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Pedro MP, Lund K, Kang SWS, Chen T, Stuelten CH, Porat-Shliom N, Iglesias-Bartolome R. GPCR Screening Reveals that the Metabolite Receptor HCAR3 Regulates Epithelial Proliferation, Migration, and Cellular Respiration. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:1311-1321.e7. [PMID: 38103827 PMCID: PMC11116076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells in the skin and other tissues rely on signals from their environment to maintain homeostasis and respond to injury, and GPCRs play a critical role in this communication. A better understanding of the GPCRs expressed in epithelial cells will contribute to understanding the relationship between cells and their niche and could lead to developing new therapies to modulate cell fate. This study used human primary keratinocytes as a model to investigate the specific GPCRs regulating epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. We identified 3 key receptors-HCAR3, LTB4R, and GPR137-and found that knockdown of these receptors led to changes in numerous gene networks that are important for maintaining cell identity and promoting proliferation while inhibiting differentiation. Our study also revealed that the metabolite receptor HCAR3 regulates keratinocyte migration and cellular metabolism. Knockdown of HCAR3 led to reduced keratinocyte migration and respiration, which could be attributed to altered metabolite use and aberrant mitochondrial morphology caused by the absence of the receptor. This study contributes to understanding the complex interplay between GPCR signaling and epithelial cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Pedro
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine Lund
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sun Woo Sophie Kang
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ting Chen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina H Stuelten
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Natalie Porat-Shliom
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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2
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Zhu J, Chu P, Fu X. Unbalanced response to growth variations reshapes the cell fate decision landscape. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:1097-1104. [PMID: 36959461 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-023-01302-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
The global regulation of cell growth rate on gene expression perturbs the performance of gene networks, which would impose complex variations on the cell-fate decision landscape. Here we use a simple synthetic circuit of mutual repression that allows a bistable landscape to examine how such global regulation would affect the stability of phenotypic landscape and the accompanying dynamics of cell-fate determination. We show that the landscape experiences a growth-rate-induced bifurcation between monostability and bistability. Theoretical and experimental analyses reveal that this bifurcating deformation of landscape arises from the unbalanced response of gene expression to growth variations. The path of growth transition across the bifurcation would reshape cell-fate decisions. These results demonstrate the importance of growth regulation on cell-fate determination processes, regardless of specific molecular signaling or regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pan Chu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiongfei Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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3
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Pedro MP, Lund K, Kang SWS, Chen T, Stuelten CH, Porat-Shliom N, Iglesias-Bartolome R. A GPCR screening in human keratinocytes identifies that the metabolite receptor HCAR3 controls epithelial proliferation, migration, and cellular respiration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.30.542853. [PMID: 37398171 PMCID: PMC10312554 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.542853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells in the skin and other tissues rely on signals from their environment to maintain homeostasis and respond to injury, and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a critical role in this communication. A better understanding of the GPCRs expressed in epithelial cells will contribute to understanding the relationship between cells and their niche and could lead to developing new therapies to modulate cell fate. This study used human primary keratinocytes as a model to investigate the specific GPCRs regulating epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. We identified three key receptors, hydroxycarboxylic acid-receptor 3 (HCAR3), leukotriene B4-receptor 1 (LTB4R), and G Protein-Coupled Receptor 137 (GPR137) and found that knockdown of these receptors led to changes in numerous gene networks that are important for maintaining cell identity and promoting proliferation while inhibiting differentiation. Our study also revealed that the metabolite receptor HCAR3 regulates keratinocyte migration and cellular metabolism. Knockdown of HCAR3 led to reduced keratinocyte migration and respiration, which could be attributed to altered metabolite use and aberrant mitochondrial morphology caused by the absence of the receptor. This study contributes to understanding the complex interplay between GPCR signaling and epithelial cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Pilar Pedro
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Katherine Lund
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Sun Woo Sophie Kang
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Ting Chen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Christina H. Stuelten
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Natalie Porat-Shliom
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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4
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Abdal Dayem A, Lee SB, Lim KM, Kim A, Shin HJ, Vellingiri B, Kim YB, Cho SG. Bioactive peptides for boosting stem cell culture platform: Methods and applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 160:114376. [PMID: 36764131 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides, short protein fragments, can emulate the functions of their full-length native counterparts. Peptides are considered potent recombinant protein alternatives due to their specificity, high stability, low production cost, and ability to be easily tailored and immobilized. Stem cell proliferation and differentiation processes are orchestrated by an intricate interaction between numerous growth factors and proteins and their target receptors and ligands. Various growth factors, functional proteins, and cellular matrix-derived peptides efficiently enhance stem cell adhesion, proliferation, and directed differentiation. For that, peptides can be immobilized on a culture plate or conjugated to scaffolds, such as hydrogels or synthetic matrices. In this review, we assess the applications of a variety of peptides in stem cell adhesion, culture, organoid assembly, proliferation, and differentiation, describing the shortcomings of recombinant proteins and their full-length counterparts. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges of peptide applications in stem cell culture and materials design, as well as provide a brief outlook on future directions to advance peptide applications in boosting stem cell quality and scalability for clinical applications in tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; R&D Team, StemExOne co., ltd. 303, Life Science Bldg, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Kim
- Department of Urology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; R&D Team, StemExOne co., ltd. 303, Life Science Bldg, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; R&D Team, StemExOne co., ltd. 303, Life Science Bldg, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Young Bong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KU Convergence Science and Technology Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; R&D Team, StemExOne co., ltd. 303, Life Science Bldg, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Kasai Y, Morino T, Nakayama T, Yamamoto K, Kojima H. Analysis of the potential of human cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets to differentiate into airway epithelium. FASEB Bioadv 2023; 5:89-100. [PMID: 36876298 PMCID: PMC9983074 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the expected efficacy and safety of a new regenerative therapy requires analysis of the fate of the transplanted cell graft. We have shown that transplantation of autologous cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets onto the middle ear mucosa can improve middle ear aeration and hearing. However, it remains unknown whether cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets have the potential to gain mucociliary function in the environment of the middle ear because sampling cell sheets after transplantation is challenging. The present study re-cultured cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets in different culture media and evaluated whether the sheets have the potential to differentiate into airway epithelium. Before re-cultivation, cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets fabricated in keratinocyte culture medium (KCM) contained no FOXJ1-positive and acetyl-α-tubulin-positive multiciliated cells or MUC5AC-positive mucus cells. Interestingly, multiciliated cells and mucus cells were observed when the cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets were re-cultured in conditions that promote differentiation of airway epithelium. However, multiciliated cells, mucus cells and CK1-positive keratinized cells were not observed when cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets were re-cultured in conditions that promote epithelial keratinization. These findings support the suggestion that cultured nasal epithelial cell sheets have the ability to differentiate and gain mucociliary function in response to an appropriate environment (possibly including the environment found in the middle ear) but are unable to develop into an epithelial type that differs from its origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kasai
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Tsunetaro Morino
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Tsuguhisa Nakayama
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryDokkyo Medical UniversityTochigiJapan
| | - Kazuhisa Yamamoto
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Hiromi Kojima
- Department of OtorhinolaryngologyThe Jikei University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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Marino N, Putignano G, Cappilli S, Chersoni E, Santuccione A, Calabrese G, Bischof E, Vanhaelen Q, Zhavoronkov A, Scarano B, Mazzotta AD, Santus E. Towards AI-driven longevity research: An overview. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1057204. [PMID: 36936271 PMCID: PMC10018490 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1057204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
While in the past technology has mostly been utilized to store information about the structural configuration of proteins and molecules for research and medical purposes, Artificial Intelligence is nowadays able to learn from the existing data how to predict and model properties and interactions, revealing important knowledge about complex biological processes, such as aging. Modern technologies, moreover, can rely on a broader set of information, including those derived from the next-generation sequencing (e.g., proteomics, lipidomics, and other omics), to understand the interactions between human body and the external environment. This is especially relevant as external factors have been shown to have a key role in aging. As the field of computational systems biology keeps improving and new biomarkers of aging are being developed, artificial intelligence promises to become a major ally of aging research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Marino
- Women’s Brain Project (WBP), Gunterhausen, Switzerland
| | | | - Simone Cappilli
- Dermatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
- UOC of Dermatology, Department of Abdominal and Endocrine Metabolic Medical and Surgical Sciences, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Chersoni
- Department of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Giuliana Calabrese
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, CatholicUniversity of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Evelyne Bischof
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Quentin Vanhaelen
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alex Zhavoronkov
- Insilico Medicine Hong Kong Ltd., New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bryan Scarano
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, CatholicUniversity of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro D. Mazzotta
- Department of Digestive, Oncological and Metabolic Surgery, Institute Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France
- Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’anna, Pisa, Italy
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7
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Transcriptome Profile of Membrane and Extracellular Matrix Components in Ligament-Fibroblastic Progenitors and Cementoblasts Differentiated from Human Periodontal Ligament Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040659. [PMID: 35456465 PMCID: PMC9031187 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligament-fibroblastic cells and cementoblasts, two types of progenitor cells that differentiate from periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs), are responsible for the formation of the adhesive tissues in the tooth root. Since one of the factors that determines the fate of stem cell differentiation is the change in the microenvironment of the stem/progenitor cells, this study attempted to compare and analyze the molecular differences in the membrane and ECM of the two progenitor cells. Single cells derived from hPDLSCs were treated with TGF-β1 and BMP7 to obtain ligament-fibroblastic and cementoblastic cells, respectively. The transcriptome profiles of three independent replicates of each progenitor were evaluated using next-generation sequencing. The representative differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were verified by qRT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Among a total of 2245 DEGs identified, 142 and 114 DEGs related to ECM and cell membrane molecules were upregulated in ligament-fibroblastic and cementoblast-like cells, respectively. The major types of integrin and cadherin were found to be different between the two progenitor cells. In addition, the representative core proteins for each glycosaminoglycan-specific proteoglycan class were different between the two progenitors. This study provides a detailed understanding of cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions through the specific components of the membrane and ECM for ligament-fibroblastic and cementoblastic differentiation of hPDLSCs.
