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Grover K, Koblova A, Pezacki AT, Chang CJ, New EJ. Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes for Binding- and Activity-Based Sensing of Redox-Active Biological Metals. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5846-5929. [PMID: 38657175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Although transition metals constitute less than 0.1% of the total mass within a human body, they have a substantial impact on fundamental biological processes across all kingdoms of life. Indeed, these nutrients play crucial roles in the physiological functions of enzymes, with the redox properties of many of these metals being essential to their activity. At the same time, imbalances in transition metal pools can be detrimental to health. Modern analytical techniques are helping to illuminate the workings of metal homeostasis at a molecular and atomic level, their spatial localization in real time, and the implications of metal dysregulation in disease pathogenesis. Fluorescence microscopy has proven to be one of the most promising non-invasive methods for studying metal pools in biological samples. The accuracy and sensitivity of bioimaging experiments are predominantly determined by the fluorescent metal-responsive sensor, highlighting the importance of rational probe design for such measurements. This review covers activity- and binding-based fluorescent metal sensors that have been applied to cellular studies. We focus on the essential redox-active metals: iron, copper, manganese, cobalt, chromium, and nickel. We aim to encourage further targeted efforts in developing innovative approaches to understanding the biological chemistry of redox-active metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karandeep Grover
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Alla Koblova
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Aidan T Pezacki
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Elizabeth J New
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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2
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Wu A, Hillesheim PC, Nelson PN, Zeller M, Carignan G, Li J, Ki DW. New type of tin(IV) complex based turn-on fluorescent chemosensor for fluoride ion recognition: elucidating the effect of molecular structure on sensing property. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6932-6940. [PMID: 38567414 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00461b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A novel type of chemosensor based on tin(IV) complexes incorporating hydroxyquinoline derivatives has been designed and investigated for selectively detecting fluoride ions. Sn(meq)2Cl2 (meq = 2-methyl-8-quinolinol) (complex 1) exhibits a significant enhancement in luminescence upon the introduction of fluoride ions. This enhancement greatly surpasses that observed with Snq2Cl2 and Sn(dmqo)2Cl2 (q = 8-hydroxyquinnoline; dmqo = 5,7-dimethyl-8-quinolinol). Furthermore, complex 1 displays excellent sensitivity and selectivity for fluoride detection in comparison to halides and other anions. As a result, complex 1 serves as an outstanding turn-on fluorescent chemosensor, effectively sensing fluoride ions. The Benesi-Hilderbrand method and Job's plot confirmed that complex 1 associates with F- in a 1 : 2 binding stoichiometry. Also, complex 1 exhibited a large binding constant (pKb = 10.4 M-2) and a low detection limit (100 nM). To gain a deeper insight into the photophysical properties and the underlying mechanism governing the formation of the tin(IV) fluoride complex via halide exchange, we successfully synthesized partially fluorinated Sn(meq)2F0.67Cl1.33 (2) and fully fluorinated Sn(meq)2F2 (3), all of which were characterized through computational studies, thereby elucidating their photophysical properties. DFT studies reveal that converting Sn(meq)2Cl2 to Sn(meq)2F2, an endergonic process, leads to greater stability due to reducing steric hindrance about the metal center. Furthermore, the fluorinated complex significantly increases dipole moment, resulting in high affinity toward the F- ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Wu
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Stockton University, Galloway, New Jersey 08205, USA.
| | - Patrick C Hillesheim
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Ave Maria University, Ave Maria, Florida, 34142, USA
| | - Peter N Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies Mona, Jamaica
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Gia Carignan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Daniel W Ki
- School of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Stockton University, Galloway, New Jersey 08205, USA.
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3
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Peng Z, Zhang J, Feng N, Zhang J, Liu SH. Manipulation of aurophilicity in constructed clusters of gold(I) complexes with boosted luminescence and smart responsiveness. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 311:123979. [PMID: 38310742 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
High-performance luminescent gold(I) complexes have attracted considerable attention due to their potential applications in various fields, but their construction is a significantly challenging task. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of novel dinuclear gold(I) complexes 1-4 based on 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene and 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene frameworks, where para-substitutions of benzene ring were employed for comparison and bulky t-butyl groups were introduced into carbazole ligands to assist flexibly regulating the aurophilicity. Among them, the structure of complex 1 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and all the complexes exhibited typical aggregation-induced emission characteristics. Due to the construction of intramolecular aurophilicity and the formation of molecular clusters, noticeable enhancement of the luminescent efficiency was achieved for the core complex 1. Together with the introduction of flexible t-butyl groups, good responsiveness towards external mechanical force and solvent vapors were also realized. Moreover, the specific bioimaging ability of complex 1 towards cancer cells was demonstrated. Thus, this work presents the crucial capability of aurophilic manipulation in tuning the luminescence and smart behaviors of gold complexes, and it will open a new route to developing high-performance luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jianyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Na Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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4
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Maity A, Mishra VK, Dolai S, Mishra S, Patra SK. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Organometallic BODIPY-Ru(II) Dyads: Redox and Photophysical Properties with Singlet Oxygen Generation Capability†. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4839-4854. [PMID: 38433436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
A series of Ru(II)-acetylide complexes (Ru1, Ru2, and Ru1m) with alkynyl-functionalized borondipyrromethene (BODIPY) conjugates were designed by varying the position of the linker that connects the BODIPY unit to the Ru(II) metal center through acetylide linkage at either the 2-(Ru1) and 2,6-(Ru2) or the meso-phenyl (Ru1m) position of the BODIPY scaffold. The Ru(II) organometallic complexes were characterized by various spectroscopic methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, CHN, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analyses. The Ru(II)-BODIPY conjugates exhibit fascinating electrochemical and photophysical properties. All BODIPY-Ru(II) complexes exhibit strong absorption (εmax = 29,000-72,000 M-1 cm-1) in the visible region (λmax = 502-709 nm). Fluorescence is almost quenched for Ru1 and Ru2, whereas Ru1m shows the residual fluorescence of the corresponding BODIPY core at 517 nm. The application of the BODIPY-Ru(II) dyads as nonporphyrin-based triplet photosensitizers was explored by a method involving the singlet oxygen (1O2)-mediated photo-oxidation of diphenylisobenzofuran. Effective π-conjugation between the BODIPY chromophore and Ru(II) center in the case of Ru1 and Ru2 was found to be necessary to improve intersystem crossing (ISC) and hence the 1O2-sensitizing ability. In addition, electrochemical studies indicate electronic interplay between the metal center and the redox-active BODIPY in the BODIPY-Ru(II) dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman Dolai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sabyashachi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjib K Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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5
