1
|
Jin D, Wei X, He Y, Zhong L, Lu H, Lan J, Wei Y, Liu Z, Liu H. The nutritional roles of zinc for immune system and COVID-19 patients. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1385591. [PMID: 38706559 PMCID: PMC11066294 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1385591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is a vital micronutrient that strengthens the immune system, aids cellular activities, and treats infectious diseases. A deficiency in Zn can lead to an imbalance in the immune system. This imbalance is particularly evident in severe deficiency cases, where there is a high susceptibility to various viral infections, including COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. This review article examines the nutritional roles of Zn in human health, the maintenance of Zn concentration, and Zn uptake. As Zn is an essential trace element that plays a critical role in the immune system and is necessary for immune cell function and cell signaling, the roles of Zn in the human immune system, immune cells, interleukins, and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection are further discussed. In summary, this review paper encapsulates the nutritional role of Zn in the human immune system, with the hope of providing specific insights into Zn research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Jin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xinran Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yunyi He
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Luying Zhong
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jiaxin Lan
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yuting Wei
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kwon Y, Kim S. How Much Does Plant Food (Fruits and Vegetables) Intake Affect the Prevention of Periodontal Disease in the Korean Elderly? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214589. [PMID: 36364852 PMCID: PMC9655249 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study, as part of a study on the dietary lives of elderly people, investigates the association between plant food (fruit + non-starchy vegetable) intake and the prevention of periodontal disease among elderly people aged over 65 years. A total of 4514 subjects over 65 years of age participated in a dental survey, health behavior interview, and 24 h dietary recall test for the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Subjects with energy intake of less than 500 kcal or more than 5000 kcal were excluded. The results showed that plant food intake was inversely associated with the prevalence of periodontal disease in the elderly Korean population. The prevalence of periodontal disease decreased with increasing plant food consumption. Compared with those in tertile 1 (T1), subjects in tertile 3 (T3) showed a decrease in periodontal disease of about 26.7% (OR = 0.733). In conclusion, the consumption of plant food lowers the risk of periodontal disease, suggesting that it should be encouraged among elderly Koreans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongseok Kwon
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, 166 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Sohye Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
- Nutrition Care Services, Seoul National University of Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Santonocito S, Giudice A, Polizzi A, Troiano G, Merlo EM, Sclafani R, Grosso G, Isola G. A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System's Response during Periodontitis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122426. [PMID: 35745156 PMCID: PMC9227938 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades, studies on the oral microbiome have increased awareness that the balance between the host and the microbial species that coexist in it is essential for oral health at all stages of life. However, this balance is extremely difficult to maintain, and many factors can disrupt it: general eating habits, sugar consumption, tobacco smoking, oral hygiene, and use of antibiotics and other antimicrobials. It is now known that alterations in the oral microbiota are responsible for developing and promoting many oral diseases, including periodontal disease. In this context, diet is an area for further investigation as it has been observed that the intake of particular foods, such as farmed animal meat, dairy products, refined vegetable oils, and processed cereals, affects the composition of the microbiota, leading to an increased representation of acid-producing and acid-tolerant organisms and periodontal pathogens. However, little is known about the influence of diet on the oral microbiome and the creation of a suitable microenvironment for the development of periodontal disease. The aim of the present study is to evaluate current knowledge on the role of diet in the oral dysbiosis underlying periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Santonocito
- Unit of Periodontology, Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (R.S.); (G.I.)
| | - Amerigo Giudice
- Unit of Dentistry, Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Polizzi
- Unit of Periodontology, Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (R.S.); (G.I.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (G.G.); Tel.: +39-095-378-2638 (A.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Troiano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Maria Merlo
- Department of Human and Pediatric Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy;
| | - Rossana Sclafani
- Unit of Periodontology, Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (R.S.); (G.I.)
| | - Giuseppe Grosso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (G.G.); Tel.: +39-095-378-2638 (A.P.)
