Copper(II) and zinc(II) coordination compounds of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Structural features and antioxidant activity

Manganese(II) Complexes with Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Structure and Biological Activity

Nine manganese(II) complexes with a series of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (namely sodium diclofenac, diflunisal, flufenamic acid, sodium meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, and tolfenamic acid) were prepared in the presence of diverse nitrogen donors, i.e., pyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline, 2,2'-bipyridine and neocuproine, as co-ligands and were characterized with spectroscopic techniques and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The biological profile of the resultant complexes was investigated regarding their antioxidant potency and their interaction with DNA and serum albumins. The complexes interact with calf-thymus DNA in an intercalative mode and bind tightly and reversibly to human and bovine serum albumins studied. In order to assess the antioxidant activity of the Mn(II) complexes, their ability to scavenge 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) free radicals was monitored.

Gold(I) Complexes Based on Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Derivatives as Multi-Target Drugs against Colon Cancer

Targeting inflammation and the molecules involved in the inflammatory process could be an effective cancer prevention and therapy strategy. Therefore, the use of anti-inflammatory strategies, such as NSAIDs and metal-based drugs, has become a promising approach for preventing and treating cancer by targeting multiple pathways involved in tumor progression. The present work describes new phosphane gold(I) complexes derived from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as multitarget drugs against colon cancer. The antiproliferative effect of the most active complexes, [Au(L3)(JohnPhos)] (3b), [Au(L4)(CyJohnPhos)] (4a) and [Au(L4)(JohnPhos)] (4b) against colon cancer cells (Caco2-/TC7) seems to be mediated by the inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-1/2, modulation of reactive oxygen species levels by targeting thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) activity, and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. Additionally, the three complexes exhibit high selectivity index values toward noncancerous cells. The research highlights the importance of maintaining cellular redox balance and the role of TrxR in cancer cell survival.

Theoretical and experimental investigation of mixed-ligand metal(II) Schiff base complexes using maleic acid as the auxiliary ligand

This work is focused on the synthesis of several transition metal complexes [ML(MA)], where M = Copper (II), Zinc (II), Cobalt (II) and Nickel (II), MA = maleic acid and L = Schiff base generated from benzene-1,2-diamine [o-phenylenediamine] and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde. The characterization using Fourier-Transform Infrared, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Visible spectra, Mass, Electro Paramagnetic Resonance and elemental analysis confirm the square planar geometry of the complexes. The in vitro antimicrobial potential of the complexes has been tested by the broth dilution method and the antioxidant method has been done by free radical scavenging analysis. The in vitro methods reveal the outstanding biological characteristics of the copper complexes. The molecular structure of the ligand and its metal (II) complexes has been optimized using Density Functional Theory studies performed by the Gaussian-09 software and their parameters have been discussed. Natural Bond Orbital and Frontier Molecular Orbital analyses have assessed the presence of a metal-ligand bond in complexes. In addition, molecular docking studies have also been performed on antiviral activity of all the complexes using a viral protein and their interacting amino acids.

Synthesis of Novel Cu(II), Co(II), Fe(II), and Ni(II) Hydrazone Metal Complexes as Potent Anticancer Agents: Spectroscopic, DFT, Molecular Docking, and MD Simulation Studies

Metal complexes [FeL], [NiL]·H2O, [CuL], and [CoL]·H2O were formed by the ligand (L, 4-fluoro-N'-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide) reacting with Fe(OAc)2, Ni(OAc)2·4H2O, Cu(OAc)2·H2O, and Co(OAc)2·4H2O. The produced compounds were characterized using a variety of methods, such as NMR, UV-vis, FT-IR, magnetic susceptibility, elemental analysis, and molar conductivity. The spectrum of the data indicates that the geometry of the complex molecular structures is octahedral with six coordination sites. The ligand and its different metal complexes were tested in a human lung cancer cell line and a normal embryonic kidney cell line. A cytotoxic assay revealed that L-Cu is the most potent chelate against cancer cell lines. A computational study was performed to rationalize this finding. The binding potential of relatively active compounds to a suitable target was analyzed. For this purpose, a target that is known to be inhibited by small compounds with a scaffold similar to that of the synthesized compounds, lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), was first determined. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that L-Cu has a high binding potential to LSD1 at a level comparable to that of a standard ligand. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations revealed that L-Cu and L form stable complexes with the enzyme. Furthermore, the MD simulation study showed that L-Cu remained inside the binding pocket of the enzyme during the 200 ns simulation period. Density functional theory (DFT) studies demonstrated that the chemical stability of L was higher than that of its chelate form, L-Cu.

Coordination compounds of cobalt(II) with carboxylate non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: structure and biological profile

Fourteen cobalt(II) complexes with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs sodium meclofenamate, tolfenamic acid, mefenamic acid, naproxen, sodium diclofenac, and diflunisal were prepared in the presence or absence of a series of nitrogen-donors (namely imidazole, pyridine, 3-aminopyridine, neocuproine, 2,2'-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2'-bipyridylamine) as co-ligands and were characterised by spectroscopic and physicochemical techniques. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography was employed to determine the crystal structure of eight complexes. The biological profile of the complexes was investigated regarding their interaction with serum albumins and DNA, and their antioxidant potency. The interaction of the compounds with calf-thymus DNA takes place via intercalation. The ability of the complexes to cleave pBR322 plasmid DNA at the concentration of 500 μM is rather low. The complexes demonstrated tight and reversible binding to human and bovine serum albumins and the binding site of bovine serum albumin was also examined. In order to assess the antioxidant activity of the compounds, the in vitro scavenging activity towards free radicals, namely 1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and their ability to reduce H2O2 were studied.