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Liu XY, Chen WK, Fang WH, Cui G. Nonadiabatic Dynamics Simulations for Photoinduced Processes in Molecules and Semiconductors: Methodologies and Applications. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 37984502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic dynamics (NAMD) simulations have become powerful tools for elucidating complicated photoinduced processes in various systems from molecules to semiconductor materials. In this review, we present an overview of our recent research on photophysics of molecular systems and periodic semiconductor materials with the aid of ab initio NAMD simulation methods implemented in the generalized trajectory surface-hopping (GTSH) package. Both theoretical backgrounds and applications of the developed NAMD methods are presented in detail. For molecular systems, the linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (LR-TDDFT) method is primarily used to model electronic structures in NAMD simulations owing to its balanced efficiency and accuracy. Moreover, the efficient algorithms for calculating nonadiabatic coupling terms (NACTs) and spin-orbit couplings (SOCs) have been coded into the package to increase the simulation efficiency. In combination with various analysis techniques, we can explore the mechanistic details of the photoinduced dynamics of a range of molecular systems, including charge separation and energy transfer processes in organic donor-acceptor structures, ultrafast intersystem crossing (ISC) processes in transition metal complexes (TMCs), and exciton dynamics in molecular aggregates. For semiconductor materials, we developed the NAMD methods for simulating the photoinduced carrier dynamics within the framework of the Kohn-Sham density functional theory (KS-DFT), in which SOC effects are explicitly accounted for using the two-component, noncollinear DFT method. Using this method, we have investigated the photoinduced carrier dynamics at the interface of a variety of van der Waals (vdW) heterojunctions, such as two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and perovskites-related systems. Recently, we extended the LR-TDDFT-based NAMD method for semiconductor materials, allowing us to study the excitonic effects in the photoinduced energy transfer process. These results demonstrate that the NAMD simulations are powerful tools for exploring the photodynamics of molecular systems and semiconductor materials. In future studies, the NAMD simulation methods can be employed to elucidate experimental phenomena and reveal microscopic details as well as rationally design novel photofunctional materials with desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, P. R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, P. R. China
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6
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Gupta R, Sahni P, Jana SK, Negi A, Pal AK. Effect of substitution on deep-blue Ir(III) N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) emitters. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15597-15607. [PMID: 37840343 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01947k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of Ir(III)-NHC phosphors that display deep-blue luminescence without sacrificing the high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) has become a pivotal area of research. In this respect, two novel deep-blue Ir-NHC emitters (C1 and C2) with strategically designed pro-carbenic imidazolium ligands (L1 and L2) incorporating a heavy bromine atom at the ligand-scaffold were synthesized in good yields (∼80% for L1, L2 and 65% for C1, C2). The ground and excited state properties of the complexes were photophysically determined and the results were found to be in accordance with theoretical calculations at the DFT and TD-DFT levels. Due to the strong σ-donation of the carbene ligands, complexes C1 and C2 displayed oxidation at low anodic potentials. Both the complexes showed deep-blue emission either in solution (λem ∼ 400-425 nm) or as PMMA-doped films of varying concentrations (λem ∼ 400 nm) with an ∼15 times enhanced PLQY with respect to benchmark Ir-NHC complexes. The strategy of incorporating the heavy bromine atom to reduce the molecular vibrations in C1 and C2 was further supported by ∼250 times reduced non-radiative decay constants (knr) and Huang-Rhys constants of C1 and C2 in comparison to those of the benchmark complexes. These facts were also supported by triplet frequency calculations of C1 and C2 to identify the absence of vibrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Nagrota Bypass Road, Jammu and Kashmir-181221, India.
| | - Priya Sahni
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Nagrota Bypass Road, Jammu and Kashmir-181221, India.
| | - Salil K Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Nagrota Bypass Road, Jammu and Kashmir-181221, India.
| | - Anshul Negi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Nagrota Bypass Road, Jammu and Kashmir-181221, India.
| | - Amlan K Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Nagrota Bypass Road, Jammu and Kashmir-181221, India.
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7
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Greenberg M, Tulloch KM, Reynoso ME, Knapp JL, Sayem FH, Bartkus DD, Lum RH, LaFratta CN, Tanski JM, Anderson CM. Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical Properties of Platinum Compounds with Thiophene-Derived Cyclohexyl Diimine Ligands. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38587-38596. [PMID: 37867690 PMCID: PMC10586441 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Platinum(II) and platinum(IV) compounds were prepared by the stereoselective and regioselective reactions of thiophene-derived cyclohexyl diimine C^N^N-ligands with [Pt2Me4(μ-SMe2)2]. Newly synthesized ligands were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, and Pt(II)/Pt(IV) compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. UV-vis absorbance and photoluminescence measurements were performed on newly synthesized complexes, as well as structurally related Pt(II)/Pt(IV) compounds with benzene-derived cyclohexyl diimine ligands, in dichloromethane solution, as solids, and as 5% by weight PMMA-doped films. DFT and TD-DFT calculations were performed, and the results were compared with the observed spectroscopic properties of the newly synthesized complexes. X-ray total scattering measurements and real space pair distribution function analysis were performed on the synthesized complexes to examine the local- and intermediate-range atomic structures of the emissive solid states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
W. Greenberg
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road,Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Kris M. Tulloch
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road,Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Michelle E. Reynoso
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road,Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Juliette L. Knapp
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road,Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Farman H. Sayem
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road,Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Daphne D. Bartkus
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road,Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Ryan H. Lum
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road,Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Christopher N. LaFratta
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road,Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Joseph M. Tanski
- Department
of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York 12604, United States
| | - Craig M. Anderson
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road,Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
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8
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Martínez-Junquera M, Lalinde E, Moreno MT. cis/ trans-[Pt(C ∧N)(C≡CR)(CNBu t)] Isomers: Synthesis, Photophysical, DFT Studies, and Chemosensory Behavior. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:11849-11868. [PMID: 37458185 PMCID: PMC10394665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
cis/trans Isomerism can be a crucial factor for photophysical properties. Here, we report the synthesis and optical properties of a series of trans- and cis-alkynyl/isocyanide cycloplatinated compounds [Pt(C∧N)(C≡CR)(CNBut)] [R = C6H4-4-OMe 1, 3-C4H3S 2; C∧N = 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine (dfppy) (a), 4-(2-pyridyl)benzaldehyde (ppy-CHO) (b)]. The trans-forms do not isomerize thermally in MeCN solution to the cis forms, but upon photochemical irradiation in this medium at 298 K, a variable isomerization to the cis forms was observed. This behavior is in good agreement with the theoretically calculated energy values. The trans/cis configuration, the identity of the cyclometalated, and the alkynyl ligand influence on the absorption and emission properties of the complexes in solution, polystyrene (PS) films, and solid state are reported. All complexes are efficient triplet emitters in all media (except for trans-1a and trans-2a in CH2Cl2 solution at 298 K), with emission wavelengths depending mainly on the cyclometalated ligand in the region 473-490 nm (dfppy), 510-550 (ppy-CHO), and quantum yields (ϕ) ranging from 18.5 to 40.7% in PS films. The combined photophysical data and time-dependent density functional theory calculations (TD-DFT) at the excited-state T1 geometry reveal triplet excited states of 3L'LCT (C≡CR → C∧N)/3IL (C∧N) character with minor 3MLCT contribution. The dfppy (a) complexes show a greater tendency to aggregate in rigid media than the ppy-CHO (b) and the cis with respect to the trans, showing red-shifted structureless bands of 3MMLCT and/or excimer-like nature. Interestingly, trans-1a,2a and cis-1a,2a undergo significant changes in the ultraviolet (UV) and emission spectra with Hg2+ ions enabling their use for sensing of Hg2+ ions in solution. This is clearly shown by the hypsochromic shift and substantial decrease of the low-energy absorption band and an increase of the intensity of the emission in the MeCN solution upon the addition of a solution of Hg(ClO4)2 (1:5 molar ratio). Job's plot analysis estimated a 1:1 stoichiometry in the complexation mode of Hg2+ by trans-2a. The binding constant (log K) calculated for this system from absorption titration data resulted to be 2.56, and the limit of the detection (LOD) was 6.54 × 10-7 M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Martínez-Junquera