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8
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The Balance between Differentiation and Terminal Differentiation Maintains Oral Epithelial Homeostasis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205123. [PMID: 34680271 PMCID: PMC8534139 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oral cancer affecting the oral cavity represents the most common cancer of the head and neck region. Oral cancer develops in a multistep process in which normal cells gradually accumulate genetic and epigenetic modifications to evolve into a malignant disease. Mortality for oral cancer patients is high and morbidity has a significant long-term impact on the health and wellbeing of affected individuals, typically resulting in facial disfigurement and a loss of the ability to speak, chew, taste, and swallow. The limited scope to which current treatments are able to control oral cancer underlines the need for novel therapeutic strategies. This review highlights the molecular differences between oral cell proliferation, differentiation and terminal differentiation, defines terminal differentiation as an important tumour suppressive mechanism and establishes a rationale for clinical investigation of differentiation-paired therapies that may improve outcomes in oral cancer. Abstract The oral epithelium is one of the fastest repairing and continuously renewing tissues. Stem cell activation within the basal layer of the oral epithelium fuels the rapid proliferation of multipotent progenitors. Stem cells first undergo asymmetric cell division that requires tightly controlled and orchestrated differentiation networks to maintain the pool of stem cells while producing progenitors fated for differentiation. Rapidly expanding progenitors subsequently commit to advanced differentiation programs towards terminal differentiation, a process that regulates the structural integrity and homeostasis of the oral epithelium. Therefore, the balance between differentiation and terminal differentiation of stem cells and their progeny ensures progenitors commitment to terminal differentiation and prevents epithelial transformation and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). A recent comprehensive molecular characterization of OSCC revealed that a disruption of terminal differentiation factors is indeed a common OSCC event and is superior to oncogenic activation. Here, we discuss the role of differentiation and terminal differentiation in maintaining oral epithelial homeostasis and define terminal differentiation as a critical tumour suppressive mechanism. We further highlight factors with crucial terminal differentiation functions and detail the underlying consequences of their loss. Switching on terminal differentiation in differentiated progenitors is likely to represent an extremely promising novel avenue that may improve therapeutic interventions against OSCC.
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9
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Klingler F, Mathias S, Schneider H, Buck T, Raab N, Zeh N, Shieh YW, Pfannstiel J, Otte K. Unveiling the CHO surfaceome: Identification of cell surface proteins reveals cell aggregation-relevant mechanisms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:3015-3028. [PMID: 33951178 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) suspension cells are the main production hosts for biopharmaceuticals. For the improvement of production processes, it is essential to understand the interaction between CHO cells and their microenvironment. While the cellular membrane is the crucial surface barrier between the inner and outer cell compartments, the subgroup of cell surface proteins (surfaceome) is of particular interest due to its potential to react to external factors and initiate cell communication and interaction pathways. Therefore, the CHO surfaceome was explored for the first time by enriching exposed N-glycosylated membrane proteins before tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses, identifying a total of 449 surface proteins, including 34 proteins specific for production cells. Functional annotation and classification located most proteins to the cell surface belonging mainly to the protein classes of receptors, enzymes, and transporters. In addition, adhesion molecules as cadherins, integrins, Ig superfamily and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins as collagens, laminins, thrombospondin, fibronectin, and tenascin were significantly enriched, which are involved in mechanisms for the formation of cell junctions, cell-cell and cell-ECM adhesion as focal adhesions. As cell adhesion and aggregation counteracts scalable production of biopharmaceuticals, experimental validation confirmed differential expression of integrin β1 (ITGB1) and β3, CD44, laminin, and fibronectin on the surface of aggregation-prone CHO production cells. The subsequent modulation of the central interaction protein ITGB1 by small interfering RNA knockdown substantially counteracted cell aggregation pointing toward novel engineering routes for aggregation reduction in biopharmaceutical production cells and exemplifying the potential of the surfaceome for specified engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Klingler
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Sven Mathias
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany.,Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Helga Schneider
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Theresa Buck
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Nadja Raab
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Nikolas Zeh
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Yu-Wei Shieh
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Jens Pfannstiel
- Core Facility Mass Spectrometry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
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10
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Sweat M, Sweat Y, Yu W, Su D, Leonard RJ, Eliason SL, Amendt BA. The miR-200 family is required for ectodermal organ development through the regulation of the epithelial stem cell niche. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:761-775. [PMID: 33529466 PMCID: PMC8247948 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The murine lower incisor ectodermal organ contains a single epithelial stem cell (SC) niche that provides epithelial progenitor cells to the continuously growing rodent incisor. The dental stem cell niche gives rise to several cell types and we demonstrate that the miR‐200 family regulates these cell fates. The miR‐200 family is highly enriched in the differentiated dental epithelium and absent in the stem cell niche. In this study, we inhibited the miR‐200 family in developing murine embryos using new technology, resulting in an expanded epithelial stem cell niche and lack of cell differentiation. Inhibition of individual miRs within the miR‐200 cluster resulted in differential developmental and cell morphology defects. miR‐200 inhibition increased the expression of dental epithelial stem cell markers, expanded the stem cell niche and decreased progenitor cell differentiation. RNA‐seq. identified miR‐200 regulatory pathways involved in cell differentiation and compartmentalization of the stem cell niche. The miR‐200 family regulates signaling pathways required for cell differentiation and cell cycle progression. The inhibition of miR‐200 decreased the size of the lower incisor due to increased autophagy and cell death. New miR‐200 targets demonstrate gene networks and pathways controlling cell differentiation and maintenance of the stem cell niche. This is the first report demonstrating how the miR‐200 family is required for in vivo progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason Sweat
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,The Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Yan Sweat
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,The Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Wenjie Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,The Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Riley J Leonard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Steven L Eliason
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,The Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Brad A Amendt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,The Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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11
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Pan X, Wu B, Fan X, Xu G, Ou C, Chen M. YAP accelerates vascular senescence via blocking autophagic flux and activating mTOR. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:170-183. [PMID: 33314583 PMCID: PMC7810949 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP), a major effector of the Hippo signalling pathway, is widely implicated in vascular pathophysiology processes. Here, we identify a new role of YAP in the regulation of vascular senescence. The inhibition or deficiency and overexpression of YAP were performed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and isolated vascular tissues. Cellular and vascular senescence was assessed by analysis of the senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) and expression of senescence markers P16, P21, P53, TERT and TRF1. We found that YAP was highly expressed in old vascular tissues, inhibition and knockdown of YAP decreased senescence, while overexpression of YAP increased the senescence in both HUVECs and vascular tissues. In addition, autophagic flux blockage and mTOR pathway activation were observed during YAP-induced HUVECs and vascular senescence, which could be relieved by the inhibition and knockdown of YAP. Moreover, YAP-promoted cellular and vascular senescence could be relieved by mTOR inhibition. Collectively, our findings indicate that YAP may serve as a potential therapeutic target for ageing-associated cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianmei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection of Guangdong ProvinceZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular DiseaseGuangzhouChina
| | - Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection of Guangdong ProvinceZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular DiseaseGuangzhouChina
| | - Xianglin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection of Guangdong ProvinceZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular DiseaseGuangzhouChina
| | - Guanghui Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical ScienceSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Caiwen Ou
- Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection of Guangdong ProvinceZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular DiseaseGuangzhouChina
| | - Minsheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection of Guangdong ProvinceZhujiang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Biomedical Engineering Technology Research Center for Cardiovascular DiseaseGuangzhouChina
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12
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Foltz L, Palacios-Moreno J, Mayfield M, Kinch S, Dillon J, Syrenne J, Levy T, Grimes M. PAG1 directs SRC-family kinase intracellular localization to mediate receptor tyrosine kinase-induced differentiation. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2269-2282. [PMID: 32726167 PMCID: PMC7550700 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-02-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
All receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) activate similar downstream signaling pathways through a common set of effectors, yet it is not fully understood how different receptors elicit distinct cellular responses to cause cell proliferation, differentiation, or other cell fates. We tested the hypothesis that regulation of SRC family kinase (SFK) signaling by the scaffold protein, PAG1, influences cell fate decisions following RTK activation. We generated a neuroblastoma cell line expressing a PAG1 fragment that lacks the membrane-spanning domain (PAG1TM-) and localized to the cytoplasm. PAG1TM- cells exhibited higher amounts of active SFKs and increased growth rate. PAG1TM- cells were unresponsive to TRKA and RET signaling, two RTKs that induce neuronal differentiation, but retained responses to EGFR and KIT. Under differentiation conditions, PAG1TM- cells continued to proliferate and did not extend neurites or increase β-III tubulin expression. FYN and LYN were sequestered in multivesicular bodies (MVBs), and dramatically more FYN and LYN were in the lumen of MVBs in PAG1TM- cells. In particular, activated FYN was sequestered in PAG1TM- cells, suggesting that disruption of FYN localization led to the observed defects in differentiation. The results demonstrate that PAG1 directs SFK intracellular localization to control activity and to mediate signaling by RTKs that induce neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Foltz
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, and Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812
| | | | - Makenzie Mayfield
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, and Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812
| | - Shelby Kinch
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, and Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812
| | - Jordan Dillon
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, and Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812
| | - Jed Syrenne
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, and Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812
| | - Tyler Levy
- Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA 01923
| | - Mark Grimes
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, and Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812
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13
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Abstract
In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Jia et al. (2020) identify residual cancer stem cells (CSCs) as a mechanism of immunotherapy resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Remarkably, targeting this population of CSCs can be exploited to potentiate immunotherapy and reduce tumor recurrence and metastasis.
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14
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Chen C, Zhang Q, Yu W, Chang B, Le AD. Oral Mucositis: An Update on Innate Immunity and New Interventional Targets. J Dent Res 2020; 99:1122-1130. [PMID: 32479139 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520925421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral mucositis (OM), a common debilitating toxicity associated with chemo- and radiation therapies, is a significant unmet clinical need for head and neck cancer patients. The biological complexities of chemoradiotherapy-induced OM involve interactions among disrupted tissue structures, inflammatory infiltrations, and oral microbiome, whereby several master inflammatory pathways constitute the complicated regulatory networks. Oral mucosal damages triggered by chemoradiotherapy-induced cell apoptosis were further exacerbated by the amplified inflammatory cascades dominantly governed by the innate immune responses. The coexistence of microbiome and innate immune components in oral mucosal barriers indicates that a signaling hub coordinates the interaction between environmental cues and host cells during tissue and immune homeostasis. Dysbiotic shifts in oral microbiota caused by cytotoxic cancer therapies may also contribute to the progression and severity of chemoradiotherapy-induced OM. In this review, we have updated the mechanisms involving innate immunity-governed inflammatory cascades in the pathobiology of chemoradiotherapy-induced OM and the development of new interventional targets for the management of this severe morbidity in head and neck cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chen
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center of Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Q Zhang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - W Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - B Chang
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Penn Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A D Le
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center of Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Penn Medicine Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Dayem AA, Won J, Goo HG, Yang GM, Seo DS, Jeon BM, Choi HY, Park SE, Lim KM, Jang SH, Lee SB, Choi SB, Kim K, Kang GH, Yeon GB, Kim DS, Cho SG. The immobilization of fibronectin- and fibroblast growth factor 2-derived peptides on a culture plate supports the attachment and proliferation of human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2020; 43:101700. [PMID: 31981882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2020.101700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) offer a promising tool for regenerative medicine. The clinical application of PSCs inevitably requires a large-scale culture in a highly defined environment. The present study aimed to devise defined coating materials for the efficient adhesion and proliferation of human PSCs (hPSCs). We tested the activity of seven fibronectin-derived peptides and three laminin-derived peptides for the attachment and proliferation of hPSCs through their immobilization on the bottom of culture dishes by creating a fusion protein with the mussel adhesion protein. Among the extracellular matrix (ECM) mimetics tested, one fibronectin-derived peptide, PHSRN-GRGDSP, significantly promoted adhesion, enhanced alkaline phosphatase activity, and increased pluripotency-related gene expression in hPSCs compared to Matrigel. Furthermore, co-immobilization of a particular canofin peptide derived from fibroblast growth factor 2 increased pluripotency marker expression, which may offer the possibility of culture without growth factor supplementation. Our findings afford a novel defined condition for the efficient culture of hPSCs and may be utilized in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Won
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; AMOGREENTECH, 91, Gimpo-daero 1950 beon-gil, Tongjin-eup, Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do 10014, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Gwan Goo
- AMOGREENTECH, 91, Gimpo-daero 1950 beon-gil, Tongjin-eup, Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do 10014, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwang-Mo Yang
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Sik Seo
- AMOGREENTECH, 91, Gimpo-daero 1950 beon-gil, Tongjin-eup, Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do 10014, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Min Jeon
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Yeon Choi
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Park
- AMOGREENTECH, 91, Gimpo-daero 1950 beon-gil, Tongjin-eup, Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do 10014, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lim
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Ho Jang
- AMOGREENTECH, 91, Gimpo-daero 1950 beon-gil, Tongjin-eup, Gimpo-si, Gyeonggi-do 10014, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Baek Choi
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongseok Kim
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Ho Kang
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyu-Bum Yeon
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Sung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Guro Hospital, 97 Gurodong-gil, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology and Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Identification of Two Kinase Inhibitors with Synergistic Toxicity with Low-Dose Hydrogen Peroxide in Colorectal Cancer Cells in vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010122. [PMID: 31906582 PMCID: PMC7016670 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma is among the most common types of cancers. With this disease, diffuse scattering in the abdominal area (peritoneal carcinosis) often occurs before diagnosis, making surgical removal of the entire malignant tissue impossible due to a large number of tumor nodules. Previous treatment options include radiation and its combination with intraperitoneal heat-induced chemotherapy (HIPEC). Both options have strong side effects and are often poor in therapeutic efficacy. Tumor cells often grow and proliferate dysregulated, with enzymes of the protein kinase family often playing a crucial role. The present study investigated whether a combination of protein kinase inhibitors and low-dose induction of oxidative stress (using hydrogen peroxide, H2O2) has an additive cytotoxic effect on murine, colorectal tumor cells (CT26). Protein kinase inhibitors from a library of 80 substances were used to investigate colorectal cancer cells for their activity, morphology, and immunogenicity (immunogenic cancer cell death, ICD) upon mono or combination. Toxic compounds identified in 2D cultures were confirmed in 3D cultures, and additive cytotoxicity was identified for the substances lavendustin A, GF109203X, and rapamycin. Toxicity was concomitant with cell cycle arrest, but except HMGB1, no increased expression of immunogenic markers was identified with the combination treatment. The results were validated for GF109203X and rapamycin but not lavendustin A in the 3D model of different colorectal (HT29, SW480) and pancreatic cancer cell lines (MiaPaca, Panc01). In conclusion, our in vitro data suggest that combining oxidative stress with chemotherapy would be conceivable to enhance antitumor efficacy in HIPEC.
