engineering CenterSchool of Life SciencesGuangzhou UniversityGuangzhou510006China
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Zhang X, Guo Y, Xiao T, Li J, Guo A, Lei L, Jin C, Long Q, Su J, Yin M, Liu H, Chen C, Zhou Z, Zhu S, Tao J, Hu S, Chen X, Peng C. CD147 mediates epidermal malignant transformation through the RSK2/AP-1 pathway. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:246. [PMID: 35964097 PMCID: PMC9375950 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02427-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Malignant transformation of the epidermis is an essential process in the pathogenesis of cutaneous squamous-cell carcinoma (cSCC). Although evidence has demonstrated that CD147 plays key roles in various tumors, the role of CD147 in epidermal malignant transformation in vivo remains unclear.
Methods
Epidermal CD147-overexpression or knockout (EpiCD147-OE or EpiCD147-KO) transgenic mouse models were generated for in vivo study. RNA-sequencing and q-PCR were performed to identify the differentially expressed genes. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were performed to investigate the role of CD147 in regulating myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Immunoprecipitation, EMSA and ChIP assays were performed to investigate the mechanism of CD147 in cell transformation.
Results
We found that specific overexpression of CD147 in the epidermis (EpiCD147-OE) induces spontaneous tumor formation; moreover, a set of chemokines and cytokines including CXCL1, which play essential function in MDSC recruitment, were significantly upregulated in EpiCD147-OE transgenic mice. As expected, overexpression of CD147 in the epidermis remarkably facilitated tumorigenesis by increasing the rate of tumor initiation and the number and size of tumors in the DMBA/TPA mouse model. Interestingly, the expression of CXCL1 and the infiltration of MDSCs were dramatically increased in EpiCD147-OE transgenic mice. Our findings also showed that knockdown of CD147 attenuated EGF-induced malignant transformation as well as CXCL1 expression in HaCaT cells. Consistently, CD147 was found overexpressed in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), and positively related with the expression of CD33, a myeloid-associated marker. We further identified RSK2, a serine/threonine kinase, as an interacting partner of CD147 at the binding site of CD147D207-230. The interaction of CD147 and RSK2 activated RSK2, thus enhancing AP-1 transcriptional activation. Furthermore, EMSAs and ChIP assays showed that AP-1 could associate with the CXCL1 promoter. Importantly, RSK2 inhibitor suppressed the tumor growth in DMBA/TPA mouse model by inhibiting the recruitment of MDSCs.
Conclusion
Our findings demonstrate that CD147 exerts a key function in epidermal malignant transformation in vivo by activating keratinocytes and recruiting MDSCs via the RSK2/AP-1 pathway.
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Tian C, Wang Y, Song X. Prognostic Characteristics of Immune-Related Genes and the Related Regulatory Axis in Patients With Stage N+M0 Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:878219. [PMID: 35785160 PMCID: PMC9243266 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.878219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BRCA) has the highest incidence rate among female tumours. The function of the immune system affects treatment efficacy and prognosis in patients with BRCA. However, the exact role of immune-related genes (IRGs) in stage N+M0 BRCA is unknown. We constructed a predictive risk scoring model with five IRGs (CDH1, FGFR3, INHBA, S100B, and SCG2) based on the clinical, mutation, and RNA sequencing data of individuals with stage N+M0 BRCA sourced from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Results from the Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute validation cohort suggested that regardless of clinical stage, tumour size, or the number of lymph node metastases, this model was able to reliably discriminate low-risk patients from high-risk ones and assess the prognosis of patients with stage N+M0 BRCA, and low-risk patients could benefit more from immunotherapy than high-risk patients. In addition, significant inter-group variations in immunocyte infiltration and the tumour microenvironment were observed. Moreover, risk score and age were found to be independent factors in multivariate COX regression analysis, which influenced the outcome of patients with stage N+M0 BRCA. Based on the above findings, we plotted a prognostic nomogram. Finally, we constructed a lncRNA KCNQ1OT1-LINC00665-TUG1/miR-9-5p/CDH1 regulatory axis of the ceRNA network to explore the mechanism of BRCA progression. In summary, we conducted a systemic and extensive bioinformatics investigation and established an IRG-based prognostic scoring model. Finally, we constructed a ceRNA regulatory axis that might play a significant role in BRCA development. More research is required to confirm this result. Scoring system-based patient grouping can help predict the outcome of patients with stage N+M0 BRCA more effectively and determine their sensitivity to immunotherapies, which will aid the development of personalised therapeutic strategies and inspire the research and development of novel medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chonglin Tian
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Yongsheng Wang, ; Xianrang Song,
| | - Xianrang Song
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Yongsheng Wang, ; Xianrang Song,
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9
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Wang J, Sun Q, Wang G, Wang H, Liu H. The effects of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) IL-6 trans-signaling on immunity and iron metabolism via JAK/STAT3 pathway. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:104372. [PMID: 35217123 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine, which plays a dual role in mammalian inflammation through both classical signaling (IL-6 binds to IL-6 receptor/IL-6R) and trans-signaling (IL-6 binds to soluble IL-6R). However, the function of IL-6, especially the regulatory mechanism of IL-6 trans-signaling in immunity and iron metabolism remains largely unclear in teleost. Here, L8824 cells (Ctenopharyngodon idella hepatic cells) were stimulated with blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) IL-6 combination with sIL-6R protein (rmaIL-6+rmasIL-6R/maIL-6 trans-signaling) or STAT3 inhibitor (c188-9), and RNA-sequencing, global transcriptional analyses. The enrichment analysis of GO and KEGG showed that maIL-6 trans-signaling is mainly involved in stress and inflammation response, and the activation of STAT3 is mainly related to cell proliferation, apoptosis and immune regulation. Furthermore, after treated L8824 cells with JAK2 inhibitors, it was found that the induction of IL-6 trans-signaling on the selected immune-related genes could be inhibited. These results implied that in early stage after rmaIL-6+rmasIL-6R treatment, the maIL-6 trans-signaling played an important role in the immune regulation through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. By extending the rmaIL-6+rmasIL-6R treatment time, it was found that maIL-6 trans-signaling could promote the expression of iron metabolism related genes (ft, tf, tfr1, hamp and fpn1) in L8824 cells, indicating that maIL-6 trans-signaling may be involved in iron metabolism in the non-acute immune phase. Finally, after treated L8824 cells with JAK2 and STAT3 inhibitors, it was found that only tf and fpn1 were regulated by maIL-6 trans-signaling through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. These findings provided novel insights into IL-6 trans-signaling regulatory mechanism in teleost, enriching our knowledge of fish immunity and iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiu Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair / Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qianhui Sun
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair / Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guowen Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair / Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huanling Wang
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair / Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hong Liu
- College of Fisheries, Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair / Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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10
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Cottini F, Rodriguez J, Hughes T, Sharma N, Guo L, Lozanski G, Liu B, Cocucci E, Yang Y, Benson D. Redefining CD56 as a biomarker and therapeutic target in Multiple Myeloma. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1083-1095. [PMID: 35380709 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) cells aberrantly express surface antigens compared to normal plasma cells. Among others, CD56 is present at variable levels in approximately 70% of MM patients; however very little is known about CD56 role in MM. We demonstrated that MM patients with more than 10 percent of CD56-expressing clonal MM cells have inferior clinical outcomes. By gain-of and loss-of function models, we revealed that CD56 promotes MM cell growth, survival, and adhesion to stromal cells. These protumoral effects are induced by the activation of the RSK2/CREB1 signaling pathway, with increased mRNA and protein levels of the anti-apoptotic genes BCL2 and MCL1. Consequently, the genomic and pharmacological inhibition of RSK2 or CREB1 specifically induced MM cell death in CD56-expressing MM cells. Finally, we observed that CD56 signaling decreases CRBN expression, reducing responses to lenalidomide. RSK2 or CREB1 inhibition increased CRBN levels and were synergic with lenalidomide in inducing cell death, especially in CD56-expressing MM cells. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that CD56 promotes MM cell growth, and pave the way to novel therapies based on targeting CD56, along with the use of CD56 as a predictive biomarker for MM therapies. Implications: Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable, genetically heterogeneous disease, without available tailored therapeutic approaches. CD56 signaling promotes MM growth and adhesion, by activating CREB1 target genes, MCL1 and BCL2. Inhibition of CREB1 alone or in combination with lenalidomide is an unexplored synthetic lethal approach in CD56-expressing MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cottini
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jose Rodriguez
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tiffany Hughes
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Pathology, OhioHealth, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gerard Lozanski
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Bei Liu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Emanuele Cocucci
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
- The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yiping Yang
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Don Benson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
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11
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Alexa A, Sok P, Gross F, Albert K, Kobori E, Póti ÁL, Gógl G, Bento I, Kuang E, Taylor SS, Zhu F, Ciliberto A, Reményi A. A non-catalytic herpesviral protein reconfigures ERK-RSK signaling by targeting kinase docking systems in the host. Nat Commun 2022; 13:472. [PMID: 35078976 PMCID: PMC8789800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus protein ORF45 binds the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and the p90 Ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK). ORF45 was shown to be a kinase activator in cells but a kinase inhibitor in vitro, and its effects on the ERK-RSK complex are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that ORF45 binds ERK and RSK using optimized linear binding motifs. The crystal structure of the ORF45-ERK2 complex shows how kinase docking motifs recognize the activated form of ERK. The crystal structure of the ORF45-RSK2 complex reveals an AGC kinase docking system, for which we provide evidence that it is functional in the host. We find that ORF45 manipulates ERK-RSK signaling by favoring the formation of a complex, in which activated kinases are better protected from phosphatases and docking motif-independent RSK substrate phosphorylation is selectively up-regulated. As such, our data suggest that ORF45 interferes with the natural design of kinase docking systems in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Alexa
- Biomolecular Interactions Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Sok
- Biomolecular Interactions Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fridolin Gross
- IFOM, Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Krisztián Albert
- Biomolecular Interactions Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Evan Kobori
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0654, USA
| | - Ádám L Póti
- Biomolecular Interactions Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Gógl
- Biomolecular Interactions Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Isabel Bento
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ersheng Kuang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4370, USA
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0654, USA
| | - Fanxiu Zhu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4370, USA
| | - Andrea Ciliberto
- IFOM, Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, 20139, Milan, Italy
| | - Attila Reményi
- Biomolecular Interactions Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary.