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja, (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Elena Lalinde
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja, (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - M Teresa Moreno
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja, (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
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Yoon S, Gray TG, Teets TS. Enhanced Deep-Red Phosphorescence in Cyclometalated Iridium Complexes with Quinoline-Based Ancillary Ligands. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7898-7905. [PMID: 37167020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Compounds with good photoluminescence quantum yields (ΦPL) in the deep-red to near-infrared parts of the spectrum are desired for a variety of applications in optoelectronics, imaging, and sensing. However, in this region of the spectrum, quantum yields are usually modest, which is explained by the energy gap law and the inherently slower radiative decay rates for low-energy emitters according to the second-order perturbation theory. In this work, we outline a new direction in deep-red luminescence, introducing a new suite of bis-cyclometalated iridium complexes with efficient luminescence beyond 650 nm. Seven new complexes are prepared using two different cyclometalating (C^N) ligands with four quinoline-derived ancillary ligands (L^X). The chosen cyclometalating ligands are well-established to produce deep-red phosphorescence and include a metalated phenyl ring appended to a conjugated heterocycle. The ancillary ligands combine a rigid quinoline or benzoquinoline "L" donor with a variable anionic "X" donor comprised of an O-donor aryloxy or carboxylate or an N-donor amidate. These complexes phosphoresce in the deep-red region with wavelengths between 650 and 700 nm and solution quantum yields between 0.018 and 0.42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Thomas G Gray
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Thomas S Teets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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Das J, Ta S, Salam N, Das S, Ghosh S, Das D. Polymeric copper(ii) and dimeric oxovanadium(v) complexes of amide-imine conjugate: bilirubin recognition and green catalysis. RSC Adv 2023; 13:13195-13205. [PMID: 37124003 PMCID: PMC10141293 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00702b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An exceptionally simple amide-imine conjugate, (E)-N'-(4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-4-methylbenzohydrazide (L), derived by the condensation of 4-methyl-benzoic acid hydrazide (PTA) with 4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde was utilized to prepare a dimeric oxo-vanadium (V1) and a one-dimensional (1D) copper(ii) coordination polymer (C1). The structures of L, V1 and C1 were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The experimental results indicate that V1 is a promising green catalyst for the oxidation of sulfide, whereas C1 has potential for a C-S cross-coupling reaction in a greener way. Most importantly, C1 is an efficient 'turn-on' fluorescence sensor for bilirubin that functions via a ligand displacement approach. The displacement equilibrium constant is 7.78 × 105 M-1. The detection limit for bilirubin is 1.15 nM in aqueous chloroform (chloroform/water, 1/4, v/v, PBS buffer, and pH 8.0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Das
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 WB India +91-342-2530452 +91-342-2533913, ext. 424
| | - Sabyasachi Ta
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 WB India +91-342-2530452 +91-342-2533913, ext. 424
| | - Noor Salam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 WB India +91-342-2530452 +91-342-2533913, ext. 424
- Department of Chemistry, Surendranath College 24/2 MG Road Kolkata 700009 WB India
| | - Sudipta Das
- Raina Swami Bholananda Vidyayatan Burdwan 713421 WB India
| | - Subhasis Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 WB India +91-342-2530452 +91-342-2533913, ext. 424
| | - Debasis Das
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 WB India +91-342-2530452 +91-342-2533913, ext. 424
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Fu F, Liu D, Zhao L, Li H, Bai X, Chen M, Jiang Z, Su P, Zhong W, Li Y, Liao W, He J, Wang P. Substituents make a difference: 6,6″-modified terpyridine complexes with helix configuration and enhanced emission. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:3033-3039. [PMID: 36779408 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt04006a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of complexes L22-M (L2: 6,6″-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine, M: Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+) were synthesized by coordinating p-methoxyphenyl 6,6″-substituted terpyridine ligand with first-row transition metal ions and characterized by NMR, ESI-MS, and X-ray single crystal diffraction techniques. Single-crystal structures demonstrated that the steric hindrance of p-methoxyphenyl substituents endowed complexes L22-M with obvious longer coordination bond lengths and larger bond angles and dihedral angles compared with unmodified L12-M (L1: 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine). The chiral helix geometry was observed for L22-M, in which 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine moiety dramatically twisted to a spiral form in comparison to the nearly coplanar structure of the parent L12-M, resulting in plentiful intramolecular and intermolecular π-π interactions. Also, the appealing racemic (P and M) double helix packed structure for 6,6″-modified bisterpyridine complex L22-Cu was formed in the crystal. The consequent appealing charge transfer (CT) emission for L22-Zn in the solution and solid were investigated via UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. This work afforded a new method to achieve intriguing chiral geometry and CT optical properties via the subtle design and modification of terpyridine ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Fu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Die Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan-410083, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangdong-510006, China
| | - Huili Li
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangdong-510006, China
| | - Xinyu Bai
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangdong-510006, China
| | - Mingzhao Chen
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangdong-510006, China
| | - Zhilong Jiang
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangdong-510006, China
| | - Peiyang Su
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangdong-510006, China
| | - Wanying Zhong
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou University, Guangdong-510006, China
| | - Yiming Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan-410083, China
| | - Weiming Liao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pingshan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan-410083, China
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12
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Recent Advances of Ti/Zr-Substituted Polyoxometalates: From Structural Diversity to Functional Applications. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248799. [PMID: 36557932 PMCID: PMC9788577 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polyoxometalates (POMs), a large family of anionic polynuclear metal-oxo clusters, have received considerable research attention due to their structural versatility and diverse physicochemical properties. Lacunary POMs are key building blocks for the syntheses of functional POMs due to their highly active multidentate O-donor sites. In this review, we have addressed the structural diversities of Ti/Zr-substituted POMs based on the polymerization number of POM building blocks and the number of Ti and Zr centers. The synthetic strategies and relevant catalytic applications of some representative Ti/Zr-substituted POMs have been discussed in detail. Finally, the outlook on the future development of this area is also prospected.