A Multipurpose Metallophore and Its Copper Complexes with Diverse Catalytic Antioxidant Properties to Deal with Metal and Oxidative Stress Disorders: A Combined Experimental, Theoretical, and In Vitro Study

We report the discovery that the molecule 1-(pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)propan-2-ol (HL) can reduce oxidative stress in neuronal C6 glioma cells exposed to reactive oxygen species (O2-•, H2O2, and •OH) and metal (Cu+) stress conditions. Furthermore, its association with Cu2+ generates [Cu(HL)Cl2] (1) and [Cu(HL)2](ClO4)2 (2) complexes that also exhibit antioxidant properties. Potentiometric titration data show that HL can coordinate to Cu2+ in 1:1 and 1:2 Cu2+:ligand ratios, which was confirmed by monocrystal X-ray studies. The subsequent ultraviolet-visible, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments show that they can decompose a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Kinetic studies revealed that 1 and 2 mimic the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Complex 1 promotes the fastest decomposition of H2O2 (kobs = 2.32 × 107 M-1 s-1), efficiently dismutases the superoxide anion (kcat = 3.08 × 107 M-1 s-1), and scavenges the hydroxyl radical (RSA50 = 25.7 × 10-6 M). Density functional theory calculations support the formation of dinuclear Cu-peroxide and mononuclear Cu-superoxide species in the reactions of [Cu(HL)Cl2] with H2O2 and O2•-, respectively. Furthermore, both 1 and 2 also reduce the oxidative stress of neuronal glioma C6 cells exposed to different ROS, including O2•- and •OH.

Silver(I) Complexes with Mefenamic Acid and Nitrogen Heterocyclic Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation

Four Ag(I) complexes with mefenamato and nitrogen heterocyclic ligands, [Ag(2-apy)(mef)]2 (1), [Ag(3-apy)(mef)] (2), [Ag2(tmpyz)(mef)2] (3), and {[Ag(4,4'-bipy)(mef)]2(CH3CN)1.5(H2O)2}n (4), (mef = mefenamato, 2-apy = 2-aminopyridine, 3-apy = 3-aminopyridine, tmpyz = 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine, 4,4'-bipy = 4,4'-bipyridine), were synthesized and characterized. The interactions of these complexes with BSA were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, which indicated that these complexes quench the fluorescence of BSA by a static mechanism. The fluorescence data also indicated that the complexes showed good affinity for BSA, and one binding site on BSA was suitable for the complexes. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the four complexes against human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HepG-2, A549, and MDA-MB-468) and one normal cell line (HTR-8) was evaluated by the MTT assay. Complex 1 displayed high cytotoxic activity against A549 cells. Further studies revealed that complex 1 could enhance the intracellular levels of ROS (reactive oxygen species) in A549 cells, cause cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, and induce apoptosis in A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner.

1D and 2D Coordination Polymers of Calcium with Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Hirshfeld Surfaces, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities

Four alkaline earth metal complexes of ketoprofen (Hket) and indomethacin (Hind) were synthesized and characterized: [Ca(ket)2(H2O)2]n (1), [Mg(ket)2(H2O)2] (2), [Ca(ind)2(EtOH)2]n (3), and [Mg(ind)2(EtOH)2] (4). All compounds were studied by elemental analysis (EA), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Crystal structures of 1 and 3 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction technique T=100 K. The structure of 1 is dominated by a one-dimensional coordination polymer, while 3 is formed by a two-dimensional layer stabilized by the calcium zig-zag chains and π⋅⋅⋅π stacking interactions. Crystal packing arrangements were characterized by fingerprint plots (FPs) that were derived from the Hirshfeld surfaces (HSs). The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of complexes were evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as yeasts.

8-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide copper(II)- and zinc(II)-phenanthroline and bipyridine coordination compounds: Design, synthesis, structures, and antitumor evaluation

Fourteen novel tumor-targeting copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes, [Cu(ONQ)(QD1)(NO3)]·CH3OH (NQ3), [Cu(ONQ)(QD2)(NO3)] (NQ2), [Cu(NQ)(QD2)Cl] (NQ3), [Cu(ONQ)(QD1)Cl] (NQ4), [Cu(ONQ)(QD3)](NO3) (NQ5), [Cu(ONQ)(QD3)Cl] (NQ6), [Zn(ONQ)(QD4)Cl] (NQ7), [Zn(ONQ)(QD1)Cl] (NQ8), [Zn(ONQ)(QD5)Cl] (NQ9), [Zn(ONQ)(QD2)Cl] (NQ10), [Zn(ONQ)(QD6)Cl] (NQ11), [Zn(ONQ)(QD7)Cl] (NQ12), and [Zn(ONQ)(QD3)Cl] (NQ13) supported on 8-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (H-ONQ), 2,2'-dipyridyl (QD1), 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl (QD2), 1,10-phenanthroline (QD3), 4,4'-dimethoxy-2,2'-bipyridyl (QD4), 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl (QD5), 5-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline (QD6), and bathophenanthroline (QD7), were first synthesized and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. Furthermore, NQ1-NQ13 exhibited higher antiproliferative activity and selectivity for cisplatin-resistant SK-OV-3/DDP tumor cells (CiSK3) compared to normal HL-7702 cells based on results obtained from the cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The complexation of copper(II) ion with QD2 and ONQ ligands resulted in an evident increase in the antiproliferation of NQ1-NQ6, with NQ6 exhibiting the highest antitumor potency against CiSK3 cells compared to NQ1-NQ5, H-ONQ, QD1-QD7, and NQ7-NQ13 as well as the reference cisplatin drug with an IC50 value of 0.17 ± 0.05 μM. Mechanistic studies revealed that NQ4 and NQ6 induced apoptosis of CiSK3 cells via mitophagy pathway regulation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion. Further, the differential induction of mitophagy decreased in the order of NQ6 > NQ4, which can be attributed to the major impact of the QD3 ligand with a large planar geometry and the Cl leaving group within the NQ6 complex. In summary, these results confirmed that the newly synthesized H-ONQ copper(II) and zinc(II) coordination metal compounds NQ1-NQ13 exhibit potential as anticancer drugs for cisplatin-resistant ovarian CiSK3 cancer treatment.