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12
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Abumustafa W, Zamer BA, Khalil BA, Hamad M, Maghazachi AA, Muhammad JS. Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 5 in colorectal carcinoma: Insights into mechanisms of pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112368. [PMID: 34794114 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine N-methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) enzyme is one of the eight canonical PRMTs, classified as a type II PRMT, induces arginine monomethylation and symmetric dimethylation. PRMT5 is known to be overexpressed in multiple cancer types, including colorectal cancer (CRC), where its overexpression is associated with poor survival. Recent studies have shown that upregulation of PRMT5 induces tumor growth and metastasis in CRC. Moreover, various novel PRMT5 inhibitors tested on CRC cell lines showed promising anticancer effects. Also, it was suggested that PRMT5 could be a valid biomarker for CRC diagnosis and prognosis. Hence, a deeper understanding of PRMT5-mediated CRC carcinogenesis could provide new avenues towards developing a targeted therapy. In this study, we started with in silico analysis correlating PRMT5 expression in CRC patients as a prelude to further our investigation of its role in CRC. We then carried out a comprehensive review of the scientific literature that dealt with the role(s) of PRMT5 in CRC pathogenesis, diagnosis, and prognosis. Also, we have summarized key findings from in vitro research using various therapeutic agents and strategies directly targeting PRMT5 or disrupting its function. In conclusion, PRMT5 seems to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of CRC; therefore, its prognostic and therapeutic potential merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa Abumustafa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Batoul Abi Zamer
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bariaa A Khalil
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mawieh Hamad
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Azzam A Maghazachi
- Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jibran Sualeh Muhammad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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13
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Jing W, Wang G, Cui Z, Xiong G, Jiang X, Li Y, Li W, Han B, Chen S, Shi B. FGFR3 Destabilizes PD-L1 Via NEDD4 to Control T Cell-Mediated Bladder Cancer Immune Surveillance. Cancer Res 2021; 82:114-129. [PMID: 34753771 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is frequently activated by mutation or overexpression, and it is a validated therapeutic target in urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder. However, the role and detailed molecular mechanism of FGFR3 in the immune microenvironment of bladder cancer remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of FGFR3 in FGFR3-activated bladder cancer elevates PD-L1 protein levels by affecting its ubiquitination, thereby inhibiting the anti-tumor activity of CD8+ T cells. Tissue microarray analysis in human UC showed an inverse correlation between FGFR3 and PD-L1. Furthermore, NEDD4, an E3 ubiquitin ligase of the NEDD4 family of proteins, was phosphorylated by FGFR3 activation and served as a regulator of PD-L1 ubiquitination. Mechanistically, NEDD4 interacted with PD-L1 and catalyzed Lys48 (K48)-linked polyubiquitination of PD-L1. In mice bearing NEDD4 knockout bladder cancer, CD8+ T cell infiltration and antitumor activity were significantly inhibited due to PD-L1 upregulation in bladder cancer cells. Furthermore, multiple FGFR3-activated tumor-bearing mouse models suggested that attenuated CD8+ T cell-mediated antitumor efficacy following FGFR3-targeted therapy could be rescued by a combination with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, which leads to effective tumor suppression. This study establishes a key molecular link between targeted therapy and immune surveillance and identifies NEDD4 as a crucial E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets PD-L1 for degradation in FGFR3-activated bladder cancer. These findings may potentially be exploited for combination therapies in UC of the bladder and possibly other malignancies with activated FGFR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Jing
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Ganyu Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | | | | | | | | | - Wushan Li
- Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University
| | | | - Shouzhen Chen
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Benkang Shi
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
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14
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Wu S, Shao M, Zhang Y, Shi D. Activation of RSK2 upregulates SOX8 to promote methotrexate resistance in gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. J Transl Med 2021; 101:1494-1504. [PMID: 34373588 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy is frequently driven by aberrantly activated kinases in cancer. Herein, we characterized the global phosphoproteomic alterations associated with methotrexate (MTX) resistance in gestational trophoblastic neoplastic (GTN) cells. A total of 1111 phosphosites on 713 proteins were significantly changed, with highly elevated Ribosomal S6 Kinase 2 (RSK2) phosphorylation (pS227) observed in MTX-resistant GTN cells. Activation of RSK2 promoted cell proliferation and survival after MTX treatment in GTN cell models. Interestingly, RSK2 might play an important role in the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, as manipulation of RSK2 activation affected ROS accumulation and SOX8 expression in GTN cells. In addition, overexpression of SOX8 partly rescued cell proliferation and survival in RSK2-depleted MTX-resistant GTN cells, suggesting that SOX8 might serve as a downstream effector of RSK2 to promote MTX resistance in GTN cells. Highly activated RSK2/SOX8 signaling was observed in MTX-resistant GTN specimens. Further, the RSK2 inhibitor BIX02565 effectively reduced SOX8 expression, induced ROS accumulation, and enhanced MTX-induced cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our findings suggested that RSK2 activation could promote MTX resistance via upregulating SOX8 and attenuating MTX-induced ROS in GTN cells, which may help to develop experimental therapeutics to treat MTX-resistant GTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingjie Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dazun Shi
- Department of Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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15
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Montero-Bullón JF, González-Velasco Ó, Isidoro-García M, Lacal J. Integrated in silico MS-based phosphoproteomics and network enrichment analysis of RASopathy proteins. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:303. [PMID: 34229750 PMCID: PMC8258961 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01934-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RASopathies are a group of syndromes showing clinical overlap caused by mutations in genes affecting the RAS-MAPK pathway. Consequent disruption on cellular signaling leads and is driven by phosphoproteome remodeling. However, we still lack a comprehensive picture of the different key players and altered downstream effectors. Methods An in silico interactome of RASopathy proteins was generated using pathway enrichment analysis/STRING tool, including identification of main hub proteins. We also integrated phosphoproteomic and immunoblotting studies using previous published information on RASopathy proteins and their neighbors in the context of RASopathy syndromes. Data from Phosphosite database (www.phosphosite.org) was collected in order to obtain the potential phosphosites subjected to regulation in the 27 causative RASopathy proteins. We compiled a dataset of dysregulated phosphosites in RASopathies, searched for commonalities between syndromes in harmonized data, and analyzed the role of phosphorylation in the syndromes by the identification of key players between the causative RASopathy proteins and the associated interactome. Results In this study, we provide a curated data set of 27 causative RASopathy genes, identify up to 511 protein–protein associations using pathway enrichment analysis/STRING tool, and identify 12 nodes as main hub proteins. We found that a large group of proteins contain tyrosine residues and their biological processes include but are not limited to the nervous system. Harmonizing published RASopathy phosphoproteomic and immunoblotting studies we identified a total of 147 phosphosites with increased phosphorylation, whereas 47 have reduced phosphorylation. The PKB signaling pathway is the most represented among the dysregulated phosphoproteins within the RASopathy proteins and their neighbors, followed by phosphoproteins implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation and the MAPK pathway. Conclusions This work illustrates the complex network underlying the RASopathies and the potential of phosphoproteomics for dissecting the molecular mechanisms in these syndromes. A combined study of associated genes, their interactome and phosphorylation events in RASopathies, elucidates key players and mechanisms to direct future research, diagnosis and therapeutic windows. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-021-01934-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier-Fernando Montero-Bullón
- Metabolic Engineering Group, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Óscar González-Velasco
- Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Group, IBMCC Cancer Research Center, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Isidoro-García
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Network for Cooperative Research in Health-RETICS ARADyAL, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesus Lacal
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Molecular Genetics of Human Diseases Group, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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16
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RSK Isoforms in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070726. [PMID: 34202904 PMCID: PMC8301392 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal S6 Kinases (RSKs) are a group of serine/threonine kinases that function downstream of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Four RSK isoforms are directly activated by ERK1/2 in response to extracellular stimuli including growth factors, hormones, and chemokines. RSKs phosphorylate many cytosolic and nuclear targets resulting in the regulation of diverse cellular processes such as cell proliferation, survival, and motility. In hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), RSK isoforms are highly expressed and aberrantly activated resulting in poor outcomes and resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, understanding RSK function in leukemia could lead to promising therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes the current information on human RSK isoforms and discusses their potential roles in the pathogenesis of AML and mechanism of pharmacological inhibitors.