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13
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Gómez de Segura D, Lalinde E, Moreno MT. Polymorphism and Mechanochromism in 2-Phenylbenzothiazole Cyclometalated Pt II Complexes with Chelating N ∧O Ligands. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20043-20056. [PMID: 36442499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New cyclometalated PtII complexes with 2-phenylbenzothiazole (pbt) and two different picolinate ligands [Pt(pbt)(R-pic-κN,O)] (R = H (1), OH (2)) were prepared. In contrast to 1, the OH substituent group on 2 allows modulation of the packing in the solid state through donor-acceptor H-bonding interactions with the CH2Cl2 solvent. Thus, three pseudopolymorphs of 2 with different aggregation degrees were isolated, including yellow 2-Y, orange-red 2-R (2·0.5CH2Cl2) and black 2-B (2·0.75CH2Cl2) with emissions at 540, 656, and 740 nm, respectively, in the solid state at 298 K. 2-R and 2-B can be transformed to the pristine solid 2. Studies of their crystal structures show that 1 and 2-Y stack in columns with only π···π stacking interactions, whereas 2-R displays strong aggregated 1D infinite chains based on Pt···Pt and π···π stacking interactions, consistent with the colors and the photophysical properties, measured in several media. Interestingly, 1 and 2 exhibit reversible mechanochromic behavior with high contrast in the color and color emission upon mechanical grinding due to a phase transition between a crystalline and an amorphous state, as confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) studies. Theoretical calculations indicate that Pt···Pt contacts are more relevant in the trimers and tetramers than in the dimers, particularly in their T1 states, associated with a change from a 3IL/3MLCT transition in the monomer to 3MM(L+L')CT in the oligomers. Noncovalent interaction (NCI) theoretical studies indicate that the π···π stacking among chelates also exerts a strong influence in the metal-metal-to-ligand charge transfer transition character.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gómez de Segura
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Elena Lalinde
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - M Teresa Moreno
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
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14
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Solomatina AI, Galenko EE, Kozina DO, Kalinichev AA, Baigildin VA, Prudovskaya NA, Shakirova JR, Khlebnikov AF, Porsev VV, Evarestov RA, Tunik SP. Nonsymmetric [Pt(C^N*N′^C′)] Complexes: Aggregation‐Induced Emission in the Solid State and in Nanoparticles Tuned by Ligand Structure. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202207. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia I. Solomatina
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Ekaterina E. Galenko
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Daria O. Kozina
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Alexey A. Kalinichev
- Center for Optical and Laser Materials Research Research Park of St. Petersburg State University Universitetskaya Emb. 7–9 199034 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Vadim A. Baigildin
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Natalia A. Prudovskaya
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Julia R. Shakirova
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Alexander F. Khlebnikov
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Vitaly V. Porsev
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Robert A. Evarestov
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Sergey P. Tunik
- Institute of Chemistry St. Petersburg State University Universitetskii av., Sankt-Peterburg, 26 198504 St. Petersburg Russia
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15
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Wu M, Zhang Z, Yong J, Schenk PM, Tian D, Xu ZP, Zhang R. Determination and Imaging of Small Biomolecules and Ions Using Ruthenium(II) Complex-Based Chemosensors. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:29. [PMID: 35695976 PMCID: PMC9192387 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Luminescence chemosensors are one of the most useful tools for the determination and imaging of small biomolecules and ions in situ in real time. Based on the unique photo-physical/-chemical properties of ruthenium(II) (Ru(II)) complexes, the development of Ru(II) complex-based chemosensors has attracted increasing attention in recent years, and thus many Ru(II) complexes have been designed and synthesized for the detection of ions and small biomolecules in biological and environmental samples. In this work, we summarize the research advances in the development of Ru(II) complex-based chemosensors for the determination of ions and small biomolecules, including anions, metal ions, reactive biomolecules and amino acids, with a particular focus on binding/reaction-based chemosensors for the investigation of intracellular analytes’ evolution through luminescence analysis and imaging. The advances, challenges and future research directions in the development of Ru(II) complex-based chemosensors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Wu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Zexi Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jiaxi Yong
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Peer M Schenk
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Dihua Tian
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Zhi Ping Xu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Run Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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16
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Sil A, Roy SS, Mishra VK, Islam SN, Mishra S, Patra SK. Modulation of Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Properties in Ru(II)‐Terpyridyl End‐Capped Homobimetallic Organometallic Complexes by Varying π‐Conjugated Organic Spacers. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sil
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Sourav Saha Roy
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Vipin Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Sk Najmul Islam
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Sabyashachi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302 India
- Centre for Computational and Data Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - Sanjib K. Patra
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur 721302 India
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17
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Lorenzo-Aparicio C, Gómez Gallego M, Ramírez de Arellano C, Sierra MA. Phosphorescent Ir(III) complexes derived from purine nucleobases. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5138-5150. [PMID: 35266928 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04148g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the preparation and the study of new types of neutral and cationic phosphorescent heteroleptic Ir(III) complexes derived from 6-phenylpurine nucleosides and nucleotides. Neutral complexes of general formula Ir(C^N)2(acac) 7, and 8a-c (HC^N = 9-substituted-6-phenyl purine) are orange-red emissive upon photoexcitation, with short lifetimes and good quantum yields (0.42-0.65) in both PMMA films and 2-MeTHF at room temperature. In turn, cationic complexes [Ir(C^N)2(dtb-bpy)][PF6] 9, 12a and 12c (dtb-bpy = 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-dipyridine) are yellow-green emitters with moderate quantum yields (0.24-0.32).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lorenzo-Aparicio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Spain
| | - Mar Gómez Gallego
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Spain
| | - Carmen Ramírez de Arellano
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100-Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A Sierra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Spain
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18
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Kumar S, Singh S, Kumar A, Murthy K, Kumar Singh A. pH-Responsive luminescence sensing, photoredox catalysis and photodynamic applications of ruthenium(II) photosensitizers bearing imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline scaffolds. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Lai P, Yoon S, Wu Y, Teets TS. Effects of Ancillary Ligands on Deep Red to Near-Infrared Cyclometalated Iridium Complexes. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:236-244. [PMID: 36855470 PMCID: PMC9954257 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.1c00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The design of organometallic compounds with efficient phosphorescence in the deep red to near-infrared portions of the spectrum is a long-standing fundamental challenge. Here we describe a series of heteroleptic bis-cyclometalated iridium complexes with phosphorescence in these low-energy regions of the spectrum. The cyclometalating ligands in this study feature a metalated benzothiophene aryl group substituted with a quinoline, isoquinoline, or phenanthridine heterocycle. Increasing the conjugation on the heterocycle stabilizes the ligand-centered LUMO, decreases the HOMO-LUMO gap, and enables phosphorescence to occur at long wavelengths. These cyclometalating ligands are paired with a variety of electron-rich ancillary ligands, such as dithiocarbamate (dipdtc), β-ketoiminate (acNac), β-diketiminate (NacNac), amidinate (dipba), and hexahydropyrimidopyrimidine (hpp), some of which have significant influences on the phosphorescence wavelength and excited-state dynamics. The syntheses of seven compounds in this series are described, three of which are structurally validated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Cyclic voltammetry reveals the effects of ligand modification on the frontier orbital energies. The photophysical properties of all compounds are thoroughly characterized by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and steady-state photoluminescence at room-temperature and 77 K. Photoluminescence quantum yields and lifetimes of all compounds are reported.