| | - Gaetano Isola
- Unit of Periodontology, Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; (S.S.); (R.S.); (G.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Santonocito S, Polizzi A, Palazzo G, Indelicato F, Isola G. Dietary Factors Affecting the Prevalence and Impact of Periodontal Disease. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2021; 13:283-292. [PMID: 34267556 PMCID: PMC8276823 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s288137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, growing evidence have shown a possible impact of diet and nutrients on oral health. This review aims to describe, in the light of current knowledge, the role of diet, nutrients, and micronutrients in periodontal health and periodontal diseases. A variety of macronutrients and micronutrients could have an impact on periodontal health. The balanced intake of unprocessed complex carbohydrates, vegetable proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins positively affects periodontal inflammation. On the other way, refined carbohydrates, non-vegetable proteins, proinflammatory saturated fatty acids and an unbalanced supply of vitamins and minerals may increase periodontal inflammation. This review will discuss the current evidence that shows how a healthy and balanced diet has anti-inflammatory and protective effects on periodontal health. Therefore, it appears that adopting a correct lifestyle and diet should be encouraged in patients with oral and periodontal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Santonocito
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Polizzi
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palazzo
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Indelicato
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: Gaetano Isola Unit of Periodontology, Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, Catania, 95123, ItalyTel/Fax +390953782453 Email
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Milk and Dairy Products and Their Nutritional Contribution to the Average Polish Diet. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081771. [PMID: 31374893 PMCID: PMC6723869 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study was to identify the dairy sources of energy and 44 nutrients in the average Polish diet. Our research included: carbohydrates, protein, total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), cholesterol, 18 amino acids, 9 minerals, and 10 vitamins. The analysis was conducted based on the data from the 2016 Household Budget Survey, a representative sample of the Polish population (i.e., 36,886 households). The category of milk and dairy products was divided into three main groups (i.e., milk, cheeses, and yoghurts, milk drinks and other dairy products) and seven sub-groups (i.e., whole milk, reduced fat milk, condensed and powdered milk, ripened and melted cheese, cottage cheese, yoghurts, milk drinks and other dairy products). Milk and dairy products provided 9.1% of the total energy supply. A high share (above 20%) in the supply of nutrients was noted in the case of calcium (54.7%), riboflavin (28.1%), vitamin B12 (26.1%), and phosphorus (24.6%). Supply at the level of 10-20% was observed for protein, SFA, zinc, total fat, cholesterol, potassium, magnesium, and vitamin A. Of the amino acids, the share above 20% from dairy category was recorded in the case of 6 amino acids (proline, tyrosine, serine, lysine, valine, and leucine) and at the level of 10-20% for 10 amino acids (isoleucine, histidine, threonine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, methionine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, and arginine).
Collapse
|
6
|
Dairy Food Consumption is Inversely Associated with the Prevalence of Periodontal Disease in Korean Adults. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051035. [PMID: 31075833 PMCID: PMC6566145 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy food consumption is known to be inversely associated with periodontal disease. However, there are conflicting results depending on the type of dairy foods. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between individual dairy food consumption and periodontal disease. A total of 9798 Korean adults, aged ≥30 years, who participated in the fifth and sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in this study’s analysis. Dairy food consumption was measured by the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Periodontal disease was defined as Community Periodontal Index score ≥3 in more than one of six sextants. Frequent intake of dairy foods (≥7 servings/week) was associated with a 24% lower prevalence of periodontal disease compared with never consumers after adjustment for age, gender, income, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, diabetes mellitus status, calcium intake, tooth brushing frequency, and use of dental floss (Odds ratio (OR)= 0.76, 95% CI = 0.63–0.91, p for trend = 0.052). Also, frequent intake of milk (≥7 servings/week) was associated with a 26% lower prevalence of periodontal disease after adjustment for potential confounders (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.61–0.89, p for trend = 0.022). Frequent consumption of dairy food including milk may have a beneficial effect on periodontal disease in the Korean adult population.