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17
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Casalvieri KA, Matheson CJ, Warfield BM, Backos DS, Reigan P. N-Substituted pyrrolopyrimidines and purines as p90 ribosomal S6 protein kinase-2 (RSK2) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 41:116220. [PMID: 34034149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The RSK2 kinase is the downstream effector of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, that is often aberrantly activated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Recently, we reported a structure-activity study for BI-D1870, the pan-RSK inhibitor, and identified pteridinones that inhibited cellular RSK2 activity that did not result in concomitant cytotoxicity. In the current study, we developed a series of pyrrolopyrimidines and purines to replace the pteridinone ring of BI-D1870, with a range of N-substituents that extend to the substrate binding site to probe complementary interactions, while retaining the 2,6-difluorophenol-4-amino group to maintain interactions with the hinge domain and the DFG motif. Several compounds inhibited cellular RSK2 activity, and we identified compounds that uncoupled cellular RSK2 inhibition from potent cytotoxicity in the MOLM-13 AML cell line. These N-substituted probes have revealed an opportunity to further examine substituents that extend from the ATP- to the substrate-binding site may confer improved RSK potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Casalvieri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Christopher J Matheson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Becka M Warfield
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Donald S Backos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Philip Reigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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18
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Abstract
The identification of mutations in FGFR3 in bladder tumors in 1999 led to major interest in this receptor and during the subsequent 20 years much has been learnt about the mutational profiles found in bladder cancer, the phenotypes associated with these and the potential of this mutated protein as a target for therapy. Based on mutational and expression data, it is estimated that >80% of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC) and ∼40% of muscle-invasive bladder cancers (MIBC) have upregulated FGFR3 signalling, and these frequencies are likely to be even higher if alternative splicing of the receptor, expression of ligands and changes in regulatory mechanisms are taken into account. Major efforts by the pharmaceutical industry have led to development of a range of agents targeting FGFR3 and other FGF receptors. Several of these have entered clinical trials, and some have presented very encouraging early results in advanced bladder cancer. Recent reviews have summarised the drugs and related clinical trials in this area. This review will summarise what is known about the effects of FGFR3 and its mutant forms in normal urothelium and bladder tumors, will suggest when and how this protein contributes to urothelial cancer pathogenesis and will highlight areas that may benefit from further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Knowles
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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19
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Chae HD, Dutta R, Tiu B, Hoff FW, Accordi B, Serafin V, Youn M, Huang M, Sumarsono N, Davis KL, Lacayo NJ, Pigazzi M, Horton TM, Kornblau SM, Sakamoto KM. RSK inhibitor BI-D1870 inhibits acute myeloid leukemia cell proliferation by targeting mitotic exit. Oncotarget 2020; 11:2387-2403. [PMID: 32637030 PMCID: PMC7321696 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The 90 kDa Ribosomal S6 Kinase (RSK) drives cell proliferation and survival in cancers, although its oncogenic mechanism has not been well characterized. Phosphorylated level of RSK (T573) was increased in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and associated with poor survival. To examine the role of RSK in AML, we analyzed apoptosis and the cell cycle profile following treatment with BI-D1870, a potent inhibitor of RSK. BI-D1870 treatment increased the G2/M population and induced apoptosis in AML cell lines and patient AML cells. Characterization of mitotic phases showed that the metaphase/anaphase transition was significantly inhibited by BI-D1870. BI-D1870 treatment impeded the association of activator CDC20 with APC/C, but increased binding of inhibitor MAD2 to CDC20, preventing mitotic exit. Moreover, the inactivation of spindle assembly checkpoint or MAD2 knockdown released cells from BI-D1870-induced metaphase arrest. Therefore, we investigated whether BI-D1870 potentiates the anti-leukemic activity of vincristine by targeting mitotic exit. Combination treatment of BI-D1870 and vincristine synergistically increased mitotic arrest and apoptosis in acute leukemia cells. These data show that BI-D1870 induces apoptosis of AML cells alone and in combination with vincristine through blocking mitotic exit, providing a novel approach to overcoming vincristine resistance in AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Don Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ritika Dutta
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bruce Tiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fieke W Hoff
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Benedetta Accordi
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Onco-Hematology Clinic, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Serafin
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Onco-Hematology Clinic, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Minyoung Youn
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Sumarsono
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kara L Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Norman J Lacayo
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Martina Pigazzi
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Onco-Hematology Clinic, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Terzah M Horton
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steven M Kornblau
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen M Sakamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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20
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Sluzalska KD, Slawski J, Sochacka M, Lampart A, Otlewski J, Zakrzewska M. Intracellular partners of fibroblast growth factors 1 and 2 - implications for functions. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 57:93-111. [PMID: 32475760 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors 1 and 2 (FGF1 and FGF2) are mainly considered as ligands of surface receptors through which they regulate a broad spectrum of biological processes. They are secreted in non-canonical way and, unlike other growth factors, they are able to translocate from the endosome to the cell interior. These unique features, as well as the role of the intracellular pool of FGF1 and FGF2, are far from being fully understood. An increasing number of reports address this problem, focusing on the intracellular interactions of FGF1 and 2. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the FGF1 and FGF2 binding partners inside the cell and the possible role of these interactions. The partner proteins are grouped according to their function, including proteins involved in secretion, cell signaling, nucleocytoplasmic transport, binding and processing of nucleic acids, ATP binding, and cytoskeleton assembly. An in-depth analysis of the network of these binding partners could indicate novel, non-classical functions of FGF1 and FGF2 and uncover an additional level of a fine control of the well-known FGF-regulated cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dominika Sluzalska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Slawski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Martyna Sochacka
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Lampart
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Zakrzewska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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21
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Long X, Shi Y, Ye P, Guo J, Zhou Q, Tang Y. MicroRNA-99a Suppresses Breast Cancer Progression by Targeting FGFR3. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1473. [PMID: 32038996 PMCID: PMC6993250 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs have been implicated in acting as oncogenes or anti-oncogenes in breast cancer by regulating diverse cellular pathways. In the present study, we investigated the effects of miR-99a on cell biological processes in breast cancer. Breast cancer cells were transfected with a lentivirus that expressed miR-99a or a scramble control sequence. Functional experiments showed that miR-99a reduced breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Tumor xenograft experiment suggested miR-99a overexpression inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation in vivo. The dual luciferase assay revealed that miR-99a directly targets FGFR3 by binding its 3′ UTR in breast cancer. miR-99a was strongly down-regulated in breast tumor and FGFR3 was significantly up-regulated in breast tumor. FGFR3 silencing inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Deep sequencing indicated that miR-99a overexpression regulates multiple signaling pathways and triggers the alteration of the whole transcriptome. We constructed correlated expression networks based on circRNA/miRNA and lncRNA/miRNA competing endogenous RNAs regulation and miRNA-mRNA interaction, which provided new insights into the regulatory mechanism of miR-99a. In conclusion, these results suggest that the miR-99a/FGFR3 axis is an important tumor regulator in breast cancer and might have potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Long
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yueting Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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22
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Casalvieri KA, Matheson CJ, Backos DS, Reigan P. Substituted pteridinones as p90 ribosomal S6 protein kinase (RSK) inhibitors: A structure-activity study. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115303. [PMID: 31982240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The activity of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) has emerged as an attractive target for cancer therapy due to its role in the regulation of diverse cellular processes, such as cell transformation and proliferation. Several pan-RSK inhibitors have been identified with BI-D1870 and the pseudo-analogs LJH685 and LJI308 being the most selective, potent, and frequently used small molecule inhibitors. We designed and synthesized a series of pteridinones and pyrimidines to evaluate the structural features of BI-D1870 that are required for RSK2 inhibition. We have identified inhibitors of RSK2 activity, evaluated their target engagement in cells, and measured their effect on cell viability and cytotoxicity in the MOLM-13 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell line. The results of our studies support that RSK2 inhibition can be achieved in MOLM-13 cells without potent cytotoxicity. The structure-activity data from this study will be used as a platform to develop novel RSK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Casalvieri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christopher J Matheson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Donald S Backos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Philip Reigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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23