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20
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Lee HA, Lin PY, Solomatina AI, Koshevoy IO, Tunik SP, Lin HW, Pan SW, Ho ML. Glucose Sensing in Human Whole Blood Based on Near-Infrared Phosphors and Outlier Treatment with the Programming Language "R". ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:198-206. [PMID: 35036691 PMCID: PMC8757351 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A near-infrared paper-based analytical device (NIR-PAD) for glucose detection in whole blood was based on iridium(III) metal complexes embedded in a three-dimensional (3D) enzyme gel. These complexes emit NIR luminescence, can avoid interference from the color of blood, and increase the sensitivity of sensing glucose. The glucose reaction behaviors of another two different iridium(III) and platinum(II) complexes were also tested. When the glucose solution was added to the device, the oxidation of glucose by glucose oxidase caused oxygen consumption and increased the intensity of the phosphorescence emission. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that data have been treated with the programming language "R", which uses Tukey's test to identify the outliers in the data and calculate a median for establishing a calibration curve, in order to improve the accuracy of NIR-PADs for sensing glucose. Compared with other published devices, NIR-PADs exhibit a wider linear range (1-30 mM, [relative emission intensity] = 0.0250[glucose] + 0.0451, and R 2 = 0.9984), a low detection limit (0.7 mM), a short response time (<2 s), and a small sample volume (2 μL). Finally, blood specimens were obtained from 19 patients enrolled in Taipei Veterans General Hospital under an approved IRB protocol (Taiwan; 2017-12-002CC). The sensors exhibited remarkable characteristics for glucose detection in comparison with other methods, including the clinical method in hospitals as well as those without blood sample pretreatment or a dilution factor. The above results confirm that NIR-PAD sensors can be put to practical use for glucose detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsia-An Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Soochow University, 70 Linhsi Road,
Shihlin, Taipei 111, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Yi Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, Soochow University, 70 Linhsi Road,
Shihlin, Taipei 111, Taiwan
| | - Anastasia I. Solomatina
- Institute
of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Igor O. Koshevoy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu 80101, Finland
| | - Sergey P. Tunik
- Institute
of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskii pr. 26, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Hui-Wen Lin
- Department
of Mathematics, Soochow University, 70 Linhsi Road,
Shihlin, Taipei 111, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wei Pan
- Department
of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General
Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan
- School
of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung
University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Lin Ho
- Department
of Chemistry, Soochow University, 70 Linhsi Road,
Shihlin, Taipei 111, Taiwan
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21
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Tudor CA, Iliş M, Secu M, Ferbinteanu M, Cîrcu V. Luminescent heteroleptic copper(I) complexes with phosphine and N-benzoyl thiourea ligands: Synthesis, structure and emission properties. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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22
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Aboutorabi L, Morsali A. Synthesis, crystal structures and reversible solid-state crystal-to-crystal transformation of three isostructural lead( ii) halide coordination polymers with different luminescence properties in bulk and nanoscale. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01509e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel isostructural lead(ii) halide CPs have been synthesized in bulk and nanoscale. The compounds exhibited reversible solid-state CTC transformations under mechanochemical reactions. The CPs displayed different thermal and fluorescence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Aboutorabi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Morsali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Yu. Gitlina A, Fadaei-Tirani F, Ruggi A, Plaice C, Severin K. Acid-base-induced fac → mer isomerization of luminescent iridium( iii) complexes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10370-10374. [PMID: 36277648 PMCID: PMC9473533 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02808e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From fac to mer and back: a clean, fast and simple procedure for the transformation of fac-Ir(C^N)3 complexes into the thermodynamically less stable mer isomers is described. The process enables the interconversion of luminophores with distinct photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Yu. Gitlina
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Albert Ruggi
- Département de Chimie, Université de Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Plaice
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Yuan QZ, Wan FS, Shen TT, Cao DK. Two cyclometalated Pt( ii) complexes showing reversible phosphorescence switching due to grinding-induced destruction and crystallization-induced formation of supramolecular dimer structure. RSC Adv 2022; 12:148-153. [PMID: 35424484 PMCID: PMC8978655 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07142d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Pt(ii) complexes 1 and 2 reveal similar supramolecular dimer structure, in which two [Pt(dfppy/ppy)(pbdtmi)]+ cations connect each other through the π⋯π stacking interaction. Thus these complexes show reversible phosphorescence switching by grinding and crystallization with toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Zhen Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Fu-Shun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Ting-Ting Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Deng-Ke Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
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25
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Fitzgerald SA, Otaif HY, Elgar CE, Sawicka N, Horton PN, Coles SJ, Beames JM, Pope SJA. Polysubstituted Ligand Framework for Color Tuning Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15467-15484. [PMID: 34605234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of ligands have been synthesized based upon a polysubstituted 2-phenylquinoxaline core structure. These ligands introduce different combinations of fluorine and methyl substituents on both the phenyl and quinoxaline constituent rings. The resultant investigation of these species as cyclometalating agents for Ir(III) gave cationic complexes of the form [Ir(C^N)2(bipy)]PF6 (where C^N = cyclometalating ligand; bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine). X-ray crystallographic studies were conducted on four complexes and each revealed the expected distorted octahedral geometry based upon a cis-C,C and trans-N,N ligand arrangement at Ir(III). Supporting computational studies predict that each of the complexes share the same general descriptions for the frontier orbitals. TD-DFT calculations suggest MLCT contributions to the lowest energy absorption and a likely MLCT/ILCT/LLCT nature to the emitting state. Experimentally, the complexes display tunable luminescence across the yellow-orange-red part of the visible spectrum (λem = 579-655 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Fitzgerald
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Haleema Y Otaif
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E Elgar
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Sawicka
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Peter N Horton
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, England, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallographic Service, Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, England, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph M Beames
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J A Pope
- School of Chemistry, Main Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, United Kingdom
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Colombo G, Attilio Ardizzoia G, Furrer J, Therrien B, Brenna S. Driving the Emission Towards Blue by Controlling the HOMO-LUMO Energy Gap in BF 2 -Functionalized 2-(Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phenols. Chemistry 2021; 27:12380-12387. [PMID: 34160858 PMCID: PMC8456857 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Several boron compounds with 2-(imidazo[1,5-a]pyridin-3-yl)phenols, differentiated by the nature of the substituent (R) in the para position of the hydroxy group, have been synthesized and thoroughly characterized both in solution (1 H, 13 C, 11 B, 19 F NMR) and in the solid state (X-ray). All derivatives displayed attractive photophysical properties like very high Stokes shift, high fluorescence quantum yields and a good photostability in solution. Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) calculations allowed to define the main electronic transitions as intra ligand transitions (1 ILT), which was corroborated by the Natural Transition Orbitals (NTOs) shapes. The HOMO-LUMO energy gap was correlated to the electronic properties of the substituent R on the phenolic ring, as quantified by its σp Hammett constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioele Colombo
- Department of Science and High TechnologyUniversity of InsubriaVia Valleggio, 922100ComoItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC)BariItaly
| | - G. Attilio Ardizzoia