Collapse
|
7
|
Khan SY, Holt K, Tinanoff N. Nutrition Education for Oral Health Professionals: A Must, Yet Still Neglected. J Dent Educ 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2017.81.1.tb06240.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saima Yunus Khan
- Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry; Dr. Z.A. Dental College; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh India
| | - Katrina Holt
- McCourt School of Public Policy; Georgetown University
| | - Norman Tinanoff
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry; University of Maryland School of Dentistry
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
A Systematic Review on the Implication of Minerals in the Onset, Severity and Treatment of Periodontal Disease. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091183. [PMID: 27617985 PMCID: PMC6273540 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease with high prevalence in adults that leads to destruction of the teeth-supporting tissues. Periodontal therapy has been traditionally directed at reduction of the bacterial load to a level that encourages health-promoting bacteria and maintenance of oral-hygiene. The role of nutrition in different chronic inflammatory diseases has been the subject of an increasing body of research in the last decades. In this sense, there has been an important increase in the volume of research on role of nutrition in periodontitis since the diet has known effects on the immune system and inflammatory cascades. Minerals play a key role in all these processes due to the multiple pathways where they participate. To clarify the role of the different minerals in the establishment, progression and/or treatment of this pathology, a systemically review of published literature cited in PubMed until May 2016 was conducted, which included research on the relationship of these elements with the onset and progression of periodontal disease. Among all the minerals, calcium dietary intake seems important to maintain alveolar bone. Likewise, dietary proportions of minerals that may influence its metabolism also can be relevant. Lastly, some observations suggest that all those minerals with roles in immune and/or antioxidant systems should be considered in future research.
Collapse
|
9
|
Role of Lipids in the Onset, Progression and Treatment of Periodontal Disease. A Systematic Review of Studies in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081202. [PMID: 27463711 PMCID: PMC5000600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk of different oral problems (root caries, tooth mobility, and tooth loss) can be increased by the presence of periodontal disease, which has also been associated with a growing list of systemic diseases. The presence of some bacteria is the primary etiology of this disease; a susceptible host is also necessary for disease initiation. In this respect, the progression of periodontal disease and healing of the periodontal tissues can be modulated by nutritional status. To clarify the role of lipids in the establishment, progression, and/or treatment of this pathology, a systematic review was conducted of English-written literature in PubMed until May 2016, which included research on the relationship of these dietary components with the onset and progression of periodontal disease. According to publication type, randomized-controlled trials, cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies were included. Among all the analyzed components, those that have any effect on oxidative stress and/or inflammation seem to be the most interesting according to current evidence. On one hand, there is quite a lot of information in favor of a positive role of n-3 fatty acids, due to their antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. On the other hand, saturated fat-rich diets increase oxidative stress as well the as intensity and duration of inflammatory processes, so they must be avoided.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mapare SA, Rao PK, Reddy RV, Kumar MM, Gorthi VC, Raju PK. A comparative clinical evaluation of diet intake and effect of various nutritions on aggressive periodontitis patients. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013; 14:930-938. [PMID: 24685800 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study is to investigate the effect various dietary nutrients in aggressive periodontitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 85 patients were selected and divided into two groups, 45 patients are with aggressive periodontitis and 40 patients are healthy. Periodontal parameters such as oral hygiene index, Russels periodontal index and radiograph were taken. The food consumption survey was conducted in all the households of subjects both in control and experimental group. The individual of food intake of the subjects was assessed by the oral questionnaire (24 hours recall) method. The quantity of raw foods used for various preparations and volumes of cooked quantities of such preparations in terms of standardized cups were noted. Body measurements were taken on all the subjects, standing height using a height measuring rod and weight in standard weighing machine. RESULTS Aggressive periodontitis is seen in young individual and mostly in females; majority of the patients of both groups belongs to low socioeconomic group. Body mass index which is a refection of nutritional status of an individual indicated that chronically energy defcient subjects in experimental group appeared to be higher. The average food and nutrient intake in control group was slightly better than that of experimental group. CONCLUSION The diet survey indicated marginal and negligible defciencies in aggressive periodontitis patients compared to controls, and this coupled with chronically energy defciency as indicated by body mass index, calls for a detailed study of this aspect of aggressive periodontitis. The present study indicates that nutritional infuences point to a needle of suspicion toward the etiology of aggressive periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Arjun Mapare