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Ma J, Benitez JA, Li J, Miki S, Ponte de Albuquerque C, Galatro T, Orellana L, Zanca C, Reed R, Boyer A, Koga T, Varki NM, Fenton TR, Nagahashi Marie SK, Lindahl E, Gahman TC, Shiau AK, Zhou H, DeGroot J, Sulman EP, Cavenee WK, Kolodner RD, Chen CC, Furnari FB. Inhibition of Nuclear PTEN Tyrosine Phosphorylation Enhances Glioma Radiation Sensitivity through Attenuated DNA Repair. Cancer Cell 2019; 35:504-518.e7. [PMID: 30827889 PMCID: PMC6424615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) and chemotherapy are standard-of-care treatments for glioblastoma (GBM) patients and both result in DNA damage, however, the clinical efficacy is limited due to therapeutic resistance. We identified a mechanism of such resistance mediated by phosphorylation of PTEN on tyrosine 240 (pY240-PTEN) by FGFR2. pY240-PTEN is rapidly elevated and bound to chromatin through interaction with Ki-67 in response to IR treatment and facilitates the recruitment of RAD51 to promote DNA repair. Blocking Y240 phosphorylation confers radiation sensitivity to tumors and extends survival in GBM preclinical models. Y240F-Pten knockin mice showed radiation sensitivity. These results suggest that FGFR-mediated pY240-PTEN is a key mechanism of radiation resistance and is an actionable target for improving radiotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Ma
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
| | - Jorge A Benitez
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Shunichiro Miki
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
| | - Claudio Ponte de Albuquerque
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
| | - Thais Galatro
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM15, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Orellana
- Science for Life Laboratory, 17121 Stockholm, Sweden; Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Department of Theoretical Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Biomembrane Research, Stockholm University, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ciro Zanca
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
| | - Rachel Reed
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
| | - Antonia Boyer
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Koga
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
| | - Nissi M Varki
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tim R Fenton
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Suely Kazue Nagahashi Marie
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, LIM15, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Center for Studies of Cellular and Molecular Therapy (NAP-NETCEM-NUCEL), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erik Lindahl
- Science for Life Laboratory, 17121 Stockholm, Sweden; Theoretical and Computational Biophysics, Department of Theoretical Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Biomembrane Research, Stockholm University, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Timothy C Gahman
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
| | - Andrew K Shiau
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
| | - Huilin Zhou
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA
| | - John DeGroot
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Erik P Sulman
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Translational Molecular Pathology, and Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Webster K Cavenee
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Richard D Kolodner
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Clark C Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, San Diego Branch, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0660, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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24
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Lin L, White SA, Hu K. Role of p90RSK in Kidney and Other Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040972. [PMID: 30813401 PMCID: PMC6412535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 90 kDa ribosomal s6 kinases (RSKs) are a group of serine/threonine kinases consisting of 4 RSK isoforms (RSK1-4), of which RSK1 is also designated as p90RSK. p90RSK plays an important role in the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling cascade and is the direct downstream effector of Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) signalling. ERK1/2 activation directly phosphorylates and activates p90RSK, which, in turn, activates various signalling events through selection of different phosphorylation substrates. Upregulation of p90RSK has been reported in numerous human diseases. p90RSK plays an important role in the regulation of diverse cellular processes. Thus, aberrant activation of p90RSK plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of organ dysfunction and damage. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of p90RSK functions and roles in the development and progression of kidney diseases. Roles of p90RSK, as well as other RSKs, in cardiovascular disorders and cancers are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Samantha A White
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Kebin Hu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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25
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Fafilek B, Balek L, Bosakova MK, Varecha M, Nita A, Gregor T, Gudernova I, Krenova J, Ghosh S, Piskacek M, Jonatova L, Cernohorsky NH, Zieba JT, Kostas M, Haugsten EM, Wesche J, Erneux C, Trantirek L, Krakow D, Krejci P. The inositol phosphatase SHIP2 enables sustained ERK activation downstream of FGF receptors by recruiting Src kinases. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/548/eaap8608. [PMID: 30228226 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aap8608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sustained activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) drives pathologies caused by mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs). We previously identified the inositol phosphatase SHIP2 (also known as INPPL1) as an FGFR-interacting protein and a target of the tyrosine kinase activities of FGFR1, FGFR3, and FGFR4. We report that loss of SHIP2 converted FGF-mediated sustained ERK activation into a transient signal and rescued cell phenotypes triggered by pathologic FGFR-ERK signaling. Mutant forms of SHIP2 lacking phosphoinositide phosphatase activity still associated with FGFRs and did not prevent FGF-induced sustained ERK activation, demonstrating that the adaptor rather than the catalytic activity of SHIP2 was required. SHIP2 recruited Src family kinases to the FGFRs, which promoted FGFR-mediated phosphorylation and assembly of protein complexes that relayed signaling to ERK. SHIP2 interacted with FGFRs, was phosphorylated by active FGFRs, and promoted FGFR-ERK signaling at the level of phosphorylation of the adaptor FRS2 and recruitment of the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN11. Thus, SHIP2 is an essential component of canonical FGF-FGFR signal transduction and a potential therapeutic target in FGFR-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohumil Fafilek
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Balek
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kunova Bosakova
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Varecha
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandru Nita
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Gregor
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Gudernova
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Krenova
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Somadri Ghosh
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Martin Piskacek
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Jonatova
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jennifer T Zieba
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michal Kostas
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Margrethe Haugsten
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen Wesche
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Christophe Erneux
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Lukas Trantirek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Deborah Krakow
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic. .,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, 65691 Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 60200 Brno, Czech Republic
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26
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Achkar IW, Abdulrahman N, Al-Sulaiti H, Joseph JM, Uddin S, Mraiche F. Cisplatin based therapy: the role of the mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathway. J Transl Med 2018; 16:96. [PMID: 29642900 PMCID: PMC5896132 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1471-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of various cancers. However, treatment with cisplatin is associated with drug resistance and several adverse side effects such as nephrotoxicity, reduced immunity towards infections and hearing loss. A Combination of cisplatin with other drugs is an approach to overcome drug resistance and reduce toxicity. The combination therapy also results in increased sensitivity of cisplatin towards cancer cells. The mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in the cell, consisting of extracellular signal regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p38 kinases, and downstream mediator p90 ribosomal s6 kinase (RSK); is responsible for the regulation of various cellular events including cell survival, cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, cell migration and protein translation. This review article demonstrates the role of MAPK pathway in cisplatin based therapy, illustrates different combination therapy involving cisplatin and also shows the importance of targeting MAPK family, particularly RSK, to achieve increased anticancer effect and overcome drug resistance when combined with cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman W Achkar
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Hend Al-Sulaiti
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Fatima Mraiche
- College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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27
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Kaempferol targeting on the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3-ribosomal S6 kinase 2 signaling axis prevents the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Death Dis 2018. [PMID: 29540697 PMCID: PMC5851988 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease that mainly affects the synovial joints. Although involvement of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathway has been suggested as an important modulator in RA development, no clear evidence has been provided. In this study, we found that synovial fluid basic FGF (bFGF) concentration was significantly higher in RA than in osteoarthritis (OA) patients. bFGF stimulates proliferation and migration of human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) by activation of the bFGF-FGF receptor 3 (FGFR3)-ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) signaling axis. Moreover, a molecular docking study revealed that kaempferol inhibited FGFR3 activity by binding to the active pocket of the FGFR3 kinase domain. Kaempferol forms hydrogen bonds with the FGFR3 backbone oxygen of Glu555 and Ala558 and the side chain of Lys508. Notably, the inhibition of bFGF-FGFR3-RSK2 signaling by kaempferol suppresses the proliferation and migration of RA FLSs and the release of activated T-cell-mediated inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17, IL-21, and TNF-α. We further found that activated phospho-FGFR3 and -RSK2 were more highly observed in RA than in OA synovium. The hyperplastic lining and sublining lymphoid aggregate layers of RA synovium showed p-RSK2-expressing CD68+ macrophages with high frequency, while pRSK2-expressing CD4+ T-cells was observed at a lower frequency. Notably, kaempferol administration in collagen-induced arthritis mice relieved the frequency and severity of arthritis. Kaempferol reduced osteoclast differentiation in vitro and in vivo relative to the controls and was associated with the inhibition of osteoclast markers, such as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, integrin β3, and MMP9. Conclusively, our data suggest that bFGF-induced FGFR3-RSK2 signaling may play a critical role during the initiation and progression of RA in terms of FLS proliferation and enhanced osteoclastogenesis, and that kaempferol may be effective as a new treatment for RA.