- Department of Science and High TechnologyUniversity of InsubriaVia Valleggio, 922100ComoItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC)BariItaly
| | - Julien Furrer
- Department für ChemieBiochemie und PharmazieUniversität BernFreiestrasse 33012BernSwitzerland
| | - Bruno Therrien
- Institute of ChemistryUniversité de NeuchâtelAvenue de Bellevaux 512000NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Stefano Brenna
- Department of Science and High TechnologyUniversity of InsubriaVia Valleggio, 922100ComoItaly
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi (CIRCC)BariItaly
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27
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Vivancos Á, Jiménez-García A, Bautista D, González-Herrero P. Strongly Luminescent Pt(IV) Complexes with a Mesoionic N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand: Tuning Their Photophysical Properties. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:7900-7913. [PMID: 33970000 PMCID: PMC8893362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, electrochemistry, and photophysical properties of a series of bis-cyclometalated Pt(IV) complexes that combine the mesoionic aryl-NHC ligand 4-butyl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene (trz) with either 1-phenylpyrazole or 2-arylpyridine (C∧N) are reported. The complexes (OC-6-54)-[PtCl2(C∧N)(trz)] bearing cyclometalating 2-arylpyridines present phosphorescent emissions in the blue to yellow color range, which essentially arise from 3LC(C∧N) states, and reach quantum yields of ca. 0.3 in fluid solutions and almost unity in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrices at 298 K, thus representing a class of strong emitters with tunable properties. A systematic comparison with the homologous C2-symmetrical species (OC-6-33)-[PtCl2(C∧N)2], which contains two equal 2-arylpyridine ligands, shows that the introduction of a trz ligand leads to significantly lower nonradiative decay rates and higher quantum efficiencies. Computational calculations substantiate the effect of the carbene ligand, which raises the energy of dσ* orbitals in these derivatives and results in the higher energies of nonemissive deactivating 3LMCT states. In contrast, the isomers (OC-6-42)-[PtCl2(C∧N)(trz)] are not luminescent because they present a 3LMCT state as the lowest triplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Vivancos
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo 19, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adrián Jiménez-García
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo 19, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Delia Bautista
- Área Científica y Técnica de Investigación, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 21, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo González-Herrero
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo 19, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Martínez-Junquera M, Lalinde E, Moreno MT, Alfaro-Arnedo E, López IP, Larráyoz IM, Pichel JG. Luminescent cyclometalated platinum(ii) complexes with acyclic diaminocarbene ligands: structural, photophysical and biological properties. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:4539-4554. [PMID: 33729268 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00480h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Four new cyclometalated Pt(ii) complexes bearing acyclic diaminocarbene (ADC) ligands, [Pt(C^N)Cl{C(NHXyl)(NHR)}] [C^N = 2,6-difluorophenylpyridine (dfppy), phenylquinoline (pq); R = Pr 3a, 4a, CH2Ph 3b, 4b], were prepared by the nucleophilic attack on the isocyanide [Pt(C^N)Cl(CNXyl)] (C^N = dfppy 1, pq 2) by the corresponding amine RNH2 (R = Pr, CH2Ph). Complexes 3 show in their 1H NMR spectra in CDCl3 a notable concentration dependence, with a clear variation of the δH (NHXyl) signal, suggesting an assembling process implying donor-acceptor NHXylCl bonding, also supported by 1D-PGSE (Pulse Field Gradient Spin Echo) and 2D-DOSY (Diffusion Ordered Spectroscopy) NMR experiments in solution and X-ray diffraction studies. The intermolecular interactions in compounds 3a and 3b were studied by using Hirshfeld surface analysis and Non-Covalent Interaction (NCI) methods on their X-ray structures. Their photophysical properties were investigated by absorption and emission spectroscopies and also by TD-DFT calculations performed on 3a and 4b. These complexes show green (3) or orange (4) phosphorescence, attributed to a mixed 3IL/3MLCT excited state. The carbene ligand does not affect the emission maxima but it produces an increase of the quantum yields in relation to the isocyanide in the precursors. In fluid solutions, the emission is not concentration-dependent, but the complexes may show aggregation induced emission as detailed for complexes 3a and 4a. In addition, cytotoxicity studies in the human cell lines A549 (lung carcinoma) and HeLa (cervix carcinoma) showed good activity for these complexes and 3a, 3b and 4a exhibit a strong effect on DNA electrophoretic mobility. To the best of our knowledge, compounds 3 and 4 represent the first examples of cycloplatinated complexes bearing acyclic diamino carbenes with antiproliferative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Martínez-Junquera
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja, (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
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30
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Zhao Y, Hao RH. Structural diversity and photoluminescent properties of two zinc coordination polymers based on 5-i-propoxyisophthalate and flexible N-donor ligands. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2020.1793362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Province Function-Oriented Porous Materials Key Laboratory, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Hua Hao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Province Function-Oriented Porous Materials Key Laboratory, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, P. R. China
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31
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Wang Q, Dong SL, Tao DD, Li Z, Jiang YB. Ag(I)-thiolate coordination polymers: Synthesis, structures and applications as emerging sensory ensembles. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Vareda JP, Valente AJM, Durães L. Ligands as copper and nickel ionophores: Applications and implications on wastewater treatment. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 289:102364. [PMID: 33540287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Modern society depends on many finite natural resources, from which metals are of great importance. Copper and nickel's relevance is due to their vast applications, resulting in high market value and demand. As such, their polluting emissions are also significant and their removal from wastewaters is imperative. Moreover, effluent treatment techniques can be used to recover the metallic cations, via selective processes. In this review, copper and nickel selective ligands in the literature are surveyed. These are most commonly Schiff bases, along with crown ethers and porphyrins. They are usually employed in ion sensing (colorimetric chemosensors or electrodes) with great success - the disruption in response of colorimetric sensors is up to 7% and binding constants are usually at least one order of magnitude greater with the desired cation than with interferents. However, modified adsorbents are also reported. The possibilities of using ionophores in wastewater cleaning, allowing the treatment of effluents and the selective recovery of valuable materials, and their implications on new green policies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Vareda
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Artur J M Valente
- University of Coimbra, CQC, Department of Chemistry, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Luisa Durães
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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33
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Yoon S, Teets TS. Red to near-infrared phosphorescent Ir(iii) complexes with electron-rich chelating ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:1975-1988. [PMID: 33538276 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08067e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The design of molecular phosphors with near-unity photoluminescence quantum yields in the low-energy regions of the spectrum, red to near-infrared, is a long-standing challenge. Because of the energy gap law and the quantum mechanical dependence of radiative decay rate on the excited-state energy, compounds which luminesce in this region of the spectrum typically suffer from low quantum yields. In this article, we highlight our group's advances in the design of top-performing cyclometalated iridium complexes which phosphoresce in red to near-infrared regions. The compounds we have introduced in this body of work have the general formula Ir(C^N)2(L^X), where C^N is a cyclometalating ligand that controls the photoluminescence color and L^X is a monoanionic chelating ancillary ligand. The Ir(C^N)2(L^X) structure type is among the most widely studied and technologically successful classes of molecular phosphors, particularly when L^X = acetylacetonate (acac). In our work we have pioneered the use of electron-rich, nitrogen containing ancillary (L^X) ligands as a means of controlling the excited-state dynamics and optimizing them to give record-breaking phosphorescence quantum yields. This paper progresses through our work in three distinct regions of the spectrum - red, deep-red, and near-infrared - and summarizes the many insights we have gained on the relationships between molecular structure, frontier orbital energies, and excited-state dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA.