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17
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Cytomegalovirus is a tumor-associated virus: armed and dangerous. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 39:49-59. [PMID: 31525538 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gene products are present in multiple human malignancies, often in specific association with tumor cells and tumor vasculature. Emerging evidence from human and mouse models of CMV infection in cancer indicate that CMV can transform epithelial cells, promote epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal to epithelial (MET) in tumor cells, promote tumor angiogenesis and proliferation and incapacitate the host anti-CMV immune response. This review will discuss the increasing role of HCMV in human cancer by demonstrating how HCMV is well suited for impacting major themes in oncogenesis including initiation, promotion, progression, metastasis and immune evasion. What emerges is a picture of an extremely versatile pathogen that may play a significant role in human cancer progression and death.
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18
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Tian Y, Shen L, Li F, Yang J, Wan X, Ouyang M. Silencing of RHEB inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells via inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:442-453. [PMID: 31332784 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is commonly known as one of the most prominent reasons for cancer-related death in China. Ras homolog enriched in brain (RHEB) and the mammalian target activity of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway were found correlated with CRC, but their specific interaction in CRC was still to be investigated. Therefore, we explored whether RHEB gene silencing affected the cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis by directly targeting the mTOR signaling pathway in cells previously harvested from CRC patients. A microarray analysis was subsequently conducted to investigate the relationship between RHEB and mTOR. Eighty-three adjacent normal tissues and CRC tissues were selected. Immunohistochemistry was carried out to detect the positive expression rates of RHEB and Ki-67 in the CRC tissues. Cells were then transfected with different siRNAs to investigate the potential effects RHEB would have on CRC progression. The expressions of RHEB, 4EBP1, ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), B cell lymphoma 2 (bcl-2), and bcl-2-associated X protein (bax) were determined and then the cell cycle, cell proliferation, and apoptotic rate were also measured. We identified RHEB and mTOR as upregulated genes in CRC. Cells treated with RHEB silencing showed a decreased extent of mTOR, p70S6K, 4EBP1 phosphorylation and expression of RHEB, Ki-67, mTOR, p70S6K, 4EBP1, bcl-2, and PCNA as well as decreased activity of cell proliferation and differentiation; although, the expression of bax was evidently higher. Collectively, our data propose the idea that RHEB gene silencing might repress cell proliferation and differentiation while accelerating apoptosis via inactivating the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Tian
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liangfang Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fujun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junwen Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoping Wan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Miao Ouyang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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19
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Abstract
Recently published in Nature, Brown et al. (2017) shed new light on how the skin handles the activation of oncogenic pathways in the stem cell compartment and how wild-type cells limit the proliferation of mutant cells to maintain proper tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Maria I Morasso
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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20
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Zhavoronkov A, Mamoshina P, Vanhaelen Q, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Moskalev A, Aliper A. Artificial intelligence for aging and longevity research: Recent advances and perspectives. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 49:49-66. [PMID: 30472217 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The applications of modern artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms within the field of aging research offer tremendous opportunities. Aging is an almost universal unifying feature possessed by all living organisms, tissues, and cells. Modern deep learning techniques used to develop age predictors offer new possibilities for formerly incompatible dynamic and static data types. AI biomarkers of aging enable a holistic view of biological processes and allow for novel methods for building causal models-extracting the most important features and identifying biological targets and mechanisms. Recent developments in generative adversarial networks (GANs) and reinforcement learning (RL) permit the generation of diverse synthetic molecular and patient data, identification of novel biological targets, and generation of novel molecular compounds with desired properties and geroprotectors. These novel techniques can be combined into a unified, seamless end-to-end biomarker development, target identification, drug discovery and real world evidence pipeline that may help accelerate and improve pharmaceutical research and development practices. Modern AI is therefore expected to contribute to the credibility and prominence of longevity biotechnology in the healthcare and pharmaceutical industry, and to the convergence of countless areas of research.
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21
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Bustelo XR. RHO GTPases in cancer: known facts, open questions, and therapeutic challenges. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:741-760. [PMID: 29871878 PMCID: PMC7615761 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RHO GTPases have been traditionally associated with protumorigenic functions. While this paradigm is still valid in many cases, recent data have unexpectedly revealed that RHO proteins can also play tumor suppressor roles. RHO signaling elements can also promote both pro- and antitumorigenic effects using GTPase-independent mechanisms, thus giving an extra layer of complexity to the role of these proteins in cancer. Consistent with these variegated roles, both gain- and loss-of-function mutations in RHO pathway genes have been found in cancer patients. Collectively, these observations challenge long-held functional archetypes for RHO proteins in both normal and cancer cells. In this review, I will summarize these data and discuss new questions arising from them such as the functional and clinical relevance of the mutations found in patients, the mechanistic orchestration of those antagonistic functions in tumors, and the pros and cons that these results represent for the development of RHO-based anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xosé R Bustelo
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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22
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Chen L, Xia W, Hou M. Mesenchymal stem cells attenuate doxorubicin‑induced cellular senescence through the VEGF/Notch/TGF‑β signaling pathway in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:674-684. [PMID: 29693137 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical use of doxorubicin (Dox) is limited by its cardiotoxicity. The fundamental changes it induces include interstitial myocardial fibrosis and the appearance of senescent cardiomyocytes. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)‑based therapies have also been reported to modulate cellular senescence, and have been used effectively to treat age‑related cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, the Transwell system was used to coculture H9c2 cells with MSCs, and their proliferation and viability were assessed. The expression of senescence‑related genes p53 and p16, and telomere length were measured using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, and the Jagged‑1/Notch‑1 signaling pathway was detected using western blot analysis. The results revealed that Dox induced the senescence of H9c2 cells, characterized by a low proliferation rate, poor viability, reduced telomere length and impaired telomerase activity, and by marked increases in the expression of p53 and p16. By contrast, when cocultured with MSCs in the presence of Dox, H9c2 cell proliferation and viability increased, whereas the expression levels of p53 and p16 decreased, and telomere length and telomerase activity increased. The mechanism underlying the antisenescence function of MSCs was clarified, which involved the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/Jagged‑1/Notch‑1/transforming growth factor‑β1 (TGF‑β1) signaling pathway. It was confirmed that inhibiting VEGF, or silencing Jagged‑1 or Notch‑1 with small interfering RNA, or using recombinant TGF‑β1 eliminated the antisenescence effects of MSCs on the Dox‑treated H9c2 cells. The results revealed that MSCs rescued H9c2 cells from Dox‑induced senescence through the release of VEGF, which activated the Jagged‑1/Notch‑1 signaling pathway, leading to the inhibition of TGF‑β1 release. Therefore, treatment with MSCs may have important therapeutic implications on the attenuation of cardiotoxicity in patients with cancer treated with Dox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Wenzheng Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Meng Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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23
