1
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Thiruvengadam R, Kim JH. Therapeutic strategy for oncovirus-mediated oral cancer: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115035. [PMID: 37364477 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is a neoplastic disorder of the oral cavities, including the lips, tongue, buccal mucosa, and lower and upper gums. Oral cancer assessment entails a multistep process that requires deep knowledge of the molecular networks involved in its progression and development. Preventive measures including public awareness of risk factors and improving public behaviors are necessary, and screening techniques should be encouraged to enable early detection of malignant lesions. Herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are associated with other premalignant and carcinogenic conditions leading to oral cancer. Oncogenic viruses induce chromosomal rearrangements; activate signal transduction pathways via growth factor receptors, cytoplasmic protein kinases, and DNA binding transcription factors; modulate cell cycle proteins, and inhibit apoptotic pathways. In this review, we present an up-to-date overview on the use of nanomaterials for regulating viral proteins and oral cancer as well as the role of phytocompounds on oral cancer. The targets linking oncoviral proteins and oral carcinogenesis were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Thiruvengadam
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Integrative Bioscience & Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Wen KW, Wang L, Menke JR, Damania B. Cancers associated with human gammaherpesviruses. FEBS J 2022; 289:7631-7669. [PMID: 34536980 PMCID: PMC9019786 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV; human herpesvirus 4; HHV-4) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; human herpesvirus 8; HHV-8) are human gammaherpesviruses that have oncogenic properties. EBV is a lymphocryptovirus, whereas HHV-8/KSHV is a rhadinovirus. As lymphotropic viruses, EBV and KSHV are associated with several lymphoproliferative diseases or plasmacytic/plasmablastic neoplasms. Interestingly, these viruses can also infect epithelial cells causing carcinomas and, in the case of KSHV, endothelial cells, causing sarcoma. EBV is associated with Burkitt lymphoma, classic Hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, plasmablastic lymphoma, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, leiomyosarcoma, and subsets of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, and gastric carcinoma. KSHV is implicated in Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, multicentric Castleman disease, and KSHV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Pathogenesis by these two herpesviruses is intrinsically linked to viral proteins expressed during the lytic and latent lifecycles. This comprehensive review intends to provide an overview of the EBV and KSHV viral cycles, viral proteins that contribute to oncogenesis, and the current understanding of the pathogenesis and clinicopathology of their related neoplastic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwun Wah Wen
- Department of Pathology and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Linlin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Joshua R. Menke
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Blossom Damania
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology & Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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3
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Extraneural Metastases of Diffuse Midline Glioma, H3 K27M-Mutant at Diagnosis: Case Report, Review of the Literature, and Identifying Targetable Alterations. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 44:e597-e604. [PMID: 33974582 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Extraneural metastases are rare in pediatric high-grade gliomas and little is known about the genomic profiles of tumors that disseminate beyond the central nervous system. We describe a pediatric patient with H3 K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma of the brain and spine with biopsy-confirmed osseous metastases present at diagnosis and suspected metastatic parenchymal pulmonary disease. Several potentially clinically and/or therapeutically relevant genomic alterations were identified, including H3F3A and TP53 mutations as well as MET, CDK6, EMSY, and PIK3CG amplifications. Sequencing is critical to improve our understanding of the molecular drivers of distant metastases and discover therapeutic targets that penetrate all disease sites.
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4
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Li T, Gao SJ. Metabolic reprogramming and metabolic sensors in KSHV-induced cancers and KSHV infection. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:176. [PMID: 34579773 PMCID: PMC8475840 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus associated with several human cancers. KSHV infection and KSHV-induced anabolic cell proliferation and cellular transformation depend on reprogramming of cellular metabolic pathways, which provide the building blocks and energy for the growth of both the virus and the infected cells. Furthermore, KSHV dysregulates numerous metabolic sensors including mTOR, AMPK, CASTOR1 and sirtuins to maintain cellular energetic homeostasis during infection and in KSHV-induced cancers. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of KSHV hijacking of metabolic pathways and sensors, providing insights into the molecular basis of KSHV infection and KSHV-induced oncogenesis. In addition, we highlight the critical metabolic targets and sensors for developing potential new therapies against KSHV infection and KSHV-induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Cancer Virology Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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5
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Arang N, Gutkind JS. G Protein-Coupled receptors and heterotrimeric G proteins as cancer drivers. FEBS Lett 2021; 594:4201-4232. [PMID: 33270228 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and heterotrimeric G proteins play central roles in a diverse array of cellular processes. As such, dysregulation of GPCRs and their coupled heterotrimeric G proteins can dramatically alter the signalling landscape and functional state of a cell. Consistent with their fundamental physiological functions, GPCRs and their effector heterotrimeric G proteins are implicated in some of the most prevalent human diseases, including a complex disease such as cancer that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. GPCR/G protein-mediated signalling impacts oncogenesis at multiple levels by regulating tumour angiogenesis, immune evasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. Here, we summarize the growing body of research on GPCRs and their effector heterotrimeric G proteins as drivers of cancer initiation and progression, and as emerging antitumoural therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Arang
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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6
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Sala V, Della Sala A, Ghigo A, Hirsch E. Roles of phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) in respiratory diseases. Cell Stress 2021; 5:40-51. [PMID: 33821232 PMCID: PMC8012884 DOI: 10.15698/cst2021.04.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) is expressed in all the cell types that are involved in airway inflammation and disease, including not only leukocytes, but also structural cells, where it is expressed at very low levels under physiological conditions, while is significantly upregulated after stress. In the airways, PI3Kγ behaves as a trigger or a controller, depending on the pathological context. In this review, the contribution of PI3Kγ in a plethora of respiratory diseases, spanning from acute lung injury, pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, cystic fibrosis and response to both bacterial and viral pathogens, will be commented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Angela Della Sala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ghigo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy.,Kither Biotech S.r.l. Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy.,Equal contribution to senior authorship
| | - Emilio Hirsch
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy.,Kither Biotech S.r.l. Via Nizza 52, 10126, Torino, Italy.,Equal contribution to senior authorship
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7
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Ni H, Chai P, Yu J, Xing Y, Wang S, Fan J, Ge S, Wang Y, Jia R, Fan X. LncRNA CANT1 suppresses retinoblastoma progression by repellinghistone methyltransferase in PI3Kγ promoter. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:306. [PMID: 32366932 PMCID: PMC7198571 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common malignant intraocular tumor of childhood. Recent studies have shown that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are longer than 200 bp and without protein-coding ability, are key regulators of tumorigenesis. However, the role of lncRNAs in retinoblastoma remains to be elucidated. In this study, we found that the expression of lncRNA CASC15-New-Transcript 1 (CANT1) was significantly downregulated in RB. Notably, overexpression of CANT1 significantly inhibited RB growth both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, lncRNA CANT1, which was mainly located in the nucleus, occupied the promoter of phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) and blocked histone methyltransferase hSET1 from binding to the PI3Kγ promoter, thus abolishing hSET1-mediated histone H3K4 trimethylation of the PI3Kγ promoter and inhibiting PI3Kγ expression. Furthermore, we found that silencing PI3Kγ either by lncRNA CANT1 overexpression or by PI3Kγ siRNA, reduced the activity of PI3K/Akt signaling and suppressed RB tumorigenesis. In summary, lncRNA CANT1 acts as a suppressor of RB progression by blocking gene-specific histone methyltransferase recruitment. These findings outline a new CANT1 modulation mechanism and provide an alternative option for the RB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Ni
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200011.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China, 200011
| | - Peiwei Chai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200011.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China, 200011
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200011.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China, 200011
| | - Yue Xing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200011.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China, 200011
| | - Shaoyun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200011.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China, 200011
| | - Jiayan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200011.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China, 200011
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200011.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China, 200011
| | - Yefei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200011. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China, 200011.
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200011. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China, 200011.
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, 200011. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China, 200011.