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28
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Wang Q, Xu J, Li Y, Huang J, Jiang Z, Wang Y, Liu L, Leung ELH, Yao X. Identification of a Novel Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 5 Inhibitor in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer by Structure-Based Virtual Screening. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:173. [PMID: 29545752 PMCID: PMC5838003 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is able to regulate gene transcription by catalyzing the symmetrical dimethylation of arginine residue of histone, which plays a key role in tumorigenesis. Many efforts have been taken in discovering small-molecular inhibitors against PRMT5, but very few were reported and most of them were SAM-competitive. EPZ015666 is a recently reported PRMT5 inhibitor with a new binding site, which is different from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-binding pocket. This new binding site provides a new clue for the design and discovery of potent and specific PRMT5 inhibitors. In this study, the structure-based virtual screening targeting this site was firstly performed to identify potential PRMT5 inhibitors. Then, the bioactivity of the candidate compound was studied. MTT results showed that compound T1551 decreased cell viability of A549 and H460 non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. By inhibiting the methyltransferase activity of PRMT5, T1551 reduced the global level of H4R3 symmetric dimethylation (H4R3me2s). T1551 also downregulated the expression of oncogene FGFR3 and eIF4E, and disturbed the activation of related PI3K/AKT/mTOR and ERK signaling in A549 cell. Finally, we investigated the conformational spaces and identified collective motions important for description of T1551/PRMT5 complex by using molecular dynamics simulation and normal mode analysis methods. This study provides a novel non-SAM-competitive hit compound for developing small molecules targeting PRMT5 in non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Jiahui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Jumin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Zebo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Yuwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
| | - Elaine Lai Han Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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29
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RSK2 activity mediates glioblastoma invasiveness and is a potential target for new therapeutics. Oncotarget 2018; 7:79869-79884. [PMID: 27829215 PMCID: PMC5346757 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In glioblastoma (GBM), infiltration of primary tumor cells into the normal tissue and dispersal throughout the brain is a central challenge to successful treatment that remains unmet. Indeed, patients respond poorly to the current therapies of tumor resection followed by chemotherapy with radiotherapy and have only a 16-month median survival. It is therefore imperative to develop novel therapies. RSK2 is a kinase that regulates proliferation and adhesion and can promote metastasis. We demonstrate that active RSK2 regulates GBM cell adhesion and is essential for cell motility and invasion of patient-derived GBM neurospheres. RSK2 control of adhesion and migration is mediated in part by its effects on integrin-Filamin A complexes. Importantly, inhibition of RSK2 by either RSK inhibitors or shRNA silencing impairs invasion and combining RSK2 inhibitors with temozolomide improves efficacy in vitro. In agreement with the in vitro data, using public datasets, we find that RSK2 is significantly upregulated in vivo in human GBM patient tumors, and that high RSK2 expression significantly correlates with advanced tumor stage and poor patient survival. Together, our data provide strong evidence that RSK inhibitors could enhance the effectiveness of existing GBM treatment, and support RSK2 targeting as a promising approach for novel GBM therapy.
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Abramson HN. Kinase inhibitors as potential agents in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:81926-81968. [PMID: 27655636 PMCID: PMC5348443 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of therapeutic options available for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) - from immunomodulating agents to proteasome inhibitors to histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and, most recently, monoclonal antibodies. Used in conjunction with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, these modalities have nearly doubled the disease's five-year survival rate over the last three decades to about 50%. In spite of these advances, MM still is considered incurable as resistance and relapse are common. While small molecule protein kinase inhibitors have made inroads in the therapy of a number of cancers, to date their application to MM has been less than successful. Focusing on MM, this review examines the roles played by a number of kinases in driving the malignant state and the rationale for target development in the design of a number of kinase inhibitors that have demonstrated anti-myeloma activity in both in vitro and in vivo xenograph models, as well as those that have entered clinical trials. Among the targets and their inhibitors examined are receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, cell cycle control kinases, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway kinases, protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinase, glycogen synthase kinase, casein kinase, integrin-linked kinase, sphingosine kinase, and kinases involved in the unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanley N Abramson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Kurmi K, Hitosugi S, Wiese EK, Boakye-Agyeman F, Gonsalves WI, Lou Z, Karnitz LM, Goetz MP, Hitosugi T. Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A Has a Lysine Succinyltransferase Activity. Cell Rep 2018; 22:1365-1373. [PMID: 29425493 PMCID: PMC5826573 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine succinylation was recently identified as a post-translational modification in cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying lysine succinylation remains unclear. Here, we show that carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) has lysine succinyltransferase (LSTase) activity in vivo and in vitro. Using a stable isotope labeling by amino acid in cell culture (SILAC)-based proteomics approach, we found that 101 proteins were more succinylated in cells expressing wild-type (WT) CPT1A compared with vector control cells. One of the most heavily succinylated proteins in this analysis was enolase 1. We found that CPT1A WT succinylated enolase 1 and reduced enolase enzymatic activity in cells and in vitro. Importantly, mutation of CPT1A Gly710 (G710E) selectively inactivated carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPTase) activity but not the LSTase activity that decreased enolase activity in cells and promoted cell proliferation under glutamine depletion. These findings suggest that CPT1A acts as an LSTase that can regulate enzymatic activity of a substrate protein and metabolism independent of its classical CPTase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kurmi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sadae Hitosugi
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Wiese
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | - Zhenkun Lou
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Larry M Karnitz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Matthew P Goetz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Taro Hitosugi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Balek L, Nemec P, Konik P, Kunova Bosakova M, Varecha M, Gudernova I, Medalova J, Krakow D, Krejci P. Proteomic analyses of signalling complexes associated with receptor tyrosine kinase identify novel members of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 interactome. Cell Signal 2018; 42:144-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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RSK2 drives cell motility by serine phosphorylation of LARG and activation of Rho GTPases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E190-E199. [PMID: 29279389 PMCID: PMC5777029 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708584115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell motility is a dynamic process that requires the directed application of force and continuous coordinated changes in cell adhesion and cytoskeletal architecture often in response to extracellular stimuli. Here we have defined a mechanism by which RSK2 can promote cell migration and invasion in response to promotility stimuli. We show that in response to these signals RSK2 directly binds the RhoGEF LARG and phosphorylates it, thereby promoting LARG activation of RhoA GTPases. Moreover, we find that RSK2 is important for epidermal growth factor activation of Rho GTPases. These results advance our understanding of cell motility, RSK kinase function, and LARG/RhoA activation by revealing that these pathways are integrated and the precise mechanism by which that is accomplished. Directed migration is essential for cell motility in many processes, including development and cancer cell invasion. RSKs (p90 ribosomal S6 kinases) have emerged as central regulators of cell migration; however, the mechanisms mediating RSK-dependent motility remain incompletely understood. We have identified a unique signaling mechanism by which RSK2 promotes cell motility through leukemia-associated RhoGEF (LARG)-dependent Rho GTPase activation. RSK2 directly interacts with LARG and nucleotide-bound Rho isoforms, but not Rac1 or Cdc42. We further show that epidermal growth factor or FBS stimulation induces association of endogenous RSK2 with LARG and LARG with RhoA. In response to these stimuli, RSK2 phosphorylates LARG at Ser1288 and thereby activates RhoA. Phosphorylation of RSK2 at threonine 577 is essential for activation of LARG-RhoA. Moreover, RSK2-mediated motility signaling depends on RhoA and -B, but not RhoC. These results establish a unique RSK2-dependent LARG-RhoA signaling module as a central organizer of directed cell migration and invasion.