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Wang XF, Zhang XW, Hua RX, Du YQ, Huang MZ, Liu Y, Cheng YF, Guo WJ. Mel-18 negatively regulates stem cell-like properties through downregulation of miR-21 in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:63352-63361. [PMID: 27542229 PMCID: PMC5325369 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mel-18, a polycomb group protein, has been reported to act as a tumor suppressor and be down-regulated in several human cancers including gastric cancer. It was also found that Mel-18 negatively regulates self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells and breast cancer stem cells (CSCs). This study aimed to clarify its role in gastric CSCs and explore the mechanisms. We found that low-expression of Mel-18 was correlated with poor prognosis and negatively correlated with overexpression of stem cell markers Oct4, Sox2, and Gli1 in 101 gastric cancer tissues. Mel-18 was down-regulated in cultured spheroid cells, which possess CSCs, and overexpression of Mel-18 inhibits cells sphere-forming ability and tumor growth in vivo. Besides, Mel-18 was lower-expressed in ovary metastatic lesions compared with that in primary lesions of gastric cancer, and Mel-18 overexpression inhibited the migration ability of gastric cancer cells. Interestingly, overexpression of Mel-18 resulted in down-regulation of miR-21 in gastric cancer cells and the expression of Mel-18 was negatively correlated with the expression of miR-21 in gastric cancer tissues. Furthermore, miR-21 overexpression partially restored sphere-forming ability, migration potential and chemo-resistance in Mel-18 overexpressing gastric cancer cells. These results suggests Mel-18 negatively regulates stem cell-like properties through downregulation of miR-21 in gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Xi Hua
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Qun Du
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Fang Cheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Jian Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Abdal Dayem A, Lee S, Y. Choi H, Cho SG. The Impact of Adhesion Molecules on the In Vitro Culture and Differentiation of Stem Cells. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:1700575. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology; Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI); Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu 05029 Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Soobin Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology; Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI); Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu 05029 Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Y. Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology; Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI); Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu 05029 Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology; Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI); Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu 05029 Seoul Republic of Korea
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25
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Ejaz A, Mattesich M, Zwerschke W. Silencing of the small GTPase DIRAS3 induces cellular senescence in human white adipose stromal/progenitor cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 9:860-879. [PMID: 28316325 PMCID: PMC5391236 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of Akt-mTOR signaling protects from obesity and extends life span in animals. In the present study, we analyse the impact of the small GTPase, GTP-binding RAS-like 3 (DIRAS3), a recently identified weight-loss target gene, on cellular senescence in adipose stromal/progenitor cells (ASCs) derived from human subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT). We demonstrate that DIRAS3 knock-down (KD) in ASCs induces activation of Akt-mTOR signaling and proliferation arrest. DIRAS3 KD ASCs lose the potential to form colonies and are negative for Ki-67. Moreover, silencing of DIRAS3 results in a premature senescence phenotype. This is characterized by senescence-associated β-galactosidase positive enlarged ASCs containing increased p16INK4A level and activated retinoblastoma protein. DIRAS3 KD ASCs form senescence-associated heterochromatic foci as shown by increased level of γ-H2A.X positive foci. Furthermore, these cells express a senescence-associated secretory phenotype characterized by increased interleukin-8 secretion. Human DIRAS3 KD ASCs develop also a senescence phenotype in sWAT of SCID mice. Finally, we show that DIRAS3 KD in ASCs stimulates both adipogenic differentiation and premature senescence. In conclusion, our data suggest that silencing of DIRAS3 in ASCs and subsequently hyper-activation of Akt-mTOR drives adipogenesis and premature senescence. Moreover, differentiating ASCs and/or mature adipocytes may acquire features of cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Ejaz
- Division of Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Monika Mattesich
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner Zwerschke
- Division of Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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26
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Gidfar S, Milani FY, Milani BY, Shen X, Eslani M, Putra I, Huvard MJ, Sagha H, Djalilian AR. Rapamycin Prolongs the Survival of Corneal Epithelial Cells in Culture. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40308. [PMID: 28054657 PMCID: PMC5215596 DOI: 10.1038/srep40308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapamycin has previously been shown to have anti-aging effects in cells and organisms. These studies were undertaken to investigate the effects of rapamycin on primary human corneal epithelial cells in vitro. Cell growth and viability were evaluated by bright field microscopy. Cell proliferation and cycle were evaluated by flow cytometry. The expression of differentiation markers was evaluated by quantitative PCR and Western blot. Senescence was evaluated by senescence-associated β-Galactosidase staining and by Western blot analysis of p16. Apoptosis was evaluated by a TUNEL assay. The results demonstrated that primary HCEC treated with rapamycin had lower proliferation but considerably longer survival in vitro. Rapamycin-treated cells maintained a higher capacity to proliferate after removal of rapamycin and expressed more keratin 14, N-Cadherin, DeltaNp63 and ABCG2, and less keratin 12, consistent with their less differentiated state. Rapamycin treated cells demonstrated less senescence by X-β-Gal SA staining and by lower expression of p16. Apoptosis was also lower in the rapamycin treated cells. These results indicate that rapamycin treatment of HCEC prevents the loss of corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cells to replicative senescence and apoptosis. Rapamycin may be a useful additive for ex vivo expansion of corneal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Gidfar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Farnoud Y Milani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Behrad Y Milani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Xiang Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Medi Eslani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Ilham Putra
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Michael J Huvard
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Hossein Sagha
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
| | - Ali R Djalilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, USA
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27
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Blake AJ, Finger DS, Hardy VL, Ables ET. RNAi-Based Techniques for the Analysis of Gene Function in Drosophila Germline Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1622:161-184. [PMID: 28674809 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7108-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the full repertoire of molecular mechanisms that promote stem cell maintenance requires sophisticated techniques for identifying and characterizing gene function in stem cells in their native environment. Ovarian germline stem cells in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, are an ideal model to study the complex molecular mechanisms driving stem cell function in vivo. A variety of new genetic tools make RNAi a useful complement to traditional genetic mutants for the investigation of the molecular mechanisms guiding ovarian germline stem cell function. Here, we provide a detailed guide for using targeted RNAi knockdown for the discovery of gene function in ovarian germline stem cells and their progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia J Blake
- East Carolina University, 1001 E. 10th Street, Mailstop 551, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Danielle S Finger
- East Carolina University, 1001 E. 10th Street, Mailstop 551, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Victoria L Hardy
- East Carolina University, 1001 E. 10th Street, Mailstop 551, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Ables
- East Carolina University, 1001 E. 10th Street, Mailstop 551, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.