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34
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Wu K, Ho S, Wu C, Wang HD, Ma D, Leung C. Simultaneous blocking of the pan-RAF and S100B pathways as a synergistic therapeutic strategy against malignant melanoma. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:1972-1981. [PMID: 33377602 PMCID: PMC7882986 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a very aggressive form of skin cancer. Although BRAF inhibitors have been utilized for melanoma therapy, advanced melanoma patients still face a low five-year survival rate. Recent studies have shown that CRAF can compensate for BRAF depletion via regulating DNA synthesis to remain melanoma proliferation. Hence, targeting CRAF either alone or in combination with other protein pathways is a potential avenue for melanoma therapy. Based on our previously reported CRAF-selective inhibitor for renal cancer therapy, we have herein discovered an analogue (complex 1) from the reported CRAF library suppresses melanoma cell proliferation and melanoma tumour growth in murine models of melanoma via blocking the S100B and RAF pathways. Intriguingly, we discovered that inhibiting BRAF together with S100B exerts a novel synergistic effect to significantly restore p53 transcription activity and inhibit melanoma cell proliferation, whereas blocking BRAF together with CRAF only had an additive effect. We envision that blocking the pan-RAF and S100B/p53 pathways might be a novel synergistic strategy for melanoma therapy and that complex 1 is a potential inhibitor against melanoma via blocking the pan-RAF and S100B pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke‐Jia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineInstitute of Chinese Medical SciencesUniversity of MacauMacao SARChina
| | - Shih‐Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and EnvironmentSchool of EnvironmentHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinChina
| | - Chun Wu
- Department of ChemistryHong Kong Baptist UniversityKowloon TongHong Kong
| | - Hui‐Min D. Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering National Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Graduate Institute of MedicineCollege of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and BiotechnologyChina Medical UniversityTaichung CityTaiwan
| | - Dik‐Lung Ma
- Department of ChemistryHong Kong Baptist UniversityKowloon TongHong Kong
| | - Chung‐Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese MedicineInstitute of Chinese Medical SciencesUniversity of MacauMacao SARChina
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35
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Wu KJ, Wu C, Chen F, Cheng SS, Ma DL, Leung CH. Time-Resolved Luminescent High-Throughput Screening Platform for Lysosomotropic Compounds in Living Cells. ACS Sens 2021; 6:166-174. [PMID: 33356166 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that regulate protein degradation and cellular organelle recycling. Homeostatic alteration by lysosomotropic compounds has been suggested as a potential approach for the treatment of cancer. However, because of the high false-negative rate resulting from strong fluorescent background noise, few luminescent high-throughput screening methods for lysosomotropic compounds have been developed for cancer therapy. Imidazole is a five-membered heterocycle that can act within the acidic interior of lysosomes. To develop an efficient lysosomotropic compound screening system, we introduced an imidazole group to iridium-based complexes and designed a long-lifetime lysosomal probe to monitor lysosomal activity in living cells. By integrating time-resolved emission spectroscopy (TRES) with the novel iridium-based lysosomal probe, a high-throughput screening platform capable of overcoming background fluorescent interference in living cells was developed for discovering lysosomotropic drugs. As a proof-of-concept, 400 FDA/EMA-approved drugs were screened using the TRES system, revealing five compounds as potential lysosomotropic agents. Significantly, the most promising potent lysosomotropic compound (mitoxantrone) identified in this work would have showed less activity if screened using a commercial lysosomal probe because of interference from the intrinsic fluorescence of mitoxantrone. We anticipate that this TRES-based high-throughput screening system could facilitate the development of more lysosomotropic drugs by avoiding false results arising from the intrinsic fluorescence of both bioactive compounds and/or the cell background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Chun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Sha-Sha Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao 999078, China
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36
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Wu SH, Shao JY, Zhao Z, Ma J, Yang R, Chen N, Tang JH, Bian Z, Zhong YW. Ligand Engineering toward Deep Blue Emission in Nonplanar Terdentate Platinum(II) Complexes. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hai Wu
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Yang Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zifeng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junjie Ma
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Yang
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Chen
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hong Tang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuqiang Bian
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Wu Zhong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
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37
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August DP, Jaramillo-Garcia J, Leigh DA, Valero A, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ. A Chiral Cyclometalated Iridium Star of David [2]Catenane. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1154-1161. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David P. August
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | | | - David A. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Valero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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38
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Qin WJ, Zhang JR, Tian XK, Yang XG, Guo YM. Donor–acceptor structure of a coordination polymer with long-lived room temperature phosphorescence and angle-dependent polarized emission. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00303h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a donor–acceptor structure in a coordination polymer results in a long room temperature phosphorescence lifetime (40.22 ms) three orders of magnitude higher than that of pristine phosphor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Ji-Rui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang
- P. R. China
| | - Xu-Ke Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang
- P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Xiao-Gang Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Province Function-Oriented Porous Materials Key Laboratory
- Luoyang Normal University
- Luoyang 471934
- P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ming Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Henan Normal University
- Xinxiang
- P. R. China
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39
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Narouei FH, Kirk KA, Andreescu S. Electrochemical Quantification of Lead Adsorption on TiO
2
Nanoparticles. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin A. Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University Potsdam NY 13699-5810 USA
| | - Silvana Andreescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University Potsdam NY 13699-5810 USA
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40
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Majee P, Singha DK, Daga P, Hui S, Mahata P, Mondal SK. Photophysical studies of a room temperature phosphorescent Cd( ii) based MOF and its application towards ratiometric detection of Hg 2+ ions in water. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00333j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A cadmium based MOF showed room temperature phosphorescence and interacted very selectively with Hg2+ ions. The phosphorescence emission at 520 nm gradually disappeared while low intensity fluorescence at 383 nm gradually increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Majee
- Department of Chemistry
- Siksha-Bhavana
- Visva-Bharati University
- Santiniketan-731235
- India
| | - Debal Kanti Singha
- Department of Chemistry
- Siksha-Bhavana
- Visva-Bharati University
- Santiniketan-731235
- India
| | - Pooja Daga
- Department of Chemistry
- Siksha-Bhavana
- Visva-Bharati University
- Santiniketan-731235
- India
| | - Sayani Hui
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700 032
- India
| | - Partha Mahata
- Department of Chemistry
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata-700 032
- India
| | - Sudip Kumar Mondal
- Department of Chemistry
- Siksha-Bhavana
- Visva-Bharati University
- Santiniketan-731235
- India
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41
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Wang HR, Yang XG, Qin JH, Ma LF. Long-lived room temperature phosphorescence of organic–inorganic hybrid systems. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01508c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the important role of several organic–inorganic hybrid systems. The fundamental mechanism, design principles, and enhancement strategies to achieve high performance room temperature phosphorescence have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Rui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Luoyang Normal University
- Henan Province Function-Oriented Porous Materials Key Laboratory
- Luoyang 471934
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Gang Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Luoyang Normal University
- Henan Province Function-Oriented Porous Materials Key Laboratory
- Luoyang 471934
- P. R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Luoyang Normal University
- Henan Province Function-Oriented Porous Materials Key Laboratory
- Luoyang 471934
- P. R. China
| | - Lu-Fang Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Luoyang Normal University
- Henan Province Function-Oriented Porous Materials Key Laboratory
- Luoyang 471934
- P. R. China
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42
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Synthesis, Photoluminescence and Electrical Study of Pyrazolone-Based Azomethine Ligand Zn(II) Complexes. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13245698. [PMID: 33327469 PMCID: PMC7764922 DOI: 10.3390/ma13245698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
New luminescent zinc complexes were obtained by reaction of pyrazolone-based azomethine ligands with Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O. Complexes fully characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, ES–MS, NMR, and single crystal X-ray analysis. Title complexes in the solid state demonstrate tunable luminescence from blue to orange by varying of substituents on the aromatic ring. Quantum yields are in the 0.03 to 0.49 range. TGA data shows that obtained complexes demonstrate high thermal stability and can be used as electroluminescent materials. The electrical properties of the complexes under study were considered in the ITO-Zncomplex-Al “sandwich” structure.