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Fabrik I, Link M, Putzova D, Plzakova L, Lubovska Z, Philimonenko V, Pavkova I, Rehulka P, Krocova Z, Hozak P, Santic M, Stulik J. The Early Dendritic Cell Signaling Induced by Virulent Francisella tularensis Strain Occurs in Phases and Involves the Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases (ERKs) and p38 In the Later Stage. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 17:81-94. [PMID: 29046388 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) infected by Francisella tularensis are poorly activated and do not undergo classical maturation process. Although reasons of such unresponsiveness are not fully understood, their impact on the priming of immunity is well appreciated. Previous attempts to explain the behavior of Francisella-infected DCs were hypothesis-driven and focused on events at later stages of infection. Here, we took an alternative unbiased approach by applying methods of global phosphoproteomics to analyze the dynamics of cell signaling in primary DCs during the first hour of infection by Francisella tularensis Presented results show that the early response of DCs to Francisella occurs in phases and that ERK and p38 signaling modules induced at the later stage are differentially regulated by virulent and attenuated ΔdsbA strain. These findings imply that the temporal orchestration of host proinflammatory pathways represents the integral part of Francisella life-cycle inside hijacked DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Fabrik
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Link
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Putzova
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plzakova
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Lubovska
- §Institute of Molecular Genetics ASCR v.v.i., Microscopy Centre, Electron Microscopy Core Facility, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vlada Philimonenko
- §Institute of Molecular Genetics ASCR v.v.i., Microscopy Centre, Electron Microscopy Core Facility, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.,¶Institute of Molecular Genetics ASCR v.v.i., Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ivona Pavkova
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Rehulka
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Krocova
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hozak
- §Institute of Molecular Genetics ASCR v.v.i., Microscopy Centre, Electron Microscopy Core Facility, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic.,¶Institute of Molecular Genetics ASCR v.v.i., Department of Biology of the Cell Nucleus, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Marina Santic
- ‖Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jiri Stulik
- From the ‡Department of Molecular Pathology and Biology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 01 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
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RSK2 is a new Pim2 target with pro-survival functions in FLT3-ITD-positive acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2017; 32:597-605. [PMID: 28914261 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with the FLT3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD AML) accounts for 20-30% of AML cases. This subtype usually responds poorly to conventional therapies, and might become resistant to FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) due to molecular bypass mechanisms. New therapeutic strategies focusing on resistance mechanisms are therefore urgently needed. Pim kinases are FLT3-ITD oncogenic targets that have been implicated in FLT3 TKI resistance. However, their precise biological function downstream of FLT3-ITD requires further investigation. We performed high-throughput transcriptomic and proteomic analyses in Pim2-depleted FLT3-ITD AML cells and found that Pim2 predominantly controlled apoptosis through Bax expression and mitochondria disruption. We identified ribosomal protein S6 kinase A3 (RSK2), a 90 kDa serine/threonine kinase involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade encoded by the RPS6KA3 gene, as a novel Pim2 target. Ectopic expression of an RPS6KA3 allele rescued the viability of Pim2-depleted cells, supporting the involvement of RSK2 in AML cell survival downstream of Pim2. Finally, we showed that RPS6KA3 knockdown reduced the propagation of human AML cells in vivo in mice. Our results point to RSK2 as a novel Pim2 target with translational therapeutic potential in FLT3-ITD AML.
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Jin L, Chun J, Pan C, Alesi GN, Li D, Magliocca KR, Kang Y, Chen ZG, Shin DM, Khuri FR, Fan J, Kang S. Phosphorylation-mediated activation of LDHA promotes cancer cell invasion and tumour metastasis. Oncogene 2017; 36:3797-3806. [PMID: 28218905 PMCID: PMC5501759 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metastases remain the major cause of death from cancer. Recent molecular advances have highlighted the importance of metabolic alterations in cancer cells, including the Warburg effect that describes an increased glycolysis in cancer cells. However, how this altered metabolism contributes to tumour metastasis remains elusive. Here, we report that phosphorylation-induced activation of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), an enzyme that catalyses the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate, promotes cancer cell invasion, anoikis resistance and tumour metastasis. We demonstrate that LDHA is phosphorylated at tyrosine 10 by upstream kinases, HER2 and Src. Targeting HER2 or Src attenuated LDH activity as well as invasive potential in head and neck cancer and breast cancer cells. Inhibition of LDH activity by small hairpin ribonucleic acid or expression of phospho-deficient LDHA Y10F sensitized the cancer cells to anoikis induction and resulted in attenuated cell invasion and elevated reactive oxygen species, whereas such phenotypes were reversed by its product lactate or antioxidant N-acetylcysteine, suggesting that Y10 phosphorylation-mediated LDHA activity promotes cancer cell invasion and anoikis resistance through redox homeostasis. In addition, LDHA knockdown or LDHA Y10F rescue expression in human cancer cells resulted in decreased tumour metastasis in xenograft mice. Furthermore, LDHA phosphorylation at Y10 positively correlated with progression of metastatic breast cancer in clinical patient tumour samples. Our findings demonstrate that LDHA phosphorylation and activation provide pro-invasive, anti-anoikis and pro-metastatic advantages to cancer cells, suggesting that Y10 phosphorylation of LDHA may represent a promising therapeutic target and a prognostic marker for metastatic human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jin
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Chun
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Pan
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - GN Alesi
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D Li
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - KR Magliocca
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Y Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - ZG Chen
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - DM Shin
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - FR Khuri
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Fan
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S Kang
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Houles T, Roux PP. Defining the role of the RSK isoforms in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 48:53-61. [PMID: 28476656 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The 90kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) family is a group of Ser/Thr protein kinases (RSK1-4) that function downstream of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway. RSK regulates many substrates involved in cell survival, growth, and proliferation, and as such, deregulated RSK activity has been associated with multiple cancer types. RSK expression and activity are dysregulated in several malignancies, including breast, prostate, and lung cancer, and available evidence suggests that RSK may be a promising cancer therapeutic target. Current limitations include the lack of RSK inhibitors with suitable pharmacokinetics and selectivity toward particular isoforms. This review briefly describes the current knowledge on RSK activation and function, with a particular emphasis on RSK-dependent mechanisms associated with tumorigenesis and pharmacological inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Houles
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Canada
| | - Philippe P Roux
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Canada; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Li Y, Liu X, Zhang H, Jiang T, Xiao W, Zhao S, Yu X, Han F. FGFR3 silencing by siRNA inhibits invasion of A549 cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 12:4319-4326. [PMID: 28105147 PMCID: PMC5228408 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study identified that fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) was significantly upregulated in bone metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma. RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful approach for treating a wide range of human diseases, including cancer, through downregulating the expression of selected genes. In the present study, the invasiveness of A549 cells cultured in vitro was altered by small interfering (si)RNA targeting FGFR3, and the regulatory effect of silencing FGFR3 on the expression levels of E-cadherin and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)9 was investigated. Human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells were transfected with synthetic specific siRNAs targeting a fragment of the FGFR3 gene (namely, siRNA-855, siRNA-1447 and siRNA-2076) or with negative control (NC) siRNA. Cells were divided into five groups (A, siRNA-855 group; B, siRNA-1447 group; C, siRNA-2076 group; D, NC-siRNA group; and E, blank control group). The effect of the above siRNAs targeting FGFR3 on the invasion capacity of A549 cells was detected by Transwell assay. siRNAs against FGFR3 were transfected into A549 cells with by Lipofectamine® 2000, and the expression levels of FGFR3, E-cadherin and MMP9 were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot assay. The experimental findings indicated that the expression levels of FGFR3 and MMP9 were significantly reduced in the siRNA-FGFR3-transfected groups (A-C groups), compared with those in the D and E groups (P<0.01). In addition, the expression levels of E-cadherin were markedly elevated in the A-C groups, compared with those in the D and E groups (P<0.01). There was no significant difference in E-cadherin expression between the A-C groups, or between the D and E groups (P>0.05). These results indicated that siRNA-FGFR3 was able to decrease the invasiveness of A549 cells, inhibit the expression of MMP9 and increase the expression of E-cadherin by downregulating the expression of FGFR3. Taken together, the results of the present study indicated that the upregulation of E-cadherin expression and the downregulation of MMP9 expression are able to inhibit the migration of A549 cells, and siRNA silencing FGFR3 acts as a tumor suppressor in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Li
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xiguang Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Xiao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Shufen Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Fanjie Han
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
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Functional role and therapeutic targeting of p21-activated kinase 4 in multiple myeloma. Blood 2017; 129:2233-2245. [PMID: 28096095 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-06-724831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated oncogenic serine/threonine kinases play a pathological role in diverse forms of malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM), and thus represent potential therapeutic targets. Here, we evaluated the biological and functional role of p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) and its potential as a new target in MM for clinical applications. PAK4 promoted MM cell growth and survival via activation of MM survival signaling pathways, including the MEK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Furthermore, treatment with orally bioavailable PAK4 allosteric modulator (KPT-9274) significantly impacted MM cell growth and survival in a large panel of MM cell lines and primary MM cells alone and in the presence of bone marrow microenvironment. Intriguingly, we have identified FGFR3 as a novel binding partner of PAK4 and observed significant activity of KPT-9274 against t(4;14)-positive MM cells. This set of data supports PAK4 as an oncogene in myeloma and provide the rationale for the clinical evaluation of PAK4 modulator in myeloma.