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28
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Vanhaelen Q, Aliper AM, Zhavoronkov A. A comparative review of computational methods for pathway perturbation analysis: dynamical and topological perspectives. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:1692-1704. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00170c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells offer great promise within the field of regenerative medicine but despite encouraging results, the large scale use of stem cells for therapeutic applications still faces challenges when it comes to controlling signaling pathway responses with respect to environmental perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q. Vanhaelen
- Insilico Medicine Inc
- Johns Hopkins University
- ETC
- USA
| | - A. M. Aliper
- Insilico Medicine Inc
- Johns Hopkins University
- ETC
- USA
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29
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Uto Y. Recent progress in the discovery and development of stearoyl CoA desaturase inhibitors. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 197:3-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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30
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Zhu Z, Pang B, Iglesias-Bartolome R, Wu X, Hu L, Zhang C, Wang J, Silvio Gutkind J, Wang S. Prevention of irradiation-induced salivary hypofunction by rapamycin in swine parotid glands. Oncotarget 2016; 7:20271-81. [PMID: 26958808 PMCID: PMC4991453 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is commonly used in patients with oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers, usually resulting in irreversible salivary hypofunction. Currently management of radiation damage to salivary glands still remains a great challenge. Recent studies show that activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) occurs in salivary gland lesions, making it possible to apply mTOR inhibitor for treatment. Our results indicate inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin significantly alleviated irradiation-induced salivary hypofunction by restoring 46% salivary flow rate and protecting histological structures in swine. Furthermore, rapamycin protected human submandibular gland cell line (HSG) from irradiation-induced cell depletion and loss of cell proliferation capacity. These findings lay the foundation for a new clinical application of rapamycin to prevent irradiation-induced salivary hypofunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhu
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Baoxing Pang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Xiaoshan Wu
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lei Hu
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinsong Wang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, China
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- UC San Diego, Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Songlin Wang
- Molecular Laboratory for Gene Therapy and Tooth Regeneration, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Capital Medical University School of Stomatology, Beijing 100050, China
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31
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Calenic B, Greabu M, Caruntu C, Tanase C, Battino M. Oral keratinocyte stem/progenitor cells: specific markers, molecular signaling pathways and potential uses. Periodontol 2000 2015; 69:68-82. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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32
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Miousse IR, Currie R, Datta K, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, French JE, Harrill AH, Koturbash I, Lawton M, Mann D, Meehan RR, Moggs JG, O'Lone R, Rasoulpour RJ, Pera RAR, Thompson K. Importance of investigating epigenetic alterations for industry and regulators: An appraisal of current efforts by the Health and Environmental Sciences Institute. Toxicology 2015; 335:11-9. [PMID: 26134581 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological advances have led to rapid progress in the characterization of epigenetic modifications that control gene expression in a generally heritable way, and are likely involved in defining cellular phenotypes, developmental stages and disease status from one generation to the next. On November 18, 2013, the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (HESI) held a symposium entitled "Advances in Assessing Adverse Epigenetic Effects of Drugs and Chemicals" in Washington, D.C. The goal of the symposium was to identify gaps in knowledge and highlight promising areas of progress that represent opportunities to utilize epigenomic profiling for risk assessment of drugs and chemicals. Epigenomic profiling has the potential to provide mechanistic information in toxicological safety assessments; this is especially relevant for the evaluation of carcinogenic or teratogenic potential and also for drugs that directly target epigenetic modifiers, like DNA methyltransferases or histone modifying enzymes. Furthermore, it can serve as an endpoint or marker for hazard characterization in chemical safety assessment. The assessment of epigenetic effects may also be approached with new model systems that could directly assess transgenerational effects or potentially sensitive stem cell populations. These would enhance the range of safety assessment tools for evaluating xenobiotics that perturb the epigenome. Here we provide a brief synopsis of the symposium, update findings since that time and then highlight potential directions for future collaborative efforts to incorporate epigenetic profiling into risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Richard Currie
- Syngenta Jealotts Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
| | | | - Heidrun Ellinger-Ziegelbauer
- Toxicology, Bayer Pharma AG, Wuppertal, Germany; Member of the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) BioMARkers & molecular tumor classification for non-genotoxic CARcinogenesis (MARCAR) consortium www.imi-marcar.eu
| | - John E French
- National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Division of the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alison H Harrill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | - Derek Mann
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Richard R Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Member of the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) BioMARkers & molecular tumor classification for non-genotoxic CARcinogenesis (MARCAR) consortium www.imi-marcar.eu
| | - Jonathan G Moggs
- Discovery and Investigative Safety, Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland; Member of the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) BioMARkers & molecular tumor classification for non-genotoxic CARcinogenesis (MARCAR) consortium www.imi-marcar.eu
| | - Raegan O'Lone
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Reza J Rasoulpour
- Toxicology Environmental Research and Consulting, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI, USA
| | | | - Karol Thompson
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, OCP, CDER, US FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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33
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Palacios-Moreno J, Foltz L, Guo A, Stokes MP, Kuehn ED, George L, Comb M, Grimes ML. Neuroblastoma tyrosine kinase signaling networks involve FYN and LYN in endosomes and lipid rafts. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004130. [PMID: 25884760 PMCID: PMC4401789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation plays a central role in creating a highly dynamic network of interacting proteins that reads and responds to signals from growth factors in the cellular microenvironment. Cells of the neural crest employ multiple signaling mechanisms to control migration and differentiation during development. It is known that defects in these mechanisms cause neuroblastoma, but how multiple signaling pathways interact to govern cell behavior is unknown. In a phosphoproteomic study of neuroblastoma cell lines and cell fractions, including endosomes and detergent-resistant membranes, 1622 phosphorylated proteins were detected, including more than half of the receptor tyrosine kinases in the human genome. Data were analyzed using a combination of graph theory and pattern recognition techniques that resolve data structure into networks that incorporate statistical relationships and protein-protein interaction data. Clusters of proteins in these networks are indicative of functional signaling pathways. The analysis indicates that receptor tyrosine kinases are functionally compartmentalized into distinct collaborative groups distinguished by activation and intracellular localization of SRC-family kinases, especially FYN and LYN. Changes in intracellular localization of activated FYN and LYN were observed in response to stimulation of the receptor tyrosine kinases, ALK and KIT. The results suggest a mechanism to distinguish signaling responses to activation of different receptors, or combinations of receptors, that govern the behavior of the neural crest, which gives rise to neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma is a childhood cancer for which therapeutic progress has been slow. We analyzed a large number phosphorylated proteins in neuroblastoma cells to discern patterns that indicate functional signal transduction pathways. To analyze the data, we developed novel techniques that resolve data structure and visualize that structure as networks that represent both protein interactions and statistical relationships. We also fractionated neuroblastoma cells to examine the location of signaling proteins in different membrane fractions and organelles. The analysis revealed that signaling pathways are functionally and physically compartmentalized into distinct collaborative groups distinguished by phosphorylation patterns and intracellular localization. We found that two related proteins (FYN and LYN) act like central hubs in the tyrosine kinase signaling network that change intracellular localization and activity in response to activation of different receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Palacios-Moreno
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Lauren Foltz
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Ailan Guo
- Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Stokes
- Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emily D. Kuehn
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lynn George
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Michael Comb
- Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark L. Grimes
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Vakalopoulos C. The effect of deficient muscarinic signaling on commonly reported biochemical effects in schizophrenia and convergence with genetic susceptibility loci in explaining symptom dimensions of psychosis. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:277. [PMID: 25566074 PMCID: PMC4266038 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of DSM 5 criticism has generally centered on a lack of biological validity of the diagnostic criteria. Part of the problem in describing a nosology of psychosis is the tacit assumption of multiple genetic causes each with an incremental loading on the clinical picture that fails to differentiate a clear underlying pathophysiology of high impact. The aim of this paper is to consolidate a primary theory of deficient muscarinic signaling underlying key clinical features of schizophrenia and its regulation by several important genetic associations including neuregulin, DISC and dysbindin. Secondary reductions in markers for GABAergic function and changes in the levels of interneuron calcium binding proteins parvalbumin and calbindin can be attributed to dysfunctional muscarinic transduction. A parallel association exists for cytokine production. The convergent pathway hypothesis is likewise used to model dopaminergic and glutamatergic theories of schizophrenia. The negative symptom dimension is correlated with dysfunction of Akt and ERK transduction, a major point of convergence. The present paradigm predicts the importance of a recent finding of a deletion in a copy number variant of PLCB1 and its potential use if replicated, as one of the first testable biological markers differentiating schizophrenia from bipolar disorder and further subtyping of schizophrenia into deficit and non-deficit. Potential limitations of PLCB1 as a prospective marker are also discussed.
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35
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Homem CCF, Steinmann V, Burkard TR, Jais A, Esterbauer H, Knoblich JA. Ecdysone and mediator change energy metabolism to terminate proliferation in Drosophila neural stem cells. Cell 2014; 158:874-888. [PMID: 25126791 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are highly abundant during early development but become a rare population in most adult organs. The molecular mechanisms causing stem cells to exit proliferation at a specific time are not well understood. Here, we show that changes in energy metabolism induced by the steroid hormone ecdysone and the Mediator initiate an irreversible cascade of events leading to cell-cycle exit in Drosophila neural stem cells. We show that the timely induction of oxidative phosphorylation and the mitochondrial respiratory chain are required in neuroblasts to uncouple the cell cycle from cell growth. This results in a progressive reduction in neuroblast cell size and ultimately in terminal differentiation. Brain tumor mutant neuroblasts fail to undergo this shrinkage process and continue to proliferate until adulthood. Our findings show that cell size control can be modified by systemic hormonal signaling and reveal a unique connection between metabolism and proliferation in stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina C F Homem
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Steinmann
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas R Burkard
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Jais
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Esterbauer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juergen A Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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36
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Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has emerged as a potential target for drug development, particularly due to the fact that it plays such a crucial role in cancer biology. In addition, next-generation mTOR inhibitors have become available, marking an exciting new phase in mTOR-based therapy. However, the verdict on their therapeutic efectiveness remains unclear. Here we review phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR signaling as one of the primary mechanisms for sustaining tumor outgrowth and metastasis, recent advances in the development of mTOR inhibitors, and current studies addressing mTOR activation/inhibition in colorectal cancer (CRC). We will also discuss our recent comparative study of diferent mTOR inhibitors in a population of colon cancer stem cells (CSCs), and current major challenges for achieving individualized drug therapy using kinase inhibitors.