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8
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Chang J, Hong L, Liu Y, Pan Y, Yang H, Ye W, Xu K, Li Z, Zhang S. Targeting PIK3CG in Combination with Paclitaxel as a Potential Therapeutic Regimen in Claudin-Low Breast Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:2641-2651. [PMID: 32368142 PMCID: PMC7182462 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s250171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Molecular targeting is a powerful approach for aggressive claudin-low breast cancer (CLBC). Overexpression of PI3K catalytic subunit gamma (PIK3CG) in human CLBC is offering a promising opportunity for targeted therapies. We utilized a specific inhibitor of PIK3CG combined with paclitaxel (PTX) to treat CLBC cells in vitro and in vivo. Patients and Methods The tumor cells growth and apoptosis in vitro were analyzed by CCK8, plate clone formation assay, tumorsphere assay, Hoechst staining and flow cytometry. The invasion and metastasis ability of tumor cells in vitro were investigated by wound healing and transwell experiments. Critical gene expression levels were checked by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Xenograft models with CLBC cell lines in SCID mice were established to investigate the effect of combined drugs in vivo. Results We identified that PIK3CG was a potential therapeutic target for CLBC patients. Targeting PIK3CG potentiated CLBC cells growth inhibition in 2D and 3D cultures by PTX. Inhibition of PIK3CG activation could enhance CLBC cells apoptosis and migration suppression induced by PTX. Manipulating autophagy was a validated approach for the use of PIK3CG inhibitor. Using CLBC xenograft mice model, we found that CLBC tumors in vivo could be well treated by combined drugs of PIK3CG inhibitor and PTX. Conclusion We demonstrated that PIK3CG was a potential target for the therapy of CLBC and inhibition of PIK3CG activation could reinforce the therapeutic effect of this aggressive disease by PTX. The combined use of PIK3CG inhibitor and PTX might be a potential regimen for treating this subtype of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Hong
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaozhong Liu
- Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Pan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenrui Ye
- Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Keli Xu
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Zhijian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Shubing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China.,Breast Cancer Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
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9
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Suares A, Tapia C, González-Pardo V. VDR agonists down regulate PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis and trigger autophagy in Kaposi's sarcoma cells. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02367. [PMID: 31497671 PMCID: PMC6722267 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor (KSHV/vGPCR) is a key molecule in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma. We have previously shown that 1α,25(OH)2D3 or its less-calcemic analog TX 527 inhibits the proliferation of endothelial cells expressing vGPCR, NF-κB activity and induces apoptosis in a VDR dependent manner. In this work, we further explored whether 1α,25(OH)2D3 or TX 527 regulates PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis and induces autophagy as part of its antineoplastic mechanism of action. Proliferation assays indicated that vGPCR cell number decreased in presence of LY294002 (PI3K/Akt inhibitor) likewise 1α,25(OH)2D3 or TX 527 (10 nM, 48 h). Also, Akt phosphorylation was found decreased in dose (0.1–100 nM) and time response studies (12–72 h) after both compounds treatments. In addition, decreased phosphorylated Akt was significantly observed in the nucleus. Moreover, regulation of Akt phosphorylation was NF-κB and VDR dependent. TNFAIP3/A20, an ubiquitin-editing enzyme, a direct NF-κB target gene and a negative regulator of Beclin-1, was down-regulated whereas Beclin-1 was up-regulated after 10 nM of 1α,25(OH)2D3 or TX 527 treatment. Decrement in Akt phosphorylation was accompanied by a reduced mTOR phosphorylation and an increase in the autophagy marker LC3-II. Since increment in autophagosomes not always indicates increment in autophagy activity, we used Chloroquine (CQ, 1 μM), an inhibitor of autophagy flow, to confirm autophagy after both VDR agonists treatment. In conclusion, VDR agonists, 1α,25(OH)2D3 or TX 527, inhibited PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis and induced autophagy in endothelial cells expressing vGPCR by a VDR-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Suares
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Departamento de Biología Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, San Juan 670, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,IFIBYNE - Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cinthya Tapia
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Departamento de Biología Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, San Juan 670, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Verónica González-Pardo
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Departamento de Biología Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, San Juan 670, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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10
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Li T, Ju E, Gao SJ. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus miRNAs suppress CASTOR1-mediated mTORC1 inhibition to promote tumorigenesis. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3310-3323. [PMID: 31305263 DOI: 10.1172/jci127166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic arginine sensor for mTORC1 subunits 1 and 2 (CASTOR1 and CASTOR2) inhibit the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) upon arginine deprivation. mTORC1 regulates cell proliferation, survival, and metabolism and is often dysregulated in cancers, indicating that cancer cells may regulate CASTOR1 and CASTOR2 to control mTORC1 signaling and promote tumorigenesis. mTORC1 is the most effective therapeutic target of Kaposi sarcoma, which is caused by infection with the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Hence, KSHV-induced cellular transformation is a suitable model for investigating mTORC1 regulation in cancer cells. Currently, the mechanism of KSHV activation of mTORC1 in KSHV-induced cancers remains unclear. We showed that KSHV suppressed CASTOR1 and CASTOR2 expression to activate the mTORC1 pathway. CASTOR1 or CASTOR2 overexpression and mTOR inhibitors abolished cell proliferation and colony formation in soft agar of KSHV-transformed cells by attenuating mTORC1 activation. Furthermore, the KSHV-encoded miRNA miR-K4-5p, and probably miR-K1-5p, directly targeted CASTOR1 to inhibit its expression. Knockdown of miR-K1-5p and -K4-5p restored CASTOR1 expression and thereby attenuated mTORC1 activation. Overexpression of CASTOR1 or CASTOR2 and mTOR inhibitors abolished the activation of mTORC1 and growth transformation induced by pre-miR-K1 and -K4. Our results define the mechanism of KSHV activation of the mTORC1 pathway and establish the scientific basis for targeting this pathway to treat KSHV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Enguo Ju
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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11
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He M, Cheng F, da Silva SR, Tan B, Sorel O, Gruffaz M, Li T, Gao SJ. Molecular Biology of KSHV in Relation to HIV/AIDS-Associated Oncogenesis. Cancer Treat Res 2019; 177:23-62. [PMID: 30523620 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-03502-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Discovered in 1994, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been associated with four human malignancies including Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, a subset of multicentric Castleman's disease, and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome. These malignancies mostly occur in immunocompromised patients including patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and often cause significant mortality because of the lack of effective therapies. Significant progresses have been made to understand the molecular basis of KSHV infection and KSHV-induced oncogenesis in the last two decades. This chapter provides an update on the recent advancements focusing on the molecular events of KSHV primary infection, the mechanisms regulating KSHV life cycle, innate and adaptive immunity, mechanism of KSHV-induced tumorigenesis and inflammation, and metabolic reprogramming in KSHV infection and KSHV-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan He
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Fan Cheng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Suzane Ramos da Silva
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Brandon Tan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Océane Sorel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Marion Gruffaz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
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12
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Wu V, Yeerna H, Nohata N, Chiou J, Harismendy O, Raimondi F, Inoue A, Russell RB, Tamayo P, Gutkind JS. Illuminating the Onco-GPCRome: Novel G protein-coupled receptor-driven oncocrine networks and targets for cancer immunotherapy. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11062-11086. [PMID: 31171722 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.005601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest gene family of cell membrane-associated molecules mediating signal transmission, and their involvement in key physiological functions is well-established. The ability of GPCRs to regulate a vast array of fundamental biological processes, such as cardiovascular functions, immune responses, hormone and enzyme release from endocrine and exocrine glands, neurotransmission, and sensory perception (e.g. vision, odor, and taste), is largely due to the diversity of these receptors and the layers of their downstream signaling circuits. Dysregulated expression and aberrant functions of GPCRs have been linked to some of the most prevalent human diseases, which renders GPCRs one of the top targets for pharmaceutical drug development. However, the study of the role of GPCRs in tumor biology has only just begun to make headway. Recent studies have shown that GPCRs can contribute to the many facets of tumorigenesis, including proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, therapy resistance, and immune evasion. Indeed, GPCRs are widely dysregulated in cancer and yet are underexploited in oncology. We present here a comprehensive analysis of GPCR gene expression, copy number variation, and mutational signatures in 33 cancer types. We also highlight the emerging role of GPCRs as part of oncocrine networks promoting tumor growth, dissemination, and immune evasion, and we stress the potential benefits of targeting GPCRs and their signaling circuits in the new era of precision medicine and cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Huwate Yeerna
- Department of Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Nijiro Nohata
- Department of Pharmacology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Joshua Chiou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Olivier Harismendy
- Department of Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093.,Department of Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- CellNetworks, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Biochemie Zentrum Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Robert B Russell
- CellNetworks, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Biochemie Zentrum Heidelberg (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pablo Tamayo
- Department of Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California 92093
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13
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In Vivo Models of Oncoproteins Encoded by Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01053-18. [PMID: 30867309 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01053-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human oncogenic virus. KSHV utilizes its proteins to modify the cellular environment to promote viral replication and persistence. Some of these proteins are oncogenic, modulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, genome stability, and immune responses, among other cancer hallmarks. These changes can lead to the development of KSHV-associated malignancies. In this Gem, we focus on animal models of oncogenic KSHV proteins that were developed to enable better understanding of KSHV tumorigenesis.