Interaction studies of water-soluble Zn(II) complex with calf thymus DNA using biophysical and molecular docking methods"

The binding between a fluorescent water-soluble Zn(II) complex of {2-[N-(2-hydroxyethylammonioethyl) imino methyl] phenol} and calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) was investigated using spectroscopic techniques. The complex was prepared and identified by FT-IR, and 1H NMR spectroscopies. The significant changes in the absorption and the circular dichroism spectra of ct-DNA in the presence of the Zn(II) complex implied the interaction between the Zn(II) complex and ct-DNA. Upon addition of ct-DNA, the fluorescence emission intensity of the Zn(II) complex was increased and indicated the interaction between the Zn(II) complex and ct-DNA was occurred. The binding constant values (Kb) resulted from fluorescence spectra clearly showed the Zn(II) complex affinity to ct-DNA. The fluorescence studies also approved the static enhancement mechanism in the Zn(II) complex-DNA complexation process. The thermodynamic profile exhibited the exothermic and spontaneous formation of ct-DNA-Zn(II) complex system via hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. The competitive fluorescence investigation by methylene blue (MB), and Hoechst 33258 demonstrated that the Zn(II) complex could replace the DNA-bound Hoechst and bind to the minor groove binding site in ct-DNA. The viscosity changes were negligible, representing the Zn(II) complex binding to DNA via the groove binding mode. Molecular docking simulation affirmed that the Zn(II) complex is located in the minor groove of ct-DNA near the DG12, DA17, DA18, and DG16 nucleobases.

CuII Pyrazolyl-Benzimidazole Dinuclear Complexes with Remarkable Antioxidant Activity

Three dinuclear coordination complexes generated from 1-n-butyl-2-((5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-yl)methyl)-1H-benzimidazole (L), have been synthesized and characterized spectroscopically and structurally by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Reaction with iron(II) chloride and then copper(II) nitrate led to a co-crystal containing 78 % of [Cu(NO3 )(μ-Cl)(L')]2 (C1 ) and 22 % of [Cu(NO3 )(μ-NO3 )(L')]2 (C2 ), where L was oxidized to a new ligand L' . A mechanism is provided. Reaction with copper chloride led to the dinuclear complex [Cu(Cl)(μ-Cl)(L)]2 (C3 ). The presence of N-H⋅⋅⋅O and C-H⋅⋅⋅O intermolecular interactions in the crystal structure of C1 and C2 , and C-H⋅⋅⋅N and C-H⋅⋅⋅Cl hydrogen bonding in the crystal structure of C3 led to supramolecular structures that were confirmed by Hirshfeld surface analysis. The ligands and their complexes were tested for free radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power. The complex C1 /C2 shows remarkable antioxidant activities as compared to the ligand L and reference compounds.

Designing and Exploration of the Biological Potentials of Novel Centrosymmetric Heteroleptic Copper(II) Carboxylates

Copper(II) complexes with a general formula [Cu2(3,4-F2C6H3CH2COO)4(L)2], where L = 2-methylpyridine (1) and 3-methylpyridine (2), are reported here. The FTIR spectra of the complexes confirmed the bridging bidentate coordination mode of the carboxylate ligand. The low (475 and 449 cm-1) and strong (727 & 725 cm-1) intensity bands in the FTIR spectra, due to Cu-N stretches and pyridyl ring vibrations, confirmed coordination of the 2-/3-methyl pyridine co-ligands in complexes 1 and 2, respectively. A binuclear paddlewheel structural arrangement with a square pyramidal geometry was confirmed for copper atoms in the complexes via single-crystal X-ray analysis. The DPPH, •OH radical, and α-amylase enzyme inhibition assays showed higher activities for the complexes than for the free ligand acid. The binding constant (Kb = 1.32 × 105 for 1 and 5.33 × 105 for 2) calculated via UV-VIS absorption measurements and docking scores (-6.59 for 1 and -7.43 for 2) calculated via molecular docking showed higher SS-DNA binding potential for 2 compared to 1. Viscosity measurement also reflected higher DNA binding ability for 2 than 1. Both complexes 1 and 2 (docking scores of -7.43 and -6.95, respectively) were found to be more active inhibitors than the free ligand acid (docking score of -5.5159) against the target α-amylase protein. This in silico study has shown that the herein reported compounds follow the rules of drug-likeness and exhibit good potential for bioavailability.

Water Solvated Zn(II)-Guanine Complex: Structural Aspects and Luminescence Properties

Understanding the role of metal ions in living organisms and their interactions with biological compounds is fundamental for our health and for developing technological devices for bioinorganic applications. In this work, structural aspects and photophysical mechanisms involved in the luminescence of the Zn(II)-guanine complex in water were studied by using computational quantum chemical methods, providing molecular-level explanations for reported experimental findings. Structural aspects were investigated with def2-SVP basis sets, Density Functional Theory, Resolution of Identity Algebraic Diagrammatic Construction in Second-Order (RI-ADC(2)), Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM), and Conductor-like Screening Model (COSMO) methods. Spectroscopic properties and photophysical deactivation mechanisms were explored with the atomic natural orbital basis sets including relativistic and semicore correlation (ANO-RCC-VDZP) basis sets, Multistate Complete-Active-Space Second-Order Perturbation Theory (MS-CASPT2), and Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM) methods. Our results indicate that Zn(II) ions bind preferentially to the N7 position, and three water molecules in its coordination sphere are sufficient for describing the photophysical properties. The complexation with Zn(II) ions and solvation effects favor fluorescence because the minimum energy region of the S1 (La) (1ππ*) ((La)min) potential energy hypersurface is stabilized, the (La/GS) crossing region is destabilized, and a high energetic barrier along the pathway from the (La)min and (La/GS) regions hampers fast nonradiative return of the electronic population to the ground state, as observed for isolated 9H-guanine.