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40
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Liu T, Yin H. PDK1 promotes tumor cell proliferation and migration by enhancing the Warburg effect in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep 2016; 37:193-200. [PMID: 27878287 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells prefer glycolysis (Warburg effect) during the proliferation and metastasis. The precise mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) was a critical enzyme that functioned as an oncogene to promote non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) growth and metastasis. We discovered that PDK1 expression was significantly upregulated in NSCLC tissues and correlated with advanced T stage. Moreover, high expression of PDK1 was an independent prognostic factor of NSCLC. Ectopic overexpression of PDK1 promoted cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis. Also it was shown that PDK1 increased the cell mobility when Transwell assay was performed. Further experiments indicated that PDK1 had a central role in metabolic reprogramming by phosphorylating pyruvate dehydrogenase, leading to enhanced Warburg effect. Collectively, our data reveal a new function for PDK1, which could be used to indicate the prognosis of NSCLC, and provide targeted therapeutic strategy for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Pneumology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Honglei Yin
- Department of Pneumology, Heilongjiang Province Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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41
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Utepbergenov D, Hennig PM, Derewenda U, Artamonov MV, Somlyo AV, Derewenda ZS. Bacterial Expression, Purification and In Vitro Phosphorylation of Full-Length Ribosomal S6 Kinase 2 (RSK2). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164343. [PMID: 27732676 PMCID: PMC5061434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK) play important roles in cell signaling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Each of the four RSK isoforms (RSK1-4) is a single polypeptide chain containing two kinase domains connected by a linker sequence with regulatory phosphorylation sites. Here, we demonstrate that full-length RSK2-which is implicated in several types of cancer, and which is linked to the genetic Coffin-Lowry syndrome-can be overexpressed with high yields in Escherichia coli as a fusion with maltose binding protein (MBP), and can be purified to homogeneity after proteolytic removal of MBP by affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. The purified protein can be fully activated in vitro by phosphorylation with protein kinases ERK2 and PDK1. Compared to full-length RSK2 purified from insect host cells, the bacterially expressed and phosphorylated murine RSK2 shows the same levels of catalytic activity after phosphorylation, and sensitivity to inhibition by RSK-specific inhibitor SL0101. Interestingly, we detect low levels of phosphorylation in the nascent RSK2 on Ser386, owing to autocatalysis by the C-terminal domain, independent of ERK. This observation has implications for in vivo signaling, as it suggests that full activation of RSK2 by PDK1 alone is possible, circumventing at least in some cases the requirement for ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darkhan Utepbergenov
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Paulina M Hennig
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Urszula Derewenda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mykhaylo V Artamonov
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Avril V Somlyo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Zygmunt S Derewenda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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Gocke CB, McMillan R, Wang Q, Begum A, Penchev VR, Ali SA, Borrello I, Huff CA, Matsui W. IQGAP1 Scaffold-MAP Kinase Interactions Enhance Multiple Myeloma Clonogenic Growth and Self-Renewal. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2733-2739. [PMID: 27573425 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite improved outcomes in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, virtually all patients relapse and ultimately develop drug-resistant disease. Aberrant RAS/MAPK signaling is activated in the majority of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients, but its biological consequences are not fully understood. Self-renewal, as defined by the long-term maintenance of clonogenic growth, is essential for disease relapse, and we examined the role of RAS/MAPK activation on multiple myeloma self-renewal by targeting IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1), an intracellular scaffold protein required for mutant RAS signaling. We found that loss of IQGAP1 expression decreased MAPK signaling, cell-cycle progression, and tumor colony formation. Similarly, a peptide mimicking the WW domain of IQGAP1 that interacts with ERK inhibited the clonogenic growth and self-renewal of multiple myeloma cell lines and primary clinical specimens in vitro as well as tumor-initiating cell frequency in immunodeficient mice. During multiple myeloma progression, self-renewal may be enhanced by aberrant RAS/MAPK signaling and inhibited by targeting IQGAP1. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2733-9. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Gocke
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ross McMillan
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qiuju Wang
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Asma Begum
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vesselin R Penchev
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Syed A Ali
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ivan Borrello
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carol Ann Huff
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William Matsui
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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The p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 2 specifically affects mitotic progression by regulating the basal level, distribution and stability of mitotic spindles. Exp Mol Med 2016; 48:e250. [PMID: 27491410 PMCID: PMC5007638 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2016.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
RSK2, also known as RPS6KA3 (ribosomal protein S6 kinase, 90 kDa, polypeptide 3), is a downstream kinase of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which is important in regulating survival, transcription, growth and proliferation. However, its biological role in mitotic progression is not well understood. In this study, we examined the potential involvement of RSK2 in the regulation of mitotic progression. Interestingly, depletion of RSK2, but not RSK1, caused the accumulation of mitotic cells. Time-lapse analysis revealed that mitotic duration, particularly the duration for metaphase-to-anaphase transition was prolonged in RSK2-depleted cells, suggesting activation of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Indeed, more BubR1 (Bub1-related kinase) was present on metaphase plate kinetochores in RSK2-depleted cells, and depletion of BubR1 abolished the mitotic accumulation caused by RSK2 depletion, confirming BubR1-dependent SAC activation. Along with the shortening of inter-kinetochore distance, these data suggested that weakening of the tension across sister kinetochores by RSK2 depletion led to the activation of SAC. To test this, we analyzed the RSK2 effects on the stability of kinetochore–microtubule interactions, and found that RSK2-depleted cells formed less kinetochore–microtubule fibers. Moreover, RSK2 depletion resulted in the decrease of basal level of microtubule as well as an irregular distribution of mitotic spindles, which might lead to observed several mitotic progression defects such as increase in unaligned chromosomes, defects in chromosome congression and a decrease in pole-to-pole distance in these cells. Taken together, our data reveal that RSK2 affects mitotic progression by regulating the distribution, basal level and the stability of mitotic spindles.
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Zhang B, Dong S, Zhu R, Hu C, Hou J, Li Y, Zhao Q, Shao X, Bu Q, Li H, Wu Y, Cen X, Zhao Y. Targeting protein arginine methyltransferase 5 inhibits colorectal cancer growth by decreasing arginine methylation of eIF4E and FGFR3. Oncotarget 2016; 6:22799-811. [PMID: 26078354 PMCID: PMC4673200 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) plays critical roles in cancer. PRMT5 has been implicated in several types of tumors. However, the role of PRMT5 in cancer development remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we provide evidence that PRMT5 is overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and patient-derived primary tumors, correlated with increased cell growth and decreased overall patient survival. Arginine methyltransferase inhibitor 1 (AMI-1)strongly inhibited tumor growth, increased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, and induced apoptosis in mouse CRC xenograt model. AMI-1 also induced apoptosis and decreased the migratory activity in several CRC cells. In CRC xenografts AMI-1 significantly decreased symmetric dimethylation of histone 4 (H4R3me2s), a histone mark of type II PRMT5, but not the expression of H4R3me2a, a histone mark of type I PRMTs. These results suggest that the inhibition of PRMT5 contributes to the antitumor efficacy of AMI-1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) identified FGFR3 and eIF4E as two key genes regulated by PRMT5. PRMT5 knockdown reduced the levels of H4R3me2s and H3R8me2s methylation on FGFR3 and eIF4E promoters, leading to decreased expressions of FGFR3 and eIF4E. Collectively, our findings provide new evidence that PRMT5 plays an important role in CRC pathogenesis through epigenetically regulating arginine methylation of oncogenes such as eIF4E and FGFR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuhong Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruiming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongjie Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK) are a family of Ser/Thr protein kinases that are downstream effectors of MEK1/2-ERK1/2. Increased RSK activation is implicated in the etiology of multiple pathologies, including numerous types of cancers, cardiovascular disease, liver and lung fibrosis, and infections. AREAS COVERED The review summarizes the patent and scientific literature on small molecule modulators of RSK and their potential use as therapeutics. The patents were identified using World Intellectual Property Organization and United States Patent and Trademark Office databases. The compounds described are predominantly RSK inhibitors, but a RSK activator is also described. The majority of the inhibitors are not RSK-specific. EXPERT OPINION Based on the overwhelming evidence that RSK is involved in a number of diseases that have high mortalities it seems surprising that there are no RSK modulators that have pharmacokinetic properties suitable for in vivo use. MEK1/2 inhibitors are in the clinic, but the efficacy of these compounds appears to be limited by their side effects. We hypothesize that targeting the downstream effectors of MEK1/2, like RSK, are an untapped source of drug targets and that they will generate less side effects than MEK1/2 inhibitors because they regulate fewer effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Ludwik
- a Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Deborah A Lannigan
- a Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA.,b Department of Cancer Biology , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
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Czaplinska D, Mieczkowski K, Supernat A, Skladanowski AC, Kordek R, Biernat W, Zaczek AJ, Romanska HM, Sadej R. Interactions between FGFR2 and RSK2-implications for breast cancer prognosis. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13721-13731. [PMID: 27476168 PMCID: PMC5097089 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) activates ribosomal s6 kinase 2 (RSK2) in mammary epithelial cells and that this pathway promotes in vitro cell growth and migration. Potential clinical significance of FGFR2 and RSK2 association has never been investigated. Herein, we have undertaken an evaluation of a possible relationship between FGFR2/RSK2 interdependence and disease outcome in breast cancer (BCa) patients. The clinical analysis was complemented by an in vitro investigation of an involvement of RSK2 in the regulation of FGFR2 function. Primary tumour samples from 152 stage I–III BCa patients were examined for FGFR2 and RSK2 gene and protein expression. FGFR2 showed a positive correlation with RSK2 at both protein (p = 0.003) and messenger RNA (mRNA) (p = 0.001) levels. Lack of both FGFR2 and activated RSK (RSK-P) significantly correlated with better disease-free survival (DFS) (p = 0.01). Patients with tumours displaying immunoreactivity for either or both FGFR2 and RSK-P had 4.89-fold higher risk of recurrence when compared to the FGFR2/RSK-P-negative subgroup. FGFR2-RSK2 interactions were verified by co-immunoprecipitation and internalization assays in HB2 mammary epithelial cell line (characterized by high endogenous FGFR2 and RSK2 expression). In vitro analyses revealed that FGFR2 and RSK2 formed an indirect complex and that activated RSK exerted a significant impact on fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2)-triggered internalization of FGFR2. Our results suggest that the FGFR2-RSK2 signalling pathway is involved in pathophysiology of BCa and evaluation of FGFR2/RSK-P expression may be useful in disease prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Czaplinska
- Department of Cell Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Kamil Mieczkowski
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Supernat
- Department of Cell Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej C Skladanowski
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Radzislaw Kordek
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Łódź, 92-213, Łódź, Poland
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Department of Pathomorphology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna J Zaczek
- Department of Cell Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Hanna M Romanska
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Łódź, 92-213, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Rafal Sadej
- Department of Molecular Enzymology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210, Gdansk, Poland.