- Reader, Department of Orthodontics, HSRSM Dental College and Hospital, Hingoli, Maharashtra, India
| | - P Krishna Rao
- Professor and Head, Department of Periodontics, HSRSM Dental College and Hospital, Hingoli, Maharashtra, India, e-mail:
| | - R Vamshidhar Reddy
- Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics, HSRSM Dental College and Hospital, Hingoli, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mg Manoj Kumar
- Professor and Head, Department of Pedodontics, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vss Chandana Gorthi
- Reader, Department of Periodontics, HSRSM Dental College and Hospital, Hingoli, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pv Krishnam Raju
- Professor, Department of Periodontics, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pataro AL, Costa FO, Cortelli SC, Cortelli JR, Dupim Souza AC, Nogueira Guimarães Abreu MH, Girundi MG, Costa JE. Influence of Obesity and Bariatric Surgery on the Periodontal Condition. J Periodontol 2012; 83:257-66. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.100782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
12
|
Lütfioğlu M, Sakallioğlu U, Sakallioğlu EE, Bariş S, Gürgör P. The impact of dietary induced hyperparathyroidism on healthy and diseased periodontia: an experimental study in rats. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 39:264-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2011.01814.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Müge Lütfioğlu
- Department of Periodontology; Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Dentistry
| | - Umur Sakallioğlu
- Department of Periodontology; Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Dentistry
| | | | - Sancar Bariş
- Department of Pathology; Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine; Samsun; Turkey
| | - Pınar Gürgör
- High School of Health; Hitit University; Çorum; Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bawadi HA, Khader YS, Haroun TF, Al-Omari M, Tayyem RF. The association between periodontal disease, physical activity and healthy diet among adults in Jordan. J Periodontal Res 2010; 46:74-81. [PMID: 20860591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Physical inactivity and an unhealthy diet have been implicated as risk factors for several chronic diseases that are known to be associated with periodontitis, such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity and diabetes. Studies investigating the relationship between periodontitis and physical activity and diet are limited. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between physical activity, healthy eating habits and periodontal health status. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic random sample of 340 persons, 18-70 years of age, was selected from persons accompanying their relative patients who attended the outpatient clinics in the medical center of Jordan University of Science and Technology in north of Jordan. Data collected included socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, anthropometric measurements, physical activity level and dietary assessment. RESULTS Individuals who were highly physically active had a significantly lower average plaque index, average gingival index, average clinical attachment loss (CAL) and percentage of sites with CAL ≥ 3 mm compared to individuals with a low level of physical activity and individuals with a moderate level of physical activity. Those who had a poor diet had a significantly higher average number of missing teeth and an average CAL compared with those who had a good diet. In the multivariate analysis, a low level of physical activity and a poor diet (diets with a healthy eating index score of < 50 points) were significantly associated with increased odds of periodontitis. CONCLUSIONS A low physical activity level and a poor diet were significantly associated with increased odds of periodontal disease. Further studies are needed to understand this relationship in greater detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H A Bawadi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Khader YS, Bawadi HA, Haroun TF, Alomari M, Tayyem RF. The association between periodontal disease and obesity among adults in Jordan. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36:18-24. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
15
|
Raffaelli L, Serini S, Piccioni E, Manicone PF, Berardi D, Perfetti G, Calviello G. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid effect in periodontal disease: state of art and possible mechanisms involved. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2008; 21:261-6. [PMID: 18547469 DOI: 10.1177/039463200802100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory properties have been widely reported for n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and some studies have been focalized on their possible role in the modulation of gingivitis and alveolar bone resorption in periodontal disease (PD). Increased formation of arachidonic acid-derived inflammatory eicosanoids and augmented oxidative stress are two molecular mechanisms pathogenetically involved in the progression of PD and known to be inhibited by n-3 PUFAs in PD setting. The present review will focus also on other molecular pathways and factors known to be altered in the development of PD and known to be subject to n-3 PUFA modulation in other pathological settings different from PD. Overall, the available findings strongly encourage further experimental studies on animals subject to experimental PD and treated with n-3 PUFAs, long term n-3 PUFA intervention studies on PD patients and molecular studies to identify additional potential molecular routes of n-3 PUFA action in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Raffaelli
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Catholic University, Largo F. Vito 1, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|