Bipyridine Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Halogen-Substituted Salicylates: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Biological Activity

Ruthenium complexes currently represent a perspective subject of investigation in terms of potential anticancer therapeutics. Eight novel octahedral ruthenium(II) complexes are the subject of this article. Complexes contain 2,2'-bipyridine molecules and salicylates as ligands, differing in position and type of halogen substituent. The structure of the complexes was determined via X-ray structural analysis and NMR spectroscopy. All complexes were characterized by spectral methods-FTIR, UV-Vis, ESI-MS. Complexes show sufficient stability in solutions. Therefore, their biological properties were studied. Binding ability to BSA, interaction with DNA, as well as in vitro antiproliferative effects against MCF-7 and U-118MG cell lines were investigated. Several complexes showed anticancer effects against these cell lines.

Synthesis, Structural Elucidation and Pharmacological Applications of Cu(II) Heteroleptic Carboxylates

Six heteroleptic Cu(II) carboxylates (1-6) were prepared by reacting 2-chlorophenyl acetic acid (L¹), 3-chlorophenyl acetic acid (L²), and substituted pyridine (2-cyanopyridine and 2-chlorocyanopyridine). The solid-state behavior of the complexes was described via vibrational spectroscopy (FT-IR), which revealed that the carboxylate moieties adopted different coordination modes around the Cu(II) center. A paddlewheel dinuclear structure with distorted square pyramidal geometry was elucidated from the crystal data for complexes 2 and 5 with substituted pyridine moieties at the axial positions. The presence of irreversible metal-centered oxidation reduction peaks confirms the electroactive nature of the complexes. A relatively higher binding affinity was observed for the interaction of SS-DNA with complexes 2-6 compared to L¹ and L². The findings of the DNA interaction study indicate an intercalative mode of interaction. The maximum inhibition against acetylcholinesterase enzyme was caused for complex 2 (IC₅₀ = 2 µg/mL) compared to the standard drug Glutamine (IC₅₀ = 2.10 µg/mL) while the maximum inhibition was found for butyrylcholinesterase enzyme by complex 4 (IC₅₀ = 3 µg/mL) compared to the standard drug Glutamine (IC₅₀ = 3.40 µg/mL). The findings of the enzymatic activity suggest that the under study compounds have potential for curing of Alzheimer's disease. Similarly, complexes 2 and 4 possess the maximum inhibition as revealed from the free radical scavenging activity performed against DPPH and H₂O₂.

Iron(III) Complexes with Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Structure, Antioxidant and Anticholinergic Activity, and Interaction with Biomolecules

One the main research goals of bioinorganic chemists is the synthesis of novel coordination compounds possessing biological potency. Within this context, three novel iron(III) complexes with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs diflunisal and diclofenac in the presence or absence of the nitrogen donors 1,10-phenanthroline or pyridine were isolated and characterized by diverse techniques. The complexes were evaluated for their ability to scavenge in vitro free radicals such as hydroxyl, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals, revealing their selective potency towards hydroxyl radicals. The in vitro inhibitory activity of the complexes towards the enzymes acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase was evaluated, and their potential to achieve neuroprotection appeared promising. The interaction of the complexes with calf-thymus DNA was examined in vitro, revealing their ability to intercalate in-between DNA nucleobases. The affinity of the complexes for serum albumins was evaluated in vitro and revealed their tight and reversible binding.

Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Sesbania grandiflora Leaf Extract and Their Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic, Cytotoxic, Anti-Microbial, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties in an In-Vitro Approach

Green methods of synthesizing nanoparticles are safer than chemical and physical methods, as well as being eco-friendly and cost-efficient. In this study, we use copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) fabricated with Sesbania grandiflora (Sg) (Hummingbird tree) leaves to test the effectiveness of green synthesizing methods. The attained Sg-CuO NPs physical and optical nature is characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy Differential Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX). UV-Vis spectrum for Sg-CuO NPs revealed a peak at 410 nm. SEM images showed the aggregation of needle-shaped particles, at a size of 33 nm. The amylase and glucosidase enzymes were inhibited by the Sg-CuO NPs up to 76.7% and 72.1%, respectively, indicating a possible antihyperglycemic effect. Fabricated Sg-CuO NPs disclosed the excellent inhibition of DPPH-free radicle formation (89.7%) and repressed protein degradation (81.3%). The results showed that Sg-CuO NPs display good anti-bacterial activity against the gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus). Cytotoxicity of the Sg-CuO NPs was determined using anIC50 of 37 μg/mL. Sg-CuO NPs have shown promising anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, protein degradation-inhibiting, and anti-microbial properties. Our findings have shown that synthesized Sg-CuO NPs have biological activities that may be utilized to treat bacterial infections linked to hyperglycemia.

Combining Copper and Zinc into a Biosensor for Anti-Chemoresistance and Achieving Osteosarcoma Therapeutic Efficacy

Due to its built-up chemoresistance after prolonged usage, the demand for replacing platinum in metal-based drugs (MBD) is rising. The first MBD approved by the FDA for cancer therapy was cisplatin in 1978. Even after nearly four and a half decades of trials, there has been no significant improvement in osteosarcoma (OS) therapy. In fact, many MBD have been developed, but the chemoresistance problem raised by platinum remains unresolved. This motivates us to elucidate the possibilities of the copper and zinc (CuZn) combination to replace platinum in MBD. Thus, the anti-chemoresistance properties of CuZn and their physiological functions for OS therapy are highlighted. Herein, we summarise their chelators, main organic solvents, and ligand functions in their structures that are involved in anti-chemoresistance properties. Through this review, it is rational to discuss their ligands' roles as biosensors in drug delivery systems. Hereafter, an in-depth understanding of their redox and photoactive function relationships is provided. The disadvantage is that the other functions of biosensors cannot be elaborated on here. As a result, this review is being developed, which is expected to intensify OS drugs with higher cure rates. Nonetheless, this advancement intends to solve the major chemoresistance obstacle towards clinical efficacy.