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37
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Wang J, Guo X, Lui M, Chu PJ, Yoo J, Chang M, Yen Y. Identification of a distinct small cell population from human bone marrow reveals its multipotency in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85112. [PMID: 24465489 PMCID: PMC3894949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Small stem cells, such as spore-like cells, blastomere-like stem cells (BLSCs), and very-small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) have been described in recent studies, although their multipotency in human tissues has not yet been confirmed. Here, we report the discovery of adult multipotent stem cells derived from human bone marrow, which we call StemBios (SB) cells. These isolated SB cells are smaller than 6 ìm and are DAPI+ and Lgr5+ (Leucine-Rich Repeat Containing G Protein-Coupled Receptor 5). Because Lgr5 has been characterized as a stem cell marker in the intestine, we hypothesized that SB cells may have a similar function. In vivo cell tracking assays confirmed that SB cells give rise to three types of cells, and in vitro studies demonstrated that SB cells cultured in proprietary media are able to grow to 6–25 ìm in size. Once the SB cells have attached to the wells, they differentiate into different cell lineages upon exposure to specific differentiation media. We are the first to demonstrate that stem cells smaller than 6 ìm can differentiate both in vivo and in vitro. In the future, we hope that SB cells will be used therapeutically to cure degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Wang
- StemBios Technologies, Inc., Monterey Park, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YY); (JW)
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- StemBios Technologies, Inc., Monterey Park, California, United States of America
| | - Monica Lui
- StemBios Technologies, Inc., Monterey Park, California, United States of America
| | - Pei-Ju Chu
- StemBios Technologies, Inc., Monterey Park, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Yoo
- StemBios Technologies, Inc., Monterey Park, California, United States of America
| | - Megan Chang
- StemBios Technologies, Inc., Monterey Park, California, United States of America
| | - Yun Yen
- Board Member of the Scientific Advisory Board, StemBios Technologies, Inc., Monterey Park, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YY); (JW)
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38
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Mitra K. Mitochondrial fission-fusion as an emerging key regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation. Bioessays 2013; 35:955-64. [PMID: 23943303 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial shape change, brought about by molecules that promote either fission or fusion between individual mitochondria, has been documented in several model systems. However, the deeper significance of mitochondrial shape change has only recently begun to emerge: among others, it appears to play a role in the regulation of cell proliferation. Here, I review the emerging interplay between mitochondrial fission-fusion components with cell cycle regulatory machineries and how that may impact cell differentiation. Regulation of mitochondrial shape may modulate mitochondrial metabolism and/or energetics to promote crosstalk between signaling components and the cell cycle machinery. Focused research in this area will reveal the exact role of mitochondria in development and disease, specifically in stem cell regulation and tumorigenesis. Such research may also reveal whether and how the endosymbiotic event that gave rise to the mitochondrion was crucial for the evolution of cell cycle regulatory mechanisms in eukaryotes that are absent in prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Mitra
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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39
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Sebastian S, Faralli H, Yao Z, Rakopoulos P, Palii C, Cao Y, Singh K, Liu QC, Chu A, Aziz A, Brand M, Tapscott SJ, Dilworth FJ. Tissue-specific splicing of a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor is essential for muscle differentiation. Genes Dev 2013; 27:1247-59. [PMID: 23723416 DOI: 10.1101/gad.215400.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alternate splicing contributes extensively to cellular complexity by generating protein isoforms with divergent functions. However, the role of alternate isoforms in development remains poorly understood. Mef2 transcription factors are essential transducers of cell signaling that modulate differentiation of many cell types. Among Mef2 family members, Mef2D is unique, as it undergoes tissue-specific splicing to generate a muscle-specific isoform. Since the ubiquitously expressed (Mef2Dα1) and muscle-specific (Mef2Dα2) isoforms of Mef2D are both expressed in muscle, we examined the relative contribution of each Mef2D isoform to differentiation. Using both in vitro and in vivo models, we demonstrate that Mef2D isoforms act antagonistically to modulate differentiation. While chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing analysis shows that the Mef2D isoforms bind an overlapping set of genes, only Mef2Dα2 activates late muscle transcription. Mechanistically, the differential ability of Mef2D isoforms to activate transcription depends on their susceptibility to phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA). Phosphorylation of Mef2Dα1 by PKA provokes its association with corepressors. Conversely, exon switching allows Mef2Dα2 to escape this inhibitory phosphorylation, permitting recruitment of Ash2L for transactivation of muscle genes. Thus, our results reveal a novel mechanism in which a tissue-specific alternate splicing event has evolved that permits a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor to escape inhibitory signaling for temporal regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soji Sebastian
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
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40
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Abstract
The subject of organ regeneration has attracted substantial investigative attention and has been extensively reviewed. Therefore, I shall focus on several only recently emerged issues and on those aspects of stem cell-mediated regeneration which, although are important in my opinion, have nevertheless evaded the radar of scientific pursuit. Specifically, I shall describe the recent work on the prominence of local lineage-restricted stem cells, as opposed to the bone marrow-derived or circulating ones, in regeneration. This will be followed by an attempt to re-interpret a bulk of published data on the beneficial effects of cell therapy with the focus on the secretome of stem cells. Multiple factors that conspire to cause insufficient or failed regeneration in adult mammals will be screened with emphasis placed on the mechanical forces, senescence and exhaustion, each leading to phenotypical switch and/or stem cell incompetence. Finally, I shall enumerate several potential pathways to induce or restore stem cell competence. Although a significant amount of work has been performed in the non-renal field, I would hope that some of the mechanisms and concepts discussed herein will eventually trickle into kidney regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Goligorsky
- Renal Research Institute, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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41
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Gabriel D, Dvir T, Kohane DS. Delivering bioactive molecules as instructive cues to engineered tissues. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 9:473-92. [PMID: 22432691 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.668521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Growth factors and other bioactive molecules play a crucial role in the creation of functional engineered tissues from dissociated cells. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the delivery of bioactive molecules - particularly growth factors - to affect cellular function in the context of tissue engineering. We discuss the primary biological themes that are addressed by delivering bioactives, the types of molecules that are to be delivered, the major materials used in producing scaffolds and/or drug delivery systems, and the principal drug delivery strategies. EXPERT OPINION Drug delivery systems have allowed the sustained release of bioactive molecules to engineered tissues, with marked effects on tissue function. Sophisticated drug delivery techniques will allow precise recapitulation of developmental milestones by providing temporally distinct patterns of release of multiple bioactives. High-resolution patterning techniques will allow tissue constructs to be designed with precisely defined areas where bioactives can act. New biological discoveries, just as the development of small molecules with potent effects on cell differentiation, will likely have a marked impact on the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Gabriel
- Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory for Biomaterials and Drug Delivery, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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42
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Rhyu MG, Oh JH, Hong SJ. Epigenetic implication of gene-adjacent retroelements in Helicobacter pylori-infected adults. Epigenomics 2013; 4:527-35. [PMID: 23130834 DOI: 10.2217/epi.12.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A chronic inflammatory condition of gastric mucosa can facilitate the influx of new stem cells into the stomach. Epigenetic codes, such as DNA methylation, may be responsible for the stable maintenance of epigenetic phenotypes established in the new stomach-adapted stem cells. A number of hypotheses have been made for the role of CpG-island methylation, which is common in the Helicobacter pylori-infected stomach. However, they could not explain the plausible role of CpG-island methylation in the re-establishment of epigenetic phenotypes. These islands are highly repetitive sequences densely methylated throughout the human genome, the so-called parasitic retroelements, which expand a number of cDNA copies with reverse transcriptase. The densely methylated retroelements adjacent to the host genes can form the transitional-CpG sites around gene-control regions that are barely methylated. This review focuses on the putative role of transitional CpG methylation in the adaptive differentiation of new stem cells in the H. pylori-infected stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun-Gan Rhyu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong Socho-gu, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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43