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14
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Hussein HAM, Okafor IB, Walker LR, Abdel-Raouf UM, Akula SM. Cellular and viral oncogenes: the key to unlocking unknowns of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus pathogenesis. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2633-2643. [PMID: 29936609 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3918-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic viruses carry an extensive arsenal of oncogenes for hijacking cellular pathways. Notably, variations in oncogenes among tumor-producing viruses give rise to different mechanisms for cellular transformation. Specifically, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic virus able to infect and transform a variety of cell types. The oncogenicity of KSHV disseminates from the virus' ability to induce and encode a wide variety of both cellular and viral oncogenes. Such an array of cellular and viral oncogenes enables KSHV to induce the malignant phenotype of a KSHV-associated cancer. Evolutionarily, KSHV has acquired many oncogenic homologues capable of inducing cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell survival, and immune evasion. Integration between inducing and encoding oncogenes plays a vital role in KSHV pathogenicity. KSHV is alleged to harbor the highest number of potential oncogenes by which a virus promotes cellular transformation and malignancy. Many KSHV inducing/encoding oncogenes are mainly expressed during the latent phase of KSHV infection, a period required for virus establishment of malignant cellular transformation. Elucidation of the exact mechanism(s) by which oncogenes promote KSHV pathogenicity would not only give rise to potential novel therapeutic targets/drugs but would also add to our understanding of cancer biology. The scope of this review is to examine the roles of the most important cellular and viral oncogenes involved in KSHV pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosni A M Hussein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Ikenna B Okafor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Lia R Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Usama M Abdel-Raouf
- Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Shaw M Akula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
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15
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Garcia CC, Tavares LP, Dias ACF, Kehdy F, Alvarado-Arnez LE, Queiroz-Junior CM, Galvão I, Lima BH, Matos AR, Gonçalves APF, Soriani FM, Moraes MO, Marques JT, Siqueira MM, Machado AMV, Sousa LP, Russo RC, Teixeira MM. Phosphatidyl Inositol 3 Kinase-Gamma Balances Antiviral and Inflammatory Responses During Influenza A H1N1 Infection: From Murine Model to Genetic Association in Patients. Front Immunol 2018; 9:975. [PMID: 29867955 PMCID: PMC5962662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection causes severe pulmonary disease characterized by intense leukocyte infiltration. Phosphoinositide-3 kinases (PI3Ks) are central signaling enzymes, involved in cell growth, survival, and migration. Class IB PI3K or phosphatidyl inositol 3 kinase-gamma (PI3Kγ), mainly expressed by leukocytes, is involved in cell migration during inflammation. Here, we investigated the contribution of PI3Kγ for the inflammatory and antiviral responses to IAV. PI3Kγ knockout (KO) mice were highly susceptible to lethality following infection with influenza A/WSN/33 H1N1. In the early time points of infection, infiltration of neutrophils was higher than WT mice whereas type-I and type-III IFN expression and p38 activation were reduced in PI3Kγ KO mice resulting in higher viral loads when compared with WT mice. Blockade of p38 in WT macrophages infected with IAV reduced levels of interferon-stimulated gene 15 protein to those induced in PI3Kγ KO macrophages, suggesting that p38 is downstream of antiviral responses mediated by PI3Kγ. PI3Kγ KO-derived fibroblasts or macrophages showed reduced type-I IFN transcription and altered pro-inflammatory cytokines suggesting a cell autonomous imbalance between inflammatory and antiviral responses. Seven days after IAV infection, there were reduced infiltration of natural killer cells and CD8+ T lymphocytes, increased concentration of inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar fluid, reduced numbers of resolving macrophages, and IL-10 levels in PI3Kγ KO. This imbalanced environment in PI3Kγ KO-infected mice culminated in enhanced lung neutrophil infiltration, reactive oxygen species release, and lung damage that together with the increased viral loads, contributed to higher mortality in PI3Kγ KO mice compared with WT mice. In humans, we tested the genetic association of disease severity in influenza A/H1N1pdm09-infected patients with three potentially functional PIK3CG single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs1129293, rs17847825, and rs2230460. We observed that SNPs rs17847825 and rs2230460 (A and T alleles, respectively) were significantly associated with protection from severe disease using the recessive model in patients infected with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. Altogether, our results suggest that PI3Kγ is crucial in balancing antiviral and inflammatory responses to IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana C Garcia
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Tavares
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunologia e Mecânica Pulmonar, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina F Dias
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Kehdy
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucia Elena Alvarado-Arnez
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Coordinación Nacional de Investigación, UNIFRANZ, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Celso M Queiroz-Junior
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Izabela Galvão
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Braulio H Lima
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratório de Inflamação e Dor, Departamento de Farmacologia, Prédio Central, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Aline R Matos
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula F Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Frederico M Soriani
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Milton O Moraes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João T Marques
- Laboratório de RNA de Interferência, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marilda M Siqueira
- Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M V Machado
- Laboratório de Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Remo C Russo
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunologia e Mecânica Pulmonar, Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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16
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Mariggiò G, Koch S, Schulz TF. Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus pathogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0275. [PMID: 28893942 PMCID: PMC5597742 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), taxonomical name human gammaherpesvirus 8, is a phylogenetically old human virus that co-evolved with human populations, but is now only common (seroprevalence greater than 10%) in sub-Saharan Africa, around the Mediterranean Sea, parts of South America and in a few ethnic communities. KSHV causes three human malignancies, Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and many cases of the plasmablastic form of multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD) as well as occasional cases of plasmablastic lymphoma arising from MCD; it has also been linked to rare cases of bone marrow failure and hepatitis. As it has colonized humans physiologically for many thousand years, cofactors are needed to allow it to unfold its pathogenic potential. In most cases, these include immune defects of genetic, iatrogenic or infectious origin, and inflammation appears to play an important role in disease development. Our much improved understanding of its life cycle and its role in pathogenesis should now allow us to develop new therapeutic strategies directed against key viral proteins or intracellular pathways that are crucial for virus replication or persistence. Likewise, its limited (for a herpesvirus) distribution and transmission should offer an opportunity for the development and use of a vaccine to prevent transmission. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Human oncogenic viruses’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Mariggiò
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig site, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Koch
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig site, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas F Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany .,German Centre for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig site, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Zhang S, Liu J, Xu K, Li Z. Notch signaling via regulation of RB and p-AKT but not PIK3CG contributes to MIA PaCa-2 cell growth and migration to affect pancreatic carcinogenesis. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:2105-2110. [PMID: 29434912 PMCID: PMC5777124 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-associated mortality. The understanding of the expression pattern of key protein factors and their function in pancreatic cancer cells is therefore vital for the diagnosis and treatment of this malignancy. The results of the present study reveal that the levels of neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 2 (Notch2) and phosphorylated (p)-SMAD family member 2 decreased, whereas the expression of Notch3 and phosphoinositide-3 kinase catalytic subunit-γ protein increased in human pancreatic cancer tissues compared with tumor-adjacent tissues. Using the human pancreatic cancer MIA PaCa-2 cell line, it was observed that retinoblastoma-associated protein (RB) and p-RB expression were inhibited and p-AKT was upregulated when Notch signaling was activated in MIA PaCa-2 cells. Furthermore, inhibition of phosphoinositide-3 kinase catalytic subunit-γ (PIK3CG) activity by AS-605240 was able to block the growth and migration of MIA PaCa-2 cells. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate that the Notch signal pathway may be involved in pancreatic carcinogenesis by modulating RB and p-AKT. PIK3CG may therefore be a potential target gene for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China.,Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jingjiang Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Keli Xu
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Zhijian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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18
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Koch S, Schulz TF. Rhadinoviral interferon regulatory factor homologues. Biol Chem 2017; 398:857-870. [PMID: 28455950 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) is a gammaherpesvirus and the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman disease. The KSHV genome contains genes for a unique group of proteins with homology to cellular interferon regulatory factors, termed viral interferon regulatory factors (vIRFs). This review will give an overview over the oncogenic, antiapoptotic and immunomodulatory characteristics of KSHV and related vIRFs.