Structural and Biological Properties of Heteroligand Copper Complexes with Diethylnicotinamide and Various Fenamates: Preparation, Structure, Spectral Properties and Hirshfeld Surface Analysis

Herein, we discuss the synthesis, structural and spectroscopic characterization, and biological activity of five heteroligand copper(II) complexes with diethylnicotinamide and various fenamates, as follows: flufenamate (fluf), niflumate (nifl), tolfenamate (tolf), clonixinate (clon), mefenamate (mef) and N, N-diethylnicotinamide (dena). The complexes of composition: [Cu(fluf)2(dena)2(H2O)2] (1), [Cu(nifl)2(dena)2] (2), [Cu(tolf)2(dena)2(H2O)2] (3), [Cu(clon)2(dena)2] (4) and [Cu(mef)2(dena)2(H2O)2] (5), were synthesized, structurally (single-crystal X-ray diffraction) and spectroscopically characterized (IR, EA, UV-Vis and EPR). The studied complexes are monomeric, forming a distorted tetragonal bipyramidal stereochemistry around the central copper ion. The crystal structures of all five complexes were determined and refined with an aspheric model using the Hirshfeld atom refinement method. Hirshfeld surface analysis and fingerprint plots were used to investigate the intermolecular interactions in the crystalline state. The redox properties of the complexes were studied and evaluated via cyclic voltammetry. The complexes exhibited good superoxide scavenging activity as determined by an NBT assay along with a copper-based redox-cycling mechanism, resulting in the formation of ROS, which, in turn, predisposed the studied complexes for their anticancer activity. The ability of complexes 1–4 to interact with calf thymus DNA was investigated using absorption titrations, viscosity measurements and an ethidium-bromide-displacement-fluorescence-based method, suggesting mainly the intercalative binding of the complexes to DNA. The affinity of complexes 1–4 for bovine serum albumin was determined via fluorescence emission spectroscopy and was quantitatively characterized with the corresponding binding constants. The cytotoxic properties of complexes 1–4 were studied using the cancer cell lines A549, MCF-7 and U-118MG, as well as healthy MRC-5 cells. Complex 4 exhibited moderate anticancer activity on the MCF-7 cancer cells with IC50 = 57 μM.

Transition metal(II) complexes with the non–steroidal anti–inflammatory drug oxaprozin: Characterization and biological profile

A series of copper(II), nickel(II) and cobalt(II) complexes with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug oxaprozin (Hoxa) have been synthesized and characterized by diverse techniques. The crystal structures of two copper(II) complexes, namely the dinuclear complex [Cu₂(oxa)₄(DMF)₂] (1) and the polymeric complex {[Cu₂(oxa)₄]·2MeOH·0.5MeOH}₂ (12) were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. In order to evaluate in vitro the antioxidant activity of the resultant complexes, their scavenging ability towards 1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals was investigated revealing their high effectiveness against these radicals. The binding of the complexes to bovine serum albumin and human serum albumin was examined and the corresponding determined albumin-binding constants showed a tight and reversible interaction. The interaction of the complexes with calf-thymus DNA was monitored by diverse techniques including UV-vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, DNA-viscosity measurements and competitive studies with ethidium bromide. Intercalation may be proposed as the most possible DNA-interaction mode of the complexes.

Metal Complexes with Naphthalene-Based Acetic Acids as Ligands: Structure and Biological Activity

Naproxen (6-methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid), 1-naphthylacetic acid, 2-naphthylacetic acid and 1-pyreneacetic acid are derivatives of acetic acid bearing a naphthalene-based ring. In the present review, the coordination compounds of naproxen, 1- or 2-naphthylacetato and 1-pyreneacetato ligands are discussed in regard to their structural features (nature and nuclearity of metal ions and coordination mode of ligands), their spectroscopic and physicochemical properties and their biological activities.

Coordination Compounds of Cu, Zn, and Ni with Dicarboxylic Acids and N Donor Ligands, and Their Biological Activity: A Review

Complexes of carboxylic acids are very often studied due to their interesting structural, spectral, and magnetic properties. This review is focused on complexes of four dicarboxylic acids, namely, 2,2'-thiodioacetic, 3,3'-thiodipropionic, 3,3'-dithiodipropionic, and fumaric acid. Many of the complexes were characterized by single crystal X-ray analyses. Without the analyses, it is very difficult to predict the coordination mode of carboxylate groups or nitrogen ligands on central atoms. Thus, structural properties are also discussed, as well as potential applications.

ROS scavenging of SOD/CAT mimics probed by EPR and reduction of lipid peroxidation in S. cerevisiae and mouse liver, under severe hydroxyl radical stress condition

The interaction between Cu^II, Fe^III and Mn^II complexes, derived from the ligands 1-[bis(pyridine-2-ylmethyl)amino]-3-chloropropan-2-ol (hpclnol) and bis(pyridine-2-ylmethyl)amine (bpma), and the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl (DPPH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), was investigated by colorimetric and EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance) techniques. A comparison between these results and those reported to [Mn(salen)Cl] or EUK-8 was also addressed. EPR studies allowed us the identification of intermediates species such as superoxide‑copper(I) and superoxide‑copper(II), a mixed-valence Fe^IIIFe^II species and a 16-line feature attributed to Mn^III-oxo-Mn^IV species. The biomarker malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined by TBARS assay in S. cerevisiae cells, and the determination of the IC₅₀ indicate that the antioxidant activity shown dependence on the metal center (Cu^II ≈ Fe^III > Mn^II ≈ [Mn(salen)Cl]. The lipid peroxidation attenuation was also investigated in liver homogenates obtained from Swiss mice and the IC₅₀ values were in the nanomolar concentrations. We demonstrated here that all the complexes interact with the free radical DPPH and with ROS (H₂O₂, O₂^•- and hydroxyl radical), enhancing the cellular protection against oxidative stress generated by hydroxyl radical, employing two experimental model systems, S. cerevisiae (in vivo) and mouse liver (ex vivo).