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43
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Tian L, Feng H, Dai Z, Zhang R. Resorufin-based responsive probes for fluorescence and colorimetric analysis. J Mater Chem B 2020; 9:53-79. [PMID: 33226060 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01628d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence imaging technique has attracted increasing attention in the detection of various biological molecules in situ and in real-time owing to its inherent advantages including high selectivity and sensitivity, outstanding spatiotemporal resolution and fast feedback. In the past few decades, a number of fluorescent probes have been developed for bioassays and imaging by exploiting different fluorophores. Among various fluorophores, resorufin exhibits a high fluorescence quantum yield, long excitation/emission wavelength and pronounced ability in both fluorescence and colorimetric analysis. This fluorophore has been widely utilized in the design of responsive probes specific for various bioactive species. In this review, we summarize the advances in the development of resorufin-based fluorescent probes for detecting various analytes, such as cations, anions, reactive (redox-active) sulfur species, small molecules and biological macromolecules. The chemical structures of probes, response mechanisms, detection limits and practical applications are investigated, which is followed by the discussion of recent challenges and future research perspectives. This review article is expected to promote the further development of resorufin-based responsive fluorescent probes and their biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Nanomaterials and Technology in Universities of Shandong, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, P. R. China.
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Paul A, Bar M, Ahmed T, Baitalik S. Anion-sensitive photophysics of luminescent trimetallic complexes of Fe(II), Ru(II), and Os(II) with polarized NH motifs. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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To WP, Wan Q, Tong GSM, Che CM. Recent Advances in Metal Triplet Emitters with d6, d8, and d10 Electronic Configurations. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Shaikh S, Wang Y, ur Rehman F, Jiang H, Wang X. Phosphorescent Ir (III) complexes as cellular staining agents for biomedical molecular imaging. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zhang R, Yuan J. Responsive Metal Complex Probes for Time-Gated Luminescence Biosensing and Imaging. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1316-1329. [PMID: 32574043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of reliable bioanalytical probes for selective and sensitive detection of particular analytes in biological systems is essential for better understanding the roles of the analytes in their native contexts. In the last two decades, luminescent metal complexes have greatly contributed to the development of such probes for biosensing and imaging due to their unique spectral and temporal properties, controllable cell membrane permeability, and cytotoxicity. Conjugating an analyte-activatable moiety to the metal complex luminophores allows the production of responsive metal complex probes for this analyte detection. Owing to their long-lifetime emissions, the responsive metal complex probes are accessible to the technique of time-gated luminescence (TGL) detection and imaging. With a delay time after pulsed excitation, the TGL technique allows for collection of only long-lived luminescence from responsive metal complex probes, while filtering out short-lived background autofluorescence, providing a background-free approach for the detection and imaging of the analyte at subcellular and/or molecular levels. Responsive metal complex probes, therefore, have emerged as complementary sensing and imaging tools of organic dye-based fluorescent probes for the in situ detection of analytes in complicated biological environments.In this Account, we describe the advances in the development of metal complex probes and their applications for TGL bioassays with particular focus on our efforts made in this field. We first introduce the photophysical/-chemical properties of luminescent metal complexes, including lanthanide (europium and terbium) and transition metal (ruthenium and iridium) complexes. The luminescence lifetimes (τ) of lanthanide and transition metal complexes are at micro/millisecond (μs/ms) and hundreds/thousands nanosecond (ns) levels, respectively. The emission lifetimes are significantly longer than the autofluorescence lifetime (τ < 10 ns) of biological samples. Such long-lived luminescence of these metal complexes enables our research on demonstrating responsive probes for background-free TGL detection of some reactive biomolecules, such as reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and biothiols.We conclude this Account by outlining the future directions to further develop new generation responsive TGL probes for promoting their practical applications. The responsive TGL probes are expected to be translated for biomedical and/or (pre)clinical investigations of biomolecules in situ. Reversibility, lower toxicity, ability of excitation at longer wavelength, and potential to be translated are key criteria for the development of next-generation probes. We also anticipate that further development of responsive TGL probes will contribute to the bioassay in more challenging biological systems, such as plants that have significant higher background autofluorescence than animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jingli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Hu YX, Zhang J, Zhang F, Wang X, Yin J, Hartl F, Liu SH. Electronic Properties of Oxidized Cyclometalated Diiridium Complexes: Spin Delocalization Controlled by the Mutual Position of the Iridium Centers. Chemistry 2020; 26:4567-4575. [PMID: 31891433 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Four cyclometalated diiridium complexes, with IrCp*Cl (Cp*=η5 -C5 Me5 - ) termini bridged by 1,4- and 1,3-bis(p-tolyliminoethyl)benzene (1, 2), or 1,4- and 1,3-bis(2-pyridyl)benzene (3, 4), were prepared and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (complexes 1, 2, and 4). The two iridium centers in complexes 1 and 3 are thus bound at the central benzene ring in the para-position (trans-Ir2), whereas those in complexes 2 and 4 are in the meta-position (cis-Ir2). Cyclic voltammograms of all four complexes show two consecutive one-electron oxidations. The potential difference between the two anodic steps in 1 and 3 is distinctly larger than that for 2 and 4. The visible-near-infrared (NIR)-short-wave infrared (SWIR) absorption spectra of trans-Ir2 monocations 1+ and 3+ are markedly different from those of cis-Ir2 monocations 2+ and 4+ . Notably, strong near-infrared electronic absorption appears only in the spectra of 1+ and 3+ whereas 2+ and 4+ absorb only weakly in the NIR-SWIR region. Combined DFT and TD-DFT calculations have revealed that (a) 1+ and 3+ (the diiridium-benzene trans-isomers) display the highest occupied spin-orbitals (HOSO) and the lowest unoccupied spin-orbital (LUSO) evenly delocalized over both molecule halves, and (b) their electronic absorptions in the NIR-SWIR region are attributed to mixed metal-to-ligand and ligand-to-ligand charge transfers (MLCT and LLCT). In contrast, cis-isomers 2+ and 4+ do not feature this stabilizing π-delocalization but a localized mixed-valence state showing a weak intervalence charge-transfer (IVCT) absorption in the SWIR region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - František Hartl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AD, UK
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
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Özdemir Ö. Bis-azo-linkage Schiff bases—Part(II): Synthesis, characterization, photoluminescence and DPPH radical scavenging properties of their novel luminescent mononuclear Zn(II) complexes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wu KJ, Ho SH, Dong JY, Fu L, Wang SP, Liu H, Wu C, Leung CH, Wang HMD, Ma DL. Aliphatic Group-Tethered Iridium Complex as a Theranostic Agent against Malignant Melanoma Metastasis. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2017-2027. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa 999078, Macao SAR, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jia-Yi Dong
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa 999078, Macao SAR, China
| | - Ling Fu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Shuang-Peng Wang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa 999078, Macao SAR, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa 999078, Macao SAR, China
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan
| | - Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, China
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