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19
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Zhang Y, Han D, Yu P, Huang Q, Ge P. Genome-scale transcriptional analysis reveals key genes associated with the development of type II diabetes in mice. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1044-1150. [PMID: 28450939 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the primary diseases that pose a threat to human health. The focus of the present study is type II diabetes (T2D), which is caused by obesity and is the most prevalent type of diabetes. However, genome-scale transcriptional analysis of diabetic liver in the development process of T2D is yet to be further elucidated. Microassays were performed on liver tissue samples from three-, six- and nine-week-old db/db mice with diabetes and db/m mice to investigate differentially expressed mRNA. Based on the results of genome-scale transcriptional analysis, five genes were screened in the present study: chromobox 8 (CBX8), de-etiolated homolog 1 and damage specific DNA binding protein 1 associated 1 (DDA1), Phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 (PIK3R6), WD repeat domain 41 (WDR41) and Glycine Amidinotransferase (GATM). At three weeks of age, no significant differences in levels or ratios of expression were observed. However, at six and nine weeks, expression of CBX8, DDA1, PIK3R6 and WDR41 was significantly upregulated (P<0.05) in the db/db model group compared with the control group, whereas GATM expression was significantly downregulated (P<0.05). These results suggest that T2D-related differential expression of genes becomes more marked with age, which was confirmed via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Genome-scale transcriptional analysis in diabetic mice provided a novel insight into the molecular. events associated with the role of mRNAs in T2D development, with specific emphasis upon CBX8, DDA1, PIK3R6, GATM and WDR41. The results of the present study may provide rationale for the investigation of the target genes of these mRNAs in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Dongwei Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Pengyang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Qijing Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Pengling Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University of Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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20
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Kwon EK, Min CK, Kim Y, Lee JW, Aigerim A, Schmidt S, Nam HJ, Han SK, Kim K, Cha JS, Kim H, Kim S, Cho HS, Choi MS, Cho NH. Constitutive activation of T cells by γ2-herpesviral GPCR through the interaction with cellular CXCR4. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:1-11. [PMID: 27751885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Members of the herpesviral family use multiple strategies to hijack infected host cells and exploit cellular signaling for their pathogenesis and latent infection. Among the most intriguing weapons in the arsenal of pathogenic herpesviruses are the constitutively active virally-encoded G protein-coupled receptors (vGPCRs). Even though vGPCRs contribute to viral pathogenesis such as immune evasion and proliferative disorders, the molecular details of how vGPCRs continuously activate cellular signaling are largely unknown. Here, we report that the vGPCR of Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), an oncogenic γ2-herpesvirus, constitutively activates T cells via a heteromeric interaction with cellular CXCR4. Constitutive T cell activation also occurs with expression of the vGPCR of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), but not the vGPCR of Epstein-Barr virus. Expression of HVS vGPCR down-regulated the surface expression of CXCR4 but did not induce the degradation of the chemokine receptor, suggesting that vGPCR/CXCR4 signaling continues in cytosolic compartments. The physical association of vGPCR with CXCR4 was demonstrated by proximity ligation assay as well as immunoprecipitation. Interestingly, the constitutive activation of T cells by HVS vGPCR is independent of proximal T cell receptor (TCR) signaling molecules, such as TCRβ, Lck, and ZAP70, whereas CXCR4 silencing by shRNA abolished T cell activation by vGPCRs of HVS and KSHV. Furthermore, previously identified inactive vGPCR mutants failed to interact with CXCR4. These findings on the positive cooperativity of vGPCR with cellular CXCR4 in T cell activation extend our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of vGPCR function and highlight the importance of heteromerization for GPCR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Kwon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Ki Min
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Abdimadiyeva Aigerim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sebastian Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Nam
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kyu Han
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuglae Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Seok Cha
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyoung Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanguk Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Cho
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Sik Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Hyuk Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea; Institute of Endemic Disease, Seoul National University Medical Research Center and Bundang Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Vázquez-Prado J, Bracho-Valdés I, Cervantes-Villagrana RD, Reyes-Cruz G. Gβγ Pathways in Cell Polarity and Migration Linked to Oncogenic GPCR Signaling: Potential Relevance in Tumor Microenvironment. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:573-586. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.105338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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22
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Purushothaman P, Uppal T, Sarkar R, Verma SC. KSHV-Mediated Angiogenesis in Tumor Progression. Viruses 2016; 8:E198. [PMID: 27447661 PMCID: PMC4974533 DOI: 10.3390/v8070198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is a malignant human oncovirus belonging to the gamma herpesvirus family. HHV-8 is closely linked to the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and two other B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases: primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and a plasmablastic variant of multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). KS is an invasive tumor of endothelial cells most commonly found in untreated HIV-AIDS or immuno-compromised individuals. KS tumors are highly vascularized and have abnormal, excessive neo-angiogenesis, inflammation, and proliferation of infected endothelial cells. KSHV directly induces angiogenesis in an autocrine and paracrine fashion through a complex interplay of various viral and cellular pro-angiogenic and inflammatory factors. KS is believed to originate due to a combination of KSHV's efficient strategies for evading host immune systems and several pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory stimuli. In addition, KSHV infection of endothelial cells produces a wide array of viral oncoproteins with transforming capabilities that regulate multiple host-signaling pathways involved in the activation of angiogenesis. It is likely that the cellular-signaling pathways of angiogenesis and lymph-angiogenesis modulate the rate of tumorigenesis induction by KSHV. This review summarizes the current knowledge on regulating KSHV-mediated angiogenesis by integrating the findings reported thus far on the roles of host and viral genes in oncogenesis, recent developments in cell-culture/animal-model systems, and various anti-angiogenic therapies for treating KSHV-related lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravinkumar Purushothaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia Street, MS 320, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Timsy Uppal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia Street, MS 320, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Roni Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia Street, MS 320, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Subhash C Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, School of Medicine, 1664 N Virginia Street, MS 320, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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23
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Zhang J, Feng H, Xu S, Feng P. Hijacking GPCRs by viral pathogens and tumor. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 114:69-81. [PMID: 27060663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of molecules that transduce signals across the plasma membrane. Herpesviruses are successful pathogens that evolved diverse mechanisms to benefit their infection. Several human herpesviruses express GPCRs to exploit cellular signaling cascades during infection. These viral GPCRs demonstrate distinct biochemical and biophysical properties that result in the activation of a broad spectrum of signaling pathways. In immune-deficient individuals, human herpesvirus infection and the expression of their GPCRs are implicated in virus-associated diseases and pathologies. Emerging studies also uncover diverse mutations in components, particularly GPCRs and small G proteins, of GPCR signaling pathways that render the constitutive activation of proliferative and survival signal, which contributes to the oncogenesis of various human cancers. Hijacking GPCR-mediated signaling is a signature shared by diseases associated with constitutively active viral GPCRs and cellular mutations activating GPCR signaling, exposing key molecules that can be targeted for anti-viral and anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
| | - Hao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Fish Developmental Biology of Education Ministry of China, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Simin Xu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.
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Kim Y, Cha S, Seo T. Activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway by viral interferon regulatory factor 2 of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 470:650-656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Diverse Origins Support Persistent Infection with Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus and Manifest Distinct Angiogenic, Invasive, and Transforming Phenotypes. mBio 2016; 7:e02109-15. [PMID: 26814175 PMCID: PMC4742711 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02109-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a highly angiogenic and invasive tumor often involving different organ sites, including the oral cavity, is caused by infection with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Diverse cell markers have been identified on KS tumor cells, but their origin remains an enigma. We previously showed that KSHV could efficiently infect, transform, and reprogram rat primary mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into KS-like tumor cells. In this study, we showed that human primary MSCs derived from diverse organs, including bone marrow (MSCbm), adipose tissue (MSCa), dental pulp, gingiva tissue (GMSC), and exfoliated deciduous teeth, were permissive to KSHV infection. We successfully established long-term cultures of KSHV-infected MSCa, MSCbm, and GMSC (LTC-KMSCs). While LTC-KMSCs had lower proliferation rates than the uninfected cells, they expressed mixtures of KS markers and displayed differential angiogenic, invasive, and transforming phenotypes. Genetic analysis identified KSHV-derived microRNAs that mediated KSHV-induced angiogenic activity by activating the AKT pathway. These results indicated that human MSCs could be the KSHV target cells in vivo and established valid models for delineating the mechanism of KSHV infection, replication, and malignant transformation in biologically relevant cell types. IMPORTANCE Kaposi's sarcoma is the most common cancer in AIDS patients. While KSHV infection is required for the development of Kaposi's sarcoma, the origin of KSHV target cells remains unclear. We show that KSHV can efficiently infect human primary mesenchymal stem cells of diverse origins and reprogram them to acquire various degrees of Kaposi's sarcoma-like cell makers and angiogenic, invasive, and transforming phenotypes. These results indicate that human mesenchymal stem cells might be the KSHV target cells and establish models for delineating the mechanism of KSHV-induced malignant transformation.
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Schulz TF, Cesarman E. Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus: mechanisms of oncogenesis. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 14:116-28. [PMID: 26431609 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV, HHV8) causes three human malignancies, Kaposi Sarcoma (KS), an endothelial tumor, as well as Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL) and the plasma cell variant of Multicentric Castleman's Disease (MCD), two B-cell lymphoproliferative diseases. All three cancers occur primarily in the context of immune deficiency and/or HIV infection, but their pathogenesis differs. KS most likely results from the combined effects of an endotheliotropic virus with angiogenic properties and inflammatory stimuli and thus represents an interesting example of a cancer that arises in an inflammatory context. Viral and cellular angiogenic and inflammatory factors also play an important role in the pathogenesis of MCD. In contrast, PEL represents an autonomously growing malignancy that is, however, still dependent on the continuous presence of KSHV and the action of several KSHV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; German Centre of Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig Site, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ethel Cesarman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.