Copper(II) complexes with 3,5-dihalogeno-salicylaldehydes: Synthesis, structure and interaction with DNA and albumins

Eight copper(II) complexes of 3,5-dichloro-salicyladehyde or 3,5-dibromo-salicyladehyde (3,5-diX-saloH, X = Br or Cl) were synthesized in the absence or presence of a N,N'-donor co-ligand such as 2,2'-bipyridylamine, 1,10-phenanthroline, or 2,2'-bipyridine. The resultant compounds were formulated as [Cu(3,5-diX-salo)₂(MeOH)₂] (1-2) and [Cu(3,5-diX-salo)(N,N'-donor)Cl] (3-8) and were characterized by diverse techniques. The crystal structures of three complexes were determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Diverse techniques were employed in order to investigate the interaction of the complexes with calf-thymus DNA which showed intercalation as the most possible mode of their interaction. The affinity of the complexes for bovine serum albumin and human serum albumin was evaluated by fluorescence emission spectroscopy in order to calculate the binding constants which suggested a tight and reversible binding. SYNOPSIS: A series of copper(II) complexes with 3,5-dihalogen-substituted salicylaldehydes as ligands were isolated and characterized. In vitro biological studies showed the intercalation of the compounds with calf-thymus DNA and their tight and reversible binding with serum albumins.

Copper(II) Complexes of 5-Fluoro-Salicylaldehyde: Synthesis, Characterization, Antioxidant Properties, Interaction with DNA and Serum Albumins

The synthesis, characterization and biological profile (antioxidant capacity, interaction with calf-thymus DNA and serum albumins) of five neutral copper(II) complexes of 5-fluoro-salicylaldehyde in the absence or presence of the N,N'-donor co-ligands 2,2'-bipyridylamine, 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 1,10-phenanthroline and 2,2'-bipyridine are presented herein. The compounds were characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques. The crystal structures of four complexes were determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The ability of the complexes to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals and to reduce H₂O₂ was investigated in order to evaluate their antioxidant activity. The interaction of the compounds with calf-thymus DNA possibly takes place via intercalation as suggested by UV-vis spectroscopy and DNA-viscosity titration studies and via competitive studies with ethidium bromide. The affinity of the complexes with bovine and human serum albumins was examined by fluorescence emission spectroscopy revealing the tight and reversible binding of the complexes with the albumins.

Synthesis, characterization, antioxidant potential, and cytotoxicity screening of new Cu(II) complexes with 4-(arylchalcogenyl)-1H-pyrazoles ligands

Two new Cu(II) complexes based on 4-(arylchalcogenyl)-1H-pyrazoles monodentate bis(ligand) containing selenium or sulfur groups (2a and 2b) have been synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and by X-ray crystallography. In the effort to propose new applications for the biomedical area, we evaluated the antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of the newly synthesized complexes. The antioxidant activity of the Cu(II) complexes (2a - 2b) were assessed through their ability to inhibit the formation of reactive species (RS) induced by sodium azide and to scavenge the synthetic radicals 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS⁺). Both copper complexes containing selenium (2a) and sulfur (2b) presented in vitro antioxidant activity. The (1a - 1b and 2a - 2b) compounds did not show cytotoxicity in V79 cells at low concentrations. Furthermore, the antiproliferative activity of free ligands (1a - 1b) and their complexes (2a - 2b) were tested against two human tumor cell lines: MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) and HepG2 (hepatocarcinoma). Also, 2a was tested against U2OS (osteosarcoma). Our results demonstrated that 1a and 1b show little or no growth inhibition activities on human cell lines.The 2a compound exhibited good cytotoxic activity toward human tumor cell lines. However, 2a showed no selectivity, with a selectivity index of 1.12-1.40. Complex 2b was selective for the MCF-7 human tumor cell lines with IC₅₀ of 59 ± 2 μM. This study demonstrates that the Cu(II) complexes 2a and 2b represent promising antitumoral compounds, and further studies are necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms of these effects.

Machine Learning Guided Discovery of Superoxide Dismutase Nanozymes for Androgenetic Alopecia

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a common form of hair loss, which is mainly caused by oxidative stress induced dysregulation of hair follicles (HF). Herein, a highly efficient manganese thiophosphite (MnPS₃) based superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimic was discovered using machine learning (ML) tools. Remarkably, the IC₅₀ of MnPS₃ is 3.61 μg·mL^-1, up to 12-fold lower than most reported SOD-like nanozymes. Moreover, a MnPS₃ microneedle patch (MnMNP) was constructed to treat AGA that could diffuse into the deep skin where HFs exist and remove excess reactive oxygen species. Compared with the widely used minoxidil, MnMNP exhibits higher ability on hair regeneration, even at a reduced frequency of application. This study not only provides a general guideline for the accelerated discovery of SOD-like nanozymes by ML techniques, but also shows a great potential as a next generation approach for rational design of nanozymes.