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Regué L, Mou F, Avruch J. G protein-coupled receptors engage the mammalian Hippo pathway through F-actin: F-Actin, assembled in response to Galpha12/13 induced RhoA-GTP, promotes dephosphorylation and activation of the YAP oncogene. Bioessays 2013; 35:430-5. [PMID: 23450633 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway, a cascade of protein kinases that inhibits the oncogenic transcriptional coactivators YAP and TAZ, was discovered in Drosophila as a major determinant of organ size in development. Known modes of regulation involve surface proteins that mediate cell-cell contact or determine epithelial cell polarity which, in a tissue-specific manner, use intracellular complexes containing FERM domain and actin-binding proteins to modulate the kinase activities or directly sequester YAP. Unexpectedly, recent work demonstrates that GPCRs, especially those signaling through Galpha12/13 such as the protease activated receptor PAR1, cause potent YAP dephosphorylation and activation. This response requires active RhoA GTPase and increased assembly of filamentous (F-)actin. Morever, cell architectures that promote F-actin assembly per se also activate YAP by kinase-dependent and independent mechanisms. These findings unveil the ability of GPCRs to activate the YAP oncogene through a newly recognized signaling function of the actin cytoskeleton, likely to be especially important for normal and cancerous stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Regué
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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44
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45
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Chen S, Lewallen M, Xie T. Adhesion in the stem cell niche: biological roles and regulation. Development 2013; 140:255-65. [PMID: 23250203 DOI: 10.1242/dev.083139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell self-renewal is tightly controlled by the concerted action of stem cell-intrinsic factors and signals within the niche. Niche signals often function within a short range, allowing cells in the niche to self-renew while their daughters outside the niche differentiate. Thus, in order for stem cells to continuously self-renew, they are often anchored in the niche via adhesion molecules. In addition to niche anchoring, however, recent studies have revealed other important roles for adhesion molecules in the regulation of stem cell function, and it is clear that stem cell-niche adhesion is crucial for stem cell self-renewal and is dynamically regulated. Here, we highlight recent progress in understanding adhesion between stem cells and their niche and how this adhesion is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Chen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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46
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Iglesias-Bartolome R, Callejas-Valera JL, Gutkind JS. Control of the epithelial stem cell epigenome: the shaping of epithelial stem cell identity. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 25:162-9. [PMID: 23434069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The squamous epithelium covering the skin and oral mucosa relies on epithelial stem cells for tissue renewal. Dynamic changes in DNA methylation, histone methylation and acetylation, and higher order chromatin structure are required to preserve their self-renewal capacity while orchestrating the timely execution of cell differentiation programs. This complex network of epigenetic modifications shapes the epithelial stem cell identity and fate. Pathological alterations can be perceived by aberrant chromatin sensors, such as the INK4/ARF locus, which initiate tumor suppressive cell senescence programs, and can often result in epithelial stem cell exhaustion. Unveiling the mechanisms controlling the epigenome in epithelial stem cells may help protect against the loss of their tissue regenerative capacity, thereby preventing premature aging without increasing cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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47
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Zheng Y, He L, Wan Y, Song J. H3K9me-enhanced DNA hypermethylation of the p16INK4a gene: an epigenetic signature for spontaneous transformation of rat mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 22:256-67. [PMID: 22873822 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the mechanisms underlying spontaneous transformation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), changes in senescence-associated molecules, particularly the epigenetic modification of the p16(INK4a) gene, including histone H3 lysine 27/9 methylation (H3K27/9me) and DNA methylation, were investigated in cultured adult rat bone marrow MSCs at different stages during the transformation process. It was shown that the MSCs underwent replicative senescence after 24 to 25 population doublings, characterized by positive staining for senescence-associated β-galactosidase, increased expression of p16(INK4a) and p21, and downregulated phosphorylation of Rb. The upregulation of p16(INK4a) was associated with decreased expression of enhancer of the zeste homolog 2 (Ezh2), and reduced levels of H3K27me and DNA methylation in the p16(INK4a) gene. At week 4 of senescence, reproliferating cells emerged among the senescent MSCs. These senescence-escaped MSCs lost their senescence-related markers (including p16(INK4a)) and became highly proliferative. In addition to H3K27me, another H3 modification pattern, H3K9me, appeared in the p16(INK4a) gene, accompanied by an enhanced DNA methylation. With continued culture, the senescence-escaped MSCs did not show any sign of growth arrest and gained the capacity for anchorage-independent growth. These immortalized (transformed) MSCs showed further enhanced DNA methylation of the p16(INK4a) gene by increased H3K9me. Ezh2 knockdown with shRNA eliminated H3K27me-mediated DNA methylation of the p16(INK4a) gene in presenescent MSCs, but had no effect on H3K9me-enhanced DNA hypermethylation in the cells after senescence escape. These findings identify an Ezh2- and H3K27me-independent, but H3K9me-enhanced, DNA hypermethylation of the p16(INK4a) gene, which might be an epigenetic signature for MSC spontaneous transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zheng
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Center for Medical Research, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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48
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Iglesias-Bartolome R, Patel V, Cotrim A, Leelahavanichkul K, Molinolo AA, Mitchell JB, Gutkind JS. mTOR inhibition prevents epithelial stem cell senescence and protects from radiation-induced mucositis. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 11:401-14. [PMID: 22958932 PMCID: PMC3477550 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the epidermis and mucosal epithelia is highly dependent on resident self-renewing stem cells, which makes them vulnerable to physical and chemical insults compromising the repopulating capacity of the epithelial stem cell compartment. This is frequently the case in cancer patients receiving radiation or chemotherapy, many of whom develop mucositis, a debilitating condition involving painful and deep mucosal ulcerations. Here, we show that inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) with rapamycin increases the clonogenic capacity of primary human oral keratinocytes and their resident self-renewing cells by preventing stem cell senescence. This protective effect of rapamycin is mediated by the increase in expression of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and the consequent inhibition of ROS formation and oxidative stress. mTOR inhibition also protects from the loss of proliferative basal epithelial stem cells upon ionizing radiation in vivo, thereby preserving the integrity of the oral mucosa and protecting from radiation-induced mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Vyomesh Patel
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Ana Cotrim
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kantima Leelahavanichkul
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Alfredo A. Molinolo
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - James B. Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - J. Silvio Gutkind
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
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Olson EJ, Tabor JJ. Post-translational tools expand the scope of synthetic biology. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012; 16:300-6. [PMID: 22766485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic biology is improving our understanding of and ability to control living organisms. To date, most progress has been made by engineering gene expression. However, computational and genetically encoded tools that allow protein activity and protein-protein interactions to be controlled on their natural time and length scales are emerging. These technologies provide a basis for the construction of post-translational circuits, which are capable of fast, robust and highly spatially resolved signal processing. When combined with their transcriptional and translational counterparts, synthetic post-translational circuits will allow better analysis and control of otherwise intractable biological processes such as cellular differentiation and the growth of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Olson
- Graduate Program in Applied Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States
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50
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Zhou C, Liu J, Tang Y, Liang X. Inflammation linking EMT and cancer stem cells. Oral Oncol 2012; 48:1068-75. [PMID: 22766510 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Similar to actors changing costumes during a performance, cancer cells undergo many rapid changes during the process of tumor metastasis, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), acquisition of cancer stem cells (CSCs) properties, and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). Such changes allow the tumor to compete with the normal microenvironment to overcome anti-tumorigenic pressures. Then, once tissue homeostasis is lost, the altered microenvironment, like that accompanying inflammation, can itself become a potent tumor promoter. This review will discuss the changes that cancer cells undergo in converting from EMT to CSCs in an inflammation microenvironment, to understand the mechanisms behind invasion and metastasis and provide insights into prevention of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No 14, Sec 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
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