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27
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Hu M, Wang C, Li W, Lu W, Bai Z, Qin D, Yan Q, Zhu J, Krueger BJ, Renne R, Gao SJ, Lu C. A KSHV microRNA Directly Targets G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 to Promote the Migration and Invasion of Endothelial Cells by Inducing CXCR2 and Activating AKT Signaling. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005171. [PMID: 26402907 PMCID: PMC4581863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a highly disseminated angiogenic tumor of endothelial cells linked to infection by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). KSHV encodes more than two dozens of miRNAs but their roles in KSHV-induced tumor dissemination and metastasis remain unknown. Here, we found that ectopic expression of miR-K12-3 (miR-K3) promoted endothelial cell migration and invasion. Bioinformatics and luciferase reporter analyses showed that miR-K3 directly targeted G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 2 (GRK2, official gene symbol ADRBK1). Importantly, overexpression of GRK2 reversed miR-K3 induction of cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, the chemokine receptor CXCR2, which was negatively regulated by GRK2, was upregulated in miR-K3-transduced endothelial cells. Knock down of CXCR2 abolished miR-K3-induced cell migration and invasion. Moreover, miR-K3 downregulation of GRK2 relieved its direct inhibitory effect on AKT. Both CXCR2 induction and the release of AKT from GRK2 were required for miR-K3 maximum activation of AKT and induction of cell migration and invasion. Finally, deletion of miR-K3 from the KSHV genome abrogated its effect on the GRK2/CXCR2/AKT pathway and KSHV-induced migration and invasion. Our data provide the first-line evidence that, by repressing GRK2, miR-K3 facilitates cell migration and invasion via activation of CXCR2/AKT signaling, which likely contribute to the dissemination of KSHV-induced tumors. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). KS is a highly disseminated tumor often involved with visceral organs. Experimentally, KSHV infection induces the invasiveness of endothelial cells. KSHV encodes twelve precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs), which are processed into at least 25 mature miRNAs. However, the roles of these miRNAs in KSHV-induced tumor dissemination remain unknown. Here, we investigated KSHV-encoded miR-K12-3 (miR-K3) promotion of endothelial cell migration and invasion, which are the underlying mechanisms of tumor dissemination. We demonstrated that miR-K3 promoted cell migration and invasion by directly targeting G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 2 (GRK2). Furthermore, we found that the chemokine receptor CXCR2, which was negatively regulated by GRK2, and its downstream AKT signaling positively mediated miR-K3-induced cell migration and invasion. miR-K3 downregulation of GRK2 relieved its direct inhibitory effect on AKT, and both CXCR2 induction and the release of AKT from GRK2 were required for miR-K3 maximum activation of AKT and induction of cell migration and invasion. These results show that miR-K3 and its the downstream pathway may be potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of KSHV-associated malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/virology
- Enzyme Repression
- G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2/genetics
- G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/physiology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/virology
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/agonists
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/agonists
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/immunology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Signal Transduction
- Virus Internalization
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory Of Pathogen Biology Of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Wan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Weiping Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huai’an, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Bai
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Di Qin
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (QY); (CL)
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Krueger
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rolf Renne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory Of Pathogen Biology Of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (QY); (CL)
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28
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Phosphoproteomic Analysis of KSHV-Infected Cells Reveals Roles of ORF45-Activated RSK during Lytic Replication. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004993. [PMID: 26133373 PMCID: PMC4489790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic virus which has adapted unique mechanisms to modulate the cellular microenvironment of its human host. The pathogenesis of KSHV is intimately linked to its manipulation of cellular signaling pathways, including the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. We have previously shown that KSHV ORF45 contributes to the sustained activation of both ERK and p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK, a major functional mediator of ERK/MAPK signaling) during KSHV lytic replication. ORF45-activated RSK is required for optimal KSHV lytic gene expression and progeny virion production, though the underlying mechanisms downstream of this activation are still unclear. We hypothesized that the activation of RSK by ORF45 causes differential phosphorylation of cellular and viral substrates, affecting biological processes essential for efficient KSHV lytic replication. Accordingly, we observed widespread and significant differences in protein phosphorylation upon induction of lytic replication. Mass-spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic screening identified putative substrates of ORF45-activated RSK in KSHV-infected cells. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that nuclear proteins, including several transcriptional regulators, were overrepresented among these candidates. We validated the ORF45/RSK-dependent phosphorylation of several putative substrates by employing KSHV BAC mutagenesis, kinase inhibitor treatments, and/or CRISPR-mediated knockout of RSK in KSHV-infected cells. Furthermore, we assessed the consequences of knocking out these substrates on ORF45/RSK-dependent regulation of gene expression and KSHV progeny virion production. Finally, we show data to support that ORF45 regulates the translational efficiency of a subset of viral/cellular genes with complex secondary structure in their 5’ UTR. Altogether, these data shed light on the mechanisms by which KSHV ORF45 manipulates components of the host cell machinery via modulation of RSK activity. Thus, this study has important implications for the pathobiology of KSHV and other diseases in which RSK activity is dysregulated. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human tumor virus which hijacks the host signaling pathways in order to maintain persistent infection. We previously discovered that the KSHV protein ORF45 binds to and activates the cellular kinase RSK (p90 ribosomal S6 kinase), and that this activation is vital for optimal KSHV gene expression and virion production. Here, we performed a phosphoproteomic analysis of KSHV-infected cells to further characterize the specific substrates of ORF45-activated RSK. Bioinformatic analyses provided insights into the functional roles of these substrates. We verified the ORF45/RSK-dependent phosphorylation of a subset of these substrates by various means. Finally, we used genome editing to knock out RSK, as well as several cellular substrates identified by our screening, and characterized the consequent effect(s) on regulation of gene expression and virion production. Thus, this work further elucidates one of the key signaling nodes modulated by KSHV, and implicates ORF45-mediated activation of RSK in the regulation of viral and host gene expression during KSHV lytic replication.
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29
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Stat1 stimulates cap-independent mRNA translation to inhibit cell proliferation and promote survival in response to antitumor drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E2149-55. [PMID: 25870277 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1420671112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1) functions as a tumor suppressor via immune regulatory and cell-autonomous pathways. Herein, we report a previously unidentified cell-autonomous Stat1 function, which is its ability to exhibit both antiproliferative and prosurvival properties by facilitating translation of mRNAs encoding for the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) and antiapoptotic proteins X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis and B-cell lymphoma xl. Translation of the select mRNAs requires the transcriptional function of Stat1, resulting in the up-regulation of the p110γ subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) class IB and increased expression of the translational repressor translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein 1 (4EBP1). Increased PI3Kγ signaling promotes the degradation of the eIF4A inhibitor programmed cell death protein 4, which favors the cap-independent translation of the select mRNAs under conditions of general inhibition of protein synthesis by up-regulated eIF4E-binding protein 1. As such, Stat1 inhibits cell proliferation but also renders cells increasingly resistant to antiproliferative effects of pharmacological inhibitors of PI3K and/or mammalian target of rapamycin. Stat1 also protects Ras-transformed cells from the genotoxic effects of doxorubicin in culture and immune-deficient mice. Our findings demonstrate an important role of mRNA translation in the cell-autonomous Stat1 functions, with implications in tumor growth and treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs.
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30
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Wu H, Liu L, Xiao J, Chi M, Qu Y, Feng H. Glycosylation of KSHV encoded vGPCR functions in its signaling and tumorigenicity. Viruses 2015; 7:1627-41. [PMID: 25835533 PMCID: PMC4411669 DOI: 10.3390/v7041627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a tumor virus and the etiologic agent of Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS). KSHV G protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR) is an oncogene that is implicated in malignancies associated with KHSV infection. In this study, we show that vGPCR undergoes extensive N-linked glycosylation within the extracellular domains, specifically asparagines 18, 22, 31 and 202. An immunofluorescence assay demonstrates that N-linked glycosylation are necessary for vGPCR trafficking to the cellular membrane. Employing vGPCR mutants whose glycosylation sites were ablated, we show that these vGPCR mutants failed to activate downstream signaling in cultured cells and were severely impaired to induce tumor formation in the xenograph nude mouse model. These findings support the conclusion that glycosylation is critical for vGPCR tumorigenesis and imply that chemokine regulation at the plasma membrane is crucial for vGPCR mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
| | - Liqun Liu
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.
| | - Jun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
| | - Mengdie Chi
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
| | - Yixiao Qu
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
| | - Hao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education of China, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.