Thiol-Functionalized Cellulose-Grafted Copper Oxide Nanoparticles for the Therapy of Experimental Colitis in Swiss Albino Mice

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease, which deleteriously affects the lower end of the gastrointestinal tract, i.e., the colon and the rectum. UC affects colonic inflammatory homeostasis and disrupts intestinal barrier functions. Intestinal tissue damage activates the immune system and collectively worsens the disease condition via the production of various cytokines. Ongoing therapeutics of UC have marked limitations like rapid clearance, extensive first-pass metabolism, poor drug absorption, very low solubility, bioavailability, etc. Because of these restrictions, the management of UC demands a rational approach that selectively delivers the drug at the site of action to overcome the therapeutic limiting factors. Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have good therapeutic efficacy against colitis, but their uses are limited due to adverse effects on the biological system. In this study, we have used biocompatible thiol-functionalized cellulose-grafted copper oxide nanoparticles (C-Cu^I/IIO NPs) to treat UC. The metal NPs alleviated the colitis condition as evidenced by the colon length and observed physical parameters. Analysis of histopathology demonstrated the recovery of the colon architecture damaged by dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Treatment with C-Cu^I/IIO NPs reduced the disintegration of goblet cells and the retainment of sulfomucin. Significant downregulation of inflammatory markers like MPO activity, as well as levels of nitrite and TNF-α, was found following C-Cu^I/IIO NP treatment. The observations from the study suggested that intrarectal treatment of colitis with cellulose-based C-Cu^I/IIO NPs successfully combated the intestinal inflammatory condition.

Mixed Ni(II) and Co(II) complexes of nalidixic acid drug: Synthesis, characterization, DNA/BSA binding profile and in vitro cytotoxic evaluation against MDA-MB-231 and HepG2 cancer cell lines

In this work, herein we report the synthesis, structural characterization and in vitro cytotoxic evaluation of two mixed Co(II)/Ni(II)-nalidixic acid-bipyridyl complexes (1 and 2). The structural analysis of metal complexes 1 and 2 was carried out by analytical and multispectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, UV-vis, EPR, sXRD). The crystallographic details of complexes 1 and 2 revealed a monoclinic crystal system with P21/c space group. DFT studies of complexes were performed to get electronic structure and localization of HOMO and LUMO electron densities. Hirshfeld surface analysis of metal complexes 1 and 2 was employed to understand the various intermolecular interactions (C-H···O, N-H···H and O-H···O) that define the stability of crystal lattice structures. The comparative interaction studies of complex 1 and complex 2 with DNA/BSA were performed by diverse multispectroscopic and analytical techniques to evaluate their chemotherapeutic potential. The magnitude of the DNA binding propensity and binding mode was verified by calculating K_b, K and K_sv values. Higher binding affinity was observed in case of complex 2via intercalative mode. Furthermore, the cytotoxic assessment of complexes 1 and 2 was examined against MDA-MB-231 (triple negative human breast cancer cell line) and HepG2 (liver carcinoma cell line) employing MTT assay which revealed remarkably effecient and specific cytotoxic activity of complex 2.

Copper(ii) complexes with terpene derivatives of ethylenediamine: synthesis, and antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity

The synthesis of new chiral copper(ii) complexes with terpene derivatives of ethylenediamine and the results of studying their antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity in vitro are discussed. All studied copper complexes (1-4) showed significantly higher antifungal activity against the strains of C. albicans, S. salmonicolor and P. notatum compared to the activity of the clinical antifungal drug amphotericin. High antibacterial activity of copper complexes with terpene derivatives of ethylenediamine was revealed against the S. aureus (MRSA) strain, which is resistant to the reference antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Using various test systems, a comparative assessment of the antioxidant activity (AOA) of the synthesized copper complexes and the ligands was carried out. The salen-type complex 4, which has the highest AOA in the model of initiated oxidation of a substrate containing animal lipids, was superior to other copper complexes in the ability to protect erythrocytes under conditions of H2O2-induced hemolysis.

Structural topologies involving energetically significant antiparallel π-stacking and unconventional N(nitrile)⋯π(fumarate) contacts in dinuclear Zn(ii) and polymeric Mn(ii) compounds: antiproliferative evaluation and theoretical studies

Anticancer activities considering cell viability, apoptosis and molecular docking have been explored in dinuclear Zn(ii) and polymeric Mn(ii) compounds involving energetically significant unconventional N(nitrile)⋯π(fum) contacts.

In vitro biological activity of copper(II) complexes with NSAIDs and nicotinamide: Characterization, DNA- and BSA-interaction study and anticancer activity

Through the reaction of copper(II) acetate with nicotinamide (pyridine-3-carboxylic acid amide, niacinamide) and some derivatives of N-phenylanthranilic acid (fenamates), seven new mixed-ligand copper(II) compounds were isolated: [Cu(tolf-O)(tolf-O,O')nia-N)₂(EtOH)] (1), [Cu(tolf-O)(tolf-O,O')(nia-N)₂(MeOH)] (2), [Cu(meclf-O)(meclf-O,O')(nia-N)₂(EtOH)] (3), [Cu(meclf-O)(meclf-O,O')(nia-N)₂(MeOH)] (4), [Cu(meclf-O)(meclf-O,O')(nia-N)₂(ACN)] (5), [Cu(mef-O)(mef-O,O')(nia-N)₂(EtOH)] (6) and [Cu(mef-O)(mef-O,O')(nia-N)₂(ACN)] (7) containing a molecule of relevant solvent as ligand in their primary crystal structure (tolf = tolfenamate, meclf = meclofenamate, mef = mefenamate, nia = nicotinamide, EtOH = ethanol, MeOH = methanol, ACN = acetonitrile). The structures of the complexes were determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. The intermolecular interactions were studied by Hirshfeld surface analysis. The complexes were characterized by IR, UV-vis and EPR spectroscopy and their redox properties were determined by cyclic voltammetry. The interaction of the complexes with bovine serum albumin was studied by fluorescence emission spectroscopy and the albumin-binding constants of the compounds were calculated. The interaction of the complexes with calf-thymus DNA was monitored by diverse techniques (UV-vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, viscosity measurements) suggesting intercalation as the most possible mode of binding. DNA-competitive studies of the complexes with ethidium bromide were monitored by fluorescence emission spectroscopy. The cytotoxic effects of copper(II) complexes on lung carcinoma cells and healthy cells were determined by the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] colorimetric technique.