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di Martino E, Tomlinson DC, Williams SV, Knowles MA. A place for precision medicine in bladder cancer: targeting the FGFRs. Future Oncol 2016; 12:2243-63. [PMID: 27381494 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder tumors show diverse molecular features and clinical outcome. Muscle-invasive bladder cancer has poor prognosis and novel approaches to systemic therapy are urgently required. Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer has good prognosis, but high recurrence rate and the requirement for life-long disease monitoring places a major burden on patients and healthcare providers. Studies of tumor tissues from both disease groups have identified frequent alterations of FGFRs, including mutations of FGFR3 and dysregulated expression of FGFR1 and FGFR3 that suggest that these may be valid therapeutic targets. We summarize current understanding of the molecular alterations affecting these receptors in bladder tumors, preclinical studies validating them as therapeutic targets, available FGFR-targeted agents and results from early clinical trials in bladder cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica di Martino
- Section of Molecular Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Darren C Tomlinson
- Astbury Centre for Structural & Molecular Biology, School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Astbury Building, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sarah V Williams
- Section of Molecular Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Margaret A Knowles
- Section of Molecular Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
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Qiu Q, Jiang J, Lin L, Cheng S, Xin D, Jiang W, Shen J, Hu Z. Downregulation of RSK2 influences the biological activities of human osteosarcoma cells through inactivating AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:2508-20. [PMID: 27082640 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RSK2 (90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase) is a downstream effector of the Ras/ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) signaling pathway that has major functions in cell biological activities, including regulating nuclear signaling, cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, cell growth, protein synthesis, cell migration and cell survival, and is expressed in most types of human malignant tumors, including lung cancer, prostate and breast tumors, skin cancer and osteosarcomas (OS). RSK2 was found to be essential for osteosarcoma formation. To investigate whether RSK2 is expressed at high levels in human osteosarcome tissues and whether its expression is correlated with the aggressive biological behavior of osteosarcoma cell line (OCLs), we assessed the association between RSK2 expression and OS cell progression, as well as the effects of RSK2 inhibition on the biological activities of osteosarcoma cells. We performed immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of RSK2 in specimens from 30 humans with osteosarcoma, and 15 normal tissues. RSK2 gene expression levels in 30 specimens with osteosarcoma were significantly higher than those of normal tissues. We performed RNA interference on three OCLs to evaluate cell apoptosis, cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, chemosensitivity and oncogenicity. After transfection with RSK2 shRNA, increased cell apoptosis, cell growth inhibition, cell cycle progression, weaker cell proliferation, cell migration and weaker tumor formation were observed in all OCLs. These results suggested that RSK2 expression may mediate the biological activities of OS cells and RSK2 may be an effective therapeutic target for the treatment of osteosarcomas. The AKT/mTOR, MAPK/ERK/c-Fos and Bcl2/Bax pathways were analysed to clarify the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanhe Qiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330008, P.R. China
| | - Liangbo Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Si Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Daqi Xin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Neimenggu Medical University, Huhehaote, Neimeng 010030, P.R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jieliang Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Zhenming Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Alesi GN, Jin L, Li D, Magliocca KR, Kang Y, Chen ZG, Shin DM, Khuri FR, Kang S. RSK2 signals through stathmin to promote microtubule dynamics and tumor metastasis. Oncogene 2016; 35:5412-5421. [PMID: 27041561 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is responsible for >90% of cancer-related deaths. Complex signaling in cancer cells orchestrates the progression from a primary to a metastatic cancer. However, the mechanisms of these cellular changes remain elusive. We previously demonstrated that p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) promotes tumor metastasis. Here we investigated the role of RSK2 in the regulation of microtubule dynamics and its potential implication in cancer cell invasion and tumor metastasis. Stable knockdown of RSK2 disrupted microtubule stability and decreased phosphorylation of stathmin, a microtubule-destabilizing protein, at serine 16 in metastatic human cancer cells. We found that RSK2 directly binds and phosphorylates stathmin at the leading edge of cancer cells. Phosphorylation of stathmin by RSK2 reduced stathmin-mediated microtubule depolymerization. Moreover, overexpression of phospho-mimetic mutant stathmin S16D significantly rescued the decreased invasive and metastatic potential mediated by RSK2 knockdown in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, stathmin phosphorylation positively correlated with RSK2 expression and metastatic cancer progression in primary patient tumor samples. Our finding demonstrates that RSK2 directly phosphorylates stathmin and regulates microtubule polymerization to provide a pro-invasive and pro-metastatic advantage to cancer cells. Therefore, the RSK2-stathmin pathway represents a promising therapeutic target and a prognostic marker for metastatic human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Alesi
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L Jin
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D Li
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - K R Magliocca
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Y Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Z G Chen
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D M Shin
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - F R Khuri
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - S Kang
- Winship Cancer Institute, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Ach T, Schwarz-Furlan S, Ach S, Agaimy A, Gerken M, Rohrmeier C, Zenk J, Iro H, Brockhoff G, Ettl T. Genomic aberrations of MDM2, MDM4, FGFR1 and FGFR3 are associated with poor outcome in patients with salivary gland cancer. J Oral Pathol Med 2015; 45:500-9. [PMID: 26661925 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and 3 (FGFR1, FGFR3) impact on tissue homoeostasis, embryonic development and carcinogenesis. Murine double minute protein 4 (MDM4) and mouse double minute 2 homologue (MDM2) are regulators of p53-protein and may be the origin of an apoptosis overpowering cascade. A collective of 266 carcinomas of salivary glands were investigated for MDM2, MDM4, FGFR1 and FGFR3 aberrations by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The results were matched with clinicopathological parameters and with expression of PTEN and p53. MDM2 gene amplification (n = 9) and chromosomal aberrations (trisomy, n = 47; high polysomy, n = 7) are linked to high-grade malignancy (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001), advanced tumour size (P = 0.013) and stage (P < 0.001), gender (P = 0.002) and age (P = 0.001). MDM4 gene amplification (n = 19) and chromosomal aberrations (trisomy, n = 34; high polysomy, n = 31) are correlated to high-grade malignancy (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.008), advanced tumour size (P = 0.039), stage (P = 0.004) and loss of PTEN (P < 0.001). Only, high-grade malignancy (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.036) and advanced tumour stage (P = 0.025) are associated with FGFR3 amplification (n = 1) or chromosomal aberrations (low polysomy, n = 61; high polysomy, n = 55) but not with MDM4 alterations. FGFR1 amplifications (n = 5) and chromosomal aberrations (trisomy, n = 38; high polysomy, n = 30) are associated with high-grade malignancy (P < 0.001), advanced tumour size (P = 0.026) and stage (P = 0.004), gender (P = 0.016) and age (P = 0.023). Aberrations of MDM2, MDM4, FGFR1 and FGFR3 correlate with aggressive tumour growth and nodal metastasis. MDM2 (P < 0.001), MDM4 (P = 0.005) and FGFR3 (P = 0.006) alterations are associated with worse overall survival of patients with salivary gland cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ach
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stephanie Ach
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Department of Pathology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Gerken
- Center of Tumor Registry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian Rohrmeier
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Zenk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Heinrich Iro
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gero Brockhoff
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Ettl
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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