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31
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Zhang J, He S, Wang Y, Brulois K, Lan K, Jung JU, Feng P. Herpesviral G protein-coupled receptors activate NFAT to induce tumor formation via inhibiting the SERCA calcium ATPase. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004768. [PMID: 25811856 PMCID: PMC4374719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of proteins that transmit signal to regulate an array of fundamental biological processes. Viruses deploy diverse tactics to hijack and harness intracellular signaling events induced by GPCR. Herpesviruses encode multiple GPCR homologues that are implicated in viral pathogenesis. Cellular GPCRs are primarily regulated by their cognate ligands, while herpesviral GPCRs constitutively activate downstream signaling cascades, including the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) pathway. However, the roles of NFAT activation and mechanism thereof in viral GPCR tumorigenesis remain unknown. Here we report that GPCRs of human Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kGPCR) and cytomegalovirus (US28) shortcut NFAT activation by inhibiting the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA), which is necessary for viral GPCR tumorigenesis. Biochemical approaches, entailing pharmacological inhibitors and protein purification, demonstrate that viral GPCRs target SERCA2 to increase cytosolic calcium concentration. As such, NFAT activation induced by vGPCRs was exceedingly sensitive to cyclosporine A that targets calcineurin, but resistant to inhibition upstream of ER calcium release. Gene expression profiling identified a signature of NFAT activation in endothelial cells expressing viral GPCRs. The expression of NFAT-dependent genes was up-regulated in tumors derived from tva-kGPCR mouse and human KS. Employing recombinant kGPCR-deficient KSHV, we showed that kGPCR was critical for NFAT-dependent gene expression in KSHV lytic replication. Finally, cyclosporine A treatment diminished NFAT-dependent gene expression and tumor formation induced by viral GPCRs. These findings reveal essential roles of NFAT activation in viral GPCR tumorigenesis and a mechanism of “constitutive” NFAT activation by viral GPCRs. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of proteins that transmit signal across plasma membrane. Herpesviral GPCRs (vGPCRs) activate diverse signaling cascades and are implicated in viral pathogenesis (e.g., tumor development). In contrast to cellular GPCRs that are chiefly regulated via cognate ligand-association, vGPCRs are constitutively active independent of ligand-binding. vGPCRs provide useful tools to dissect signal transduction from plasma membrane receptors to nuclear transcription factors. To probe the activation of nuclear factor of T cells (NFAT), we demonstrate that vGPCRs target the ER calcium ATPase to increase cytosolic calcium concentration and activate NFAT. Inhibition of NFAT activation impairs tumor formation induced by vGPCRs, implying the antitumor therapeutic potential via disabling NFAT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shanping He
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Brulois
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ke Lan
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Pinghui Feng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Dwyer J, Azzi S, Leclair HM, Georges S, Carlotti A, Treps L, Galan-Moya EM, Alexia C, Dupin N, Bidère N, Gavard J. The guanine exchange factor SWAP70 mediates vGPCR-induced endothelial plasticity. Cell Commun Signal 2015; 13:11. [PMID: 25889342 PMCID: PMC4336709 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-015-0090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The viral G protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR) is proposed to act as one of the predominant mediators of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), a human herpes virus 8 (HHV8)-elicited disease. The actions of vGPCR manifest pathogenesis, in part, through increased permeability of endothelial cells. Endothelial cell-cell junctions have indeed emerged as an instrumental target involved in the vasculature defects observed within the tumor microenvironment. The pathway leading to adherens junction destabilization has been shown to involve the activation of the small GTPase Rac, in the context of either latent infection or the sole expression of vGPCR. However, the precise molecular mechanisms governed by vGPCR in vascular leakage require further elucidation. Findings Guanine exchange factors (GEFs) function as critical molecular switches that control the activation of small GTPases. We therefore screened the effects of 80 siRNAs targeting GEFs on vGPCR-driven endothelial permeability and identified switch-associated protein 70 (SWAP70) as necessary for its elevating effects. Pull-down experiments further showed that Rac activation by vGPCR was dependent on SWAP70. Examination of tissues and cells from HHV8-positive patients revealed that SWAP70 was ubiquitously expressed. Furthermore, SWAP70 was found to be crucial for vGPCR-driven endothelial tube formation and endothelial sprouting in vitro. Conclusions SWAP70 appears to act as a molecular intermediate between vGPCR and endothelial activation. Because of the important role of vGPCR-mediated endothelial plasticity in KS pathogenesis, inhibition of SWAP70 function could be of interest for blocking vGPCR-driven activities in HHV8-defined diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-015-0090-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Dwyer
- CNRS, UMR8104, 22 rue Mechain, 75014, Paris, France. .,INSERM, U1016, 22 rue Mechain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, 6 rue de l'Ecole de Medecine, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Sandy Azzi
- CNRS, UMR8104, 22 rue Mechain, 75014, Paris, France. .,INSERM, U1016, 22 rue Mechain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, 6 rue de l'Ecole de Medecine, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Héloïse M Leclair
- CNRS, UMR8104, 22 rue Mechain, 75014, Paris, France. .,INSERM, U1016, 22 rue Mechain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, 6 rue de l'Ecole de Medecine, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Steven Georges
- CNRS, UMR8104, 22 rue Mechain, 75014, Paris, France. .,INSERM, U1016, 22 rue Mechain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, 6 rue de l'Ecole de Medecine, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Agnès Carlotti
- Service de Pathologie, Hopital Cochin-Tarnier, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Lucas Treps
- CNRS, UMR8104, 22 rue Mechain, 75014, Paris, France. .,INSERM, U1016, 22 rue Mechain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, 6 rue de l'Ecole de Medecine, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Eva M Galan-Moya
- CNRS, UMR8104, 22 rue Mechain, 75014, Paris, France. .,INSERM, U1016, 22 rue Mechain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, 6 rue de l'Ecole de Medecine, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Catherine Alexia
- Inserm UMR_753, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, 94800, France.
| | - Nicolas Dupin
- CNRS, UMR8104, 22 rue Mechain, 75014, Paris, France. .,INSERM, U1016, 22 rue Mechain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, 6 rue de l'Ecole de Medecine, 75006, Paris, France. .,Service de Dermatologie, Hopital Cochin-Tarnier, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Nicolas Bidère
- CNRS, UMR8104, 22 rue Mechain, 75014, Paris, France. .,INSERM, U1016, 22 rue Mechain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, 6 rue de l'Ecole de Medecine, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Julie Gavard
- CNRS, UMR8104, 22 rue Mechain, 75014, Paris, France. .,INSERM, U1016, 22 rue Mechain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, 6 rue de l'Ecole de Medecine, 75006, Paris, France.
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Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) primarily persists as a latent episome in infected cells. During latent infection, only a limited number of viral genes are expressed that help to maintain the viral episome and prevent lytic reactivation. The latent KSHV genome persists as a highly ordered chromatin structure with bivalent chromatin marks at the promoter-regulatory region of the major immediate-early gene promoter. Various stimuli can induce chromatin modifications to an active euchromatic epigenetic mark, leading to the expression of genes required for the transition from the latent to the lytic phase of KSHV life cycle. Enhanced replication and transcription activator (RTA) gene expression triggers a cascade of events, resulting in the modulation of various cellular pathways to support viral DNA synthesis. RTA also binds to the origin of lytic DNA replication to recruit viral, as well as cellular, proteins for the initiation of the lytic DNA replication of KSHV. In this review we will discuss some of the pivotal genetic and epigenetic factors that control KSHV reactivation from the transcriptionally restricted latent program.
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Mølleskov-Jensen AS, Oliveira MT, Farrell HE, Davis-Poynter N. Virus-Encoded 7 Transmembrane Receptors. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 129:353-93. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Angelova M, Ferris M, Swan KF, McFerrin HE, Pridjian G, Morris CA, Sullivan DE. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus G-protein coupled receptor activates the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Virol J 2014; 11:218. [PMID: 25514828 PMCID: PMC4304609 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-014-0218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KSHV is a tumorigenic γ-herpesvirus that has been identified as the etiologic agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), a multifocal highly vascularized neoplasm that is the most common malignancy associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The virus encodes a constitutively active chemokine receptor homologue, vGPCR that possesses potent angiogenic and tumorigenic properties, and is critical for KSHV pathobiology. To date, a number of signaling pathways have been identified as key in mediating vGPCR oncogenic potential. Findings In this study, we identify a novel pathway, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which is dysregulated by vGPCR expression in endothelial cells. Expression of vGPCR in endothelial cells enhances the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, that correlates with an increase in β-catenin transcriptional activity. Activation of β-catenin signaling by vGPCR is dependent on the PI3K/Akt pathway, as treatment of vGPCR-expressing cells with a pharmacological inhibitor of PI3K, leads to a decreased activation of a β-catenin-driven reporter, a significant decrease in expression of β-catenin target genes, and reduced endothelial tube formation. Conclusions Given the critical role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in angiogenesis and tumorigenesis, the findings from this study suggest a novel mechanism in KSHV-induced malignancies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-014-0218-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Angelova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - MaryBeth Ferris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Kenneth F Swan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Harris E McFerrin