THE SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF A SODIUM SUPRAMOLECULAR CRYSTAL NETWORK CONSTRUCTED WITH FUNCTIONAL PYRAZINE SULFONIC ACID

Sulfonic acid groups with C_3ν symmetry can coordinate with metal ions to produce multidimensional structures due to their flexible coordination modes. They can also penetrate into supramolecular structures through an intriguing bridging pattern and weak interactions. Herein, a novel heterocyclic sodium sulfonate supramolecular structure, namely [Na(Pyr-SO₃)(H₂O)]_n where Pyr-SO₃H is pyrazine sulfonic acid, is synthesized by utilizing NaBF₄ to coordinate with the P–SO₃H ligand through the solvent evaporation method. The single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) data indicate that the as-formed structure belongs to the Pbca space group. Additional properties are characterized by powder XRD, thermal analysis, and solid-state fluorescence. In particular, the introduction of a soft alkali metal ion can coordinate with the oxygen atom of the sulfonate ligand and form a Na–O bridging configuration that can not only significantly improve the pyrazine sulfonic acid ligand coordination ability, but also provide a reference for the extended study of functional sulfonate polymers in the future.

Aminothiazole-Linked Metal Chelates: Synthesis, Density Functional Theory, and Antimicrobial Studies with Antioxidant Correlations

During the current study, the new aminothiazole Schiff base ligands (S1 ) and (S2 ) were designed by reacting 1,3-thiazol-2-amine and 6-ethoxy-1,3-benzothiazole-2-amine separately with 3-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde in good yields (68-73%). The ligands were characterized through various analytical, physical, and spectroscopic (FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H and 13C NMR, and MS) methods. The ligands were exploited in lieu of chelation with bivalent metal (cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc) chlorides in a 1:2 (M:L) ratio. The spectral (UV-Vis, FT-IR, and MS), as well as magnetic, results suggested their octahedral geometry. The theoretically optimized geometrical structures were examined using the M06/6-311G+(d,p) function of density function theory. Their bioactive nature was designated by global reactivity parameters containing a high hardness (η) value of 1.34 eV and a lower softness (σ) value of 0.37 eV. Different microbial species were verified for their potency (in vitro), revealing a strong action. The Gram-positive Micrococcus luteus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli gave the highest activities of 20 and 21 mm for compounds (8) and (7), respectively. The antifungal activity against the Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus species gave the highest activities of 20 and 18 mm for compounds (7) and (6), respectively. The antioxidant activity, evaluated as DPPH and ferric reducing power, gave the highest inhibition (%) as 72.0 ± 0.11% (IC50 = 144 ± 0.11 μL) and 66.3% (IC50 = 132 ± 0.11 μL) for compounds (3) and (8), respectively. All metal complexes were found to be more biocompatible than free ligands due to their chelation phenomenon. The energies of LUMOs had a link with their activities.

Deciphering the mechanism of Fang-Ji-Di-Huang-Decoction in ameliorating psoriasis-like skin inflammation via the inhibition of IL-23/Th17 cell axis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In the theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the etiology of psoriasis is assigned to damp-heat internal depression, blood poisoning, Yin deficiency and loss of nourishment. Fang-Ji-Di-Huang-Decoction (FJDH), a well-known Chinese traditional formula, is recorded in Synopsis of the Golden Chamber (in the Eastern Han Dynasty). This decoction is composed of dried roots of Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC., dried roots of Stephania tetrandra S. Moore, roots of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk., dried twigs of Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J. Presl and dry roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. FJDH has the function of clearing heat, removing dampness, and nourishing blood. Therefore, in modern medical theory, FJDH can regulate the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in the process of psoriasis.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study evaluated whether FJDH treated psoriasis and its specific mechanism for the efficacy in mice. At the same time, it clarified s what important role of the copperware played s in the curative effect of FJDH.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

We used imiquimod (IMQ) to induce psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice. Mice were treated with imiquimod for one week, and FJDH was given by intragastric administration one week in advance. Record the weight change and psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score of the mouse during the whole process to assess the severity of psoriasis were recored mouse. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to evaluate skin tissue structure change. Immunohistochemistry was performed to observe the expressions of Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in skin tissue. In order to further explore the mechanism of FJDH in the treatment of psoriasis, we used network pharmacology to predict the therapeutic target. TCMSP and Uniprot were used to collect compounds and genes of FJDH. Genecards was used for obtaining genes of psoriasis. String was used to analyze the relationship between genes. Metascape was used for gene enrichment and pathway prediction. Using molecular biological detection methods, we verified whether FJDH could regulate Interleukin 17 signaling pathway and T helper cell 17 (Th17) cell differentiation. Flow cytometry was used to detect Th17 cell differentiation in mouse spleen. Quantitative Real-time PCR was used to detect mRNA expression of IL-17 signaling pathway-related inflammatory factors in mouse skin tissues. UPLC-Triple TOF-MS/MS and Phenol-Sulphate colorimetry were used to explore the main components of FJDH, and further elaborate the mechanism of FJDH in the treatment of psoriasis.

RESULTS

FJDH with copper was found to improve psoriasis-related pathological symptoms in a dose-dependent manner, possibly by inhibiting IL-23/Th17 cell axis and reducing inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22 and TNF-α. Furthermore, R. glutinosa polysaccharide in FJDH was the main substance that exerted the drug effect and it work by forming a complex with copper. Experimental data proved that Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide and copper complex had the same pharmacological activity and therapeutic effect as FJDH.

CONCLUSIONS

FJDH may attenulated imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice by inhibiting IL-23/Th17 cell axis. The material basis for the therapeutic effect may be the formation of complexes between the polysaccharides of R. glutinosa and copper in FJDH to produce the effect. These findings suggest that FJDH can be used as an effective Chinese medicine to treat psoriasis.