- Biology Department, Xavier University, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Gabriella Pridjian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Cindy A Morris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Deborah E Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Liu G, Yu FX, Kim YC, Meng Z, Naipauer J, Looney DJ, Liu X, Gutkind JS, Mesri EA, Guan KL. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus promotes tumorigenesis by modulating the Hippo pathway. Oncogene 2014; 34:3536-46. [PMID: 25195862 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic virus and the culprit behind the human disease Kaposi sarcoma (KS), an AIDS-defining malignancy. KSHV encodes a viral G-protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR) critical for the initiation and progression of KS. In this study, we identified that YAP/TAZ, two homologous oncoproteins inhibited by the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway, are activated in KSHV-infected cells in vitro, KS-like mouse tumors and clinical human KS specimens. The KSHV-encoded vGPCR acts through Gq/11 and G12/13 to inhibit the Hippo pathway kinases Lats1/2, promoting the activation of YAP/TAZ. Furthermore, depletion of YAP/TAZ blocks vGPCR-induced cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in a xenograft mouse model. The vGPCR-transformed cells are sensitive to pharmacologic inhibition of YAP. Our study establishes a pivotal role of the Hippo pathway in mediating the oncogenic activity of KSHV and development of KS, and also suggests a potential of using YAP inhibitors for KS intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Liu
- 1] School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China [2] Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - F-X Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Y C Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Z Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Naipauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Viral Oncology Program, Miami Center for AIDS Research, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - D J Looney
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, The University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - X Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - J S Gutkind
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E A Mesri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Viral Oncology Program, Miami Center for AIDS Research, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - K-L Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Vischer HF, Siderius M, Leurs R, Smit MJ. Herpesvirus-encoded GPCRs: neglected players in inflammatory and proliferative diseases? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:123-39. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd4189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Yang HL, Fang F, Zhao CP, Li DD, Li JR, Sun J, Du QR, Zhu HL. Design and synthesis of a novel series of N,4-diphenylpyrimidin-2-amine derivatives as potent and selective PI3Kγ inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00301a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-one novelN,4-diphenylpyrimidin-2-amine derivatives have been synthesized as PI3Kγ selective inhibitors and compoundC8demonstrated the most potent inhibitory activity against PI3Kγ kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Fei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Po Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Ru Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing, P. R. China
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39
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Azzi S, Smith SS, Dwyer J, Leclair HM, Alexia C, Hebda JK, Dupin N, Bidère N, Gavard J. YGLF motif in the Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus G-protein-coupled receptor adjusts NF-κB activation and paracrine actions. Oncogene 2013; 33:5609-18. [PMID: 24292677 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) are two pathologies associated with KS herpes virus (KSHV/HHV-8) infection. KSHV genome contains several oncogenes, among which, the viral G-protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR open reading frame 74) has emerged as a major factor in KS pathogenicity. Indeed, vGPCR is a constitutively active receptor, whose expression is sufficient to drive cell transformation in vitro and tumour development in mice. However, neither the role of vGPCR in KSHV-infected B-lymphocytes nor the molecular basis for its constitutive activation is well understood. Here, we show that vGPCR expression contributes to nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-dependent cellular survival in both PEL cells and primary B cells from HIV-negative KS patients. We further identified within vGPCR an AP2 consensus binding motif, Y326GLF, that directs its localization between the plasma membrane and clathrin-coated vesicles. The introduction of a mutation in this site (Y326A) increased NF-κB activity and proinflammatory cytokines production. This correlated with exacerbated morphological rearrangement, migration and proliferation of non-infected monocytes. Collectively, our work raises the possibility that KSHV-infected B-lymphocytes use vGPCR to impact ultimately the immune response and communication within the tumour microenvironment in KSHV-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Azzi
- 1] CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1016, Paris, France [3] Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - S S Smith
- 1] CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1016, Paris, France [3] Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - J Dwyer
- 1] CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1016, Paris, France [3] Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - H M Leclair
- 1] CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1016, Paris, France [3] Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - C Alexia
- 1] INSERM, U1014, Hopital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France [2] Universite Paris-Sud P11, Orsay, France [3] Equipe Labellisee Ligue contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - J K Hebda
- 1] CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1016, Paris, France [3] Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - N Dupin
- 1] Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France [2] Service de dermatologie, Hopital Cochin-Tarnier, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - N Bidère
- 1] INSERM, U1014, Hopital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France [2] Universite Paris-Sud P11, Orsay, France [3] Equipe Labellisee Ligue contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - J Gavard
- 1] CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France [2] INSERM, U1016, Paris, France [3] Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
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40
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Molecular determinants of PI3Kγ-mediated activation downstream of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18862-7. [PMID: 24190998 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304801110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) has profound roles downstream of G-protein-coupled receptors in inflammation, cardiac function, and tumor progression. To gain insight into how the enzyme's activity is shaped by association with its p101 adaptor subunit, lipid membranes, and Gβγ heterodimers, we mapped these regulatory interactions using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. We identify residues in both the p110γ and p101 subunits that contribute critical interactions with Gβγ heterodimers, leading to PI3Kγ activation. Mutating Gβγ-interaction sites of either p110γ or p101 ablates G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated signaling to p110γ/p101 in cells and severely affects chemotaxis and cell transformation induced by PI3Kγ overexpression. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry shows that association with the p101 regulatory subunit causes substantial protection of the RBD-C2 linker as well as the helical domain of p110γ. Lipid interaction massively exposes that same helical site, which is then stabilized by Gβγ. Membrane-elicited conformational change of the helical domain could help prepare the enzyme for Gβγ binding. Our studies and others identify the helical domain of the class I PI3Ks as a hub for diverse regulatory interactions that include the p101, p87 (also known as p84), and p85 adaptor subunits; Rab5 and Gβγ heterodimers; and the β-adrenergic receptor kinase.
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41
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Amin M, Pantanowitz L. Review of latent and lytic phase biomarkers in Kaposi's sarcoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 7:531-42. [PMID: 24070121 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2013.842227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a vascular neoplasm with distinct clinical-epidemiological subtypes and varied clinical presentations. While the association of KS with human herpesvirus-8 (HHV8, KSHV) infection is well known, additional factors are needed for tumorigenesis. The precise sequence of events involved in KS development, progression and regression continues to be investigated. The discovery of KSHV biomarkers is helpful for diagnostic purposes, for understanding KS pathogenesis and for identifying potential druggable targets. AREAS COVERED This article reviews a number of key biomarkers relevant for the diagnosis of KS and HHV8-related pathogenesis. New developments in KS, potential therapeutic targets and the challenges involved in their discovery are highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Although there is currently no cure for KS, continued research devoted to uncovering biomarkers and understanding their pathogenic roles remains encouraging. The hope is that sometime soon one of these candidate targets will provide a curative therapy for this enigmatic sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milon Amin
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Department of Pathology , Suite 201, 5150 Centre Street, Pittsburgh , USA +1 412 794 4195 ; +1 412 794 3195 ;
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42
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IKK epsilon kinase is crucial for viral G protein-coupled receptor tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:11139-44. [PMID: 23771900 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219829110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven-transmembrane proteins that transmit diverse extracellular signals across a membrane. Herpesvirus genomes encode multiple GPCRs implicated in viral pathogenesis. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus GPCR (kGPCR) activates proliferative pathways and, when expressed in endothelium in mice, sufficiently induces angiogenic tumor resembling human Kaposi's sarcoma. IKKε, an IκB kinase (IKK)-related kinase, is implicated in inflammation-driven tumorigenesis. We report here that IKKε is critically required for kGPCR tumorigenesis and links kGPCR to NF-κB activation. Using kGPCR-induced tumor models, we found that IKKε expression was drastically up-regulated in Kaposi sarcoma-like lesions and that loss of IKKε abolished tumor formation. Moreover, kGPCR interacted with and activated IKKε. Activated IKKε promoted NF-κB subunit RelA (also known as p65) phosphorylation, which correlated with NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine expression. The robust expression of IKKε and phosphorylated RelA was observed in human Kaposi sarcoma. Finally, a kinase-defective mutant of IKKε effectively abrogated NF-κB activation and tumorigenesis induced by kGPCR. Collectively, our findings uncover a critical IKKε in promoting NF-κB activation and tumorigenesis induced by a viral GPCR.
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43
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Bhatt AP, Damania B. AKTivation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by KSHV. Front Immunol 2013; 3:401. [PMID: 23316192 PMCID: PMC3539662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As an obligate intracellular parasite, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) relies on the host cell machinery to meet its needs for survival, viral replication, production, and dissemination of progeny virions. KSHV is a gammaherpesvirus that is associated with three different malignancies: Kaposi sarcoma (KS), and two B cell lymphoproliferative disorders, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman’s disease. KSHV viral proteins modulate the cellular phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, which is a ubiquitous pathway that also controls B lymphocyte proliferation and development. We review the mechanisms by which KSHV manipulates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, with a specific focus on B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aadra P Bhatt
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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44
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Zhou F, Xue M, Qin D, Zhu X, Wang C, Zhu J, Hao T, Cheng L, Chen X, Bai Z, Feng N, Gao SJ, Lu C. HIV-1 Tat promotes Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) vIL-6-induced angiogenesis and tumorigenesis by regulating PI3K/PTEN/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53145. [PMID: 23301033 PMCID: PMC3534639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is etiologically associated with KS, the most common AIDS-related malignancy. KS is characterized by vast angiogenesis and hyperproliferative spindle cells. We have previously reported that HIV-1 Tat can trigger KSHV reactivation and accelerate Kaposin A-induced tumorigenesis. Here, we explored Tat promotion of KSHV vIL-6-induced angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. Tat promotes vIL-6-induced cell proliferation, cellular transformation, vascular tube formation and VEGF production in culture. Tat enhances vIL-6-induced angiogenesis and tumorigenesis of fibroblasts and human endothelial cells in a chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. In an allograft model, Tat promotes vIL-6-induced tumorigenesis and expression of CD31, CD34, SMA, VEGF, b-FGF, and cyclin D1. Mechanistic studies indicated Tat activates PI3K and AKT, and inactivates PTEN and GSK-3β in vIL-6 expressing cells. LY294002, a specific inhibitor of PI3K, effectively impaired Tat's promotion of vIL-6-induced tumorigenesis. Together, these results provide the first evidence that Tat might contribute to KS pathogenesis by synergizing with vIL-6, and identify PI3K/AKT pathway as a potential therapeutic target in AIDS-related KS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Physiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Qin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cong Wang
- Pathology of Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tingting Hao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuying Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Bai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ninghan Feng
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Wu H, Fu Y, Xiao J, Zhou M, Zhou W, Feng H. The unsulfated extracellular N-terminus of vGPCR reduces the tumorigenicity of hGRO-α in nude mice. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 56:26-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Aguilar B, Choi I, Choi D, Chung HK, Lee S, Yoo J, Lee YS, Maeng YS, Lee HN, Park E, Kim KE, Kim NY, Baik JM, Jung JU, Koh CJ, Hong YK. Lymphatic reprogramming by Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus promotes the oncogenic activity of the virus-encoded G-protein-coupled receptor. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5833-42. [PMID: 22942256 PMCID: PMC3500425 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma, the most common cancer in HIV-positive individuals, is caused by endothelial transformation mediated by the Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV)-encoded G-protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR). Infection of blood vascular endothelial cells (BEC) by KSHV reactivates an otherwise silenced embryonic program of lymphatic differentiation. Thus, Kaposi sarcoma tumors express numerous lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) signature genes. A key unanswered question is how lymphatic reprogramming by the virus promotes tumorigenesis leading to Kaposi sarcoma formation. In this study, we present evidence that this process creates an environment needed to license the oncogenic activity of vGPCR. We found that the G-protein regulator RGS4 is an inhibitor of vGPCR that is expressed in BECs, but not in LECs. RGS4 was downregulated by the master regulator of LEC differentiation PROX1, which is upregulated by KSHV and directs KSHV-induced lymphatic reprogramming. Moreover, we found that KSHV upregulates the nuclear receptor LRH1, which physically interacts with PROX1 and synergizes with it to mediate repression of RGS4 expression. Mechanistic investigations revealed that RGS4 reduced vGPCR-enhanced cell proliferation, migration, VEGF expression, and Akt activation and suppressed tumor formation induced by vGPCR. Our findings resolve long-standing questions about the pathologic impact of KSHV-induced reprogramming of host cell identity, and they offer biologic and mechanistic insights supporting the hypothesis that a lymphatic microenvironment is more favorable for Kaposi sarcoma tumorigenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Down-Regulation
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Endothelial Cells/virology
- Female
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/metabolism
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/physiology
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Oncogene Protein v-akt/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RGS Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- RGS Proteins/biosynthesis
- RGS Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/physiology
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Berenice Aguilar
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Dongwon Choi
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Hee Kyoung Chung
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Sunju Lee
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Jaehyuk Yoo
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Yong Suk Lee
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Yong Sun Maeng
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Ha Neul Lee
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Eunkyung Park
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Kyu Eui Kim
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Nam Yoon Kim
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Jae Myung Baik
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Jae U. Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Chester J. Koh
- Division of Pediatric Urology and Developmental Biology, Regenerative Medicine, and Surgery Program, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Department of Surgery and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
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47
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Montaner S, Kufareva I, Abagyan R, Gutkind JS. Molecular mechanisms deployed by virally encoded G protein-coupled receptors in human diseases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 53:331-54. [PMID: 23092247 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of cell surface molecules involved in signal transduction. Surprisingly, open reading frames for multiple GPCRs were hijacked in the process of coevolution between Herpesviridae family viruses and their human and mammalian hosts. Virally encoded GPCRs (vGPCRs) evolved as parts of viral genomes, and this evolution allowed the power of host GPCR signaling circuitries to be harnessed in order to ensure viral replicative success. Phylogenetically, vGPCRs are distantly related to human chemokine receptors, although they feature several unique characteristics. Here, we describe the molecular mechanisms underlying vGPCR-mediated viral pathogenesis. These mechanisms include constitutive activity, aberrant coupling to human G proteins and β-arrestins, binding and activation by human chemokines, and dimerization with other GPCRs expressed in infected cells. The likely structural basis for these molecular events is described for the two closest viral homologs of human GPCRs. This information may aid in the development of novel targeted therapeutic strategies against viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Montaner
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, Department of Pathology, and Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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48
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Croci DO, Salatino M, Rubinstein N, Cerliani JP, Cavallin LE, Leung HJ, Ouyang J, Ilarregui JM, Toscano MA, Domaica CI, Croci MC, Shipp MA, Mesri EA, Albini A, Rabinovich GA. Disrupting galectin-1 interactions with N-glycans suppresses hypoxia-driven angiogenesis and tumorigenesis in Kaposi's sarcoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:1985-2000. [PMID: 23027923 PMCID: PMC3478924 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Disrupting Gal-1 interactions with N-glycans prevents hypoxia-driven angiogenesis to suppress tumorigenesis of Kaposi’s sarcoma Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), a multifocal vascular neoplasm linked to human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8/KS-associated herpesvirus [KSHV]) infection, is the most common AIDS-associated malignancy. Clinical management of KS has proven to be challenging because of its prevalence in immunosuppressed patients and its unique vascular and inflammatory nature that is sustained by viral and host-derived paracrine-acting factors primarily released under hypoxic conditions. We show that interactions between the regulatory lectin galectin-1 (Gal-1) and specific target N-glycans link tumor hypoxia to neovascularization as part of the pathogenesis of KS. Expression of Gal-1 is found to be a hallmark of human KS but not other vascular pathologies and is directly induced by both KSHV and hypoxia. Interestingly, hypoxia induced Gal-1 through mechanisms that are independent of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α and HIF-2α but involved reactive oxygen species–dependent activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor κB. Targeted disruption of Gal-1–N-glycan interactions eliminated hypoxia-driven angiogenesis and suppressed tumorigenesis in vivo. Therapeutic administration of a Gal-1–specific neutralizing mAb attenuated abnormal angiogenesis and promoted tumor regression in mice bearing established KS tumors. Given the active search for HIF-independent mechanisms that serve to couple tumor hypoxia to pathological angiogenesis, our findings provide novel opportunities not only for treating KS patients but also for understanding and managing a variety of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego O Croci
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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49
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Braccini L, Ciraolo E, Martini M, Pirali T, Germena G, Rolfo K, Hirsch E. PI3K keeps the balance between metabolism and cancer. Adv Biol Regul 2012; 52:389-405. [PMID: 22884032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have established a positive correlation between cancer and metabolic disorders, suggesting that aberrant cell metabolism is a common feature of nearly all tumors. To meet their demand of building block molecules, cancer cells switch to a heavily glucose-dependent metabolism. As insulin triggers glucose uptake, most tumors are or become insulin-dependent. However, the effects of insulin and of other similar growth factors are not only limited to metabolic control but also favor tumor growth by stimulating proliferation and survival. A key signaling event mediating these metabolic and proliferative responses is the activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases (PI3K) pathway. In this review, we will thus discuss the current concepts of tumor metabolism and the opportunity of PI3K-targeted therapies to exploit the "sweet tooth" of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Braccini
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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50
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Shull AY, Latham-Schwark A, Ramasamy P, Leskoske K, Oroian D, Birtwistle MR, Buckhaults PJ. Novel somatic mutations to PI3K pathway genes in metastatic melanoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43369. [PMID: 22912864 PMCID: PMC3422312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background BRAFV600 inhibitors have offered a new gateway for better treatment of metastatic melanoma. However, the overall efficacy of BRAFV600 inhibitors has been lower than expected in clinical trials, and many patients have shown resistance to the drug’s effect. We hypothesized that somatic mutations in the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) pathway, which promotes proliferation and survival, may coincide with BRAFV600 mutations and contribute to chemotherapeutic resistance. Methods We performed a somatic mutation profiling study using the 454 FLX pyrosequencing platform in order to identify candidate cancer genes within the MAPK and PI3K pathways of melanoma patients. Somatic mutations of theses candidate cancer genes were then confirmed using Sanger sequencing. Results As expected, BRAFV600 mutations were seen in 51% of the melanomas, whereas NRAS mutations were seen in 19% of the melanomas. However, PI3K pathway mutations, though more heterogeneous, were present in 41% of the melanoma, with PTEN being the highest mutated PI3K gene in melanomas (22%). Interestingly, several novel PI3K pathway mutations were discovered in MTOR, IRS4, PIK3R1, PIK3R4, PIK3R5, and NFKB1. PI3K pathway mutations co-occurred with BRAFV600 mutations in 17% of the tumors and co-occurred with 9% of NRAS mutant tumors, implying cooperativity between these pathways in terms of melanoma progression. Conclusions These novel PI3K pathway somatic mutations could provide alternative survival and proliferative pathways for metastatic melanoma cells. They therefore may be potential chemotherapeutic targets for melanoma patients who exhibit resistance to BRAFV600 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Y. Shull
- Georgia Health Sciences University Cancer Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alicia Latham-Schwark
- Georgia Health Sciences University Cancer Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Poornema Ramasamy
- Georgia Health Sciences University Cancer Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kristin Leskoske
- Georgia Health Sciences University Cancer Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Dora Oroian
- Georgia Health Sciences University Cancer Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Marc R. Birtwistle
- Georgia Health Sciences University Cancer Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Phillip J. Buckhaults
- Georgia Health Sciences University Cancer Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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